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WEBSTER'S 

NEW STANDARD 

DICTIONARY 



PLATE III. 




LAIRD & LEE'S 

WEBSTER'S NEW STANDARD 

DICTIONARY 

^OF THE 

ENGLISH LANGUAGE 

Adapted for High School, Academic and Collegiate Grades. 



COMPRISING HUNDREDS OF NEW WORDS, DEFINITIONS, 
PRONUNCIATION, SYNONYMS, ETYMOLOGY 

WITH SPECIAL ADDENDA 

(Technical and scientific terms, many appearing the first time in a School Dictionary .) 



English Word-building, Rules in Orthography, Abbreviations, Special Encyclopedic 

Departments : Dictionary of Greek, Roman, Egyptian, Hebrew, Hindu, Persian, 

Teutonic and Norse Mythology, Classical, Biblical and Historical 

Names, with Pronunciation, Foreign Phrases, Biographical, 

Geographical, Musical, Legal, Medical and Botanical 

Terms, Dictionary of English Rhymes, Metric 

System with Conversion Tables and 

Proofreading 

COMPILED BY 

E. T. ROE, LL. B. 

WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF PROMINENT SPECIALISTS 




Over 900 Dlustrations — 24 Full-page Plates, 6 Colored — 840 Pages 

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_ COPY A. 

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1903, 

By William H. Lee, 

in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at 

Washington, D. C. 

Copyright, 1904, by William H. Lee 
Copyright, 1905, by William H. Lee 
Copyright, 1907, by William H. Lee 
Copyright, 1908, by William H. Leb 



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INTRODUCTORY. 

Webster's New Standard Dictionary has been prepared with 
a view of producing in a compact form a lexicon that will meet every 
modern requirement. 

The wonderful development of this country, the acquisition of 
foreign territory, and the marvelous discoveries in science and in the 
arts, have greatly enlarged the vocabulary of the English language, 
almost rendering obsolete many of the dictionaries now in use. 
Webster's New Standard Dictionary contains hundreds of these 
new words now appearing for the first time in a lexicon. 

The diacritical markings in this work will be found simple and 
practical, the key to the pronunciation being given at the foot of each 
page. These markings are based upon Webster's original system, now 
invariably recognized as the standard in all schools and colleges, but 
modified to meet the requirements of modern lexicography. For a more 
extended explanation, see "The Evolutions of Diacritical Markings" 
Page VII. A list of the principal different spellings represented by 
each' diacritical mark is given on Page X. 

The etymologies are comprehensive and accurate, conforming 
to the latest discoveries in philological research. An elective method 
has been adopted in the definitions, a synonym being used in certain 
cases (as short for brief), while in other instances a concise but 
complete definition is used. Synonyms have been added wherever it 
has been possible to introduce them. 

iii 



The present participle, past participle and imperfect tense of 
verbs, the plural of nouns and comparative and superlative degrees 
of adjectives are given, except where formed regularly according to the 
simple and well known rules of grammar. Words which invariably 
commence with a capital, appear with capital initials wherever found 
in the book. 

When a word represents several parts of speech, Roman figures 
are used for separating them; Arabic figures precede the several 
meanings. 

The Encyclopedic Features will prove especially valuable to all 
students and educators. No similar work published in this country 
contains so many special features, including Musical, Geographi- 
cal, Historical, Biblical, Classical, Biographical, Legal, Medical and 
Mythological Dictionaries, giving not only the classical Greek and 
Roman Divinities but also Hebrew, Egyptian, Persian, Hindu, Teu- 
tonic Heroes, Deities and other Legendary Characters. Also de- 
partments of Foreign Phrases, English Word Building and Scientific 
Etymology, Prefixes, Suffixes and Stems, Rules in Orthography, 
Metric System and Proofreading. 

The illustrations are encyclopedic in character and appear in di- 
rect connection with the words and their correct definitions. The 
many full-page colored plates constitute a feature not even found in 
the large cumbersome lexicons. 

Webster's New Standard Dictionary will meet all the needs of 
High Schools, Colleges and Universities, supplying also the demand* 
of the Library, Home and Office. 



CONTENTS 



Introductory, -ill 

List of full-page plates, - - - - - - - vi 

The Evolution of Diacritical Markings, - - vii 

Key to Pronunciation, ------- x 

Principal Signs Used in Writing and Typography, xi 

Abbreviations used in this volume, _ - - - - xii 

Dictionary of the English Language, 9 

Addenda, 695 

Dictionary of Biography, - - # - - - 705 
Dictionary of Geography, - - - - - -725 

Dictionary of Botany, - - - - - - - 741 

Dictionary of Musical Terms, ------ 757 

Dictionary of Legal Terms, - - - - " - - 763 

Dictionary of Medical Words and Symbols, - - - 771 

Dictionary of Mythology, ------ 779 

Biblical, Classical, Historical, and Mythological Names, - 791 

Dictionary of Rhymes, - - - - - - 798 

Foreign Phrases, -- 808 

English Word- Building (Scientific Etymology), - - - 815 

Rules in Orthography, - 822 

Current Abbreviations, ------- 823 

Metric System, with Conversion Tables, - 828 

Proof-reading, - ' - - 830 



Many special words not found in body 
of dictionary are given in the vocabularies 
commencing with page 695. 



Index to Full Page Plates 



State Seals, „ inside front covefr 

Frontispiece. 

Architecture, ....•••. opp. page 34 
35 

Polychromatic Scale, ,».... " " 101 

Columns, ........ " " 104 

" .''",.- \ " " 107 

Constellations of Northern and Southern Hemispheres, . ** " 142 

Mathematical and Geometrical Planes and Angles, . " " 145 

Laces, ". " 300 

'' .... o ... . " " 30I 

Organs and Parts of the Human Body, . it ' it ^2 

Bones of the Human Body and Muscles of the Head, . " " 535 

Characters and Symbols used in the Arts and Sciences, . " " 702 

Draftsmen's Electrical Symbols, . . „ . . " " 705 

State Seals, . . , . # . . opp. inside back cover 

' - . inside back cover 

(COLORED) 

Colors, primary, complementary, etc. ) 

c f . . . opp. page 100 

Sun spectrum, etc. ... J . 

F1 ags, " «« 198 

" " 199 

Map, U. S., territorial growth, ..... '« 4< 328 

NOTE — The Library Edition contains five colored plates in addition 
to the above, 

vi 



The Evolution of Diacritical Markings, 



A leading feature of Webster's New Standard Dictionary 
is its simple and accurate method of indicating the pronunciation. 

The confusing array of diacritical marks employed by other lexi- 
cons does not permit of a clear comprehension of the sound of a 
letter indicated by a particular marking. For instance, the mark 
(*), known as the broad, or circumflex, is used to indicate both the 
sound of medial a, or long a modified byr, as heard in fare, bear, their, 
heir, and that of broad a heard in storm. But the confusion does not 
end here. Not only are these two different sounds of the letter a in- 
dicated by this one mark, but another mark (. .) is also used to indicate 
one of these sounds — that of broad a, as in warm, the result being that 
the mind becomes confused by this indiscriminate use of the same dia- 
critical mark to indicate different sounds of the same letter and the use 
of different marks to indicate the same sound. Besides this compli- 
cated method of marking there is an entire lack of system in the list of 
marks used. For example, the mark (~) , called tilde, is placed over the 
letter e to indicate the sound of that letter heard in fern, while an en- 
tirely different mark (a.) is placed over u to indicate the similar sound 
heard in burn. And this confusing lack of uniformity and consist- 
ency is found throughout the entire set of markings. It is the expe- 
rience of teachers generally, that this faulty system in the markings 
makes it almost impossible to fix in the minds of pupils the correct 
pronunciation of words and syllables. 

Webster's New Standard Dictionary avoids this confusion 
and uncertainty by the use of a simple, uniform system of marking/ 

vii 



The ones selected are for the most part those adopted by Web- 
ster, which have long been used in thic country and become familiar 
to students in the public schools and to the American people generally. 
The exceptions are only those considered necessary to conform to 
the modern standard of philology. In this lexicon the same sounds are 
always represented by the same marks and letters, no matter how varied 
their actual spelling in the language, or whether the sound is prolonged 
by accentuation or not. Thus the sound of broad a, heard in fall, is 
always represented by (. .), as in warm (warm), storm (starm), and 
long a as in able and preface is marked (a) long, /in ice and idea 
marked (I) long, etc. The precise sound of every syllable, whethei 
accented or unaccented, is always clearly and exactly indicated. 

The sound of a in ask is distinguished from the sound of the 
same letter in soda, the former being represented by a, and the latter 
by a. The omission of these nice distinctions of the vowel sounds 
by other lexicographers, the lack of systematized diacritical markings, 
and the use of different symbols to indicate the same sounds, have 
added to the difficulty of conveying a correct idea of the pronunciation 
of words. 

In Webster's New Standard Dictionary, every vowel sound 
but the short one has a distinctive diacritical mark to represent it. 
The fact that a vowel is unmarked indicates that its sound is short 
All other vowel sounds being marked it is entirely unnecessary to in- 
dicate the short sound. Every consonant used in the respelling foi 
pronunciation always has its own peculiar unvarying sound, none be- 
ing employed that has more than one sound, with the exception of g, 
which always indicates its hard sound, heard in go. The sound of 
th as in thick is represented by common Roman letters, while italics 
indicate the sound as in the. 

The superabundant diacritical marks appearing in most modern 
dictionaries, making their pronunciation schemes practically unin- 
telligibie, are the result of the neglect on the part of the editors of 
these dictionaries to discontinue the use of certain marks when the 



reason for their employment no longer existed. When Webster'* 
first dictionary was published, the plan of indicating the pronu^ Nation 
of words by respelling them phonetically was not adopted by him. 
Hence every sound of a letter had to be indicated by a particular 
mark placed over or under the letter or letters that represented it in 
the words of the vocabulary. Thus it was that as many as three 
distinct signs had to be used in his dictionary to indicate the vowel 
sound heard in wolf; a dot ( . ) was placed under the o ; to indicate 
the same sound in the word wood, a breve (— ) was placed over the 
two o's ; and to indicate the same sound in the word pull, a dot ( . ) 
was placed under the u. When the modern system of indicating the 
pronunciation by phonetic respelling was introduced, the necessity for 
using more than one mark to indicate one sound was obviated. The 
same mark could now be used in each of the three cases. But in- 
stead of availing themselves of this fact, the editors of many of the 
modern dictionaries have gone right along perpetuating this old 
confusing multiplicity of marks for the same sounds. 

Thus in respelling for pronunciation the word wolf they print it 
wulf; in respelling the word wood, they print it wood; and in respell- 
ing the word pull, they print it pul. Thus they unnecessarily use two 
characters to indicate one sound. Webster's New Standard Dic- 
tionary indicates these pronunciations as follows: wolf — wod — poL 

The same system is followed in the sound of o as in move. The 
sound of this vowel in move is the same as the sound of u in rude, 
but in the dictionaries referred to it is indicated as follows: moov and 
rud. In Webster's New Standard Dictionary the one marking 
indicates the one so^rd in both words as follows: mov and rod. 

The vowel sound in the penults of believe, adequate, aggregate, 
etc., has been marked (e or e) long since the introduction of diacritical 
markings. Webster's New Standard Dictionary is the first to 
indicate it as short, conforming to the actual pronunciation. 

This lexicon employs only such marks as are necessary to repie- 
sent the correct pronunciation of all the words in the English language 

iz 



Key to the Pronunciation 



a Indicates the sound heard In pale, paid, freight, prey, great. 



a 
a 
a 

ft 
a 

* 

e 
e 
e 

i 
i 

6 
o 
6 
9 

u 
u 

u 

ol 

ow 



hat, pad, fan, shall, 
task, trance, clasp, shaft, glass. 
far, alms, father, half, laugh, ah. 
fall, talk, author, awe, fought, form, 
fare, hair, hear, their, where, 
above, diamond, sofa, templar. 

me, machine, meat, sweet, bier. 
met, equiy, bury, terrible, 
her, earn, bird, firm. 

mite, mine, my, might, height, 
mit, abyss, division, enmity. 

go, hold, coal, snow, tableau. 
hot, comma, folly, was, what, 
move, too, food, rule, rude, 
wolf, woman, book, would, pull. 

mute, stew, your, union, mature, 
hut, sun, hurry, rustic, onion, 
burn, furl, cur, world. 

oil, voice, boy, oyster, 
how, town, thou, found. 



th " 

th 

g 

i 

8 " 

Z « 

eh " 



of th " thin, through, wealth, breath. 

of th " then, thou, breathe, soothe. 

of g " go, dog-, longer, bigger, 

of g " ginger, longitude, hedge, 

heard " sense, loose, stay, force, acid. 

•« «' zeal, lazy, easy, clothes, suffice. 

" " closure, cohesion, grazier, mirage. 

" " loch, Bach. 



Principal Signs used in Writing and 
Typography 



LIST OF DIACRITICAL MARKS 

Macron ( — ) as in ate. 

Two dots (commonly called Dieresis) (..) as in/ah 

Single dot ( . ) as in ask, or as in above. 

Tilde or wave ( ~ ) as in burn. 

Broad or Circumflex (commonly called caret) (a.) as in fare* 



f Comma. 

: Colon. 

; Semicolon. 

. Period. 

? Interrogation. 

! Exclamation. 

Apostrophe. 
- Hyphen. 

Accent. 
* Section. 
| Parallels. 
I Paragraph. 



PUNCTUATION 

u " Quotation Marks. 
( ) Parenthesis. 
[ ] 1 Brackets or Crotchets, 
i Brace. 

* Caret. 
_ Dash. 
*** Ellipsis. 
* Asterisk, 
t Dagger or Obelisk. 
I Double Dagger. 



ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS DICTIONARY 



a , adjective 

dbbr. , abbrev abbreviated 

aclv adverb 

alg algebra 

Am American 

Ar Arabic 

arch architecture 

art article 

A.S Anglo-Saxon 

astr , astron astronomy 

Beng Bengalese 

Bohem -.. Bohemian 

bot botany 

Braz Brazilian 

Bret Breton 

Canad Canadian 

cap capital initial 

Celt Celtic 

cf compare 

Chat Chaldean 

chem chemistry 

Chin Chinese 

cog cognate 

colloq colloquial 

comp comparative 

conj conjunction 

contr contraction 

corrup corruption 

Dan Danish 

dim diminutive 

But, D Dutch 

E. , Eng., Engl English 

esp especially 

ety., etym., etymol etymology 

fern feminine 

Flem Flemish 

fort fortification 

Fr .French 

freq frequentative. 

fut future 

Gael..' ,.. Gaelic 

gen genitive 

geol geology 

geom geometry 

Ger ." German 

Goth Gothic 

Gr Greek 

gram grammar 

H high 

Heb Hebrew 

her heraldry 

Hind Hindoostau 

/., It., Ital Italian 

Ice., Icel Icelandish 

imp imperfect 

ind indicative 

indef indefinite 

int.,interj interjection 

Ir Irish 

irreg. irregular 

Jap Japanese 

L Latin 

L.Q Low German 



lit ^., ,,,,,,.» literally 

L.L Late Latin 

math mathematics 

M middle 

mech mechanics 

med medicine 

Mex Mexican 

mil military 

mus music 

myth mythology 

n noun 

naut nautical 

neut neuter 

iV. L. New Latin (indicating a modern 
scientic term) 

Norm . Norman 

Norw Norwegian 

O old 

obs obsolete 

opp opposed 

p , past 

p. a., p. adj participle adjective 

pa. t past tense 

perh perhaps 

pers .- person 

Pers Persian 

Peruv Peruvian 

Pg., Port Portuguese 

phil philosophy 

phot photography 

phys physiology 

pi plural 

Pol o Polish 

pre/ prefix 

prep preposition 

pres present 

prob probably 

pron , pronoun 

prov .• provincial 

pr.p present particle 

rhet rhetoric 

Bom Roman 

Buss *: Russian 

S. A South American 

Sans., Skt Sanskrit 

Scand Scandinavian 

Sc.,Scot Scotch 

sing singular 

Sp Spanish 

superl , superlative 

Sw ..Swedish 

Syn synonyms 

Syr Syrian 

Teut Teutonic 

theol theology 

Tib Tibe tian 

Turk Turkish 

v verb 

vi verb intransitive 

vt verb transitive 

W., Wei Welsh 

zool zoology 



.signifies "derived from.' 



xil 




m 



DICTIONAHY 

— — -- OFThiE — 

ENGM^ H tAN GC,AGE 



I 



abet 



out, to. 




a (a), n. First letter in the Eng- 
lish and many other alphabets. 
a (a), indef. art. One, any, every 
Used for an before words begin- 
ning with a consonant or h 
sound. [A. S. ane, one.] 

&- prefix. I. As an Anglo-Saxon prefix, a 
signifies: at from, in, of % 
II. As a prefix to Latin 
and Greek words, a repre- 
sents: 1. L. ab-. 2. L. 
ad-. 3. L. ex-, as in abash, 
amend. 4. Gr. a- (before 
a vowel an-), a negative, 
known as alpha privative.. 

ab- prefix. Away, off, from, 
as absolve, a&dicate, ab- 
rade. [L. a, ab, abs.] 

abaca (ab-a'ka), n. Native 
name for the Manila 
hemp plant and Its fiber. 

abacb(a-bak'),a^. Pressed 
backward against the mast by 
wind.— Taken aback, surprised. 

abacas (ab'a-kus), n. 1. Level tablet 
crowning the capi- 
tal of a column. 2. 
Device for counting. 
The cut shows the 
sum 560,349. [L.— 
Gr. abax.) 

abaft (abaft'), adv. 
and prep. On hind 
part of ship; befeind. 
[A. S.-a, by, aft.] 

abandon f a-ban'dun), vt. Give up ; 
forsake. — \ibaiidoiied, a. 1. De- 
serted; given up. 2. Wholly given 
up to vice; hopelessly depraved.— 
aban'donedly, adv. — abandon- 
ment, n. [Fr.— a bandon,&t liberty.] 
Syn. Desert; relinquish; renounce; 
forsake; forego; surrender; leave. 

abase (a-bas'), vt. Humble; degrade; 
debase.— abase'ment, n. 

Syn. Disgrace j reduce; humiliate; 
dishonor; lower; depress j demean. 



f II 

t 




# i i 





Chinese Abacus. 



abash (a bash'), vt. Confuse with the 
feeling of inferiority or guilt. [O. Fr. 
esoahir. Fr. ebahir, astonish.] 
Syn. Shame; disconcert; confuse. 

abate (a-baf), vt. and vi. Lessen; end. — 
abate'ment, n. [O. Fr. abatre, cut.] 
Syn. Deduct; remit; subside* 

abatis, abattis (ab'a-tis),w. Rampart 
of tives felled and laid side by side. 
See fortification. [Fr.] [house. [Fr.] 

abbatoia* (a-ba-twar'), n. Slaughter- 
abba (ab'a), n. Father. [Chal. and Syr.] 

abbacy (ab'a-si), n. Office of an abbot. 

abbe(a-ba'), h. Fr term for abbot, of ten 
used as a mere honorary title for an 
ecclesiastic devoted to literature. 

abbess (ab'es), n. Lady superior of a 
nunnery. [O. Fv.fem. of abbas, abbot.] 

abbey (ab'e), n. 1. 
Monastery or nun- 
nery under an ab- 
bot or abbess. 2.' 
Church attached to it. m 

abbot (ab'ut), n. Su- 
perior of an abbey. 
[L. abbas— Syr. abba, 
father.] 

abbreviate (ab-brg'vi-at), vt. Abridge; 
shorten.— abbre via' tion, n. Short- 
ening ; part of a word for the whole. 

abdicate(ab'di-kat), vt. andvi. Give up 
(a high office or right); renounce.— 
abdication, n. IL.—dico, proclaim.] 
Syn. Relinquish ; vacate ; resign. 

abdomen (ab-do'men) , n. Part of body 
between thorax and pelvis. [L.] 

abduct (ab-dukf), vt. Carry away, 
esp. furtively or by force; kidnap.— 
abduction, n.-abduct'or, n. 1. 
One guilty of abduction. 2. A muscle 
that draws away. [L.— duco, lead.] 

abed (a-bed'), adv. In bed; on the bed. 

aberration (ab-er-ra'shun), n. l. Wan- 
dering from the right path. 2. Men- 
tal derangement. [L.—erro, wander.] 

abet (a-bef), vt. [abet'ting; abet'ted] 
Incite by encouragement or aid 




fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, woifj 
• mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 

For words not found in the body of the book see special departments. 



abeyance 



io 



abscond 



(used chiefly in a bad sense). — abet'- 
ment. n. — abetter, abettor (a- 

bet'ur), n. [O. Fr. abeter—a, to, and 
beter, bait.] 
abeyance (a-ba'ans), n. State of sus- 

Jension; dormancy; expectation. [Fr. 
■ to, and bayer, gape in expectation.] 

abhor (ab har'), v t. [abhor'ring ; abhor- 
red'.] Regard with extreme repug- 
nance; loathe; abominate. — abhor '- 
rence, n. — abhor'rent, a. [L. ab, 
from, and horreo, shrink.] 

abide (a-bid'), v. [abiding; abode'] I. 
vt. 1. Bide or wait for. 2. Endure; 
tolerate. II. vi. Continue; dwell, 
stay.— abiding, a. continuing ; per- 
manent ; durable. [A. S. abidan — a, 
to, and bidan, wait.] 

ability (a-bil'i-ti), n. [pi. abilities.] 
1. Power.' 2. Faculty. [See able.] 
Syn. Skill; talent; capacity. 

abject (ab'jekt), a. Mean; base; des- 
picable ; contemptible. — abjection 
(ab-jek'shun), ab'jeetness, n. Mean 
or low state; baseness.— abjectly, 
adv. [L. abjectus, cast away— ab, away, 
and jacio, throw.] 

abjure (ab-jor'), vt. Renounce so- 
lemnly or on oath. — abjuration 
(ab-jbr-a'shun), n. [L. ab, off, and 
juro, swear.] [on fire. 

ablaze (a-blaz'), a. & adv. In a blaze; 

able (a'bl), a. Having sufficient power, 

skill or means to do a thing.— ably, 

adv.[Lt.habilis, apt,— habeo, have, hold.] 

Syn. Capable; competent; skillful; 

fluted; qualified; effective; efficient. 

-able (a-bl), suffix. Fit for; subject to; 
worthy of; full of; etc. 

ablution (ab-16'shun) , n. Act of wash- 
ing. [L. ab, off, and luo, wash.] 

abnegation (ab-ne-ga'shun), n. De- 
nial; renunciation. [L. ab, away, and 
nego, deny. See negation.] 

abnormal (ab-narm'al), a. Not nor- 
mal or according to "rule; irregular; 
unnatural. [L. ab. away from, and 
norma, a rule.] 

aboard (a-bord). I. adv. Onboard; in 
a ship; ' on a train. II. prep. On 
board of. 

abode (a-bod'), n. Dwelling place; 
home; stay. [See abide ] 

abolish (a-bol'ish). vt. Putanendto; 
annul.— abol'ishable, a — abol'ish- 
er, n— [L. ab, from, and oleo, grow.] 

abolition (ab-o-lish'un), n. Act of 
abolishing; state of being abolished. 
— abolitionist (ab-o-lish'un-ist), n. 
One who favors the abolition of any- 
thing, especially slavery. 

abominable (a-bom'i-na-bl), a. Hate- 
ful; detestable'.— abom'inably, adv. 



abominate (a-bom'i-nat) , vt. Abhor; 
detest extremely. — abomination 

(a-bom-i-na'shun), n. Extreme aver- 
sion; anything abominable. [L. abo- 
minor,— atus; abhor, as of bad omen. 
See omen.] 

aboriginal (ab-o-rij'i-nal), I. a. Primi- 
tive; first. II. n. A first or original 
inhabitant,] L. ab. from, and origo, 
beginning.] 

aborigines (ab-o-rij'i-nez), n.pl. of the 
rare sing, aborigine. People living in a 
country when first known. 

abortion (a-bar'shun), n. Premature 
birth ; anything which fails of reach- 
ing maturity.— abor'tive, a. Prema- 
ture; unsuccessful. [L. ab, away, and 
orior, begin.] 

abound (a-bownd'), vi. Be or have in 
great plenty. [L. abundo, to overflow, 
from unda, a wave.] 

about (a-bowf). I. prep. Round on the 
outside; around; here and there in; 
near to; concerning; engaged in. II. 
adv. Around; nearly; here and there. 
— Phrases: bring about, cause to take 
place. — come about, take place.— go 
about, prepare to do. [A. S. abutan- 
a, on, be, by, utan, outside.] 

above (a-buv'). I. prep. On the up 
side; higher than; more than; beyond; 
superior to. II. adv. Overhead; in a 
higher position, order, or power; in 
heaven. [A.S. abu/an— a, on, be, by, and 
ufan, high.] 

aboveboard (a-buv'bord),a. and adv. 
Open; fairlyj without trickery. 

abrade (ab-rad'), vt. Scrape or rub off. 
[L. ab, off, andrado, scrape.] 

abrasion (ab-ra'zhun), n. 1. Act of 
scraping or rubbing off. 2. Matter 
scraped or rubbed off. 

abreast (a-brest'), adv. Side by side. 

abridge ('a-brij'), vt. Shorten. [Fr. 
abrSger — L. ab, and brevis, short.] 

abridgment (a-brij'ment), w. 1. Short- 
ening. 2. Shortened form. [um, 
Syn. Abstract; synopsis; compendi- 

abroad (a-brad'), adv. 1. Out of doors; 
at large." 2." In foreign lands. 3. In 
circulation. 

abrogate(ab'ro-gat),t'£. Repeal, annul. 
• -abroga'tion, n. [L. ab, from, and 
rogo, ask.] 

abrupt (ab-rupf), a. Sudden; unex- 
pected; steep. — abrupt'ly, adv.^ 
abruptness, n. [L. ab, off, and 
rumpo, break.] [abstain. [Li.] 

abs- prefix. Away, from, as fl&stract, 

abscess (ab'ses), n. Collection of pus 
within some tissue of the body; 
tumor. [L. abs. away, and cedo, go.] 

abscond (ab-skond'), vi. Hide one's 



fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mdte, hut, burn; oil, owl. then. 



absence 



11 



academician 



self; go away suddenly and secretly. 
[L. abs. from or away, and condo, hide.] 

absence (ab'sens), n. Being away or 
not present; inattention; want. 

absent (ab-sent') : vt. Keep one"s self 
away. [Inattentive. [L.] 

absent (ab'sent), a. 1. Not present. 2. 

absentee (ab-sen-te'). n. One wbo is 
absent from his employment, station, 
or country. 

absinth (ab'-sinth). n. Liquor flavored 
with wormwood. [Of Persian origin.] 

absolute (ab'so-lot). a. 1. Complete; 
Derfect. 2. Unlimited; free from con- 
ditions; arbitrary. 3. Free from mix- 
ture; unadulterated. 4. Positive; un- 
questionable. — absolutely, adv.— 
absoluteness, n. [L. absolutus, pa. 
p. of absolvo. See absolve.] 

absolution (ab-so-16'shun), n. 1. Re- 
lease from punishment. 2. Remission 
of sins bv a priest. 

absolutism (ab'so-lo-tizm), n. Prin- 
ciple of government without restric- 
tion. 

absolve (ab-solv'). vt. Set free; acquit; 
pardon. [L. ab, from, and solvo, loose.] 

absorb (ab-sarb')>«£. 1. Suck in; swal- 
low up. 2. Engage wholly.— absorb'- 
ent. I. a. Absorbing. II. n. Anything 
which absorbs. [L. — sorbeo, suck in.] 
Syn. Imbibe; engulf; engross. 

absorption (ab-saip ohun), n. 1. Act 
Of aosorbmg. 2. State of being 
absorbed. [power to absorb. 

absorptive (ab-sarp'tiv), a. Having 

abstain (ab-scau'), vi. Refrain (from). 
—abstainer, n. [Fr. abstenir — L. 
(lbs, from, and teneo, hold.] 

abstemious (a b-s te' mi-us), adj. 
Sparing in food, drink, or enjoyment; 
temperate.— abste'miously, adv.— 
abstemiousness, n. [L.] 

abstention (ab-sten'shun), n. Act of 
abstaining. [See abstain.] 

absterge (ab-sterj'), vt. Cleanse; wipe 
away.— abster'g-ent. I. a. Serving 
to cleanse. II. n. Tbat which cleanses. 
[L. abs. away, and tergeo, wipe.] 

abstersion (ab-ster'-sbun), n. Act of 
cleansing by lotions. [L. abstersio.] 

abstinence (ab'-sti-nens), n. Abstain- 
ing or refraining, especially from 
some indulgen ce.-ab'stinent,a. 
Abstaining from; temperate. [See 

ABSTAIN..] 

abstract (ab-strakt'),^. l.Take away; 
separate; purloin. 2. Epitomize. 3. 
Consider apart. 

abstract (ab'-strakt). I. a. Conceived 
apart from matter or particular case, 
as an abstract number, (the opposite 
of concrete). II. n. 1. Summary; 



abridgment. 2. That which is with- 
drawn or separated: essence. — ab- 
stracted, a. 1. Separated. 'Z. Absent- 
minded. — abstraction (ab-strak '- 
shun), n. 1. Act of abstracting. 2. 
State of being abstracted. 3. Absence 
of mind. [L. abs. away, and traho. 
tractum, draw.] 

abstruse (ab-stros'), a. Difficult to 
understand— abstruso'ly,fi'ii\— ab- 
struse'ness, n. [L. abs. away, and 
trudo. trusum. thrust.] 

absurd (ab-siird'), a. Obviously un- 
reasonable or false.— absurdly , ad o. 
— absurdity, ft. [pi. absurdities.! 
[L. ab, very, and surdus, indistinct. 

abundance (a-bun'dans), a. Overflow 
ing plenty. [See abound.] 

Syn. Profusion; repletion; wealth; 
amplitude; affluence; plenteousnesso 

abundant (a-bun'dant), a. Plentiful. 
— abnn'dantly, adv. 

abuse (a-buz'),^. Use wrongly; per- 
vert; revile; violate- [L.. ab, from, 
aud utor, usus, use.] 

abuse (a-bus') s n. Ill us*: 1 : missappli- 
cation;' contumely .— abu'sive, a 
Containin g or practicing abuse.— 
abusively, adv.— abu'si veness, n. 

abut (a-buf), vi. [abut'ting, abut'teu. j 
Border upon. — aout'ment, n. In 
architecture, what a limb of an arch 
ends or rests on. [Fr. aboutir, from 
bout, tbe end. See butt.] 

abysmal (a-biz'-mal), a. Bottomless; 
unendiug. [O.F. abisme.—M.. L,.abyssi- 
mus. See abyss.] 

abyss (a-bis') n. Bottomless gulf; vast 
depth or cavern. [Gr. a. priv. (without), 
and byssos, bottom.] 

ac-, prefix. Assimilated form of ad- 
before c and q. 

-ac, suffix. Pertaining to ; having the 
quality of, as maniac, one who has 
mania. [L._-acus. Gr. -akos.] 

acacia (a-ka'-shi-a). 
1. Genus of thorny 
flowery plants with 
pinnate leaves. 2. 
Plant of this genus. 
[Gr. akakia — ake, a 
sharp point.] 

academic (ak-a- 
dem'ik). n. Platonic 
philosopher ; mem- 
ber of an academy. 
academ'ics,ft.The 
Platonic philoso- 
phy. [See ACADEMY.] Acacia. 

academic, -al (ak-a-dem'-ik-al), a 

Of an academy. 
academician (ak-ad-e-mish'-an), n. 

Member of an academy. 




fftt, task, for, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, bum; oil, owl, then. 



academy 



12 



accord 



academy (a-kad'e-mi), n. 1. Originally, 
the school of Plato. 2. Society of 
artists, or men of letters. 3. Interme- 
diate school. [Gr. akademia, the gar- 
den where Plato taught.] 

acanthus (a-kan'thus), n. 1. Prickly 
plant, bear's breach. 2. In architecture, 
an ornament resembling its leaf. 
[Gr. ake, a point, and anthos, a flower.] 

accede (ak-sed'), vi. Agree or assent. 
[L. ad, to, and cedo, go.] 

accelerate (ak-sel'-er-at). I. vt. In- 
crease the speed of; hasten the pro- 
gress of. II. vi. Move more rapidly. — 
acceleration (ak-sel-er-a'^shun). n. 
— accelerative (ak-sel'er-a-tiv), a. 
[L. ad, to, and celer, swift.] 

accent (ak'-sent), n. Modulation of 
the voice; stress on a syllable or word ; 
roark used to indicate this stress. [L. 
accentus, note,— ad, and cano, sing.] 

accent (ak-sent'), vt. Express or note 
the accent. [ing to accent. 

accentual ( ak-sent'u-al ), a. Pertain- 

accentuate (ak-sent'u-'at),fl£. 1. Mark 
or pronounce with accent. 2. Give 
prominence to.— accentuation, n. 

accept (ak-sepf), vt. 1. Receive when 
offered. 2. Agree to. 3. Promise to 
pay. [L. ad, to, and capio, take.] 

Syn. Take; admit; accede to; assent 
to; accommodate one's self to; listen 
to; grant; approve. 

acceptable (ak-sep't-a-bl), a. Such as 
to be accepted; pleasing*, agreeable. — 
accept'ably, adv. — aceept'able- 
ness, acceptability, n. 

acceptance (ak-sep'tans), n. 1. Favor- 
able reception. 2. Agreeing to terms. 
3. Accepted bill. 

acceptation (ak-sep-ta'shun), n. 1. 
Received meaning of a word. 2. Re- 
ception, coupled with approbation. 

accepter (ak-sep'ter;, acceptor (ak- 
sep'tur), n. One who accepts. 

access (ak'ses or ak-ses') , n. 1. Admis- 
sion to a place or person; approach; 
passage. 2. Addition; increase. [See 

ACCEDE.] [CESSORY. 

accessary (ak-ses'a-ri). Same as ac- 
accessible (ak-ses'i-bl), a. That may 

be approached. — access'ibly, adv.— 

accessibility, n. 

accession (ak-sesh'un), n. 1. Addi- 
tion. 2. That which is added. 3. 
Attainment. 4. Assent. 

accessory (ak-ses' o-ri). I. n. [pi. ac- 
cessaries.] Abetter; accomplice; sub- 
ordinate part. II. a. Contributing; 
aiding; abetting. [See accede.] 

accidence (ak'si-dens), n. The part 
of grammar treating of the inflections 
of words (because these changei are 



"accidentals" of words and not "es- 
sentials"). [See ACCIDENT.] 

accident(ak'si-dent), n. 1. Undesigned, 
unforeseen, or unexpected occurrence, 
especially if it be calamitous ; chance 
happening; casualty. 2. Unessential 
quality or property. [L. ad, to, and 
cado, fall.] 

accidental (ak-si-den'tal). I. a. 1. 
Happening by chance. "2. Not essen- 
tial. II. n. Anon-essential feature or 
property.— accidentally, adv. 

acclaim (ak-klam/). I. vt. Applaud. II. 
vi. Shout applause. [L. ad, to, and 
clamo, shout.] 

acclamation (ak-kla-ma'shun), n. 1. 
Shout of applause. 2. F o r m a 1, viva 
voce vote of approval. 

acclimate (ak-kli'mat), acclimatize 
(ak-kli'ma-tiz), vt. Inure to a new cli- 
mate.— acclimatization (ak-kli-ma- 
ti-za'shun),w. [L. ad, to, andEng. cli- 
mate.] 

acclivity (ak-kliv'i-ti), n. [pi. acclivi- 
ties.] Upward slope. [L. ad, to, and 
clivus, a slope.]. 

accommodate (ak-kom'-o-dat) , vt. 1. 
Comply with the wishes of; oblige. 2. 
Adapt; adjust; make suitable. 3. 
Supply; make provision for. [L. ad, 
to, and commodo, adapt.] 

accommodating (ak-kom'o-da-ting), 
a. Affording accommodation ; obli- 
ging. 

accommodation (ak-kom-o-da'shun), 
n. 1. Fitness; adjustment. 2. Provi- 
sion of convenience. 3. Loan of money. 

accompany (ak-kum'pa-ni), vt. [Ac- 
com'panying, accom'panied.J Go 
with; attend; play or sing an accom- 
paniment.— accompaniment (ak- 
kum'pa-ni-ment), n. 1. That which 
accompanies. 2. Subordinate part in 
music— accompanist, n. One who 
plays the accompaniment in a piece of 
music. [Fr. accompagner. See com- 
pany.] 

accomplice (ak-kom'plis), n. Asso- 
ciate in crime. [L. ad, to, and complex, 
-ids, joined.] 

accomplish (ak-kom'plish), vt. Per* 
form, or effect; fulfill. [L. ad, to, ana 
compleo-plere, to fill up.]— accom- 
plished (ak-kom'plisht), a. Complete 
in acquirements ; polished.— accom- 
plishment (ak-kom'plish-meut), n. 
1. Full performance of an undertak- 
ing; completion. 2. Ornamental 
acquirement. 

accord (ak-kard'). I. vt. Grant. II. vi. 
Agree; be in correspondence ; harmo- 
nize. [L.—ad, and cor, cordis, heart.] 
Syn. Concede; give; reconcile. 



fate, fat, task, far, *«ill, fare, above; me, m t. berj mite, mit; note, not, move, wolfj 
mute, hut, burn u owl, then. 



accord 



13 



acknowledge 



accord (ak-kard'), n. 1. Agreement; 
harmony. 2. Spontaneous action, as 
in the phrase own accord.— accord' - 
ance, n. Agreement ; conformity ; 
harmony.— accordant, a Agreeing; 
corresponding ; in harmony. 

according (ak-kard'ing), a. In accord- 
ance; agreeing.— According as, in pro- 
portion as. — According to, in accord- 
ance with, or agreeably to.— aceord'- 
ingly, adv. 1. Suitably; in a con- 
formable manner. 2. In assent. 
Syn. Therefore; wherefore. 

accordion (ak-kar'di-un), n. Portable 
musical instrument, played with bel- 
lows and keys. [From accord.] 

accost (ak-kosf), vt. 1. Speak to first; 
address. 2. Approach; come face to 
face with; make up to. [L. ad, to, 
and costa, side.] 

accouchement (ak-koch'ment. Fr. 
pron. ak-kosh-mong), n. Delivery in 
child-bed. 

account (ak-kownf). I. vt. Reckon as; 
assign for; compute; explain. II. vi. 
Assign a reason (for). [Fr. accompte 
—Li. ad, to, com, together, and uto, 
reckon.] 

account (ak-kownf), n. 1. Computa- 
tion ; reckoning. 2. Statement ; re- 
cord ; narrative. 3. Value ; conside- 
ration. 4. Sake; behalf.— accounta- 
ble (ak-kown'ta-bl), a. —accounta- 
bility, n. — accountably, adv. — 
accountant (ak-kown'tant), n. One 
who keeps or is skilled in accounts. 

accouter, accoutre (ak-ko' ter), vt. 
Furnish military dress and trappings ; 
equip.— accou'terments, accou- 
trements, n. pi. [Fr. accoutrer—oi 
doubtful origin.] 

accredit (ak-kred'it), vt. Give credit, 
trust, honor or authority to. [L. ad, 
to, and credo, trust. See credit.] 

accretion (ak-kre'shun), n. Act of 
growing; increase. [L. ad, to and 
cresco, grow.] 

accrue (ak-kro'), vi. Come to; be ad- 
ded to. [Li. ad, to, and cresco, grow.] 

accumbent (ak-kum'bent), a. Lying 
down or reclining on a couch. [L. ad, 
to, and cumbo, lie.] 

accumulate (ak-ku'mu-lat). I. vt. Heap 
or pile up; amass. II. vi. Increase 
greatly, as of profits, wealth, etc.— 
accumulation, n. Heaping up.— 
accu'mulative,a— accumulator, 
n. 1. One who or that which accumu- 
lates. 2. An electric storage battery. 
[L. ad, to, and cumulus, a heap.] 

accuracy (ak'u-ra-si), n. Correctness ; 
exactness; accurateness. 

accurate (ak'u-rat), a. Very exact ; 



done with care.— ac'curately, adv.— 
accurateness, n. [L. ad, to, and 
cura, care.] 

accursed (ak-kurst'or ak-kur'sed), a. 
Subjected to a curse ; doomed ; ex- 
tremely wicked; execrable. [L. ad, at, 
and curse.] 

accusative (ak-ku'za-tiv). I. a. Accu- 
sing. II. n. Gram. The case of a noun 
on which the action of a verb falls 
(in English, the objective.) 

accuse (ak-kuz'), vt. Bring a charge 
against ; charge with crime.— accu- 
sation, n.— accusatory, a. [L.— 
causa, cause.] 

Syn. Indict; criminate; impeach; 
arraign; reproach; censure. 

accustom ( ak-kus'tum ), vt. Make 
familiar by custom. [See custom.] 

ace (as), n. One-spot of cards and dice"; 
unit. [L. as, unit -as, Tarentine Doric 
form of Or. heis, one.] 

-aceous (a-shus), suffix. Having the 
quality of. as herbaceous. [L. -aceus.] 

acerbity (a-ser'bi-ti"), n. {pi. acerbi- 
ties (a-ser'bi-tiz.)] Sourness; harsh- 
ness ; bitterness ; severity. [L. acer- 
bus, harsh to the taste.] [acid. 

acetate (as'e-tat), n. Salt of acetic 

acetic (a-set'ik), a. Of or like vinegar; 
sour. [L. acetum, vinegar.] 

acetify (a-set'i-fi), vt. andtfi. [acetify- 
ing, acetified.] Turn into vinegar. 

acetylene (a-set'i-len), n. Illuminating 
gas obtained by the action of water ou 
calcium-carbide. 

ache (ak), I. vi. Suffer pain of the body 
or mind. II. n. Pain of the body or 
mind. [A. S. ece, eche.] 

achieve (a-chev') , vt. P e r f o r m ; ac- 
complish ; gain ; win. — achieve'- 
ment, n. 1. Successful performance; 
exploit. 2. Escutcheon. 

achromatic (ak-ro-mat'ik), a. Trans- 
mitting colorless light, as a lens. [Gr. 
a, priv. and chroma, color.] 

acid (as'id), I. a. Sharp to the taste ; 
sour. II. n. 1. Sour substance. 2. 
Substance that will unite with a base 
to form a salt. [L. aceo, to be sour.] 

acidify (a-sid'i-fi), vt. [acidifying, aci- 
dified.] Convert into acid. 

acidity (a-sid'i-ti) , n. Quality of being 
acid or sour. 

acidulate (a -s i d ' - u - 1 a t ), vi. Make 
slighty acid.— acid'ulous, a. Slightly 
sour ; containing carbonic acid, as 
mineral waters. 

-acious sujfix. Full of; characterized 
by, as pertinadows. [L. -ax, -acis.] 

acknowledge (ak-nol'ej), vt. Admit, 
own, confess ; certify.— acknowl- 
edgment, n. Recognition ; admis- 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then, 



acme 



14 



a«upunctnre 




sion: confession; thanks-, receipt. 
[A. S. a-, on, and knowledge.] 
acme (ak'-me), n. Top or highest point; 
crisis, as of a disease; per f e c tion ; 
climax. [Gr. -ake, a point.] 
aconite (ak'o-nit), n. 
Poisonous plant, wolf's- 
bane or monk's hood ; 
poison from it. > [L. aco- 
nitum.—Gv. akoniton.] 
acorn(a'karn),n. Seed or 
fruit of the oak. [A. S. 
azcer. a field. See acre.] 
acoustic (a-ko' stik or a- 
kow'stik), a. Pertaining 
to the sense of hearing 
or to the theory of 
sounds; pertaining to 
sound ; d e si g n e d to f a- A comte. 
cilitate hearing. — acou'stics, n. 
Science of sound_. [Gr. akouo, hear.] 
acquaint (ak-kwant% vt. Cause one 
to know; inform.— acquainted, p. 
adj. Familial' with ; known to one 
another. — acquaintance (ak- 
kwan'tans), n. 1. Familiar know- 
ledge. 2. Known person. — ac- 
quaintanceship, n. Familiar 
Knowledge; state of having acquain- 
tance. [L. ad, to, and cognitus, known] 
acquiesce (ak-kwi-es'), vt. Assent to ; 
accept tacitly or formally.— acqui- 
escence, n. Quiet assent or submis- 
sion. — acquies'cent, a. Resting 
satisfied : easy ; submissive. [Li. ad, 
to, and quits, rest.] 
acquire (ak-kwlr'), vt. Get or gain 
something material or intellectual. — 
acquire' men t, acquisition (ak- 
kwi-zish'un), n. 1. Act of acquiring. 
2.That which is acquired; attainment. 
acquisitive (ak-kwiz'it-iv)r a. Desir- 
ous of acquiring. — acquis'itive- 
ness, n — acquisitively, adv. [L. 
ad, to, and quoero, seek]. 
acquit (ak-kwif), vt. [acquitting; ac- 
quitted or acquit.] 1. Pronounce one 
innocent of a crime, sin, or fault. 2. 
Set free from obligation. 3. Discharge 
the trust imposed in one.— acquit'- 
tal, n. The act of acquitting, or the 
atate of being acquitted. — acquit- 
tance ( ak-kwit'ans), n. Discharge; 
receipt. [L. ad, to, and quieto, settle.] 
Syn. Absolve; exonerate; exculpate. 
acre (a'ker), n. Tract of land contain- 
ing 160 square rods or perches, or 
4,840 square yards. It formerly si- 
gnified any field, whatever its super- 
ficial area. [A. S. oncer, field.] 
acrid (ak'rid), a. Biting to the taste ; 
pungent; bitter.— acridity (ak-rid'i- 
ti), n. [Li. acer, acris, sharp.] 



acrimonious (a k - r i - m 6 ' n i » u s), a 

Sharp; bitter; sarcastic. 
acrimony (ak'ri-mo-ni), n. Bitterness 

of feeling or language. [L. acrimonia 

-acer, sharp.] 

acrobat (ak'ro-bat), n. Rope dancer; 
trapeze-performer; tumbler; vauiter. 
— acrobatic, a. [Gr. akrobatos, 
walking on tiptoe.] 

acropolis (i.-krop'o-lis), n Citadel, 
especially of' Athens. [Gr. akropolis 
-akros, the highest, and polis, city.] 

across (a-kras'). I. prep. Crosswise of; 
from side to side of. II. adv. Cross- 
wise ; from one side to the Other. 
[Prefix a, and cross.] 

aerostic(a-kros'tik),n,. Composition in 
verse in which the first or last or cer- 
tain other letters of the lines, taken 
in order, form a name or sentence. 
[Gr. akros, -extreme, and stichos, line], 

act (akt). i. vt. Do; perform ; feign; 
imitate or play the part of. II. vi. I. 
Exert force or influence; produce an 
effect ; behave ; do; perform on the 
stage. 2. Serve in the place of an- 
other. III. n. Something doing or 
done ; exploit. 2. Law or decree 3. 
Section of a play. [L. ago, actum, put 
in motion. Sans, aj, drive.] 

acting* (ak'ting), n. Act of performing 
a part, assumed or dramatic; action. 

actinism ( ak'tin-ism ), n. Chemical 
force of the sun's rays, as distinct 
from light and heat. [Gr. aktis, ray.] 

action (ak'shun), n. 1. State or pro- 
cess of acting. 2. Thing done; deed. 
3. Battle. 4. Lawsuit.— actionable 
(ak'shun-a-bl), a. Liable to a law suit 

active (ak'tiv), a. 1. That acts; ener- 
getic; busy; operative. 2. In gram. 
a. Transitive, b. Denoting the sub- 
ject as acting.— aet'ively, n. — act'« 
iveness, n. [See act.] 
Syn. Lively; prompt; agile; quick. 

actor (ak'tur), n. One who acts; a 
stage-player.— act'ress, n. fern. 

actual (ak'-tu-al). I. a. Real ; exist- 
ing in fact and how, as opposed to an 
imaginary or past state of things. 12. 
n. Something actual or real.— actu- 
ally, adv.— actuality, n. 

actuary (ak'tu-ar-i) n. 1. Registrar 
or clerk. 2. Statistician of an insur- 
ance company. [L actuarius, a clerk.] 

actuate (ak'tu-at). I. vt. Put into or 
incite to action ; influence. II. vt 
Act. [See act.] 

acumen (a-ku'men), n. Acuteness of 
of mind ; 'quickness of perception ; 
penetration. [L. acuo. sharpen.] 

acupuncture(ak-u-pungk'tur), n. Op- 
eration for relieving pain by punctur- 



fate, fat, task, f&r, Jail, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, but, burn; oil, owl, then. 



acute 



adjudicate 



ing the flesh with needles. [L. acus, 
a needle, and puncture.] 

acute (a-kuf), a. 1. Sharp-pointed. 2. 
Sharp'; keen : shrill ; penetrating. — 
acute'ly, adv. — aeute'ness, n. — 
Acute angle, less than a right angle.— 
Acute disease, violent and rapid 
disease, as opposed to chronic. [L. 
acutus, pa. par. of acuo. sharpen.] 

-acy, suffix. State or quality of, as 
fallacy, advocacy. [L. -acia, -atio.] 

ad-, prefix. To, as adhere, adapt. The 
d hecomes assimilated to the conso- 
nant following, as in accede, a/fix, ag- 
gregate, allot, amiex, approve, arrive, 
assign, attract. [L, ad, to.] 

adage (ad'aj), n. Old saying; proverb, 
[L. adagiu'm—ad, and aio, say.] 
Syn. Axiom;saw;aphorism; maxijja. 

adamant (ad'a-mant), n. Supposed 
impenetrable or unbreakable mineral 
or metal. — adamantine (ad -a-man'- 
tin), a. Made of or like adamant. 
[Gr. apriv. and damao, break.] 

adapt (a-dapf), vt Make apt or fit; 
ad j ust;' accommodate.— adapt'able, 
a. — adaptability, n. — adapta- 
tion, n. [L. ad, to, and apto, fit.] 

add (ad). I. vt. Put one thing to an- 
other; sum up. II. vi. Augment; 
unite two or more numbers in one 
sum. [L. addo —ad, to, and do, give.] 

addendum (ad-den'dum), n. [pi. ad- 
denda.] Something added; appendix. 
[L. See add.] 

adder (ad'-er), n. 1. Viper. 2. Spotted 
serpent. [A. S. ncedre, an adder.] 

addiet (ad-dikf), vt. Give up to; de- 
vote; practice habitually.— addic'- 
tion« n. [L. ad, to, and dico, declare.] 

addition (ad-dish'un), n. Act of add- 
ing ; thing added ; branch of arith- 
metic that treats of adding numbers 
together.— additional, a. That is 
added. 

addle (ad'l). I. vt. and vi. Spoil or 
become putrid. II. a. Spoiled; putrid; 
rotten. [A. S. adl, disease.] 

address (ad-dres')- I. vt 1. Direct, 
as a letter. 2. Speak or write to. 3. 
Discourse. 4. Apply (one's self). 5. 
Court. II. n. 1. Formal communica- 
tion in writing. 2. Speech. 3. Dex- 
terity; tact. 4. One's name and place 
of residence, etc. 5. Bearing ; man- 
ners.— address'es, n pi. Attentions of 
a lover. [Fr. adresser. See dress, 
direct.] 

adduce (ad-dus'), vt Bring forward 
by way of proof; cite. [L. ad, to, and 
duco, lead or bring.] [adduced. 

adducible(ad-du'si-bl), a. That may be 

-ade, suffix Pertaining to. Usually 



implies continued action, as cannon- 
ade. [Fr. -ade— L. pa. par. -atus.] 

adept (a-depf). I. a. Well skilled; 
proficient. II. n. One fully skilled ; 
expert [L. adeptus,_ having attained.] 

adequate (ad'e-kwat). a. Equal to the 
requirement : fully sufficient.— ade- 
quately, adv.— ad'equatencss, n. 

atfhere (ad-hei"), vi. Stick to; remain 
fixed or attached; cling.— adher- 
ence,»- adherent. I. a. Sticking 
to. II. n. One who adheres; follower: 
partisan. [L.ad, to, and hccreo, stick.] 

adhesion (ad-he' zhun), n. Act of 
adhering; tendency to remain at- 
tached.— adhesive (ad-he'siv), a. 
Sticky ; apt to adhere.— adhe'sively, 
adv. — adhesiveness, n. [See 
adhere.1_ 

adieu (a-du'). I. inter j. Farewell; good 
bye. II. n. Farewell, [pi. Adieus 
or adieux,] [Fr. a, to, and dieu, God.] 

adipocere (ad-i-po-ser'), n. Soft, wax- 
like substance, into which animal- 
matter, under peculiar circum- 
stances, is converted. [L. adeps, fat, 
and cera, wax.] 

adipose (ad'i-poz). '[. a. Fatty. II. n. 
Fat. [L. adeps, _f at. j 

adjacemcy (ad-ja'-sen-si), n. 1. State 
of lying near to. 2. Something lying 
near. [pi. adjacencies. ] 

adjacent (ad-ja'-sent), a. Lying near 
to ; contiguous ; adjoining. — adja'- 
cently, adv. [L. ad, near, and jaceo. 
lie.] 

adjective (ad'jek-tiv). I. n. In Gram- 
mar, a word used to limit, qualify 
or define a noun. II. a. Adjunctive to 
a noun. — ad'jectively, adv. — ad'» 
jectival, a. [L. ad, to, and jacio, 
throw.] 

adjoin (ad-join'). I. vt. Lie next to; 
join. II. vi. B e contiguous.— adjoin'- 
ing, a. Joining to; near, adj'acent. 
[L. ad, to, and jungo, join.] 

adjourn (ad-jurn'). I. vt. Put off. II. 
vi. Close a meeting, session, business, 
etc.— adjourned (ad-jurnd'), a. Ex- 
isting by adjournment.— adjourn'-; 
ment, n. Act of adjourning; inter- 
val between two sessions. [L. ad, to, 
and diumus, daily. See journal] 

adjudge (ad-juj'). I. vt. Determine or 
award; arrive at or announce a judi- 
cial decision. II. vi. Decide ; settle. 
[L. ad, to, and judico, judge.] 

adjudicate (ad- jo'di-kat). I. vt. Judge, 
award. II. vi. Sit in judgment.— ad- 
judication (ad-jo-di-ka'shun), n. 1. 
Act of judging. 2. Judgment or deci- 
sionof a court.— adjudicator (ad-jo'- 
di-ka-tur), n. [See adjudge.] 



fate, fat, task, far, tall, fare, abose; me, met, her; ailte, mit; note, not, move, wolf j 
mute, hut, bum; oh, owl, then 



aclj unct 



16 



adroit 



adjunct (ad-jungkt'). I. a. Joined or 
added to subordinately. II. n. Some- 
thing united to another, but not essen- 
tially a part of it; assistant.— ad- 
junc'tion, n.— adjunct'ive, a. and 
w.—adjuncfively, adv. [L. ad, and 
jungo, join.] 

adjuration (ad-jo-ra'shun), n. Act of 
adjuring ; charge or oath used in 
adjuring. 

adjure (ad-jor'), vt. Charge on oath, 
solemnly. [L. ad, to, and juro, swear.] 

adjust (ad-jusf). vt. Arrange properly ; 
regulate; settle. — adjust'able, a.— 
adjust'er, n.— adjustment, n. [L. 
ad, to, and jus, right.] 
Syn. Rectify; adapt; suit; fit. 

adjutancy (ad'jo-tan-si), n. Office or 
rank of an adjutant. 

ad I u tan t (ad'jo-tant), 
ri. 1. Military officer 
whose duty it is to as- 
sist the commanding 
officer, 2. East-Indian 
stork or crane, 5 to 6 
feet high. [L. adjuto 
— adjuvo — ad, to, and 
juvo, assist.] 

ad«ieasure(ad-mezh'- 
br), vt. Apportion. — 
admeas'uremeii t , 
71. Measurement; 
amount; fixation. Adjutant. 

administer (ad-min'is-ter) . I. vt. 1. 
Manage, conduct. 2. Dispense, as 
justice, the sacraments, etc. 3. Ten- 
der (an oath). 4. Give, as medi- 
cine; supply; inflict. 5. Grant; be- 
stow; afford. II. vi. 1. Contribute; 
bring aid. 2. Act as administrator. 
[L. ad, to, and minister.] 

administration (a d - m i n - i s - 1 r a '- 
shun). Act of administering; power 
or party that administers. — ad- 
ministrative, a. — administra'- 

• tor, 11.— administratrix, n. fern. 
— administra'torship, n. 

admirable (ad'-mi-ra-bl), a. Worthy 
of being admired.— ad'mirably, adv. 
[See ADMIRE.] 

admiral (ad'mi-ral). n. Naval officer 
of the highest rank.— admiralty, n. 
Body of officers having charge of 
naval affairs. [Fr. amiral, from Ar. 
amir (ameer), a chief. ]_ 

admiration (ad-mi-ra'shun), n. 1. 
Act of admiring. 2. Wonder coupled 
with approbation. 

admire (ad-mir'). I. vt. Regard with 
esteem and approval. II. vi. Wonder. 
— admi'rer, n. One who admires ; 
lover.— admi'ringly, adv. [L. ad, at, 
and miror, wonder.] 




admissible (ad-mis'i-bl), a. That may 
be admitted or allowed. — admissi- 
bly, adv.— admissibility, n. 

admission (ad-mish'un), n. Act of 
admitting; state of being admitted; 
price paid for entrance ; leave to en- 
ter ; concession in an argument ; ac- 
knowledgment. [See admit.] 

admit (ad-mif), v. [admit' ting; ad- 
mitted.] I. vt. Permit to enter. 2. 
Accept as valid ; concede. II. vi. Be 
susceptible (of); permit (of);— ad- 
mit'tansce, n. Leave to enter, ad- 
mission. [L. ad, to, and mitto, send.] 

admixture (ad-miks'tur), n. 1. Act 
of mixing. 2. State of being mixed. 
3. That which is mixed. 4. Some- 
thing added to the chief ingredient. 
[L. ad, to, and misceo, mix.] 

admonish (ad-mon'ish), vt. Warn ; 
reprove mildly; exhort. [L. ad, to, 
and moneo, remind.] ' 

admonition (ad-rao-nish'un), n. Kind 
reproof; counsel; advice. — admon'- 
itory,a. Containing admonition. 

ado (a-d6'), n. Fuss ; bustle. [Mid. 
Eng. at, and do.] [Sp. Am.] 

adobe (a-do'ba), n. Sun-dried brick. 

adolescence (ad-6-les'ens), n. Period 
of youth. 

adolescent (ad-o-les'ent). I. a. Grow- 
ing to manhood or womanhood. II. 
n. One growing to manhood or woman- 
hood. [Li. ad, to, and olesco, grow.] 

adopt (a-dopf), vt. Receive or assume 
as one's own what is another's, as a 
child, an opinion, etc.— adop'tion, n. 
— adoptive, a. That adopts or is 
adopted. [L. ad, to, and opto, choose.] 

adorable (a-dor'a-bl^ a. Worthy of 
divine honors. ' 2. Worthy of the 
utmost love and respect.— ador'a- 
bly, adv. 

adoration (ad-o-ra'shun), n. Act of 
adoring; worship; homage. 

adore (a-dor'). I. vt. 1. Worship with 
profound reverence. 2. Love or regard 
in the highest degree. II. vi. Offer 
adorat io n.— ador'er, n. One who 
adores ; lover . — adoringly, adv. 
[L. ad, to, and oi'O, speak, pray.] 

adorn (a-darn'), vt. Decorate; embel- 
lish; beautify; set off.— adorning, 
71. — adorn'ingly, adv. — adorn- 
ment,ra. [L.acf,to, and orno, decorate.] 

adown (a-down'i, prep, and adv. To- 
wards the grounp; down; downward, 
in space or time. 

adrift (a-driff), adv. Floating at ran- 
dom ; moving as if driven by the wind. 
[A. S. pref. a, on, and drift.] 

adroit (a-droif), a. Expert with the 
hands; dexterous; skillful.— adroit - 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



adulation 



17 



advise 



ly, adv.— adroitness, n. [Fr. a, to, 
and droit, right.] _ 

adulation (ad-B-la'shun), n. Flattery; 
fawning.— adulatory, a. Flatter- 
ing ; servilely praising. [L. adulor, 
fawn upon.] 

adult (a-dulf). I. a. Grown up ; ma- 
ture, il. n. Grown up person. [L. 
adultus, full grown.] 

adulterate (a dul'ter-at). l.vt. Make 
impure by aainixture; lower in qua- 
lity by intermixing. II. a. Corrupted 
or debased by the admixture of a less 
valuable substance. — adult'era- 
tely, adv.— adulteration (a-dul-ter- 
a'shun), re.— adulterer (a-dul'ter-er), 
n. Man guilty of adultery.— adul- 
teress (a-dul'ter-es), n. fern.— adul- 
terous (a-dul'ter-us), a. Guilty of 
adultery; illicit.— adulterously 
(a-dul'ter-us-li), adv. — adultery 
(a-dul'ter-i), n. Violation of the mar- 
riage-bed. |_L. ad, to, and alter, other.] 

adumbrant (ad-um' brant), a. Giving 
a faint shadow or resemblance of. 

adumbrate (ad-um'-brat), vt. Give a 
faint shadow of; exhibit imperfectly; 
foreshadow. — adumbration (ad- 
u m - b r a ' s h u n ), n. — adumbra- 
tive (ad-um'bra-tiv), a. Faintly re- 
presenting. [L. ad, near, and umbra, 
shadow.] 

advance (ad- vans'). L vt. 1. Put or 
move forward. 2. Promote to a higher 
position. 3. Promote the progress of. 
4. Propose. 5. Supply beforehand; 
loan. II. vi.. 1. Make progress ; move 
forward. 2. Rise in rank or value, etc. 
Syn. Bring forward; further; raise; 
improve; furnish; allege; progress. 

advance (ad-vans'), n. 1. Progress; 
improvement. 2. Promotion. 3. Rise 
in price. 4. Supplying of money or 
goods beforehand ; money or goods so 
supplied.— In advance, In front; be- 
forehand.— advanced', a. 1 Moved 
forward. 2. In the front rank as re- 
gards progress. 3. Well up in years. 
-advancement, n. Preferment ; 
improvement; rise in value; prepay- 
ment; money advanced. [Fr. avancer 
— L. ab, from, and ante, before.] 

advantage (ad-van'-taj) I. vt. Pro- 
mote the interest of ;' benefit. II. vi. 
Be advantageous. [Fr. avant, before.] 

advantage (ad-van'-taj), n. Any fa- 
vorable state, condition or circum- 
stance ; superiority; gain ; benefit.— 
—Take advantage of, outwit; over- 
reach; profit by. 

advantageous (ad-van-ta'jus), a. Of 
advantage.— advanta'geously, adv. 
— advanta geousness, n. 



advent (ad'vent), n. 1. Arrival, com- 
ing. 2. (A) Coming of Christ. 3. Four 
weeks before Christmas. [L. ad, to, 
and venio, come.] 

adventitious (ad-ven-tish'us), a. Ac- 
cidental ; not essential; out of the 
ordinary.— adventitiously, adv. 

adventure (ad-ven' tur). I. vt. Risk, 
hazard. II. vi. Attempt, dare. III. n. 
Enterprise of hazard or risk; remark- 
able occurrence. — adven'turer, n. 
One who adventures. — adven'tur- 
ess, n. fern.— adventurous, ad- 
ven'turesome, a Inclined to ad ven- 
ture ; enterprising.— adven'turous- 
ly, a^.-adven'tnroiisness, n. [L. 
advent urus, about to come or happen. 

See ADVENT.] 

adverb (ad'verb), n. In G r a m m a r , 
any word qualifying a verb, adject- 
ive or other adverb.— adverbial, a. 
— adverbially, adv. [L. ad, to, and 
verbwn, word.] 

adversary (ad'ver-sar-i), n. Op- 
ponent, an t agonist, enemy. [See 

ADVERSE.] 

adverse (ad' vers), a. Acting in a con- 
trary direction; opposing; thwart- 
ing; unprosperous. ad'versely, adv. 
— ad'verseness, n. [L. adversus—ad, 
against, and verto, versum, turn.] 
adversity (ad-ver'-si-ti) , n. Adverse 
fate or condition; affliction; hardship. 
advert (ad-vert'), I. vi. Turn the mind 
(to); refer(to). 11.^. Notice.— advert'- 
enee, ». Attention; needfulness; re- 
gard.— advert'ency, n. Act of turn- 
ing the m in d.— advertent, a. At- 
tentive ; heedful. -ad vert'ently, adv. 
advertise (ad'ver-tiz or ad-ver-tiz'). I. 
vt. Give public notice of ; inform the 
public by means of newspapers, post- 
ers, circulars, etc. II. vi. Publish, 
post or circulate an advertisement. — 
ad'vertiser, n. One who advertises. 
[Fr., from L. See advert.] 
advertisement ( ad-ver'tiz-ment or 
ad-ver-tiz'-ment), n. 1. Public notice. 
2. Legal notification; notice. 
advice (ad-vis'), n. 1. Counsel ; opi- 
nion as to conduct. 2. Information; 
intelligence.— advi'ces, n. pi. Com- 
munication, information. [See 
advise. ] [visableness. 

advisability (ad-vi-za-bil'i-ti), n. Ad- 
advisable (ad- vi'za-bl), a. Proper to be 
advised ; expedient. — advi'sable- 
ness, n. Quality of being advisable. 
— advi'sably, adv. 
advise (ad- viz'). I. vt. Counsel; give 
advice to. 2. Communicate notice to. 
II. vi. Consult (with).— advised (ad- 
vizd'), a. Done with advice or deli- 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, buni, cJ» owl, fTien. 



advocacy 



18 



affioity 



beration; well considered, deliberate. 
— advisedly (ad-vi'zed-li), adv. Deli- 
berately.— a d vi ser (ad-vx'zer), n. 
One who advises.— advisory (ad-vi'- 
zur-i), a. 1. Having power to advise. 
2. Containing advice. [O. Fr. adviser. J 

advocacy (ad'vo-ka-si), n. Act of 
pleading for; defence. 

advocate (ad'vo-kat). I. vt. Plead in 
favor of; defend. II. n. One who 
pleads the cause of another in court; 
one who defends or promotes a cause. 
[L. ad, to, and voco, call.] 

advowson (ad-vow'sun)^ n. The right 
of presentation to a vacant benefice. 
[L. advocatio.] 

a*iz, adze (adz), n. Carpenter's tool 
having a thin arched blade with us 
edge at right angles to the handle. 
[A. S. adesa.] 

se (e or e). Latin diphthong correspond- 
ing to the Greek ai, and used chiefly 
in words derived from the Greek lan- 
guage. When fully naturalized in 
English the Greek ai, and Latin ai 
have now become e, as cegis, egis; cson, 
eon; ceoljan,, eolian;etc. 

aerate (a' er -at), vt. Put air or gas 
into; charge with carbonic acid ; sub- 
ject to the action of air. [L. aer, air.] 

aeration (a-er-a'shun) , n. Exposure 
to the action of air. — aerator (a'er- 
a-tur), n. Apparatus for aerating. 

aerial (a-e'ri-al), a. Belonging to the 
air; consisting of air; produced by 
air; high in the air. [L aer, air.] 

aerie (a'er-i), n. Nest of a bird of prey, 
on a lofty crag. [L. aer, air.] 

aeriform (a'er-i farm), a. Having the 
form of gas. [_L. aer, air.] L macnine < 

aerodrome ja'er-o-droin), n. Flying 

aerogram (a'er-o-gram), n: Message 
sent by wireless telegraphy. 

aerolite (a'er-o-lit), n. Meteoric stone; 
meteorite. [Gr. aer, and lithos, stone.] 

aeronaut (a'er-o-nat), n. One who sails 
or floats in the air, as in a balloon or 
by means of an aeroplane.— aero- 
nautic, a. Pertaining to air-navi- 
gation. — aeronautics, n. Science or 
art of sailing or floating in the air. 

aeroplane (a'er-o-plan), n. Machine 
having power to rise or float in air 
without the aid of gas or rarefied air. 

aerostatic (a-er-o-stat'ik), a. Per- 
taining to aerostation. — aerostatic 
railroad, n. Inclined railroad operat- 
ed by balloons. — aerostat'ics, n. 
Science of the equilibrium of air or of 
elastic fluids; science of raising and 
guiding balloons. [Gr. aer, air, and 
statikos, relating to equilibrium.] 



aerostation (a-er-o-sta'shun), n. Art 
of raising and^ managing balloons. 

aesthetic (es-thef'fk), a. 1. Having » 
sense of the beautiful. 2. Pertaining- 
to the fine arts. — aesthetics, n 
Science of the beautiful. [Gr.— aisthea 
thai, perceive by the senses.] 

afar (a-far'), adv. Far away. 

affable (af'a-bl).. a. Condescending; of 
easy access and manners; courteous; 
complaisant. — affaoili'ty, n. lL. 
ad, to, and fabilis — fari, speak.] 

affair (af-far'), n. That which is to be 
done ; business of any kind ; dispute 
of a serious kind. — affairs , pi. 
Concerns ; circumstances ; business, 
[Fr. a, to, and faire, do.] 

aifect(af-fekt'), vt. 1. Act upon; change. 
2. Touch the feelings of. 3. Make a 
show or pretence of. 4. Be partial to; 
frequent. [L. ad, and facio, do.] 

Syn. Influence; concern; move; pre- 
tend; put on; assume; overcome. 

affectation (af-fek-ta'shun), n. Striv- 
ing after; attempt to assume what is 
not natural; pretence. 

affected (af-fek'ted), a. 1. Full of af- 
fectation. 2. Touched with emotion. — 
affec'tedly ^adv .— affect'edness,^. 

affecting (at'-fekt'ing), a. Having pow- 
er to move the affections; pathetic. 

affection (af-fek'shun), n. 1. State of 
being affected. 2. Feeling ; disposi- 
tion; attachment; fondness; love. 3. 
Attribute, q u a li t y , or property. 4. 
Disease, morbid state. [L. See affect.] 

affectionate (a-fek'-shun-at) , a. Full 
of affection; lond; loving. — affee » 
tionately, adv. [Disposed. 

affectioned Caf -f ek'shund), a, 

afferent (af'er-ent), a. Phys. • Conduct- 
ing to, as the nerves that ci nv< y 
sensations to the nerve centers. |u 
ad, to, and fero, carry.] 

affiance (af ,-f i'ans). I. n. Faith 
pledged (to);trust; marriage contract. 
II. vt. Pledge faith; betroth. 

affiant (af-fi'ant) n. One who makes 
an affidavit. (L.ad, to, and fides, faith.] 

affidavit (af-fi-da'vit), n. Declaration 
in writing, sworn to before a magis- 
trate. [L. affidOj pledge one's faith J 

affiliate (af fH'i-at), vt. JReceive into a 
family as a son, into a society as & 
member, or into intimate relation 
ally ; c onsort; associate. — affilii*-, 
tion, (af-fil-i-a'shun), n. 

affinity (af-fin'i-ti), n. Nearness of kin 
agreement, or resemblance ; chero 
ical attraction; tendency to com* 
together. — pi. affin'ities, relation 
ship, kinship. [L. ad, at, and tim,t> 
boundary.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fftll, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mitt note, not, move,, wott; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



affirm 



19 



age 



affirm (af-ferm'). I. vt. Assert posi- 
tively. II. vi. Soiemnly declare (iu- 
steadof making oath.)— affirma'- 
tion, affirmance, ns. [See firm.] 
Syn. Aver; avouch; vow; protest. 

affirmative (af-fer'-ma-tiv). I. a. That 
affirms or consents ; positive (as op- 
posed to negative, which opposes or 
denies.) II. n. Positive proposition. 

— In the affirmative, assenting. — 
affirmatively, adv. 

affix (af-fiks'), vt. Fix to; attach; 
append. [L.. ad, to, and^go, fix.] 

affix (afiks), n. Syllable or letter 
added to the end of a word; suffix. 

afflict (af-flikt'), vt. Oppress with 
bodily suffering or mental distress.— 
afflie tion, n. Mental or bodily dis- 
tress, or that which causes it.— af- 
flict ive, a. Causing affliction.— 
afllict'ively, adv. [L. ad, at, and 
fligo, strike.] 

affluence (af'16-ens), n. Abundance 
of possessions, especially of money. 

affluent (af'16-ent). I. a. 1. Abound- 
ing in wealth. 2. Flowing to. H. n. 
Stream flowing into a river or lake. 
[See aitlux.] 

afflux (af'lnks), n. Flowing to; that 
which flows to. [L. ad, and^uo, flow.] 

afford v af-ford'), vt. 1. Yield or produce. 
2. Be able to give or spend. [Mid. 
Eng. aforthen — A. S. gef orthian , fur- 
ther, accomplish.] 

affray (af-fra'), n. Fright; disturb- 
ance; brawl. [O.Fr. affrayer, frighten.] 

affright (af-fnf). I. vt. Impress with 
sudden fear. II. n. Sudden or great 
fear; that which inspires fear; object 
of dread. [See fright.] 

affront (af-frunf). I. vt. Insult openly; 
give offence" to. II. n. Insult; con- 
temptuous treatment. [L. ad, to, and 
frons, front.] 

Afghan (af'gan). I. a. Belonging to 
the country Afghanistan. II. n. Na- 
tive of Afghanistan. 

afg-han (af'gan), n. Sleeping robe or 
cover of knitted wool. ■ [field. 

afield (a-feld'), adv. In, to, or on the 

afire (a-'fit'), adv. and a. On fire; burn- 
ing; inflamed, [pre/, a, on, and Jjre.] 

aflame (a-fiam'), adv. and a. Flaming; 
in flames. _ 

afloat (a-fiof). adv. and a. Floating; 
at sea: unfixed- 

aflow (a-flo'), adv, and a. Flowing. 
"With gray hair afiow, "— Whittier, 
(Rare.) [move; going on. 

afoot (a- for), adv. On foot; on the 

afore (a-for'). prep, and adv. Before. 

— afore 'hand. adv. Il advance. — 
aforesaid, a. Said or named before. 



— afore'time, adv. Formerly.- 
afore'thought, a. Premeditated. 

afoul (a-fowl), adv. and a. Foul; ivj 
collision. _ [daunted. [See affray. ^ 

afraid (a-frad),a. Struck with fear; 

afresh ('a-fresh'), adv. Anew; again. 

aft (aft), haul. a. and adv. Near or to- 
wards the stern.— Fore and aft, the 
whole length of a ship.— Eight aft, in 
a direct line with the stern. [A. S. 
aft, short for after, behind.] 

after (aft'er). I. a. Behind in place; 
later in time; more toward the stern 
of a vessel. II. prep. Behind; later 
than; following; in search of; in imi- 
tation of; in honor of; for the sake 
of; in proportion to; concerning. III. 
adv. Subsequently; afterward. 

afterclap (aft'er-klap), n. Unexpected 
subsequent event. 

aftercrop (aft'er-krop), a. Second 
crop in the same year. 

after-dinner (aft-er-din'er), a. Hap- 
pening or done after dinner, as, an 
after-dinner speech. 

aftermath (aft'er-math), n. Second 
crop of grass in a season. [See mow.] 

aftermost (aft'er-most),a. Hindmost; 
nearest the stern of a ship. 

afternoon (aft-er-non'), n. Time be- 
tween noon and evening. 

afterpiece (aft'er-pes),^. Farce or 
other minor piece performed after a 
play. f tion after the act. 

afterthought (aft'er-that), n. Reflec- 

afterward (aft'er -ward), aft'er- 
wards, adv. Subsequently; later. [A. 
S. after, behind, and weard, towards.] 

again (a-gen'), adv. Once more; back; 
moreover; on the other hand. [A. S. 
ongegn, against.] 

against (a-gensf), prep. 1. Opposite 
to; in opposition to; in collision with. 
2. In provision for. [See again.] 

agape (a-gap'). adv. and a. With wide- 
open mouth. 

agate (ag'at), n. 1. Semi-Dellucid pre- 
cious stone, variety of quartz. 2. 
Small size of type, 14 lines to an inch. 
G^The size in which this line is printed. 

agave (a-ga've), n. Genus of plants, 
of which the American aloe is a spe- 
cies. [Gr. agauos, noble.] 

-age (aj). adjectival suffix. Forms col- 
lective nouns, as foliage, baggage ,' 
and nouns of condition or relation, 
as bondage, -peerage, breakage, postage. 
[Fr. -age; — L. -aticum.] 

age (aj)< I. vt. and vi. Grow old; cause 
to grow old, or give the appearance 
of age. II. -/I. 1. Time during which 
a person or thing has lived or existed. 
2. Ordinary term of life. 3. Majority, 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit ; note, not, move, wolf ; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then, 



a^ed 



20 



agreement 



or legal majority (as at 21 years). 4. 
Oldness; the declining years of life. 
5. One of the stages of human life, 
as the stages of infancy, of youth, of 
manhood, etc. 6. Period of time; 
epoch; era; century; generation, etc. 
[Fr.— L. (Etas, age.] 

aged (a'jed). I. a. Advanced in years ; 
of a certain age. II. n. pi. Old people. 

agency (a'jen-si), n. 1. Operation. 2. 
Means of producing effects. 3. Office 
or business of an agent. 
Syn. Action; instrumentality. 

ag-ent (a'jent). I. a. Acting, as op- 
posed to being acted upon or passive. 
II. n. 1. Person or thing that acts or 
produces an effect. 2. Means where- 
by anything is effected; factor. 3. 
One who acts for another. [L. agens, 
doing.] 

agglomerate (ag-glom'er at). I. vt. 
and vi. Make into a ball, into a mass; 
grow into a baU or mass. II. a. Gath- 
ered into a bah or mass. III. n. Mass 
growing or heaped together.— agglo- 
meration, n. Confused mass. [L. 
ad, to, glomus, ball, globe.] 

agglutinate (ag-gJ6'ti-nat), vt. Cause 
to adhere, as by glue, agglutina- 
tion, n .— agglutinative, a. 

aggrandize (ag'rau-diz). I. vt. Make 
great or greater in rank, honor or 
power. II. vi. Become greater. — ag- 
grandizement (ag-gran'diz-ment), 
n. [Lt. ad, to, and qrandis, great.] 

aggravate (ag'ra-vat), vt. Provoke; 
make worse. — aggravation, n. 
vexation ; addition to bad qualities. 

Syn. Exasperate; irritate; increase; 
heighten; exaggerate; intensify. 

aggregate (ag' re-gat). I. vt. Collect 
into a sum or mass; accumulate. II. 
vi. Unite. [L. ad, to, and grex, gregis, 
flock.] 

aggregate (ag're- 
g a t). I. a. Formed 
of parts taken to- 
gether. II. n. Sum 
total. — aggrega- 
tion (ag-re-ga'- 
shun),n. Act of ag- 
gregating; state of 
being collected to- 
gether; combined 
whole. 

aggression (ag- Agg^gate flower, 
gresh'un), n. First act of hostility or 
injury. [L. aggredior, aggressus—ad, at, 
and gradior, step.] 

aggressive (ag-gres'iv), a. Making: 
the first attack; prone to make an 
attack. — aggressively, adv. — ag- 
gressiveness, n. 




aggressor(ag-gres'ur), n. One who first 
commences nostility or gives offence^ 

aggrieve (ag-greV), vt. Give pain or 
sorrow; oppress; injure. [L. ad, to, 
and gravis, heavy, grave.] 

aghast (a-gasf), a. Stupefied with 
norror. [A. S. intens. pref. a, and 
gcesten, terrify.] [aguis —ago, do.] 

agile (aj'il), a. Active, nimble. [L. 

agility (a-jil'i-ti), n. Quickness of mo- 
tion; nimbleness; activity. 

agitate (aj'i-tat). I. vt. 1. Move or 
shake briskly. 2. Disturb or excite 
the feelings. 3. Discuss. II. vi. 'Arouse 
public attention or interest. — agita° 
tion (aj-i-ta'shun), n. Commotion; 
perturbation of_mind; discussion^ — 
agitator (aj'i-ta-tur), n. One who or 
that which agitates. [I , agito, freq. 
of ago, putin motion.] 

aglee (a-gle^), adv. Wrong. [Scotch.] 

aglow (a-gl p '>, «• glowing. 

agnail (ag'nal), n. Corn; whitlow; 
hangnail (loose skin at root of nail). 

agnostic (ag-nos'tik). I. n. One who 
holds that we know or can know 
nothing of God and the infinite, as 
we are limited to experience. II. a. 
Pertaining to agnosticism. — agnos« 
ticism (ag-nos'ti-sizm), n. Doctrine 
of the agnostics. [Gr. a priv. and 
gnoslikos, able to know.] 

ago (a-go'), adv. and a. Gone, past; as. 
a year ago. [M. E. agon.] 

agog (a-gog'), adv. and a. Eager; in a 
state of excited desire. [rent, 

agoing (.«, ^olng), a. In motion ; cur- 

agouize (ag'-o-niz). I. vt. Distress 
with extreme pain; torture. II. vi. 
Be in extreme pain; suffer anguiyh. 

agony (ag'-o-ni), n. Extreme pain of 

' body or mind. 2. Violent struggle, as 

lor life. [Gr. agon, arduous struggle.] 

Syn. Anguish] pang; throe; torment. 

agrarian (a-gra'ri-an). I. a. Pertain- 
ing to land, or to the equal distribu- 
tion of the land. II. n. One wbo favors 
agrarianism. — agra'rianisna, n. 
Principle of a juster distribution of 
the land. [L. agrarius — ager,& field.] 

agree (a-gre'), vi. 1. Be of one mind ; 
concur 2. Assent to. 3. Harmonize; 
resemble ; match ; suit ; correspond. 
4. Promise or undertake. 5. Be nu- 
tritious, or good for one's health. [L. 
ad, to, and gratus, pleasing.] 

agreeable (a-gre'a-bl), a. Suitable; 
pleasant; conformable to; willing to 
agree . — agree'ably, adv.— agree- 
abil'ity, agree'ableness, n. 

agreement) (a-gre'ment), n. 1. Con- 
cord; conformity. 2. Bargain or 
contract; mutual assent. 



fate, fat, task, far, fa]], fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



agricultural 



•21 



alchemy 



agricultural ( ag-ri-kul'tiir-al ) , a. 
Relating to agriculture. 

agriculture (ag'-ri-kul-tur), n. Art, 
science or practice of cultivating the 
land. [Li. ager, a field , and cultura, 
cultivation.] 

agriculturist (ag-ri-kul'tur-ist), n. 
One skilled in agriculture. 

aground _(a-grownd'), adv. Stranded. 

ague (a'gu), n. Fever coming in peri- 
odical fits, accompanied with shiver- 
ing ; chills and fever.— aguish (a'- 
gu-ish), a. Like an ague; en illy; 
shivering. [Fr. aigu, sharp — L. acutus. 
See acute.] 

an (a), interj. Expression of surprise, 
joy, pity, inquiry, complaint, compas- 
sion, etc., according to the manner of 
utterance. 

aha (a-ha'), interj. Exclamation of 
pleasure, surprise, contempt, etc. 

ahead (a-hed'), adv. Further on; in 
advance; headlong; forward. 

ahoy (a-hoi'), interj. Naut. Used in hail- 
ing vessels, as " ship ahoy ! " 

aid (ad). I. vt. and vi. Help; succor. 
II. n. Assistance ; person or thing that 
helps; aide-de-camp. [Fr aider, help.] 
Syn. Assist; sustain; support; be- 
friend; relieve; co-operate with. 

aide-de-caiup (ad'de-kong), n. \ pi. 
aides-de-camp.] Officer assisting the 
general; aid. [Fr.] 

ail (al). I. vt. Affect with pain, or un- 
easiness of the body or mind. II. vi.Be 
in pain, sick, or in trouble.— air- 
men!, n. [A. S. egle, painful.] 

aim (am). I. vt. Point, as a weapon or 
firearm. II. vi. Guess; strive (at); en- 
deavor (to). III. n. Act of aiming; ob- 
ject aimed at; purpose; endeavor.— 
aim'less, a. Without aim. — aim'- 
lessly, adv.— aim'lessness, n. [O.Fr. 
aemer—Lt. ad, to, and aestimo, reckon.] 

air (ar). I. n. 1. Fluid we breathe; at- 
mosphere. 2. Light breeze. 3. Tune 
or melody. 4. Appearance or mien; 
affected manner; show of pride; 
haughtiness. 5. Vent; publicity II. 
vt. i. Expose to the air ; ventilate; 
dry. 2. Make public ; parade ; display. 
[Gr. aer, air.] 

airing (ar'ing), n. 1. Exposure to the 
free action of the air. 2. Walk or ride 
in the open air for health's sake. 

airy (ar'i), a. 1. Consisting of air; be- 
longing to the air ; in air ; unsub- 
stantial; unreal; buoyant; ethereal. 
4. Vain ; light of heart ; vivacious ; 
gay. 5 Affected.— airily (ar'i-li), adv. 

aisle ( il ), n. 1. Passageway between 
seats in a church or hall, or counters 
in a store, etc. 2. Wing of a church. 



ajar (a-jar'), adv. Partly open. [Mia. 
Eng. 'on char.] 

akimbo (a-kim'bo), adv. With hand 
on hip, and elbow bent outward 
[Etymology doubtful.] 

akin (a-kin'), a. Of kin; related by 
blood or by nature; having the same 
properties or nature. 

al-, prefix, as in aZkali. [Ar. the.] 

alabaster (al'a-bas-ter). 1. n. Semi- 
transparent kind of gypsum or sul- 
phate of lime. II. a. Made of ala- 
baster. [Etymology doubtful.] 

a la carte (a-la-carf), adv. Ordering 
each dish separately. The opposite is 
table d'hdte, when the meal is ordered 
and paid for as a whole. [Fr.] 

alack (a-lak'), interj. Exclamation ex- 
pressing sorrow. Alas! — alack-a- 
day, inteij. Alas the day 1 

alacrity (a-lak'ri-ti), n. Briskness, 
cheerful readiness; promptitude. [L. 
alacer, brisk.] 

a la mode (a-la mod'), adv. According 
to the mode or fashion. [Fr. a la mode.] 

alarm (alarm'). I. vt. Give notice of 
danger ; fill with dread; excite fear ; 
call to arms. II. n. 1. Notice of danger. 
2. Surprise and fear. 3. Contrivance 
to arouse from sleep, or give notice 
of danger. [L. ad, to, and arma, arms.] 

alarmist (a-lai'mist), n. One who ex- 
cites alarm; one given to prophesy- 
ing danger or disaster. 

alas (a-las'), interj. Exclamation ex- 
pressive of sorrow, grief or pity. [Fr. 
helas—Li. lassus, wearied.] 

albatross (al'ba- 
tros), n. Large, 
long -winged sea- 
bird, of the petrel 
family. [Sp. alba- 
troste.~\ 

albino ( al-bi'no ) , 
n. Person or ani- 
mal whose skin 
and hair are un- Albatross, 

naturally white, and pupil of the eye 
red or pink.— pi. albi'nos. [It. albino, 
whitish— L. atbus, white.] 

album (al'bum), n. Book for the col- 
lection of portraits, autographs or 
the like. [L. albus, white.] 

albumen (al-bu'men), n. White of 
eggs; substance like white of egg, in 
animal and vegetable matter. — albu'- 
minous. a. Like or containing al- 
bumen. [L. albus, white.} 

alcalde (al-kal'da), n. A judge or ma- 
gistrate. [Sp.— Ar. al, the, and kadi, 
judge.] [in alchemy. 

alchemist (al'kem-ist), n. One skilled 

alchemy (al'ke-mi), n. Early name of 




(ate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute. hut. burn: oil, owl, then. 



alcohol 



22 



alleviate 



chemistry. [Ar. al t the, and Mmia, 
secret, hidden.] 

alcohol (al'ko-hol), n. Pure or highly 
rectified spirit, a liquid obtained from 
fermented saccharine solutions by dis- 
tillation. (The intoxicating principle 
of all vinous and spirituous liquors.) 
— alcoholic (al-ko-hol'ik), a. [Ar. al, 
the.and koh'l,G.ne powder of antimony, 
used for painting the eyebrows.] 

alcove (al'kov), n. Recess in a room ; 
shady retreat. [Ar. al, the, and quob- 
bah, chamber.] 

aides* (al'der), n. Small tree usually 
growing in moist ground. [A.S. aler.] 

aider man (a,rder-man),w. Municipal 
legislator; member of a city council, 
representing a waid.— pi. aldermen. 
TA. S. mlder, older, and man, man.] 

ale (ai), n. Liquor made from malt, 
dried at low heat. [A. S. ealu, beer. ) 

alert (a-lerf), a. Watchful.— alert' - 

ssess, n. [Fr. alerte, on the watch.] 

Syn. Vigilant; lively ; nimble ; quick. 

alga (al'ga], ».[^.al'gae] Sea-weed. [L] 

algebra (ai'je-bra), n. Science and art 
of calculating by means of a highly 
systematized notation.— algebra' , 
a. [Ar L al, the, and jabr, combination.] 

alius (a'li-as), adv. Otherwise. II. n» 
Assumed name.— pi. aliases. [L.] 

alibi (ai'i-bi), n. Plea that the accused 
was elsewhere when the crime was 
committed. [L. = elsewhere.] 

alidade (al'i-dad), n. Arm movable 
over a graduated circle, carrying an 
index or a vernier. [Ar. al, the, and 
adud- arm.l 

alien (a'li-en). I. a. Foreign; of an- 
other country; II. n. Foreigner.— 
alienism (a'li-en^ism), n. 1. State oJ 
being an alien. 2 Studyof mental dis- 
eases— alienist (a'li-en-ist), n. One 
skilled in the treatment of mental dis- 
eases. [L. alius, other.] 

alienate (a'li-en-at), vt. 1. Estrange 
2. Transfer a right or title to another. 
—alienable (ali-en-a-bl), a. — alien* 
ation (a'li-en-a'shun)', n. 

alight (a-lif). I. vi. 1. Settle upon. 2. 
Dismount; descend. 3. Happen on; 
meet with. II. a. Lighted; on fire. 

align (a-lm'). Same as aline. 

alike (a-lik'). I. a. On the same model. 
II. adv. In like manner; equally. 

aliment (al'i-ment), n. Food, nourish- 
ment.— alimental (al-i-men'tal), a. 
1. Nutritious. 2. Pertaining to ali- 
ment. — alimentary (al-i-men 'ta-ri), 
a. alimentation (al-i-men-ta'shun),7&. 

alimony (al'i-mo-ni), n. Portion of 
husband's estate or income allowed 
to wife on legal separation. 



aline (a-lin'). I. vt. Adjust by a line; 
arrange in a line. II. vi. Fall in line; 
line up. 

aliquant (al'i-kwant), a. That does 
not divide without a remainder (5 is 
an aliquant of 16). [L. ali t any, and 
quantus, how great.] 

aliquot (al'i-kwot), a. That divides 
another quantity without a remain- 
der (5 is an aliquot of 15). [L. ali, 
any, and quot, how many.] 

alive (a-liv'), a. 1. Living; not dead; 
existing. 2. Responsive. 3. Keenly 
attentive; active; lively. 

alkahest (al'ka-hest), n. Supposed 
universal solvent of the alchemists. 
[A word made up, probably, by Para- 
celsus.] 

alkali (al'ka-li or al'ka-li), n. Sub- 
stance which neutralizes acids, com- 
bines with tats to make soap, etc., 
like potash, soda, ammonia, etc.— ^ 
alkaline (al'ka-lin or al'ka-lln), a. , 
Having the properties- cf alkali. [Ar. 
al, the, and kali, glasswort.'j 

alkaloid (al'ka-ioid), I. ft. Resembling 
an alkali in properties. XL n. Alka- 
line principle of a plant, as morphine, 
quinine, etc. 

all (al). I. a. Whole of; every particle 
of; whole extent; entire duration of. 

II. adv. Wholly; completely; entirely, 

III. n. Whole; entire number; total 
[A. S. eah all.] 

Allah (al'a), n. Name of God amongst 
the Mohammedans. [Ar. al, the, and 
ilah, God.] 

allay (al-la'), vt. Calm; sooth; allevi- 
ate; appease; soften; mitigate. [A.S. 
alecgan,_ lessen.] 

allegation (al-le-ga'shun) , n. Affirma- 
tion; plea; assertion. [See allege.} 

allege (al-lej'), vt. Affirm; aver. [Fr. 
alleguer — L. lego, send with a charge.] 
Syn. Assert; urge; declare; adduce; 
plead; maintain; advance; assign. 

allegiance (al le'jans), n. Tie or obli- 
gation of a subject to his sovereign 
or of a citizen to his government. 
[L. ad, to, and ligo, bind.] 

allegory (al'e-go-ri), n. Figurative 
speech or story; symbolic represen- 
tation, whether by speech or other- 
wise.— allegoric (al-e-gor'ik), a. In 
the form of allegory ; figurative. [Gr. 
alios, other, and agoreuo, speak.] 

allegretto (al-le-gret'o), a. In music, 
less quick than allegro. [ItaL] 

allegro (al-le'gro), adv. In music, 
sprightly; quick. _ [Ital.] 

alleviate (al-le'vi-at), vt. Ease; lessen; 
make light; mitigate.— alleviation 
(al-le-vi-a'shun), n. Act of relieving 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



ft&e? 23 



RSpa<*a 



or making light; state of being re- 
lieved, —alleviative (ai-ie'vi-a-tiv). 
L a. Relieving. II. n. Means of re- 
lieving, [allee, a passage.] 

alley (all), n. Narrow passage. LFr. 

All Fools' Day, n. First day of April. 

all-fours (al-forz'}, n. Game of cards. 
On all fours, on hands and feet. 

alliance ( al-li'ans ), n. 1. Union by 
treaty, or marriage, etc. 2. Persons 
or states so united. [Fr. See ally.] 
Syn. League; federation; brother- 
hood: bond; confederacy; affinity. 

allied (al-lid'), a. 1. Bound together 
in a league, or united in marriage. 2. 
Related to by affinity; akin cc 

alligat«i\al'i-ga-turj, 
n. America,n croco- 
dile. fSp. el, the, and 
lagan o, lizard.] 

alliteration (al-lit- 
er-a'shun), n. Begin- 
ning of several words 
with the same letter. 



*Ck#- 



[L. ad,\.o, and litter a, 
fetter.] 




Alligator 



allocate (al'6-kar), vt. Set apart; 
place to,— allocation (al-6-ka'shun), 
n. Allotment; allowance made upon an 
account. [L. ad, to, and locus, place.] 

allocution (al-lo-ku'shun), n. Formal 
address. [L. ad, to, arid loquor, speak.] 

allopathy (al-lop'a-thi), n. System of 
medicine opposed' to homoeopathy. — 
allopathic (al-lo-path'ik), a. Per- 
taining to allopathy. — allopathist 
(al-lop'a-thist), n. One who practices 
or believes in allopathy. [Gr. alios, 
another, and pathos, disease.] 

allot (al-lof), ft. Parcel out; bestow 
by lot; apportion. — allot' in ent, n. 
1. Share allotted. 2. Act of allotting. 
[Fr. alloter.] 

allow (al-low'). I. vt. 1. Permit; sanc- 
tion; tolerate. 2. Grant; give. 3. 
Admit; acknowledge. 4. Deduct. II. 
V vi. Make allowance ; abate in selling. 
[Fr. allouer, — L. ad, to, and laudo, 
praise.] 

allowable (al-low'a-bl), a. That may 
be allowed; permissible. — allow- 
ably, adv. — allow'ableness, n. 

allowance (al-low'ans). I. n. 1. Grant; 
acceptance. 2. Sanction, tolerance. 
3. Deduction; abatement. 4. Allot- 
ment. II. vt. Limit to a certain 
amount, of money, food or the like. 

alloy (al-loi'). I. vt. 1. Mix metals. 2. 
Debase by mixing. II. n. I. Mixture 
of metals. 2. Baser metal mixed with 
a finer. 3. Good mixed with evil. [Fr. 
allayer, aloyer — L. ad, to, and ligo, 
bind.] 



All Saints' Day, n. First day of 

November. [November. 

All Souls' Day, n. Second day of 

allspice (al'spis), n. Jamaica pepper, 

the berry of the pimento. 
allude (al-lod'j, vt. Refer to indirectly. 

[L. ad, to, and ludo, play.] 
allnre (al-16r'), vt. Entice; tempt.— 
allurement, n. [See lure.] 
Syn. Attract; decoy; seduce; lure. 
allnsion (al-16'zhun), n. Indirect re- 
ference; hint; suggestion.— allusive 
(al-lo'siv), a. Hinting at; referring to 
indirectly. [See allude.] 
alluvial (al-16'vi-al), a. Deposited by 

water; pertaining to alluvium. 
alluvium (a 1 - 1 6' v i - u m ) , n. Earth 
washed down and deposited by water. 
— pi. alluvia (al-16'vi-a). [L. ad, to, 
and luo, wash.] 
ally (al-lT). I. vt. Unite by marriage, 
or treaty. II. n, 1. Person bound to 
another by kinship or marriage. 2. 
State bound to another by league or 
treaty. [L. ad, to, aud ligo, bind ] 
almanac (al'ma-nak), n. Book with a 
calendar of months, weeks, days, eic. 
[Ar. al, the, and manakh, calendar.] 
almighty Jal-mi'ti), a. and n. All 
powerful.— The Almighty- tie omni« 
potent God. 
almond (a'mund), n. 1. Fruit of the 

almond tree. 2. Tonsil. 
almoner (al'mun-er), n. Distributer 
of alms. — almonry (al'mun-ri), n 
Place where alms are distributed. 
almost ( al'most), adv. Nearly ; well 
nigh; for the greatest, part. [Eng. 
all and most.] 
alms (amz), n. Gratuitous gift to the 
poor. [M. L. elimosina, A. S, aelmysse, 
from the Greek eleos, pity.] 
aloe (al'o), n. Tree of several species 
belonging to the order of lily-worts 
[Gr. aloe,_ aloe.] [aloe. 

aloes (al'oz), n. Medicinal gum of the 
aloft (a-loft'% adv. 1. On high; above. 

2. At the mast-head. 
alone (a-lon'),a. 1. By one's self ; un- 
accompanied. 2. Peerless ; unequal- 
ed. [Eng. all and one.] 
along- (a-lang'). I. adv. Lengthwise ; 
onward in time or space. II. prep. The 
length of .— alongside (a-lang'-sid) ; 
adv. By the side of. [A. S. dndlang.] 
aloof (a-16f), adv. At a safe distance; 

apart. 
alopecia (al-o-pe'si-a), n. Loss of hair 
in spots; baldness.' [Gr.] [voice, 

aloud (a-lowd'). a. Loudly; with a loud 
alp (alp), a. High mountain. 
alpaca (al-pak'a), n. 1. Species or 



fate, fat, tasfc, far, falL fare, above ; me, met, her ; mite, mit; note, not, move, wotf j 
mtite, hut 3 burn; oU, owl, then. 



alpha 



24 




Greek Altar. 
a. Having the 



llama found in Peru. 2. Kind of thin 
cloth made from its wool. 

alpba (al'fa), n. 1. First letter of the 
Greek alphabet. 2. First or begin- 
ning. 3. The brightest star in a con- 
stellation. 

alphabet (al'fa-bet). I. ft. Letters of 
a language. II. vt. Arrange in alpha- 
betical order; indicate by means of 
the alphabet. [Gr. alpha, a, and beta, b.] 

alpine (al'pin), a. 1. Pertaining or 
similar to the Alps. 2. Lofty. 

already (al-red'i), adv. Now; up to 
this timefsosoon. [Eng. all beady.] 

also (al'so), adv. Likewise; in addi- 
tion. "[Eng, all and so.] 

altar (al'ter), n. 
Place for sacred of- 
ferings ; commun- 
ion table. [L. altus, 
high.] 

alter (al'ter). I. vt. 
Make a change in; 
modify ; vary. II. 
vi. Become changed 
or modified. — al- 
teration (al-ter- 
a'shun),ft. Act of al- 
tering; the cbange 
made.- altera- 
tive ( al'ter-a-tiv ) 
power to alter, n. Medicine that 
restores the healthy functions of the 
body. [L. alter, another.] 

altercate (al'ter-kat), vi. Contend in 
words.— altercation(al-ter-ka'shun), 
n. Controversy; wrangle. [L. alter cor, 
wrangle.] 

alternate (al-tgr'nat), I. a. By turns ; 
reciprocal; one after another in re- 
gular order. II. ft.l. That which occurs 
by turns. 2. One designed to take the 
piace of another in case of failure to 
act. — alternately (al-ter'nat-li), 
adv. By turns; "turn about." — al- 
ternation (al-ter-na'shun), v. Re- 
ciprocal succession. [L. ahernus, 
every other.] 

alternate (al'ter-nat). I.vt. Perform 
by turns; cause to succeed by turns. 
II. vi. Follow reciprocally; happen by 
turns. 

alternative (al-ter'na-tiv), I. a. Per- 
taining to either one of two things, 
excluding the other. II. n. Choice be- 
tween two things; one of two things. 

alternator (al'te'r-na-tur), ft. Alterna- 
ting current dynamo. 

although (al-^Ao'), conj. Admitting; 
notwithstanding ; even if. [See 
though.] [altus, high.] 

altitude (al'ti-tud), ft. Height. [L. 

alto (al'to), n. Originally, the highest 



part sung by males; now, the part 
sung by the lowest female voices, [It. 
— L. altus, high.] 

altogether (al-to-gei!A'er), adv. All 
together; wholly; completely; with- 
out exception. 

alto-relievo (ai-t5-re-le'v5), n. High 
relief; figures that project half or 
more from the surface on which they 
are sculptured. [It. alto, high. See 

RELIEF.] 

altruism (al'tro-izm), ft. Principle of 
living and acting for the interest of 
others.— al'truist, ft. Believer in al 
truism. — aifcruis'tic, a. According 
to altruism 

alum (al'um), ft. Common alum is a 
mineral salt, the double sulphate of 
alumiuium and potash. It crystal- 
lizes easily in octahedrons, is soluble 
in water, has a sweetish-sour taste 
and is a powerful astringent. [L. 
alumen.] 

alumina (a-lo'mi-na), ft. The oxide 
of aluminum.— alu'ininous, n. Con- 
taining alumina. 

aluminum (a-lo'mi-num), alumini- 
um (a-lo-uiih'i-um), n. Metal resem- 
bling silver, and remarkable for its 
lightness and resistance to oxidation. 

alumnus (a-lum'nus), ft. Graduate 
of a college.— pi. alumni (a-lum'ni)^ 

always, (al'waz ), alway (al'wa), 
adv. Continually; forever; regularly; > 
invariably. [Eng. all and way. { 

ain (am). First pers. sing. pres. indi- 
cative of the verb to be. [See be.] 

amain (a-man'), adv. With si*4den 
force; at full speed; at once. 

amalgam (a-mal'gam), n. Comp >und 
of mercury 'with ahotber metal; any 
compound or mixture. [Gr. malalcos, 
soft.] 

amalgamate ( a-mal'ga-mat). I. vt. 
Mix mercury with another metal; 
compound, combine ; unite.. II. vi. 
Combine in an amalgam ; blend.— 
amalgamation, ft. 

amanuensis (a-man-u-en'sis), ft. One 
who writes to dictation; copyist; sec- 
retary. [L. ab, from, and manus, hand.l 

amaranth (am'a-ranth), n. Plant of 
the genus Amaranthus, with flowers 
that last long without withering, 2. 
Imaginary flower that never fades. 3. 
Color bordering on purple. — ama- 
ranthine (am-a-ran'thm), a. Per- 
taining to or like amaranth ; unfading ; 
immortal; of a purplish color. [Gr. 
a, priv. and root mar, wither.] 

amass (a-mas'), vt. Collect in large 
quantity or amount ; accumulate. 
[L. ad, to, and massa, a mass.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, m6ve e wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



amateur 



26 



amethyst 



amateur (am-a-tur'), n. One whocul- 
tivates,practises any art, study, sport, 
etc., for the mere love of it, and not 
professionally. The term is some- 
times used adjectively. [Fr.— L. ama- 
tor, lover.] 

amative (am'a-tiv), a. Relating to 
love; amorous! — am'ativeness, n. 
Propensity to love. [From L. amo, 
-utum, love.] 

amatory (am'a-to ri), n. Relating to, 
or causing love; expressive of love. 

amaurosis (a-ma-ro'sis), n. Partial 
or total loss of sight, without any per- 
ceptible external change in the eye. 
[Gr. a priv. and mauros, dark.] 

amaze (a-maz'), vt. Confound with 
surprise ' or wonder; bewilder; as- 
tonish.— amazement, n. Feeling of 
surprise mixed with wonder; confu- 
sion.— amazing, par, a. Causing 
amazement ; astonishin g.-ama- 
zingly, adv. (Prefix a and maze.] 

amazon (am'a-zon), n. One of a fa- 
bled nation of female warriors; any 
female warrior; a mannish woman.— 
amazonian (am-a-zo'ni-an), a. Of 
or like an amazon; of masculine man- 
ners; warlike. 

ambassador (am-bas'a-duv), n. Diplo- 
matic minister of the highest rank. — 
ambassadress, n. fern. [L. ambac- 
tus, servant.] 

amber (am'ber). I. n. Yellowish fossil 
resin. II. a. Consisting of or resem- 
bling amber. [Ar. aribar.~\ 

ambergris (am'ber-gris), n. Fragrant 
waxlike substance, of a gray color, 
found on the sea coast of warm coun- 
tries, and in the intestines of the sper- 
maceti whale, [amber, and Fr. gris, 
gray.] 

ambidexter (am-bi-deks'ter), n.l. One 
who uses both hands with equal faci- 
lity. 2. Double dealer. — ambidex- 
trous, a. [L. ambo, both, and dexter, 
right hand.] 

ambient (am'bi-ent), a. Surrounding: 
circling about. [L. ambi, about, and 
eo, go.] 

ambiguity (am-bi-gu'i-ti), n. Uncer- 
tainty or doublenessof meaning. 

ambiguous (am-big'u-us), a. Of doubt- 
ful signification. — ambiguously, 
adv. [L,.—ambigo, drive about.] 
Syn. Dubious; equivocal; uncertain. 

ambition (am-bish'un), n. 1. Desire 
for honor and power. 2. Desire for 
superiority or excellence. 3. Ruling 
passion or chief aim of one's life. [L. 
ambi, about, and eo, itum, go.] 

ambitious (am-bish'us), a. 1. Full of 
ambition; desirous of power; aspir- 



ing. 2. Desirous of appearing supe- 
rior; pretentious. — ambitiously. 
adv.— ambi'tiousness, n. 

amble(am'bl). I. vi. 1. Move easily and 
without jolts. 2. vt. Pace. II. n. Easy 
gait of pacer. [L.ambulo, walk.] 

ambrosia (am-bro'zhi-a), n. Fabled 
food of the gods; delicious food. — 
ambrosial (am-bro'zhi-al), a. Fra- 
grant; delicious. [Gr. a priv. and 
brotos, mortal.] 

ambulance (am'bu-lans), n. Vehicle 
for conveying the sick and wounded 
to hospitals. [L- ambulo, walk.] 

ambulatory (am'bu-la-to-ri). I. a. 
That has the power of walking; mov- 
ing from place to place; formed for 
walking. II. n. Space in a building 
for walking. [ambush. 

ambuscade (am-bus-kad'). Sanv as 

ambush (am'bosb). I. vt. 1. Lie in 
wait for. 2. Attack suddenly from a 
concealed position. II. n. Lying in 
wait to attack an enemy by surprise. 
2. Place of hiding. 3. Attack. 4. 
Troops in ambush, [It. in, in, and 
bosco, wood.] [Ar. amir.} 

ameer (a-mer'), w. Prince; ruler; emir. 

ameliorate (a-me'li-o-rat). I. vt. Make 
better; improve. II. vi. Grow better. 
— ameliorative, a. — ameliora'- 
tion, n. [L. ad, to, and melior, better.] 

amen (amen' or (in music) a-men'), 
interj. So let itbe; verily so. [Heb.] 

amenable (a-me'na-bl), a. 1. Liable 
or subject to. 2.' Easy to govern; 
obedient, amenability, n.— aine- 
nableness, n — amenably, adv. 

amend (a-mend'), vt. and vi. Make or 

become better. — amendable, a. — 

amendment, n. [L. e, out of, and 

menda, fault. [tify. 

Syn. Correct; emend; righten; re'c- 

amends (a-mendz'), n. pi. Supply of 
a loss; compensation. 

amenity (a-men'i-ti), n. Pleasantness 
as regards situation, climate, man- 
ners, or disposition.— pi. amenities. 
[L. amoenus, pleasant.] 

amerce (a-mers'), vt. Punish by a fine. 
amercement, n. Penalty inflicted. 
[L. merces, fine.] 

American (a-mer'i-kan). I. a. Per- 
taining to America, especially to the 
United States. II. n. 1. Native of 
America. 2. Citizen of the United 
States.— Amer'icanism, n. Word, 
phrase, or idiom peculiar to Ameri- 
cans. — Amer'icanize, vt. and vi. 
Make or become like Americans, in 
customs, etc. 

amethyst (am'e-thist), n. 1. A bluish- 
violet variety of quartz. 2. Bluish- 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



amiability 



26 



anaesthetic 



violet color. [Gr. a priv. and methyo, 
to be drunk; the stone was supposed 
to prevent drunkenness.] 

amiability (a-mi-a-bil'i-ti), n. Quality 
of being amiable or of exciting love. 

amiable ( a'mi-a-bl), a. Possessed of 
pleasing qualities; worthy of love.— 
a'uiiably,aa^. [L. amabilis, lovable. 

amicable (am'i-ka-bl), a. Friendly; 
peaceable.— amieahleness (am'i-ka- 
bl-nes), n.— amicably, adv. 

amice (am'is), n. Oblong piece of linen 
covering shoulders, worn by priests. 

amid (a-mid'), prep. In the midst 01 
middle; among.— amidships, adv. 
Half way between the stem and stern. 

amidst (a midst'). Same as amid. 

amiss (a-inis'). I. a. Wrong; iu error. 
II. adv. In a faulty manner. [See 
miss.] [will. [L. amicus, friend.] 

amity (am'i-ti), n. _ Friendship; good 

ammonia (ammo'ni-a), n. 1. Pun- 
gent volatile alkali in hartshorn. 2. 
Spiritsof hartshorn.— ammoniaial 
(am-mo-ni'a-kal), a. Pertaining to 
ammonia. [From sal-ammoniac, a salt 
first obtained near the temple of Ju 
piter Ammon, in EgyptJ 

ammunition (am-mu-nish'un), n 
Anything used for munition or de- 
fense; military stores; powder, balls, 
etc., used for fire-arms. [Fr. — L. 
munitio, defense.] 

amnesty (am'nes-ti), n. General par- 
don for political offenders. [Gr. a 
priv. and mnestos, remembered.] 

amoeba (a-me'ba), n. Common micro- 
scopic organism of the simplest 
structure and constantly changing 
its shape.— pi. amoebus or amcebse. 
[Gr. ameibo, change.] 

among (a-mung'), — amongst (a- 
mungst'), prep. Mingled with ; in 
the midst or of the number of. [A. S. 
onmang, gemang, between.] 

amorous (am'o-rus), a. Inclined to 
love ; fondly in love ; enamored. — 
amorously, adv. — am'orous- 
ness, n. [L. amor, love.] 

amorphous (a-mar'fus), a. Having 
no determinate form; uncrystallized. 
[Gr. a priv. and morphe, form. 

amount (a-mounf). I. vi. Rise by ac- 
cumulation; come to; result in; be 
equivalent to. II. n. Whole sum; 
effect or result; sum total. [O. Fr. 
amonter — L. ad, to, and mons, moun- 
tain.] 

ampere (am-par'), n. Unit of meas- 
urement of electric current strength. 
(The current produced by an electro- 
motive force of one volt and flowing 
through a circuit of one ohm resist- 



ance.) [Named after the French elec- 
trician, Ampere, who died 1836.] 

amphibious (am-fib'i-us), a. Living 
both under water and on land. [Gr. 
amphi, both, and bios, life.] 

amphitheater, amphitheatre 
' (am-fi-the'a-ter), n. Theater with seats 
all aroundthe arena. [Gr.] 

ample (am'pl), a. Large; abundant.— 
am'ply, adv.— am'pleness, n. 

Syn. Wide; extensive; abundant; 
s-nacious; copious; plenteous. 

amplification (am-pli-fi-ka'shun), n, 
1. Enlargement; the act of amplify- 
ing. 2. Diffusiveness of description 
or argument. 

amplify (am'pli-fi). 1. vt. Make more 
copious in expression; add to. II. vi. 
Be diffuse in argument or descrip- 
tion; dilate.- [L. amplus, large, and 
facio, make.] [or extent. 

amplitude (am'pli-tud), n. Largeness 

amputate (am'pu-tat), vt. Cut off; 
amputa'tion, n. [L. amb, round, 
and putare, prune.] 

amulet (arn'u-let), n. Gem or other 
object carried about the person, as a 
charm against evil. [Etymology 
doubtful.] _ 

amuse (a-niuz'), vt. Entertain, divert; 
beguile ' wit h expectation.— amuse- 
ment, ».-amu'siijg, a. 
Syn. Recreate; please; gratify. 

an (an). Form of the indefinite article, 
used before words beginning with the 
sound of a vowel. [A. S. ane.] 

an-, 1. Form of the Greek prefix a-. 2. 

Form of the Greek prefix ana- 
ana—, prefix. Up; back; as, analyze, 
anatomy. [Gr.] 

—ana, suffix. Belonging to; denoting 
a collection of: such as sayings, anec- 
dotes, etc., as Johnsonuma. [L.] 

anachronism (an-ak'ro-nizm), n. 
Misplacing events, persons or condi- 
tions in time, as introducing cannon 
in speaking of the siege of Troy. [Gr. 
area, back, against, and chronos, time.] 

anaconda (an-a-kon'da), n. 1. Large 
snake of Ceylon. 2. Species of boa of 
South America. 

anaemia (a-ne'mi-a), n. Morbid want 
of blood; condition of the body after 
great loss of blood. [Gr. a priv. and 
haima, blood.] 

anaesthesia (an-es-the'si-a), n. Loss 
of the sense of touch ; incapacity of 
feeling. [Gr. a priv. and cesthesis, 
sensation.] 

anaesthetic (an-es-thet'ik). I. a. Pro- 
ducing insensibility. II. n. Drug that 
produces insensibilityo 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



anagram 



27 



aneroid 



anagram (an'a-gram), n. Word or 
phrase formed by transposing the 
letters of another. [Gr. ana. again, 
and grapho, write.] 

analgesia (an-al-je'si-a), n. In pathol. 
Absence of pain, whether in health or 
disease. [Gr. a priv. and algos, pain.] 

analogical (an-a-loj'i-kal), a. Imply- 
ing analogy.— analogically, adv.— 
analog'icalness, n. 

analogous ( an-al'o-gus), a. Having 
analogy; similar. 

analogue (an'a-log), n. That which 
bears an analogy to something else. 

analogy (an-al'o-ji), n. 1. Likeness 
of relations of things otherwise dif- 
ferent. 2. Likeness. (Figures of speech 
are based on analogy, as in calling 
learning a light*. )—pC. analogies. 
[Gr. ana, according to, and logos, 
ratio.] 

analysis (an-al'i-sis), n. Resolving or 
separating a thing into its elements 
or component parts. [See analyze.] 

analyst (an'al-ist), n. One skilled in 
analysis. 

analytic (an-al-it'-ik). — analytical 
(an-al-it'ik-al)'. a. Pertaining to anal- 
ysis; resolving into first principles. — 
analytically, adv. 

analyze (an'al-iz) , vt. Resolve a 
thing into- its' constituent elements; 
make a critical examination of. [Gr. 
ana, back again, and lyo, loosen, solve.] 

anapest (an'a-pest), n. Metrical foot 
consisting of three syllables, two 
short and the third long, or (in Eng.) 
v two unaccented and the third accent- 
ed. [Gr. ana, back, and paio, strike.] 

anarchism (an'ar-kizm), n. Doctrine 
of anarchy.— anarchist (an'ark-ist), 
n. One who advocates, excites or 
promotes anarchy; one who favors 
the assassination of rulers as a means 
of abolishing government. 

anarchy (an'ar-ki), n. 1. Theory of 
abolition o£ the government of man 
toyman. 2. Society without govern- 
ment. 3. Want of social order. [Gr. 
an priv. and arche, government.] 

anathema (a-nath'e-ma), n. Ecclesi- 
astical curse; curse; person cursed. 
[Gr.] 

anatomic (an-a-tom'ik) , anatomic- 
al, a. Relating* to anatomy.— anato- 
mist, n. One skilled in anatomy.— 
anat'omize, vt. Dissect; lay open 
minutely- 
anatomy (an-at'o-mi), n. 1. Art of 
dissecting. 2. Science of the struct- 
ure of the body.learned by dissection. 
3. Bodily frame; skeleton. [Gr. ana, 
to, and temno, cut.] 



— ance, suffix. Forming nouns from ad- 
jectives in -ant, or from verbs, as sig- 
nificance, forbearance. [L. -antia.] 

ancestor (an'ses-tur), n. Progenitor; 
forefather.— ancestral (an-ses'tral), 
a.— ancestress (an'ses-tres), n. fern. 
[L. ante, before, and cedo, go.] 

ancestry (an'ses-tri), n. Line of ances- 
tors; lineage.— pi. an'cestries. 

anchor (ang'kur) I. n. 1. Hooked iron 
instrument that holds a ship, being 
dropped by chain or cable to bottom 
of water. 2. Anything that gives sta- 
bility or security. II. vt. 1. Fasten or 
secure by an anchor 2. Fasten firmly; 
fix abidingly. III. vi. 1. Cast anchor; 
stop; rest. 2. Become fixed. [Gr. 
agkos, bend, hook ] 

anchorage (ang'kur-aj), n. 1. Ground 
for anchoring. 2. Support that holds 
on like an anchor. 3. Duty imposed 
on ships for anchoring. 

anchoret ( ang'kur-et ), anchorite 
(ang'kur-it), ns. One who has with- 
drawn from the world; a hermit. 
[Gr. ana, back, and choreo, go.] 

anchovy ( an-cho'vi ), n. [pi. ancbo'- 
vies.] Small fish of the herring kind, 
about three inches long. [Sp. anchova.] 

ancient ( an'shent ), a. Belonging to 
former times; very old.— ancient- 
ly, adv. — an'cientness, n. [M. L. 
anteanus, former.] 

Syn. Antique; antiquated; obsolete; 
primitive; old-fashioned. 

and (and), conj. Signifies addition, and 
is used as a connective. [A. S.] 

andante (an-dan'te), a. In music, 
moderately slow; expressive. [It.] 

andiron (and'i-urn), n. Iron support 
for wood in open fireplace; movable 
fire-iron; fire-dog. [A. S. brandisen.) 

anecdote ( an'ek-dot ), n. Isolated 
incident of life; short story. — anec- 
dotical (an-ek-dot'ik-al), a. Consist- 
ing of or like anecdotes'. [Gr. an priv. 
and ekdotos, published— ek, out, and 
didomi, give.] 

anemometer (an-e-mom'e-ter), n. In- 
strument for measuring the force 
of the wind. [Gr. anemos wind, and 

METER.] 

anemone ( a-nem'o-ne), n. Plant ol the 

crowfoot family; wind-flower. [Gr. 

anemos, wind.] 
anent (a-rxent'), prep. 1. Opposite. 2. 

About;' concerning. [A. S. an e fen, 

even with.] 
aneroid (an'e-roid), a. Containing no 

liquid, n. Barometer without liquid 

or quick-silver. [Gr. a priv. and neros, 

wet.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolfj 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



aneurism 



28 



aneurism (an'u-rizm) n. Soft tumor 
arising from the dilatation of an arte- 
ry. [Gr. ana, up, and eurys, wide.J 

anew (a-nu'), adv. Newly; again. 

angel (an'jel), n. 1. Divine messenger; 
ministering spirit. 2. Old English 
coin of the value of 10s., bearing the 
figure of an angel.— angelic (an-jel'- 
ik).— angelical (an-jel'ik-al). a. Re- 
sembling or of the nature of an 
angel.— angelically, adv. [Gr. ag- 
getos, messenger.] 

angelns (an'jel-us), n. 1. Prayer to 
Virgin Mary. 2. Bell tolled at 6 a.m., 
noon and 6 p.m., when the prayer is 
to be recited. 3. Name of famous 
painting by_ Millet. 

auger (ang'er). I. vt. Make angry. II. 
n. Strong passion of the mind excited 
by injury. [L. ango, strangle.] 

Syn. Ire; wrath; rage; vexation; 
resentment; indignation; fury. 

angina (an-ji'na or an'ji-na), n. Any 
Inflammatory disease of the throat. 
— Angina pectoris, spasms of tha 
chest. [Hi. ango, strangle.] 

angle (ang'l), n. Corner; inclination 
to each other of two intersecting 
straight lines. [L. angulus, corner.] 

angle (ang'l), vi. Pish with a rod, line 
and hook; entice; try to gain by some 
artifice. [A. S. angel, hook.] 

Anglican (ang'li-kan), a. English.— 
Anglicanism, n. 1. Attachment 
to English institutions, esp. the 
Church of England. 2. Principles of 
the English (Episcopal) Church. [See 

BNGLJSH.] 

Anglice (ang'li-se), adv. In English.— 
Anglicism (ang'li-eizm), n. English 
idiom or peculiarity of language. — 
Anglicize (ang'li-siz), vt. Give an 
English form to ; express in English 
idiom. [Latinized forms.] 

Anglo- (ang'16), prefix. Used in com- 
pound wards; as Anglo-Saxon, etc. 

Angle-Saxon (ang'lo-saks'un), n. and 
a. Refers to the Angles and Saxons, 
Teutonic tribes, who settled in Eng- 
land about A. D. 449, and their in- 
fluence upon the development of the 
English people. 

angry (amg'ri), a. 1. Inflamed ; painful. 
2. Excited with anger; aggravated. 
—angrily (ang'ri-li), adv. 

anguish (ang'wish), n. Excessive pain 
of body or mind; agony. [Li. ango, 
strangle.] 

angular (ang'u-lar), a. 1. Having 
angles or corners. 2. Constrained in 
manner ; awkward.— angularity, n. 
-^angularly, adv. [See anoLb.] 



anil (an'il), n. West Indian species of 
indigo plant. [Ar. al, the, and nil % 
indigd.] 

anile (an'il or an'il). Old-womanish; 
imbecile.— anility, n. State of be- 
ing anile. [L. anus, old woman.] 

aniline (au'i-lin), n. Product of coal 
tar or benzol, extensively used in 
dyeing. [See anil.] 

animadversion (an-i-mad-ver'shun) e 
n. Criticism, censure, reproof. 

animadvert (an-i-mad-vert'), vi. Cri- 
ticise or censure; remark upon. [L. 
animus, ad, to, and verto, turn.] 

animal (an'i-mal). I. n. 1. Organized 
being, having " life, sensation, and 
voluntary motion. 2. Human being 
in whom the animal propensities 
predominate. II. a. Like an animal; 
sensual. [L. ] 

animalcule (an-i-mal'kul), n. Mi- 
croscopic animal. — animalculum 
(an-i-mal'ku-lum), n: Animalcule. — 
pi. animalcula. [N. L. ] 

animalism (an'i-mal-izm), n. State or 
quality of being actuated by animal 
appetites only; sensuality. 

animate (an'i-raat). I. vt. Give life to; 
wnspirit. II. a. Possessing animal life; 
vigorous.— animated, a. 1. Pull of 
spirit. 2. As if endowed with life.— 
animation, n. 1. Act of animating. 
%. State of being animated. 3. Appear- 
ance of life. [thuse ; cheer ; gladden. 
Syn. Inspire; enliven; quicken; en- 
animism (an'i-mizm), n. Doetrine 
that animal life and bodily develop- 
ment are caused by a soul. [Prom 
L. anima, soul.] 

animosity ( an-i-mos'i-ti). n. Bitter 
hatred ; active enmity. TProm L. 
animositas.] " r 

animus (an'i-mus), n. Spirit; motive; 
enmity. [L. animus, spirit.] 

anise (an'is), n. Plant bearing aro- 
matic, carminative seeds.— aniseed, 
n. Seed of the anise plant. 

ankle (ang'kl), n. Joint connecting 
the foot and the leg. [A. S. ancleoiv.\ 

anklet (angk'let), n. Ornament worn 
on the ankle, as a bi*acelet is on the 
wrist. [annals. 

annalist (an'al-ist). n. Writer of 

annals (an'alz), n. pi. Relation of 
events in order of time ; record, chroni- 
cles. [L. annates— annus, year.] 

anneal (an-nel'), vt. 1. Temper by 
heating and then slowly cooling. 2. 
Fix colors on glass, etc., by heating. 
[A. S. an, on,and celon, burn.] 

annex (an-neks'). l.vt. Add at the end; 
join ; connect. — annex ( an-neks' or 
an'eks). H. n. Something added, as an 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



annihilate 



29 



antecedent 



extension of a_ building.— annexa- 
tion ) an-neks-a'shun), n. Act of an- 
nexing the thing annexed. [L. ad, 
to, ana necto, tie.] 

annihilate (an-ni'hi-lat), vt. Reduce 
to nothing ; destroy. — annihila- 
tion,?^. [From L. ad, to, and nihil, 
nothing.] 

anniversary ( an-i-ver'sa-ri ). I. a. 
Recurring yearly. II. n. "Day of the 
year on which an event happened ; 
annual celebration of sucb a day. [L. 
annus, year, audverto, turn.] 

annotate ( ano-tat ). I. vt. Make 
notes upon. II. vi. Make notes or 
comments. — annotation (an-no-ta'- 
shun), n. Act of annotating ; note. — 
annotator ( an'o-ta-tur),». Writer 
of annotations; commentator. 

announce (an-nowns'), vt. State the 
approach or presence of; give notice 
of.— announce'inent. n Act of an- 
nouncing: matter announced. [L.— 
nuncio, deliver news.] [tell: herald. 
Syn. Proclaim; declare; advertize; 

annoy (an-noi'), vt. Trouble ; vex ; 
bother ; worry ; irritate. — annoy- 
ance. Act of annoying; state of being 
annoyed; that which annoys. [Norm. 
annoy er, hurt— L. noce"o, injure.] 

annual ( an'u-al), I. a. 1. Yearly; 
occurring every year. 2. Lasting only 
one year. 3. Reckoned by the year. 
4. Performed in a year. II. n. 1. Plant 
that lives but one year- 2. Book pu- 
blished yearly. — annually, adv. 
Yearly ; every year. [L. annualis — 
annus, year.] _ [payable yearly. 

annuity (an-nu'i-ti), n. Sum of money 

annul (an-uuD, vt. [annulling ; an- 
nulled ( an-nuld' ).] Abolish; make 
null. [L. ad, to, and nullum, nothing.] 
Syn. Repeal; nullify; abrogate. 

annular (au'u-lar), a. In the form of 
a ring. [L. annulus, ring.] 

annulated (an'u-la-ted), a. Formed 
or divided into rings. 

annunciate ( an-nun'shi-at), vt. An- 
nounce. — annunciation ( an-nun'- 
shi-a'shun), n. 1. Act of announcing. 
2. That which is announced.— Annun- 
ciation Day. n. Anniversary of the 
angel's salutation to the Virgin Mary; 
tne 25th dav of March. 

annunciator (an-nun'shi-a-tur), n. 
One who or that which announces; 
device for announcing a call 

anode (an'od), n. Pole at which cur- 
rent enters electrolytic cell; positive 
pole of voltaic current. 

anodyne (an'o-dm), n. Medicine that 
allavs pain. [Gr.j 

anoint (a-noinf), vt. Spread oint- 



ment or oil on ; consecrate (with oil), 
[O. Fr. enoindre^-Li. in, on, and ungty 
smear.] 

anomaly (a-nom'a-li), n. Irregulari- 
ty; deviation from rule. — anoui- 
alous, a. Irregular; deviating from 
rule. [Gr. an priv. and homalos, even.] 

anon (a-non') adv. Immediately there- 
upon; again; soon. [A. S. on ane, at 
once.] [mous. 

anon (a-non') a. Abbreviation of anony- 

anonymous (a-non'i-mus), a. Having 
no name ; without the name of the 
author.— anonymously, adv. [Gr. 
an priv. and onyma, name.] 

another (an-u^'er), a. Not the same; 
one more; any other. 

anserine (an'se-rin), a. Referring to, 
or resembling a goose. [L. anser, a 
goose.] 

answer (an'ser). I. vt. 1. Reply to ; 
respond to. 2. Satisfy or solve. 3. 
Suit; meet the requirement of. 4. Re- 
fute. 5. Stand (for). II. vi. 1. Reply, 
2. Act in response. 3. Correspond (to). 
4. Be responsible. 5. Be suitable. III. 
n. 1. Reply. 2. Response. 3. Solu- 
lution.— an swerable ( an'ser-a-bl), 
a. 1. Capable of being answered. 2., 
Accountable. 3. Suitable.— an'swer- 
abl.y, adv. 
Syn. Rejoinder; response; reply. 

ant (ant), n. Small insect; emmet. [A 
contraction of emmet— A. S. aemete.] 

ant-, prefix. Against, etc. [See Anti-] 

-ant, suffix. Used to form adjectives, 
as repented. [L.pr.par. ending.] 

antacid ( ant-as'id ), n. Medicine 
which counteracts acidity. [Gr. anti, 
against, and acid.] 

antagonism (an-tag'o-nizm), n. Op- 
position in a struggle or strife.— an* 
t agonist (an-tag'b-nist), n. One who 
contends or struggles with another; 
opponent. — antagonistic (an-tag-o- 
nis'tik), a. Contending against; op- 
posed to. — antagonize (an-tag'o- 
niz), vt. Contend against or oppose. 
[Gr. anti, against, and agon, contest.] 

antarctic (ant-ark'tik), a. Relating to 
the south polar reerions. [Gr. anti, 
opposite, and arctic] 

ante- (-Artie), prefix. Before, as in an- 
^cedent. [L. ante, before.] 

ant-eater ( ant'et-er ), n. Quadruped 
that feeds on ants. [the war. 

ante-bellum [an'te-bel'um), a. Before 

antecedent ( an-te-se'dent ). I. a. 
Going before in time; prior. II. n. 1. 
That which goes before in time or 
place. 2. Noun or pronoun to which 
a relative pronoun refers.— antece> 
dents, n. pi. History; previous con- 



£ate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf j 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



antechamber 




Antelope. 



duct.— antece'dently, adv.— ante- 

ce'dence, n. Precedence. 

antechamber (an'te-cham-ber ), n. 
Chamber leading to a principal apart- 
ment; anteroom. 

antedate (an'te-dat), vt. 1. Inscribe 
with an earlier date than the true one. 
2. Be of older date than. 3. Antici- 
pate. [L. ante, before, and date.] 

antediluvian (an-te-di-lo'vi-an). I. a. 
1. Existing or happening before the 
deluge. 2. Antiquated. II. n. One 
who lived before the flood. [L. ante, 
before, and diluvium, flood.] 

antelope ( an'te-lop ), 
n. Quadruped inter- 
mediate between the 
deer and goat. 

antemeridian (an-te- 
me-rid'i-an ), a. Be- 
fore midday or noon. 

antemundane (an-te- 
mun'dan), a. Of the 
time before the world was made. 

antenna fan-ten'a), n. Feeler on the 
head of an insect.— pi. antenna; (an- 
ten'e). [L.] [fore marriage. 

antenuptial (an-te-nup'shal), a. Be- 

anterior ( an-te'ri-ur ), a. Before, in 
time or place; in front. [L. compar. 
degree of anterus — ante, before.] 

anteroom (an'te-rom), n. Room lead- 
ing into a chief apartment. [L. ante, ' 
before, and room.] 

anthem (an'them), n. 1. Piece of sacred 
music sung in alternate parts. 2. 
Piece of sacred music set to a pas- 
sage from Scripture. [A. S. ante/en— 
Gr. antiphone — anti, in return, and 
phone, voice.],/ 

anther (an'ther), n. Top of stamen in a 
flower, containing the pollen. [Gr.] 

anthology (an-thol'o-ji), n. Collect- 
ion of poems or choice literary ex- 
tracts. — antholog'ical, a. [Gr. an- 
thos, flower, and lego, gather.] 

anthracite (an'thra-sit), n. Kind of 
hard coal that burns almost without 
flame. [See anthrax.] 

anthrax (an'thraks), n. 1. Carbun- 
cle. 2. Splenic fever of sheep and 
cattle. [Gr. anthrax, burning coal.] 

anthropoid (an'thro-poid). I. a. Re- 
sembling man. II. n. Ape. SGr. an- 
thropos, man, and eidos, form.] 

anthropology ( am-thro-pol'o-ji ), n. 
Science of man and mankind.— an - 
thropological(an-thro-po-lo;j'i-kal), 
a. Pertaining to anthropology.— an- 
thropol ogist, n. One versed in 
anthropology. [Gr. anthropos, man, 
and logos, doctrine.] 



30 antiquarian 

anti-, prefix. Signifies against, oppo- 
site, or in place of. [Gr.] 

antic (an'tik). I. a. 1. Ancient. 2. Gn> 
tesque. 3. Odd. II. n. 1. Caper; trick. 
2. Fantastic figure. 3. Buffoon. [L.. 
antiquus, ancient.] [nist of Christ. 

Antichrist ( an'ti-krlst ), n. Antago- 

antichristian ( an-ti-kris'ti-an ), a. \ 
Relating to Antichrist ; opposed to 
Christianity. 

anticipate (an-tis'i-nat) . I. vt. 1. Be 
beforehand.in acting, in seeing, or in 
realizing; forestall. 2. Foresee, fore- 
taste; be prepared for; expect. II. vi. 
Take up or consider something 
beforehand. [L. ante, and capio, take.] 

anticipation(an-tis-i-pa'shun), ?i.Act 
of anticipating; foretaste. 
Syn. Expectation; previous notion. 

anticlimax (an-ti-kli'maks),^. Oppo- 
site of climax; a fault of style, con- 
sisting in a descent from stronger 
to weaker terms, or from more im- 
portant to less important items. [Gr. 
anti, against, and climax.] 

antidote ( an'ti-dot)., n. Medicine 
that counteracts the effects of poison; 
counteractive against any evil. —an- 
tidotal (an'ti-do-tal), a. [Gr. anti, 
against, and dotos, given.] 

antilope. See antelope. 

antimony ( an'ti-mo-ni), n. Silvery- 
white metal, very brittle, much used 
in the alloys (pewter, etc.) and in 
medicine. 

antinomian(an-ti-no'mi-an).j.. a. Per- 
taining to the antinomians. II. n. 
One of a sect which holds that the 
moral law is superseded bytheGospel. 
[Gr. anti, against, and nomos, law.] 

antinomy ( an'ti-no-mi), n. 1. Con- 
tradiction between two laws or prin- ' 
ciples. 2. A law contradicting an- 
other. 3. Contradiction of reason 
and absolute conception. (Instance: 
Infinite space or time, although ne- 
cessary absolute conceptions, are in- 
comprehensible.) 

antipathy (an-tip'a-thi). n. Natural 
opposition; aversion; repugnance. 
[Gr. anti, against, and pathos, feeling.] 

antipodes (an-tip'o-dez), n. pi. Those 
on the other side of the globe, whose 
feet are opposite to ours. [Gr. anti, 
opposite to, and podes, feet.] 

antipyretic ( an-ti-pi-ret'ik ). I. a. 
Effective against fever. II. n. Remedy 
for fever. [Gr. anti, against, and 
pyretos, fever.] 

antiquarian ( an-ti-kwa'ri-an). I. a. 
Pertaining to antiquaries, or to anti- 
quity. II. n. Antiquary.— antiqua'- 
rianism,«.Fondness for antiquities. 



C§t* ffrt, task, Vto, ffpl, f&rej $bove j m6, met, hSr; mite, mitj note, not, m5ve, wo!& 
mate, hut, bQrut oil, owl, then. 



antiquary 



31 



apophthegm 



antiquary (an'ti-kwa-ri ), n. I. One 
devoted to tbe study of antiquities. 3. 
Dealer in old books, etc. 3. Custodian 
of a museum of antiquities. 

antiquated (an'ti-kwa-ted), a. Grown 
old ; out of fashion ; obsolete. 

antique (an-tek'). I. a. Ancient; old- 
fashioned. II. n. 1. The style of Rome 
and Greece. 2. Any thing very old; 
relic of antiquity.— antiquely, adv. 
In an antique manner. — antique'- 
ness, n. [L. antiquus, ancient.] 

antiquity ( an-tik'wi-ti ), n. 1. An- 
cient time. 2. Great age. 3. Relic of 
the past; anything belonging to an- 
cient times. 

antiseptic ( an-ti-sep'tik ). La. De- 
stroying the germs of putrefaction, 
fermentation or disease. II. n. Any- 
thing used to destroy disease-germs. 

antispasmodic ( an-ti-spaz-mod'ik ), 
a. Counteracting spasms. 

antithesis (an-tith'e-sis), n. Figure 

> in which thoughts or words are set in 
contrast.— pi. antitheses. [Gr ] 

antithetic (an-ti-thet'ik), autithet'- 
ical, a. Pertaining to, abounding in, 
or prone to, antithesis. [Gr ] 

anti-toxin (an-ti-toks'in), n. Diphthe- 
ritic inoculation with horse serum. 

antler (ant'ler), n. Stag's hoim. 

antonym (an'to-nim), n. Word of an 
opposite meaning; opp. to synonym 

anvil (an'vil), n. Iron block on wbich 
metal is hammered. [A.S. an, on, and 
flit, fold.] 

anxious (angk'shus), a. In suspense; 
very desirous. — an'xiously, adv. — 
an'xiousness, n. — anxiety (ang- 
zi'e-ti),w. [L. anxius—ango, strangle.] 
Syn. Solicitous; concerned; trou- 
bled; disturbed; watchful; eager. 

any (enl), a. and pron. One indefi- 
nitely; some or any number indefi- 
nitely. [A. S. cenig, one, only.] 

anything- (en'i-thing). I. a. and pron. 
A thing indefinitely. II. adv. At all. 

aorta (a-ar'ta), n. Great artery that 
rises from the left ventricle of the 
heart. [Gr. aorte—aeiro, raise.] 

apace (a-pas') adv. 1. At a quick pace. 
2. Leisurely. 

apart (a-parf), adv. Separately; 
aside; asunder. [See part.] 

apartment ( a-parfe'ment ), n— Room 
in a house; suite of rooms. — apart- 
■meat house , n. House with several 
distinct apartments for family u=>e. 

apathy (ap'a-thi), n. Want of feeling; 
want of passion; indifference. — apa- 
thetic (ap-a-thet'ik), a. In a state of 
apathy; indifferent. [Gr. a priv. and 
pathos, feeling.] 




Ape. 



ape ( ap v I. n. 1. 

Quadrumanous ani- 
mal with human 
teeth and without a 
tail. 2. Monkey. 3. 
Silly imitator. II. 
vt. Imitate servile- 
ly ; m i m i c. [A. S. ^ 
apa, ape.] m 

aperient (a-pe'ri- 
ent). I. a. Opening; 
mildly purgative. 
II. n. Any laxative 
medicine. [L. aperio, open.] 

aperture ( a p ' e r - 1 u r), n. Opening ; 
hole; gap or passage. [L. apertura.] 

apex (a'peks), n. Highest point.— pi. 
a'pexes or apices (ap'i-sez). [L.] 

aphasia (a-fa'zi-a), n. Loss of the 
power of speech, "without injury to 
the vocal organs. [Gr.] 

aphelion (af-e'lMm or a-fel'yun), n. 
Point of a planet's orbit farthest away 
from the sun. [Gr. apo, from, and 
helios, sun.] 

aphis (a'fis), n. Plant louse, —pi. 
aphides (af'i-dez). [Gr.] 

aphorism (af'o-rizm), n. Brief pithy 
saying ; adage. [Gr. apo, off, and 
horizo, bound, divide.] 

apiary (a'pi-ar-i), n. Place where bees 
are kept. [L. apis, bee.] 

apiece (a-pes'), adv. Each; for each 
one: each by itself. 

apish (a'pish), a. Apelike; imitative. 
— a'pishly, adv.— a'pish ness, n. 

aplomb ( a-plang' ) , n. Self-posses- 
sion; assurance. [Fr.] 

apocalypse (a-pok'a-lips), n. Revela- 
tion; (A) revelation, of St. John. [Gr. 
apo, off, and kalypto, cover.] 

Apocrypha (a-pok'ri-fa), n. Certain 
books appended to the Old Testament, 
regarded as uncanonical by tbe Greek 
and the Protestant Churches. {G. 
apo, away, and krypto, hide.] 

apogee (ap'o-je). n. Point of a heavenly 
Dody's orbit farthest away from the 
earth. [Gr. apo, from, and ge, earth.] 

apologetic ( a-pol-o-jet'ik ), apolo- 
getical (a-po'l-o-jet'ik-al). I. a. Ex- 
cusing; said or written in defense. Ii. 
n. Apology.— apologet' ically, adv. 

apologue ( ap'o-log ), n. Moral tale> 
fable. [Gr. apologos, fable.] 

apology (a-pol'o-ji), n. Something 
spoken to ward off an attack; defense 
or justification.— apol'ogist, n. De- 
fender.— apol'ogize, vi. Make an ap- 
ology, excuse oneself. [Gr.— apo, from, 
and logos, speech.] [apothegm. 

apophthegm (ap'o-them). See 



fate, fit, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf-j 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, the** 



apoplectic 



32 



applause 



apoplectic ( ap-o-plek'tik), a. Of, or 
predisposed to, apoplexy. 

apoplexy (ap'o-pleks-i),n.. Loss of sen- 
sation and motion by a cerebral 
shock; stroke of paralysis. [From 
Gr. apo, from, and plesso, strike.] 

aport'(a-port'), adv. On or toward the 
left side of a ship. 

apostasy ( a-pos'ta-si ), n. Abandon- 
ment of one's religion, principles or 
party. [Gr.— apo, off ,and stasis, stand.] 

apostate (a-pos' tat). I. a. False; trai- 
torous; fallen. II. n. One guilty of 
apostasy ; renegade. — apostatize 
(a-pos'ta-tlz), vi. Commit apostasy. 

apbstle(a-pos'l),/i. 1. One of the twelve 
commissioned by Christ to preach the 
Gospel. 2. One sent on or dedicated 
to some high mission. 3. Devoted 
follower and advocate. — apostle- 
ship (a-pos'1-ship), n. Office or dig- 
nity of ah apostle. [Gr. apo, away, and 
stello, send.] 

apostolic (ap-os-tollk), apostolical 
(ap os-tollk-al), a. Pertaining or ac- 
cording to the apostles.— apostol'ic- 
ally, adv. 

apostrophe (a-pos'tro-fe), n. 1. Oram. 
Mark ( ' ), used to show the omission 
of a letter, or to indicate the posses- 
sive case. 2. Bhet. A sudden turning 
away from the subject to address some 
person or object present or absent. 
[Gr. apo Jvom, and strophe, turning.] 

apostrophize ( a-pos'tro-fiz ), vt. 1. 
Address by apostrophe. 2. Omit a 
letter; make the sign ( ' ). 

apothecary (a-poth'e-kar-i), n. Dis- 
penser of medicines; druggist, phar- 
macist. [Gr. apotheke, storehouse — 
apo, away, and theke, ches<;.] 

apothegm (ap'o-them), n. Short pithy 
sentence, as a proverb. [Gv.apo, out, 
and phthengomai, speak plainly.] 

apotheosis (ap-o-the'6-sis), n. Enroll- 
ment among the gods; deification; 
excessive exaltation. [Gr. apo, from, 
and theos, god.] 

appall, appal (ap-pal'), vt. [appall'- 
mg; appalled ( ap-pald' ). } Depress 
with fear or horror ; terrify ; dismay. 
[Li. ad, to, &tl& pallidas, pale.] 

apparatus (ap-a-ra'tus ), n. Instru- 
ment or equipment for performing an 
operation. [L. ad, and paro, prepare.] 

apparel (ap-par'el). I. vt. [appar'eling 
or appar'elling ; appareled or apparel- 
led (ap-par'eld).] Clothe; dress. II. n. 
Covering for the body; raiment. [L. 
ad, to, and paro, prepare.] 

Syn. Attire; habiliments; costume; 
vesture; garments. 

apparent (ap-par'ent), a- 1. That may 



be seen; evident; visible; obvious. 2. 
Seeming ; not real. — apparently, 
adv. [L. apparens.] [See appear.^ 
apparition (ap-a-rish'un), n. Specter. 
appeal (ap-pel'). i. vt. Remove a cause 
to a higher court. II. vi. Refer to a 
superior court ; re-fer to another as 
witness. 2. Invoke aid, pity or mercy. 
3. Have recourse to. III. n. 1. Act of 
appealing. 2. Reference to another; 
recourse. 3. Earnest entreaty. [L. 
appello, address.] 
appear (ap-per'), fvi. 1. Become visi- 
ble; come into view; come before. 2. 
, Be evident; seem probable ; seem, 
though not real. — appear'ance, n. 
1. Act of appearing. 2. Thing seen. 
3. Apparent likeness. 4. Show; look 
and bearing. 5. Coming into court. 
7. Assumption of a character in a 
play etc. [L.. ad, to, and pareo, come 
forth.] [of being appeased. 

appeasable (ap-pe'za-bl), a. Capable 
appease (ap-pez'), vt. Pacify; quiet; 
allay. [From ~L.ad, to, and pax, peace.] 
appellant ( ap-pel'ant ), n. One who 
appeals. [nizance of appeals. 

appellate (ap-pel'at), a. Having cog- 
appellation (ap-pel-a'shun), n. That 
by which a thing is called ; name. [See 

APPEAL.] 

appellative ( ap-pel'a-tiv ). I. a. 1. 
Serving to name. 2. Common; gene- 
ral. II. n. 1. Specific designation. 2. 
Common name (as man, fish) as dis- 
tinct from a proper name. 

append (ap-pend'), vt. Attach; suts 
join. — appeiad'ag-e, appendix, 
[pi. appendixes or appendices.] ns. 
Thing appended [L.— pen do, hang.] 

appendicitis (ap-pen-di-si'tjs),7i. In- 
flammation of the vermiform appen- 
dix. See cut Xtjtfstxne, p. 285. 

appertain(ap-er-tan'), vi. Belong to; 
relate to. [Fr. from L. ad, to, and 
pertineo, belong-.] 

appetence ( ap'e-tens ), appetency 
(ap'e-ten-si), n. Natural craving; pro- 
pensity. [Li. ad, to, and peto, seek.] 

appetite (ap'e-tit). n. Natural desire; 
hunger; desire for food; physical or 
mental craving. [See appetence.] 

appetizer (ap'e-ti-zer),«,. Something 
which excites appetite. 

appetizing- (ap'e-tl-zing), a. That ex- 
cites appetite. 

applaud (ap-plad'), vt. and «i. Praise; 
express approval by clapping the 
hands. [L. ad, to, and plaudo, clap.] 

applause (ap-plaz'), n. Act of ap- 
plauding; praise by acclamation.— 
applausive (ap-pla'siv), a. Expres* 
sing applause. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, absvej me, met, h§r; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mate, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



apple 



33 



apricot 



apple (ap'l),w. 1. Well-known fruit. 
2. Tree on which it grows. 3. Name 
given to various fruits. [A. S. cepl.] 

appliance (ap-pli'ans), n. 1. Act of ap- 
nlying. 2. Thing applied; means used. 

applicable (ap'lik-a-bl) , a. That may 
be applied; suitable; relevant. — ap- 
plicability, n. Quality of being 
applicable. — ap'plicably, adv. 

applicant (apli-kant), n.— One who 
applies; candidate. 

application (ap-li-ka'shun), n. 1. Act 
of applying. 2. Thing applied. 3. Solic- 
itation. 4. Close attention, 

applique (ap-le-ka'), a. Put on some- 
thing else, as lace or embroidery on a 
silk fabric. „ 

apply ( ap-pll' ). I. vt. [apply'ing; ap- 
plied'.] l.Lay on. 2. Employ. 3. Devote. 
II. vi. 1. Solicit. 2. Have reference. 
[From L. ad, to, and plico, fold.] 

appoint (ap-poinf). I. vt. Fix; assign; 
ordain; nameforofflce; commission; 
set apart. 2. Equip; furnish. II. vi. 
Determine or decree.— a p p o i n t '- 
men t, ft. 1. Act of appointing. 2. 
Situation or office assigned. 3. Agree- 
ment. 4. What is decreed or ap- 
pointed. — pi. appointments. Equip- 
ments; accouterments. [Fr. — L. ad, 
to, and punctum, point.] 

apportion (ap-por'shun), vt. Portion 
out; divide in shares.— apportion- 
ment, n. [ L. ad, to, and portio, 
portion.] 

apposite (ap'o-zit), a. Adapted; suit- 
able; very applicable.— ap'positely, 
adv.— ap'positeness, n. [L. ad, to, 
and pono, positum, place.] 

apposition (ap-6-zish'un), n. 1. Act 
of adding. 2. State of being placed 
together or against. 3. Gram. Annex- 
ing of one noun to another, (or of a 
noun to a pronoun, etc.) in the same 
case or relation. [See apposite.] 

appraise (ap-praz'), vt. Seta price on; 
value. — appraisal (ap-pra'zal) , 
appraise' ment, n. Valuation." — 
apprai'ser, n. One who appraises. 
[L. ad. to, and pretium, price.] 

appreciable (ap-pre'shi-a-bl), a. That 
may be estimated or determined. — 
appreciably, adv. 

appreciate (ap-pre'shi-at ). I. vt. 1. 
Value. 2. Estimate duly. 3. Be aware 
of, detect. II. vi. Rise in value.— ap- 
preciation ( ap-pre-shi-a'shun), n. 
1. Act of setting a value on. 2. Just 
estimation. 3. Rise in _ value, ap- 
preciative (ap-pre'shi-a-tiv), a. Ca- 
pable of appreciation. [L, ad, to, and 
pretium, price.] 



apprehend(ap-pre-hend'), I. -wM.Take 
hold of. 2. Seize with the mind: recog- 
nize. 3. Expect with fear. II. vi. Imag- 
ine. [L. ad, to, and prehendo, seize.] 
Syn. Catch; seize; arrest; compre- 
hend; conceive; believe; fear; dread. 

apprehensible (ap-pre-hen'si-bl), a. 
That may be apprehended. 

apprehension(ap-pre-hen'shun), n. 1. 
Act of apprehending or seizing. 2. 
Laying hold of with the mind. 3. 
Fear of future evil. 

apprehensive ( ap-pre-hen'siv ), a. 1. 
Fearful; suspicious. 2. Quick of per- 
ception.— apprehensively, adv. — 
apprehen'siveness, n. 

apprentice (ap-pren'tis). I. vt. Bind 
to a craft or trade. II. n. 1. Learner, be- 
ginner. 2. One bound to another to 
learn a trade, art, or business. [O. Fr. 
— L. apprehendere, learn.] 

apprise, apprize (ap-priz'), vt. Give 
notice; inform. [From root of ap- 
prehend.] 

approach (ap-proch'). I. vt. Come near 
w>; make advances to. II. vi. Draw 
near. III. n. 1. Act of drawing nea»r 
2. Access ; avenue. 3. Approxima- 
tion; nearness.— approaches, n. pi. 
Works thrown up t»y besiegers, to 
protect them in their advances.— ap- 
proach/able, a. [Fr. approcher — 
L. ad, to, and prope, near.] 

approbation (ap-pr6-ba'shun),7i. Act 
oi approving; commendation. [See 

APPP^OVE.] 



Set apart for a purpose. II. a. Suita- 
ble; adapted. — appropriately, adv. 
— appropriateness, n. — appro- 
priation, n. [L. ad, to, and proprius, 
own.] [proving; approbation. 

approval (ap-pro'val), n. Act of ap- 

approve (ap-pr ov'). I. vi. Esteem 
good; commend; sanction. II. vi. Ex- 
press or feel approbation.— appro'- 
ving-ly, adv. \L, ad, to, probo, test.] 

approximate (ap-proks'i : mat). I. vt. 
Come near ; approach. II. a. Ap- 
proaching,near.— approximately, 
adv. — approximation, n. Act or 
process of approximating; result ap- 
proaching correctness. [L. ad, to, and 
proximus, nearest,}. 

appurtenance (ap-pur'te-nans), n. 
Tnat which appertains to; appendage. 
-appurtenant, a. Appertaining 
to. [See APPERTAIN.] 

apricot (ap'ri-kot),?i. 1. Well-known 
fruit. 2. Tree that yields it. [Of un- 
certain etymology.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf} 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, fften. 



April 



34 



archbishop 



April (a'pril), n. Fourth month of the 
year. [L. AprilisJ 

apron (a'prun or a-purn), n. Covering 
worn in front. \0._ Fr. naperon, cloth.] 

apropos a-pro-po'). I. adv. 1. To the 
purpose; appropriately. 2. By the 
way. II. a. Opportune, fitting. [Fr.] 

apse (aps), n. Recess-like part of a 
building. [L. apsis.] 

apt (apt), a. 1. Fit; pertinent. 2. Lia- 
ble; inclined. 3. Able.— apt'ly, adv. 
— aptness, n. [L. aptus, fit.] 

apteryx (ap'ter-iks), n. Bird of New 
Zealand, with rudiments of wings 
and no tail. [Gr. = wingless.] 

aptitude (ap'ti-tud), n. 1. Fitness. 2. 
Tendency. 3. JReadiness. [See apt.] 

aqua fortis (a'kwa far'tis), n. Weak 
nitric acid. [L. = strong water.] 

aquarium (a-kwa'- 
ri-um), n. Vessel or 
building for water 
plants or animals. 
— pi. aqua'riums or 
aqua'ria. 

Aquarius ( a-kwa- 
ri-us), n. Constella- 
tion of the zodiac. 
[L. = waterman.] 

aquatic (a-kwat'ik). 
I. a. Pertaining to 
water. II. n. Water 
plant or animal.— 
aquatics, n. pi. 
Water sport. 

aqueduct (ak'we- 
dukt),w. Artificial channel for con- 
veying wa_ter. [posited by water. 

aqueous (a'kwe-us), a. Watery; de- 

aquiline(ak'wi-lin), a. Hooked; of or 
like an eagle. [L. aquila, eagle.] 

Arab (ar'ab), n. Native of Arabia. — 
ar'ab, n. Street boy or girl. 

arabesque (ar-a-besk'). I. a. After 
the manner of Arabian designs. II. n. 
Fantastic painted or sculptured orna- 
ment consisting of geometrical lines, 
foliage, vines and fruits, but no ani- 
mal forms. 

Arabian (a-ra'bi-an). I. a. Pertain- 
ing to A rabia. II. h. Native of Arabia. 

Arabic (ar'a-bik). 1. a. Relating to Ara- 
bia, or' to its language. II. n. Lan- 
guage of the Arabians. 

arable (ar'abl), a. Fit for plowing or 
tillag-e. [L. arabilis.] 

arbiter (ar'bi-ter), n. Umpire; judge. 
[L. ai, to, and bito, go or come.] 

arbitrament (ar-bit'ra-ment), n. De- 
cision of an arbiter. 

arbitrary ( ar'bi-tra-ri ), a. Depend- 
ing on the will; not' bound by rules; 




Aquarius. ( 



abusing power; despotic— arbitra- 
rily, adv.— arbitrariness, n. 

arbitrate (ar'bi-trat), vt. and vi. 1. 
Decide as arbitrator. 2. Settle by 
arbitration. [judge. 

arbitrator (ar'bi-tra-tur) , n. Arbiter ; 

arbor (ar'bur), n. 1. Inclosed space 
covered with vines; bower. 2. Tree, 
as distinguished from a shrub. 3. 
Principal axis of a machine.— arbo- 
reous (ar-bo're-us). a. Of or pertain- 
ing to trees.— arborescent (ar-bo- 
res'ent), a. Growing or formed like 
a tree. — arboriculture ( ar'bur-i- 
kul-tur), n. Culture of trees. [L. 
arbor, tree.] 

arbutus (ar-bu'tus), n. 1. Evergreen 
shrub called "strawberry tree." 2. 
»' Trailing arbutus " or " mayflower." 

arc (ark), n. Segment of a circle — 
arc-light, n. Electric light formed by 
passage of voltaic current between 
two carbon points. 

arcade (ar-kad'), n. 
1. Walk arched 
over. 2. Long 
arched gallery 
with shops on 
both sides. 3. Row 
of pillared arches. 

Arcadian (ar-ka'- 
di-an),a. Pertain- 
ing to Arcadia, a 
district in Greece; 

arcane (ar'kan). I. 




Arcade. 



pastoral; rural. 
a. Hidden, secret. 
II. n. Secret remedy; powerful charm. 
[L.] [pi. arcana. JL.] 

arcanum (ar-ka'num), n. Secret. — 

arch (arch). I. vt. Cover with an arch. 
2. Form into a curve. II. vi. Be 
shaped like a curve. III. n. 1. Curved 
structure, the two ends of which rest 
on supports. 2. Anything of similar 
form; the sky, etc. [L. arms, bow.] 

arch (arch), a. Playfully cunning; 
roguish; sly.— arch'ly, adv.— arch- 
ness, n. [Etymology doubtful.] 

arch- (arch; before a vowel ark), prefix. 
Signifies principal, chief. [Gr. arckos, 
chief.] 

archaeology (ar-k-e-ol'o-ji), n. Science 
of antiquities, ancient art, custom, 
etc.— archa3©log , 'ical,a.— archa30- 
logically, adv.— archaeologist, n. 
[Gr. archaios, ancient, and logos, dis- 
course.] 

archaic (ar-ka'ik), a. Ancient; anti- 
quated. —archaism (ar'k'a-ism), n. 
Obsolete expression. 

archangel (ark-an'jel), n. Angel of 
the highest order. 

archbishop (arch-bish'up), n. Chief 
bishop; the bishop of a province as 



fete, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf j 
mfite, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 




#»pyright, 1903, by Wm. H. tee. 

STYLES OF ARCHITECTURE 

*• Egyptian — Temple on the island of Elephantine. 2. Greek— The Parthenon at Athens. 

3. Roman — The Pantheon at Rome. 

4. Chinese — Entrance to Temple of Confucius, 

£. Saracenic — Mosque of Cairo, Egypt. 6. Russian — Cathedral at Moscow. 

(See Columns — Plates IX, X) 



£LATE V. 




Hunt 

Copyright, 1903, \>j Wm. H. L«. 

STYLES OF ARCHITECTURE 

Continued from Plate IV. 

5f. Romanesque — Cathedral at Zara r Dalmatia. 8. Gothic — Cathedral of York, England. 

9. Renaissance — St. Peter's, Rome, Italy, East elevation. 

ao. Modern Renaissance — Arc de Triornphe, Paris, France. 



archdeacon 



35 



ark 



well as his own diocese. — archbish- 
opric ( arch-bish'up-rik ), ?i. Office 
and jurisdiction of an archbishop. 

archdeacon (arch de'kun),n. Officer 
next under a bishop. 

archdiocese (arch-di'o-sez), n. Dio- 
cese of an archbishop. 

archduke (arch-duk'), n. (now) Son 
of the emperor of Austria.— arch- 
duchess, n.fem.— archdu'cal, a.— 
archduchy, n. (formerly) Territory 
of an archduke. 

archer (ar'cher), n. One who shoots 
with a bow and arrow.— archery 
(ar'cher-i), n. Art of shooting with a 
bow. [Li. areas, bow.] 

archetype (ar'ke-tip), n. Original 
pattern. -archetypal (ar'ke-ti'pal), a. 

archiepiscopal ( ar-ki-e-pis'ko-pal), 
a. Belonging to an archbishop.— ar- 
chiepiscopacy ( ar-ki-e-pis'ko-pa- 
si),rt. Archbiskepric. [See episcopal.] 

archipelago (ark-i-pel'a-go), n. Sea 
abounding in small islands; group of 
islands. [Gr. arehi, chief, dmdpelagos, 
sea.] 

architect (ark'i-tekt), n. One who de- 
signs buildings and superintends 
their erection.— architecture (ar'ki- 
tek-tur), n. 1. Art or science of buMd- 
ing. 2. Style of structure.— archi- 
tectural, a. [Qr.archi, chief, and 
tekton, builder.] 

architrave (ar'ki-trav), n. Part of 
a structure that rests directly on the 
column. [Gr. archi, chief, and L.. trabs, 
beam.] 

archive (ar'kiv or ar'kiv), n. Public 
record or paper.— archives (ar'kivz), 
n. pi. 1. Place where public papers 
and records are kept. 2. The papers 
and records so kept. [Gr. archeion, a 
government officej [der an arch. 

archway (arch'wa), n. Passage un- 

arctic(aik'tik), a. Northern, pertaining 
to tne region round the north pole; 
extremely cold. [Gr. arktos, bear.] 

-ard, suffix. Intensive, as drunkard, 
coward. [Pr. — Ger. hart, hard.] 

ardency (ar'den-si), n. Quality of 
being ardent. 

ardent (ar'dent), a. Intense; eager; 
zealous; hot; burning.— ardently, 
adv. — ar'dentness, n. [L. ardens — 
ardeo, burn.] 

ardor (ar'dur), n. Warmth of passion 
or feeling. [D.— ardeo, burn.] 

Syn. Eagerness; fervor; intensity; 
warmth; heat; zeal. 

arduous (ar'du-us), a. Difficult to ac- 
complish.— ar'duously, adv. — ar'- 
duousness, n. [L. arduue, steep.] 

are (ar), v. PI. pres. ind. of bb. 



are (ar), n. Superficial measure, con* 
taining 100 square meters, or 119.6 
square yards. [L. area.] 

area (a're-a), n. 1. Plain surface in- 
cluded within limits. 2. Vacant space 
about a building. 3. Superficial con- 
tents of any figure. 4. Region. [L.] 

arena (a-re'na), n. 1. Open space 
strewn with sand, in aiRoman amphi- 
theater, for contests. 2. Anyplace of 
public action. [L. arena, sand.] 

argent (argent), a. Made of or like 
silver. [Fr.— L. argentum, silver.] 

argillaceous (av-jil-la'shus),a. Of the 
nature of clay. 

argon (ar'gon), n. Original chemical 
element, constituting about one per 
cent of the atmosphere. [vessel. 

argosy (ar'g5-si), n. Large merchant 

argue (ar'gu). I. vt. Prove by argu- 
ment. II. vi. Dispute. [D. arguo, prove, 
Syn. Debate; discuss; reason. 

argument (ar'gu-ment), n. Reason 

.offered as proof; discussion.— argu- 
ment a'ti on , n.— argumentative, 
a. — argument'ati vely, adv. — ar- 
gument'ativeness, n. 
with a hundred eyes>. 

arid (ar'id),' a. Dry; 
parched. — aridi- 
ty, n.— ar'idness, 
n. [L. aridus, dry.] 

Aries (a'ri-ez), n. 
Constellation of the 
zodiac. [L. = ram.] 

aright (a-rif), adv. 
In a right way;correctly. 

arise (a-riz'), vi. [arising" 
arisen" (a-rizn').] Rise; spring forth : 
appear. jA.S. a, out from, and rise.] 

arista (a-ns'ta), n. An awn. 

aristocracy ( ar-is-tok'ra-si ), n. 1. 
Government by the nobles. 2. Nobi- 
lity of a state. [Gr. aristos, best, and 
kratos, sway.] 

aristocrat (ar-is't5-krat), n. One who 
belongs to aristocracy; haughty per- 
son. — aristocrat ie, aristocrat- 
ioal, a. — aristocrat'ically, adv. 

arithmetic (a-rith'me-tik), n. Science 
of numbers; 'art of reckoning by fig- 
ures. — arithmetical, a. — arith- 
metically, adv. — arithmetician 
(a-rith-me-tish'un), n. One skilled in 
arithmetic. [Gr. arithrnos, number.] 

-ariuni, suffix. Forming nouns mark- 
ing place for, as sa?ii£ariwm=place for 
health. 

ark (ark), n. 1. Vessel in which Noah 
and bis family were preserved during 
the flood. 2. Sacred repository of 
the tables of the Mosaic law, etc., 
3. The vessel which concealed the 




Aries. (CY 5 ) 



fate, fat, task, f&r, fftll, fare, above ; raS, met, hSr ; mite, mit; note, not, move, w«'f; 
route, hut, burn; oil, owl, Wen. 



ye 



arson 



infant) Moses. 4. Large flat boat. [L. 
area, chest.) 

arm (arm). I. n. 1. "Weapon. 2. Branch 
of military service. II. vt. Furnish 
with weapons ; fortify. III. vi. Take 
arms. — arm'ament, n. Guns, etc., of 
a ship or fort. [L. arma, weapons.] 

arm (arm), n. 1. Limb extending from 
the shoulder to the hand. 2. Anything 
resembling the humanarm.3.^gwra- 
tively, power or might. [A. S.] 

armada (ar-ma'da or ar-ma'da), n. 
Fleet of warships.' [Sp.] 

armadillo ( ar'ma-dil'6), n. Small 
quadruped of South America, with a 
bony shell. [Sp.] 




Armature coil. 

armature (ar'ma-tur), n. 1. Armor; 
means of defense. 2. Piece of soft iron 
applied to a magnet to keep the mag- 
netic power undiminished. 3. In a dyn- 
amo the iron wound with insulated 
wire, the movement of which induces 
currents of electricity in its coils. 

armistice (ar'mls-tis), n. Short sus- 
pension of hostilities; truce. [Fr. — 
L. arma, arms, and sisto, stop.] 

armor (ar'mur). I. n. Defensive arms 
or dress; plating of ships of war, etc. 
II. v. Supply with or put on armor. 

armorer (ar'mur-er), n. Maker or re- 
pairer or keeper of armor. 

armorial (ar-mo'ri-al), a. Pertaining 
to armor, or to the arms or escutch- 
eon of a f amily.-armory (ar'mur-i),ra. 

army (ar'mi), n. 1. Large organized 
body of armed men trained for war. 
2. Great number. [Fr. armSe.] 

arnica (ar'ni-ka). n. 1. A plant. 2. A 
medicine made from it. 

aroma (a-ro'ma), n. Fragrance in 
plants and other substances. [Gr.] 

aromatic (ar-o-mat'ik). I. a. Fra- 
grant; spicy. II. n. Plant or drug 
with a fragrant odor, and usually a 
warm, pungent taste. 

around (a-rownd'). I. prep. 1. About. 
2. On all sides of ; encircling. II. adv. 
On every side; in a circle; from 
place to place. [A, on, and round.] 

arouse (a-rowz'), vt. Wake up; stir up. 



arraign (ar-ran*), vt. 1. Accuse. 2. in 
law. Call upon one to answer an in- 
dictment in court.— arraign'ment, 

n. [L. ad, to, and ratio, account.] 
Syn. Call to account. See accuse. 

arrange ( ar-ranj' ), vt. Put in or- 
der, dispose, prepare, -arrange- 
ment, n. [See range.] 

arrant (ar'ant), a. Notorious, down- 
right. [Fr. errant, vagabond.] 

arras (ar'as) n. Tapestry. [From 
Arras, in France, where first made.] 

array (ar-ra'). I. vt. Arrange ; dispose. 

2. Deck; dress. II. n. 1. Order, espe- 
cially of battle. 2. Impaneled jury. 

3. Showy arrangement. 4. Dress; 
equipage. [See ready.] 

arrear(ar-rer'), n. That which remains 
unpaid and overdue; mostly used in 
the plural. [Fr. arrilre, behind.] 

arrest (ar-resf). I. vt. 1. Stop; check; 
detain. 2. Seize or apprehend by legal 
warrant, 3. Engage; occupy. II. n. 
Seizure. [L. ad. to, and resto, remain.] 

arrival(ar-ri'val),rc. 1. Act of arriving. 
2. One who or that which arrives. 

arrive (ar-riv'),w. 1. Come to or reach 
a place. 2. Attain to any object. [Fr. 
arriver—L,. ad, to, and ripa, bank.] 

arrogance (ar'o-gans ), n. Undue as- 
sumption of importance; conceit. 
Syn. Insolence; presumption. 

arrogant (ar'o-gant), a. Overbear- 
ing; full of assumption ; haughty.— 
arrogantly, adv. 

arrogate (ar'o-gat), vt. Make undue 
claims to, from vanity or false pre- 
tensions.— arroga'tion, n. 

arrow (ar'6), n. Straight, slender, 
pointed weapon, made to be shot from 
a how.— arrow-headed, a. Shaped like 
the head of an arrow.— arrowy (ar'- 
ro-i), a. Formed or moving like an 
arrow. [A. S. arewe.J 

arrowroot ( ar'o-rQt) , 
n. Nutritive farina- 
ceous substance, made 
from the roots of cer- 
tain West Indian 
plants. 

arsenal ( ar'se-nal ), n. 
1 or 




Arrowroot. 



Place where naval or 
military arms and mu- 
nitions are manufac- 
tured or stored. [Ar. ddr, a house 
and cina'ah, art.] 

arsenic (ar'se-nik), n. 1. Soft gray- 
colored metal. 2. White oxide of the 
metal, which is a virulent poison, 
[Gr. arren, male, on account of its 
great strength.] 

arson (ar'sun), n. Crime of wilfully 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, bum; oil, owl, than. 



art 



37 



aseptic 




Arteries 
in human head. 



burning a building. [Fr. — L. ardeo, 
arsum, burn.] 

jxt (art), v. Second person sing, pres- 
ent indicative of be. [A. S. eart.] 

art ( art ), n. 1. 
Skill; occupa- 
tion requiring 
skill. 2. Rules 
and methods. 3. 
Production o f 
the beautiful. 4. 
Productions of 
man 5. Con- 
trivance ; cun- 
ning. [L.. ars, 
— root ar-, fit.] 

artery (ar'ter-i), 
n. Vessel which 
conveys blood 
from the heart; 
channel.— ^arte- 
rial (ar-te'ri-a_l),a. [Gr. arteria, pipe.] 

Artesian (ar-te'zhan) well, n. Deep, 
narrow boring for water, first made 
at Artois, France. 

artful (art'fol), a. 1. Done with skill. 
2. Cunning.' 3. Skillful. 4. Artificial. 

artichoke ( ar'ti-chok ) , n. Edible 
plant with large scaly heads like the 
cone of a pine.— Jerusalem a., species 
of sunflower with tuberous roots. 

article (ar'ti-kl). I. vt. Draw up or 
bind by articles. II. n. 1. Separate 
element or part. 2. One of the parti- 
cles an or a and the. [I^-l 

articulate (ar-tlk'u-lat). I. vt. 1. Joint. 
2. Form into distinct sounds, sylla- 
bles, or words. II. vi. Pronounce dis- 
tinctly. III. a 1. Formed with joints. 
2. Distinctly syllabled. 3. Expressed 
in articles. — artic'olately. adv. — 
artic'ulateness, n. — articula- 
tion, n. 1. Joining, as of bones. 2. 
Articulate sound. 3. Distinct utter- 
ance. [L. articulo, furnish with joints.] 

artifice (ar-'ti-fis), n. Crafty device; 
trick; fraud.— artificer (ar-tif'i-ser), 
n. Skilled workman; artistic worker; 
inventor or contriver. — artificial 
(ar-ti-fish'al), a. 1. Made by art. 2. 
Not natural; fictitious; feigned. [L. 
ars, artis, art, and /aao, make.] 

ar tiller i st (ar-til'er-ist),«,. One skilled 
in artillery. 

artillery ( ar-til'er-i ), n. Ordnance, 
such as cannon, mortars, etc. 2. 
Branch of military service which uses 
ordnance. [Fr. artiUerie.] 

artisan (ar'ti-zan), n. One skilled in 
a mechanic art. 

artist (art'ist), n. One who practices 
an art, especially one of the fine arts, 
as painting, sculpture, architecture. 



artiste (ar-test'),rc. Expert in any 
work requiring skill and dexterity, as 
a hair dresser, cook, etc. [Fr.] 

artistic (ar-tis'tik), artist ical, a. 
Pertaining to an art; conforming to 
art.— artistically, adv. 

artless (art'les), a. Without guile, 
craft, or stratagem; sincere; ingenu- 
ous; unaffected.— artlessly, adv. — 
art'lessness, n. 

-ary, suffix. Denoting: 1. Agent in per- 
forming any act or doing any work; 
as notary; 2. Place for, as library. 
[From L. -arius, -arium.] 

Aryan (ar'i-an). I. a. Belonging to the 
Indo-European family or language. 
II. n. 1 . Indo-European. 2. Original 
language of the Aryans. 

as (az), adv. and conj. Similarly; for 
example ; while ; in like manner ; 
when; for instance; thus. [A. S. eat 
swa, just so.] 

asafetida, asafoetida (as-a-fet'i-da), 
n. Medicinal gum, having an offensive 
smell, made from a Persian plant 
called aza. 

asbestos (as-bes'tus), n. Fibrous, non- 
combustible mineral resembling flax 
in appearance. [Gr. a priv. and sbestos. 
extinguished.] 

ascend (as-send'). I. vt. Climb or go 
up on. II. vi. Climb, rise. [L. ad, up. 
and scando. climb.] 

ascendant (as-send'ant). I. a. Superi- 
or; predominant; above the horizon 
II. n. Superiority; domination. 

ascendency ( as-send'en-si ), n. Con 
trolling influence. 

ascension (as-sen'shun), n. Rising at 
going up.— Ascension I>ay,*i. Fas 
tival held to commemorate Christ's 
ascension to heaven. (Second Thurs- 
day before Whitsuntide). [Li. ascen- 
sio,—ascendo, ascend.] 

ascent (as-senf), n. 1. Act or way of 
ascending. 2. Elevation. 

ascertain (as-ser-tan'), vt. Obtain 
certain knowledge of; determine.— 
ascertainable, or. [L. ad, to, and 
certus, sure.] 

ascetic (as-set'ik). I. a. Excessively 
rigid; austere, recluse. II. n. One 
rigidly self-denying in religious ob- 
servances; recluse.— asceticism (as- 
set'i-sizm), n. [Gr. askeo, exercise.] 

ascribe (as-krib'), vt. Attribute; im- 
pute. [L. ad, to, and scribo, write.] 
Syn. Assign; attribute; refer. 

aseptic (a-sep'tik). I. a. Free from 
septic matter or disease-germs; not 
liable to putrefaction. U. n. Aseptic 
substance. [Gr. a priv. and 
putrid.] 



B, tat, task, Car, igU, tare, above ; me, met, her ; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf- 
mate, hut, burn; oil, owl, tton, 



ash 



38 



assert 



ash (ash), n. Well-known timber tree 
or its wood. [A. S. aesc] 

ash (ash), n. Singular of ashes, much 
used in chemistry. " [shame. 

ashamed (a-shamd'), a. Affected with 

ashen (ash'en), a. Pertaining to, or 
made of ashes, or the ash tree; ash- 
colored. 

asues (ash'es), n. pi. 1. Dust or remains 
of anything burnt. 2. Remains of the 
dead ; dead body; perished hopes; 
humiliation. [A. S. asce.] 

ashore (a-skor'), adv. On shore, to the 
shore. [Lent. 

Ash Wednesday, n. First day of 

ashy (ash'i), a. Pertaining to, com- 
posed of, or like ashes; ash-colored; 
pale. 

aside (a-sid). I. adv. 1. On or to one 
side; apart; away; off. 2. Privately. 
II. n. Something said or done aside 
or privately. [or like an ass. 

asinine ( as'i-nin or as'i-nin ), a ~»f 

ash. (ask). I. vt. 1. Request; solicit; 
beg. 2. Inquire; interrogate. 3. Re- 
quh-e; demand. II. vi. 1. Make 
inquiry. 2. Make request. [A. S. 
ascban, ask.] 

askance(a-skans'), askant (a-skanf), 
adv. Sideways; with disdain or sus- 
picion, [awry; asquint. 

askew (a-sku'), adv. On the skew ; 

aslant (a-slanf), a. and adv. On the 
slant; obliquely. 

asleep (a-slep'), a. and adv. I. In sleep; 
sleeping. 2. Having a peculiar numb 
or prickly feeling. 

aslope (a-slop'), a. and adv. On the 
slope ; in a sloping or leaning attitude. 

asp (asp'), f.. Venomous 
serpent of Egypt. [Gr. 
aspis.] 

asparagus (as-par'a-gus), 
#. Plant whose tender, 
shqpts are edible. [Gr.] 

aspect (as'pekt), *. l. 
Appearance; look; mien. 
2. View; phase. 8. Position of one 
planet as regards another. [L. ad, to, 
and specio, look.] 

aspen (as'pen). I. a. Pertaining to or 
like the aspen; shaking; tremulous. 
II. n. Species of poplar, remarkable 
for its trembling leaves. [A, S. mp.\ 

asperity (as-per'i-ti), n. Roughness; 
acrimony. [L. asper, rough.] 

asperse (as-pers'), vt. Bespatter with 

e^Jl reports; calumniate. — asper*- 

sion, n. [L. ad, to, and spargo, scatter.] 

Syn. Abuse; vilify. See slander. 

asphalt(as'f alt), asphalt um (as-fal- 
tum.) I. n. A native bitumen or com- 
position used for paving, roofing, 




Sacred Asp. 



flooring. II. vt. Cover or pave with 
asphalt. [Gr. asphaltos.] 
asphyxia (as-fiks'i-a), n. Suspended 
respiration ; as in drowning or from 
gases. — asphyxiated, a. — as- 
phyxia'tion, n. Suffocation. [Gr.— 
a priv. and sphyzo, throb.] 
aspic (as'pik), n. Meat jelly. [P.] 
aspirant (as-pi'rant). I. a. Aspiring. 

II. n. Candidate._ 

aspirate (as'pi-rat). I. vt. Pronounce 
with a full breathing (represented by 
h, as in house.) II. n. Aspirated letter. 

III. a. Pronounced with full breath- 
ing. [See aspire.] 

aspiration (as-pi-ra'shun), n. 1. Act 
of aspiring ; high desire. 2. Inhala- 
tion of air. 

aspire 'as-pir'). I. vt. Aim at. II. vi. 
1. Aim high. 2. Rise; soar. — aspi- 
ring, a. Ambitious — aspi'ringly, 
adv. [L. ad, to, and spiro, breathe. J 

ass (as),». 1. Quadruped of the horse 
family. 2._Dull, stupid fellow. [A. S.] 

assail (as-sal'), vt. Attack; assault.— 
assailable, a. — assailant (as-sa'- 
lant). I. a. Attacking; assaulting. II. 
n. One who assails. [L. ad, at, and 
salio, leap.] 

assassin (as-sas'in), n. One who kills 
by surprise or secret assault.-— assas- 
sinate (as-sas'i-nat), vt. Murder sud- 
denly, violently. — assassination 
(as-sas-i-na'shun), n. [Fr. — Ar. Ha- 
shaahin, a sect of fanatics who forti- 
fied themselves to deeds of murder 
with hashish.] 

assault (as-salt'). I. vt. Make an attack 
upon. II. n" Attack, verbal or physi- 
cal; storming, as of a fort. [L. ad, 
at, and saltus, a leap.] 

assay (as-sa'). I. vt. Test accurately; 
determine the amount of a metal in 
an ore or alloy. II. n. 1. Act ot assay- 
ing. 2. Substance to be assayed. — 
assay'er, n. One who assays. [See 

ESSAY.] 

assemblage (as-sem'blaj), n. 1. Act 
of assembling- or fitting. 2. Collec- 
tion of persons or things. 

assemble (as-sem'bl). I. vt. 1. Call or 
bring together; collect; convene. 2. 
Fit together. II. vi. Meet; congre- 
gate. [Fr. assembler — L. ad, to, and 
similiz, similar, like.] 

assembly (as-sem'bli), %. Collection 
of individuals in the same place for a 
purpose. 

assent (as-sjenf). I. vi. Concur. Il.-n. 
Consent. [L. ad, to, and sentio, think.] 
Syn. Agree; acquiesce; yield. 

assert (as-serf), vt. 1. Declare strong- 
lyt affirm; aver. 2. Maintain or de- 



tew, fftt, task* fftfjiall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mtite, hut, bunt; oil, owl, then. 



39 



astound 



.tend; vindicate a title to.— assertion 

fas-ser'shun), n. [L. adsero, join.] 

Syn. Affirm; aver; asseverate; pro- 
test; maintain; pronounce. 
assess ( as-'ses'), vt. 1. Tax. 2. Value 
property for the purpose of taxation. 

3. Fix— assessment, n.— assess - 
able, a. That may be assessed ; liable 
to assessment. [L. ad, and sedeo, sit.] 

assessor (as-ses'ur). n. 1. One ap- 
pointed to assess. 2. Associate or 
assistant. 

assets (as'ets), n. pi. Available prop- 
erty, as for the payment of debts, etc. 
[Fr. assez. enough.] 

asseverate (as-sev'er-at), vt. Declare 
seriously or solemnly. — assevera- 
tion, n. 

assiduity (as-si-du'i-ti), n. Constant 
or close application: persistency. 

assiduous (as-sid'u-us), a. Const-ant in 
application; diligent. — assiduous- 
ly, adv.— assiduousness, n. [Frsin 
Lr-. ad, to. and sedeo, sit.] 

assign (as-sin'). I. vt. 1. Allot; appor- 
tion. 2. Fix; specify; designate; 
appoint. 3. Allege; point out. 4. 
Transfer, n. vi. Make an assignment. 
III. n. Assignee. — assign'able, a. 
That may be assigned; transferable 
bv writing. — assignation (as-sig- 
na*shun), n. 1. Act of assigning. 2. 
Appointment to meet. 3. Assignment. 

4. Assignat; paper money, —ass ig» 
nee(as-si-ne'), n. One to whom aright j 
or property is transferred.— assign'- , 
ntent, n. 1. Act of assigning. 2. 
Thing assigned. 3. "Writing by which 
soraething is assigned, [h. ad, to, and 
8i<?mem, sign.] 

assimilate (as-sim'i-1 at). I. vt. 1. 
Bring to a likeness. 2. Convert into 
a like organic substance. II. vi. 1. 
Become similar. 2. Be converted into 
the substance of the body.— assimi- 
lation, n.— assim'ilatave, a. [L. 
ad, to, and similis, like.] 

assist (as-sisV). I. vt. Attend; help; 
sustain. II. vi. Render assistance. — 
assistance, n.— assistant, n. and 
a. [L. ad, to, and sisto, stand.] 
Syn. Second; back. See aid. 

assize (as-siz'), n. Court of justice.— 
assi'zes, n.pl. Sessions of a court of 
justice. [O. Fr. assise^, session.] 

associate ( as-s6'shi-at ). I. vt. Join; 
unite; combine; connect. II. vi. Keep 
companv (with); act harmoniously. 
III. a. Joined or connected with. IV. 
n. One who or that which associates 
or is associated; companion, partner. 
[L. ad, to, and socius, companion.] 
Syn. Ally; accomplice: mate; fellow. 



association (as-?o-shi-a'shun), n. 1. 
Act of associating. 2. Connection, as 
of ideas. 3. Society formed for pro- 
moting some object; corporation; 
partnership. 

assort (as-sarf). I. vt. Arrange in sorts 
or lots; classify. II. vi. Agree; match; 
harmonize.— assortment, n. Act of 
assorting. 2. Quantity of things as- 
sorted. 3. Class in which something 
is assorted. [L.ad, to, and sors, a lot.] 

assuage (as-swaj'), vt. 1. Mitigate; 
allay. 2. Appease. — assuagement, 
n.— assuasive (as-swa'siv), a. Sooth- 
ing; mitigating. 

assume (as-sum'). I. vt. Take upon 
one's self. 2. Take for granted. 3. 
Arrogate. 4. Pretend to possess. II. 
vi. Be arrogant,— assu'ming, a. Ar- 
rogant ; haughty. [L. ad, to, anfi 
sumo, take.] 

assumption (a s - s u m' s hun ) . n. 1 . 
Act of assuming. 2. Supposition. 3. 
Feast of Aug. 15, celebrating the 
Virgin's resurrection. 

assurance (a-shor'ans), n. 1. Positive 
promise or declaration. 2. Confidence. 
3. Impudence. 4. Insurance. 

assure (a-shor'), vt. 1. Make sure or 
secure. 2. Give confidence. 3. Tell 
positively. 4. Insure. — assuredly 
(a-shor'ed-li), adv. — assuredness 
(a-shor'ed-nesh n. [Fr. assurer — L. 
ad, to and securus, safe.] 

Aster (as'ter), n. Genus of plants with 
compound flowers, resembling stars. 
[Gr. aster, star.] 

asterisk, (as'ter-isk), n. Star (*) used 
in printing to refer to a note, or 
denote omission. [Gr. asteriskos, dim. 
of aster, star.] 

astern (a-stern'), adv. Toward or at 
the hinder part of a ship. 

asteroid (as'ter-oid). n. One of the 
minor planets (over 465) between the 
orbits of Mars ana Jupiter. [Gr. 
aster, star, and eidos, form.l 

asthma (as'ma or ast'ma), n. Chronic 
intermittent disease anecting the res- 
piration. — asthmatic ( as-mat'ik ), 
astnmat ical, n. [Gr.l 

astigmatism (as-tig'ma-iizm), n. De- 
fect in the focus of the eye. [Gr. <3 
priv. and stigma, point.] 

astir (a-ster'), adv. In motion ; stirring. 

astonish (as-ton'ish), vt. Stun with 
surprise or wonder.— aston'ishing, 
a.Wonderful.-aston'ishingly, adv. 
—astonishment, n. [See astound.] 
Syn. Amaze; bewilder; confound; 
astound; stun; surprise; dumbfound. 

astound ( as-townd' ), vt. Overwhelm 
with wonder. [A. S. astunian, stun,] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, rait; n6t«, not, move, wolf; 
mut«. hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



astral 

astral (as'tral), a. 1. Pertaining or 
similar to the stars. 2. In theosophy. 
Of a supersensible substance, [way. 

astray (a-stra') adv. Out of the right 

astride "(a-strid'), adv. and prep. With 
the legs wide apart; with one leg on 

' each side of. 

astringent (as-trin'jent). I. a. Bind- 
ing; contracting; opposed to laxa- 
tive. II. n. Medicine that contracts 
the tissues and checks discharge, f L. 
ad, to, and stringo, draw tight.T 

astrology (as-trol'o-jl), n. 1. Science 
of the stars. 2. Art of determining 
the influence of the heavenly bodies 
over human destiny. [Gr. aster, star, 
and logos, knowledge.] 

astronomer (as-tron'o-mer), n. One 
versed in astronomy. 

astronomy (as-tron'o-mi), n. Science 
of the heavenly bodies. — astron'om* 
ie, astronom'ical, a. — astronom- 
ically, adv. [Gr. aster, star, and 
nomos, law.] 

astute (as- tut'), a. Of keen discern- 
ment; shrewd. — astutely, adv. — 
astuteness, n. [L. astutus.] 

Syn. Crafty; cunning; penetrating; 
subtle; wily; sagacious. 

asunder (a-sun'der), adv. Into parts; 
separately. [Pre/, a, on, and sunder.J 

asylum (a-si'lum), n. Place of retreat 
and security; institution for the care 
and relief of the sick or unfortunate. 
[Gr. a priv. and syle, right of seizure.] 

at (at), prep. Denotes presence, near- 
ness, or relation. [A. S. ozt.] 

atavism (at'a-vizm), n. Recurrence of 
a peculiarity of an ancestor. [L. 
atavus.—avus, grandfather.] 

ataxia, locomotor (a-taks'i-a lo-ko- 
mo'tur), n. Disease of' spinal cord. 

ate (at), v. Past tense of bat. 

-ate, suffix. 1. Verbal, as navigarte. 2. 
Adjectival, as desolate. 3. Nounal, as 
legate. [Norm. Fr. -at— L. -atus, suffix 
otpa.par. 

atheism (a'the-izm), n. Disbelief in 
the existence of God. [Gr. a priv. and 
theos, God.] 

atheist (a'the-ist), n. One who adheres 
to atheism.— atheistic (a-the-is'tik), 
atheistical (a-the-is'tik-al), a.— 
atheist'ically, adv. 

atheneum, athenaeum (ath-e-ne'- 
um), n. Public institution for lec- 
tures, reading, etc. [Gr. Athenaion, 
temple of Athene.] [for. 

athirst (a-therst'), a. Thirsty; eager 

athlete (ath'let), n. 1. One skilled in 
physical exercises. 2. One vigorous 
and active.— athlet'ic, a. — athlet- 
ics, n. pi. Athletic exercises. 



40 attain 

athwart (a-thwarf). I. prep. Across. 
II. adv. Sidewise; in a manner to 
cross and perplex. [See thwart.] 

-ation, suffix. Signifies: 1. The act of. 
2. The state of being. 3. That which. 

atlas (at'las), n. Volume of maps. [Gr. 
Atlas, a Titan fabled to bear the world 
on his shoulders.] 

atmosphere (at'mos-f er), n. Air that 
surrounds the earth; any surround- 
ing influence. — atmospheric, at- 
mospherical (at-mos-fer'ik-al), a 
[Gr. atmos, air, and sphaira, a sphere.] 

atoll (a- tol' or at'oi), n. Coral island, 
consisting of a ring of coral sur- 
rounding a central lagoon. [Malayan.) 

atom (at'um), n. 1. Particle of matter 
so small as to admit of no division. 
2. Any thing extremely small, -atom- 
ic, atom'ical, a. [Gr. atomos, — a 
priv. and temno, cut.] 

atomize ( at'um-iz ), vt. Reduce to 
atoms.— atomiza'tion, n — atom- 
izer (at'um-I-zer), n. Instrument for 
spraying a liquid. 

atone (a-ton'). I. vt. 1. Reconcile, 
, unite. 2. Expiate, make reparation 
for. II. vi. Agree; make reparation. 
— atone'ment, n. [at and one.] 

atrium (a'tri-um), n. [pi. a'tria.] En- 
trance hall. [L.J 

atrocious (a-tro'shus), a. Extremely 
cruel or wicked; horrible; outrageous. 
[D. atrox, cruel.] [ty or wickedness. 

atrocity (a-tros'i-ti), n. Horrible cruel- 
atrophy (at'ro-fi). I. vi. Waste away; 
wither. II. n. Wasting away of the 
body, due to defective nutrition. [Gr. 
a priv. and trepho, nourish.] 

attach (at-tach'). I. vt. 1. Fasten on; 
connect with; lay hold on. 2. Win or 
gain over. 3. Take by legal process. 
II. vi. Adhere; belong; take effect.— 
attach'ment, n. 1 Act of attach- 
ing. 2. Adherence; affection. 3. Seiz- 
ure by legal process. 4. Writ by virtue 
of which seizure is made. [See tack.] 
Syn. Affix; connect; join; append. 

attache (at-t&-sha'), n. One of the suite 
of an ambassador. [Fr.] 

attack (at-tak'). I. vt. Fall upon with 
violence; assault; assail. II. vi. Make 
an assault. III. n. Assault; onset; 
severe criticism or abuse. [Fr. atta- 
quer.] 

attain (at-tan'). I. vt. Reach, gain, 
achieve by effort. II. vi. Come; arrive. 
— attain'able, a.— attainability, 
n. — attain'ableness, n. — attain'* 
men t, 7i. [L. ad,_to, and tango, touch]. 

attainder (at-tan'der), n. Depriva- 
tion of all civil rights and of the 
power to submit or transmit property. 



fate, fat, task, far, fa.ll, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



attaint 



41 



audit 



attaint (at-tanf), vt. Taint; stain; 
disgrace; corrupt; deprive of all in- 
heritance and civil rights. [See taint.] 

attar (afar), n. (also ottar, otto). Per- 
fume extracted from flowers. [Ar. 
itr. fragrance.] 

attempt ( at-temt' ). I. vt. 1. Try; 
endeavor. 2. Attack. H. n. Effort; 
attack. [L. ad. to, and tento, try.] 
Syn. Trial; exertion; essay; assault. 

attend (at-tend'). I. vt. Accompany; 
wait on; minister to. 2. Be present at. 
3. Accompany as a consequence. II. 
vi. 1. Listen; regard with attention. 

2. Be in attendance.— attend'ance, 
n. 1. Act of attending; presence. 2. 
The persons attending.— attendant, 
I. n. 1. One who or that which attends 
or accompanies. 2. One present. II. 
a. Giving attendance; accompanying. 
[L. attendo—ad, to, and Undo, stretch.] 

attention (at-ten'shun), n. 1. Act of 
attending; heeding; regarding atten- 
tively. 2. Act of civility or courtesy. 

3. Care. 4. Military command requir- 
ing a pose of readiness. — atten- 
tions, n. pi. Acts of special regard. 

attentive (at-ten'tiv), a. Heedful; in- 
tent; regardful.— attentively, adv. 
— atten'tiveness, n. 

Syn. Observant; mindful; watch- 
ful; circumspect; courteous. 

attennate(at-ten'u-at), vt. and vi. Make 
or become thin or slender. — atten- 
ua'tion, n. [L. ad, a.nd.tenuis, thin.] 

attest (at-tesf), vt. Bear witness to; 
certify officially; affirm; give proof 
of; manifest. — attestation (at-tes- 
ta'shun), n. [L. ad, to, and testis, 
witness.] 

Attic (at'ik), a. 1. Of or pertaining to 
Attica or Athens. 2. Classical. 3. Pure ; 
elegant. — Attic salt : Poignant, deli- 
cate wit. — atticism (at'i-sizm), n. 
1. Peculiarity of Attic style or 
idiom. 2. Elegant expression. 

attic ( at'ik ), n. Uppermost room in 
a house; garret. 

attire (at-tir'). I. vt. Dress; array. II. 
n. Dress; clothes; apparel. [A. S. 
tir, adornment.]_ 

attitude ( at'i-tud ), n. Posture or 
position; gesture; bearing: disposi- 
tion of mind or feeling.— attitu'di- 
nal, a. — attitudinize ( at-ti-tu'di 
niz), vi. Assume affected attitudes 
or airs. [L. aptitudo — aptus, fit.] 

attorney (at-tur'ni), n. One who is 
legally qualified to manage matters in 
law for others, to prosecute and de- 
fend actions, etc.; lawyer. [L. ad, to, 
and torno, turn.] 



attract (at-trakf). I. vt. 1. Draw or 

cause to approach by gravitation, 
magnetism, or affinity. 2. Draw by 
moral influence ; allure ; entice. II. 
vi. Possess or exert attractive power. 
— attraction (at-trak'shun), n. 
Power or act of attracting.— attract' - 
ive, a. Having the quality or power 
of attracting; alluring; enticing. — 
attractively, adv. — attractive- 
ness, n. [L. ad, to, and traho, trac- 
turn, draw.] 

attribute (at-trib'ut), vt. Ascribe, im- 
pute, assign, as belonging, caused by, 
or owing to. — attrib'u table, a. 
[L. ad, to, and trihuo, give.] 

attribute ( at'ri-but),w. 1. That which 
is attributed. 2. That which is inher- 
ent in. 3. That which can be predi- 
cated of anything. 4. Quality or 
property. — attribution (at-tri-bu'- 
shun), n. Act of attributing; that 
which is attributed. — attributive 
(at-trib'u-tiv). I. a. Expressing an 
attribute. II. n. Word denoting an 
attribute, as anadjective.— attribu- 
tively (at-trib'u-tiv-li), adv. As a mo- 
difier, but not as the predicate. 

attrition (at-trish'un), n. Rubbing of 
one thing against another; wearing 
down by friction. [L. ad, to, and tero, 
rub.] [monize; adjust 

attune (at-tun'), vt. Put in tune; har* 

auburn (a'burn). I. a. Reddish brown. 
II. n. Reddish brown color. [L. albur* 
nus, whitish.] 

auction (ak'shun). I. vt. Sell or dis- 
pose of at auction. II. n. Public sale 
to the highest bidders. [L. augeo, 
auctum, increase.] 

auctioneer (ak-shun-er']. I. vt. Auc- 
tion. II. n. One who sells at auction. 

audacious (a-da'shus), a. Daring; im- 
pudent; bold.— auda'ciously, adv.— 
audaciousness, n. [L. audeo, dare.] 

audacity (adas'i-ti), n. Boldness; im- 
pudence; effrontery. 

audible (a'di-bl), a. Loud enough to 
be heard. — au'dibly, adv. [L. audio, 
hear.] 

audience (a'di-ens), n. 1. Act of hear- 
ing. 2. Admittance to a hearing; 
formal interview. 3. Auditory; as- 
sembly of hearers. 

audiphone (a'di-fon), n. Instrument 
for enabling" deaf persons to hear. 
[From L. audio, hear, and Gr. phone, 
sound.] 

audit (a'dit). I. vt. Examine and ad- 
just. IT. n. Examination and verifi- 
cation of accounts by a person or 
persons duly authorized.— auditor 
(a'di-tur), n. 1. One who audits ac 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl tften. 



auditorium 



42 



authorize 



counts. 2. Hearer. [L. auditus, a 
hearing.] 

auditorium (a-di-to'ri-um), n. 1. 
Room or space intended for an audi- 
ence. 2. Building designed for the 
accommodation of a large audience. 

auditory (a'di-to-ri). I. a. Pertaining 
to the sense of hearing or to an audi- 
ence room. II. n. 1. Audience room. 
2. Audience. 

auger (a'-ger), n. Carpenter's tool used 
for boring holes in wood. [Prom A. 
S. nafu, nave, and gar, borer.] 

aught (at). I. n. and pron. Ought; 
any thimg. II. adv. In any way ; at all. 
[A. S. a, ever, and whit, thing.] 

augment (ag-menf), vt. and vi. Make 
larger; increase; intensify. — aug- 
mentation (ag-men-ta'shun), 71. Act 
of augmenting; state of being aug- 
mented ; increase ; addition. — aug- 
mentative (ag-men'ta-tiv), a. 
Having the quality or power of aug- 
menting. [ L. augmentum — augeo, 
increase.] 

augment (ag'ment),n. 1. Increase; in- 
tensification. 2. In Gram. Prefixed 
inflectional element. 

augur (a'gur). I. n. Diviner; sooth- 
sayer. II. vt. Foretell by signs; fore- 
bode. HI. vi. Conjecture from signs 
or omens; be a sign.— augury, n. 1. 
Art or practice of auguring. 2. Omen. 
— augural, a. Pertaining to augury. 
[Prom L. avis, bird, and garrio, talk.] 

august ( a-gust'), a. Inspiring rever- 
ence or admiration.— august'ly ,acfo. 
[L. augustus— augeo, increase, honor.] 
Syn. Majestic; magnificent; impos- 
ing; stately; grand; dignified; awful. 

August (a'gust), n. Eighth month of 
the year,' so called by Co&sar Augustus, 
tfhe first Roman emperor. 

auk (ak) , n. Web-footed 
sea-bird, found in 
northern seas. [Icel. j 
alka.] 

aunt (ant), n. 1. Sister 
of one's father or mo- 
ther. 2. Wife of one's 
uncle. [L. amita, fa- 
ther's sister.] 

aural (a'ral), a. Pertaining to the ear 
or to the sense of hearing. 

aureole (a're-ol).w. Luminous emana- 
tion surrounding an object; glory; 
halo. [From L. aurum, gold.] 

auriele (a'ri-kl), n. External ear. — 
auricles (a'ri-klz), n. pi. Two ear- 
like cavities of the heart. [L. auricula, 
dim. of auris, earj 

auricular (a-rik'u-lar), a. 1. Pertain- 
ing to the ear, or to the sense of hear- 




Auk. 



ing; confided to the ear; known by 
hearsay. 2. Pertaining to the auricles 
of the heart. 

auriferous (a-rif'er-us), a. Contain* 
ing or yielding gold. [L. aurum, gold, 
and/«?ro, bear.] 

aurora (a-r5'ra) , n. Dawn ; goddess of 
dawn, —aurora horealis (bo-re-a'- 
lis), n. Northern lights, a luminous, 
probably electric phenomenon seen 
in northern latitudes. —auroral 
(a-ro'ral), a. Pertaining to or like the 
aurora or dawn. [L.] 

auspice (as'pis), n. Omen; auguryr 
patronage; influence. Generally in 
the pi., auspices (as'pis-ez). —auspi- 
cious (as-pish'us), a. Having good 
auspices' or omens of success; favor- 
able; fortunate. — auspiciously, 
adv.— auspi'ciousness, n. [L. aus- 
pex, —avis, bird, and specio, observe.] 

austere (as-ter'),a. Harsh; unadorned. 
—austerely, adv.— austere'ness, 
austerity (as-Cer'i-ty), ns. [Gr. aus- 
teros—auos, sour, dry.] 

Syn. Severe; severely simple ; rigor- 
ous; stern; inclement. 

austral (as-tral), a. Southern. [L aus* 
tralis, — ouster, south wind] 

authentic (a-then'tik),authen'tical, 
a. Original; authorized; genuine. 
— authentically, adv. [Gr. authen- 
tes, —autos, self, and entes, being.] 

authenticate (a-then'ti-kat), vt. 
Make authentic;" prove genuine. — 
authentication (a- then-ti-ka'shun), 
n. Act of authenticating; confirma- 
tion.— authenticity (a-then-tis'i-ti); 
n. Quality of being authentic; gen- 
uineness. 

author (a'thur), n. 1. One who pro- 
duces or creates. 2. Beginner or first 
mover; cause. 3. One who composes 
or writes a book, poem, etc.— author- 
ess (a'th-ur-es), n. fern. 

authoritative (a-toor'i-ta-ttv), a. 1. 
Having authority. 2. Dictatorial. — 
authoritatively, adv. 

authority (a-thor'i-ti), n. 1. Legal 
power or right to command or to act, 
2. Person or persons invested with 
legal power or right. 3. Authorita- 
tive power, weight or influence de- 
rived from rank, office, character, 
age, experience, etc. 4. Authorita- 
tive precedent, official declaration, or 
legal decision.— authorities, n. pi. 
1. Precedents, opinions, or sayings 
carrying weight. 2. Persons in 
power. 

authorize (a'thur iz), vt. 2. Give au- 
thority to; 'empower. 2. Sanction; 
permit ; j us tify.— authorization,^ 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; nQte, not; mere, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, Men. 



authorship 



43 



await 



authorship (a'thur-shlp), n. 1. Being I Syn. Miserly; niggardly ; penurious; 

An author. 2. Source; origin. stingy; greedy; close; parsimonious. 

autobiographer (a'to-bi-og'ra-fer), n. avast (a- vast'), inter j. Naut. Cease; 




One who writes his own life. — auto 
biographical, a.— autobiog- 
raphy, n. Description of one's own 
life. [Gr.— autos, self, bios, life, and 
gravho, write.! 

auto-boat ( a'to-bot ), n. Boat pro- 
pelled by its own motor. 

autocrat (a'to-krat), n. Absolute sov- 
ereign.— autocracy (a-tok'ra-si), n. 
Absolute government by one man. 

au tocy cle 
( a-to-si'kl ), n. 
Bicycle pro- 
pelled by its 
own motor. 

au tog rap h 
(a'to-graf), n. 

One's own Autocycle 

handwriting. 

autoist(a'to-ist), n. Chauffeur. 

automaton (a-toma-ton), n. Machine 
moved by concealed machinery 
automatic, 
automat ic- 
al , a. [Gr. 
auto s, and 
stem, mat-, 
strive, move.] 

automobile 
$ a-to-mo'bil ), 
». Vehicle 
propelled b y 
own motor. automobile. 

autonomy (a-ton'o-mi), n. Self-gov- 
ernment. [Gr. autos and nomos, law.] 

autopsy (a' top-si), n. Examination of 
a corpse. *'[Gr. autos and opsis, sight.] 

autumn (a' turn), n. Fall. —autum- 
nal (a-tum'nal), a. [L. autumnus.] 

auxiliary (agz-il'i-a-ri). I. a. Help- 
ing; subsidiary. II". n. 1. Assistant. 
2. verb that helps to form moods and 
tenses of other verbs.— auxiliaries, 
n. pi. Foreign allied troops. [L. auxi- 
Hum, help — augeo, increase.] 

avail (aval'). I. vi. Be of use; an- 
swer the purpose. II. vt. (one's self) 
Benefit. III. n. Service; advantage. 
—available, a. Suitable; usable.— 
availability, avail'ableness, n. 
£Fr.— £* ad, to, and valeo, be of value.l 

avalanche (av'a-lansh), n^ Mass of 
snow sliding down from a mountain. 
[Fr.— L. ad, to, and vallis, valley.] 

avarice (av'a-ris), n. Eager desire for 
wealth; cupidity; covetousn ess. 

avaricious (a v-a-r ish'us) , a. Extreme- 
ly covetous; greedy of gain.— avari- 
ciously, adv. — avari'ciousness, 
n. [L. avarus, greedy.] 




stay; hold fast. [Dut. houd vast, 



avasi 

stop; stay; 
hold fast.] 

avaunt (a-vanf), inter j. Begone! de- 
part! [Fr. avant, forward.] 

Ave (a'va), inter j. and n. Be well or 
happy; hail. — Ave Maria (a'va 
ma-re'a), prayer to the Virgin Mary. 

avenge (a- venj'). I. vt. Take satisfac- 
tion or ' inflict punishment for an 
in' jury. II. vi. Execute vengeance. 
[Fr. venger — li.yindico, avenge.] 

avenue (av'e-nu), n. Passageway; 
broad street. [Fr. — L. ad, to, and 
venio, come.] 

aver (a-ver'), vt. [aver'ring; averred 
(a-verd').] Declare to be true; affirm 
or declare positively. — aver'ment, 
n. Positive assertion. [L. ad, to, and 
verus, true.] mmt 

average (av'er-aj). I. n. Mean value 
or quantity of a number of values or 
quantities. II. a. Containing a mean 
value or proportion ; ordinary. 

average (av'er-aj). I. vt. Fix an aver- 
age. II. vi. Exist in, or form a mean 
sum or quantity. [Fr. avarie, damage.] 

averse (a- vers'), a. Feeling a repug- 
nance or dislike; unwilling ; disin- 
clined. — aversely, adv. — averse^ 
ness, n. [D. aversus, turned away."] 

aversion (a-ver'shun), n. 1. Dislike; 
hatred. 2. Object of dislike. 

avert (a-verf), vt. 1. Turn from or 
aside. 2. Prevent, or ward off. [L. 
averto —ab, from, and verto, turn.] 

aviary (a'vi-ar-i), n. Place for keeping 
birds. [From L7. avis, bird.] 

avidity (a-vid'i-ti), n. Eagerness; 
greediness. [L. —avidus, greedy.] 

avocation (av-o-ka'shun), n. 1. Di- 
version, calling away. 2. Vocation, 
business. [L — ab, from, and voco , call.] 

avoid (a-void'), vt. Keep away from.-— 
avoid able, a.— avoidance, n. Act 
of avoiding. [See void.] 
Syn. Elude; evade; shun. 

avoirdupois (av-er-do-poiz'), n. and 
a. System of weights in which tha 
pound equals 16 ounces. [From O. 
Fr. aver de pes, goods of weight.] 

avouch (a-vowch'), vt. Avow; assert; 
declare positively. [O. Fr. vocher — 
Li. voco, call.] 

avow (a-vow'), vt. Declare openly ; own, 
confess.— avowal (a-vow 7 al), n. Po- 
sitive declaration; frank confession. 
— avow'edly, adv. [Fr. avouer — L. 
ad, to, and voveo, vow.] 

await (a-waf), vt. 1. Wait or look for. 
2. Be in store for. [See wait.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, more, wolf; 
mute, hut, bum; oil, owl, then. 



awake 



44 



azyme 



awake (a-wak'), v. [awa'king; awoke 

. (a-wok'), or awaked (a-wakf). ] I. vt. 
ELouse from sleep; put into action or 
new life; arouse; wake up. II. vi. 
Bestir oneself ; rise ; waken out of 
sleep or a state resembling it. 

awake (a-wak'), a. Not sleeping; in a 
state of Vigilance or action. 

awaken(a-wa'ken). vt. and vi. Awake. 
— awakening-, n. 1. Act of awak- 
ing. 2. Revival, as of religion. 

award (a- ward'). I. vt. Adjudge; as- 
sign ; decree ; apportion. II. n. 1. 
Judgment; decision of an arbitrator, 
or of a committee on premiums or 
prizes. 2. Document containing such 
a decision. 3. Matter, prize, or pre- 
mium awarded. [See ward.] 

aware ( a-war' ), 8. Apprised; con- 
scious; vigilant. [See wary.] 

away (a-wa'), adv. Absent; at or to a 
distance; aside; off. 

awe (a). I. vt. Strike with reverential 
fear;' influence by fear, terror, or res- 
pect. II. n. Reverential fear; dread 
inspired by something sublime. [A. S. 
ege, fear.] 

awestruck (a'struk), a. Impressed 
with reverential fear or terror. 

awful (a'fol), a. Inspiring or express- 
ing awe; fearful.— aw'fully, adv.— 
aw'fulness, n. [for a short time. 

awhile (a-whiT), adv. For some time; 

awin^(a-wiDg'), a*). On tbe wing. 

awkward (ak'ward), a. 1. Wanting 
dexterity; bungling; ungraceful; in- 
elegant. 2. Embarrassing ; perplex- 
ing ;hard to manage.— awkwardly, 
a^-awk'wardness, n. \_A. S. awk, 
wrong, left, and ward.] 

awl (al), n. Pointed instrument for 
punching small holes. [A. S. eel.'] 

awn (an), n. Bristle, such as the beard 
of barley, wheat, etc.— awned (and), 
a. Bearded; having awns.— awn less 
(an'les), a. Without awns ; beardless, 
[i'cel. ogn.] 

awning (an'ing), n. Shelter from the 
sun's ray's. [From Fr. auvent.] 

awoke (a-wok'). Past tense of awake. 

awry (a-ri'). a. and adv. Twisted to- 
ward one side or position; crooked; 
perverse. [See wry.] 

ax, axe (aks), n. Edged tool for chop- 
pingwood orhewingtimber.[A.S. mx.] 

axial (aks'i-al), a. 1. Pertainig to an 
axis. 2. Belonging to the trunk of 
the body. 3. Central, esp. used of the 
formation or mass forming the crest 
of a mountain-range. 

axil (aks'il), n. Angle between the 
stem or branch and tbe upper side of 
a leaf growing on it [L. axilla, little 
armpit.] 



axile (aks'il), a. Pertaining to, or 
situated in, the axis, [lary, o. [L, ] 

axilla ( aks-il'a) , n. Armpit.— axil- 
axiom ( aks'i-iim ), n. 1. Self-evident 
truth, taken as a basis for a logical 
deduction,— as the twelve "common 
notions" of Euclid. 2. Empirical law; 
generalization from the observation 
of individual instances.— axiomat'- 
ic, axiomatical, as.— axioinal ,'- 
ically, adv. [Gr. axioma — axios, 
worthy.] 

Syn. Aphorism; apothegm; adage; 
byword; dictum; truism; precept. 

axis ( aks'is ), n. [pi. axes (aks'ez).] 
Axle, or line, real or imaginary, on 
which a body revolves. [L.] 

axle ( aks'l ), n. Shaft or spindle on 
which a wheel revolves. (A- S. eaxl.] 

axle-arm (aks'1-arm), w. 1. Part of 
the axle contained in the box of the 
wheel. 2. One of the two pivots on 
which an axle revolves. 

ay, aye (a), adv. Ever; always. 

aye (i). I. adv. Yea; yes; indeed. II. 
n. Affirmative vote. [Form of vba.] 

aye-aye (l'i), n. Peculiar quadruped 
of Madagascar, living on trees. 

ayrie, ayry, 
(a'i-ri), n. See 

AERIE. 

Azalea (az-a'le- 

a), n. Genus of 
flowering 
plants allied to 
the rhododen- 
dron. [Gr. azal- 
eos, dry.] 

azimuth ( az'l- 
muth ), n. Arc 
of the horizon, 
intercepted be- 
tween the m e- 
ridian of any 

place and the vertical circle passing 
through the center of a heavenly 
body. [Ar. al, the, and sumut, paths.] 

azoic (a-zo'ik), a. Destitute of organic 
life, of of fossil remains of organic 
life. 

azote ( az'ot ), n. Nitrogen, so called 
because it does not sustain animal 
life. [Gr. a _priv. and 200, live.] 

Azrael (az'ra-el), n. In Mohammedan 
religion, the angel of death, who sep- 
araies man's soul fr.om tbe body, and 
is himself the last to die on the day of 
judgment. 

azure ( a'zhor ). I. a. Of a deep blue; 
sky-colored. II. n. Sky color; sky. [L.] 

azyme (az'im), n. Unleavened bread. 
[Gr.— a privative and zyme, yeast.] 




Azalea. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mifc; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, bum; oil, owl, then. 



45 



bagpipe 



|-j=SS] b (be), n. Second letter of the 
I PJ English alphabet. 
Wf\ baa (ba). I. n. Cry of a sheep. 

I A\ II. vi. Cry or bleat like a sheep. 
babble (bab'l). I. vt. Utter like 
a baby; prate. II. vi. Utter inarticu- 
late sounds incessantly, as a brook. 
2. Talk idly. 3. Gossip. III. n. Idle 
talk; ceaseless prattle.— babbler, n. 
One who babbles. 

babe (bab), n. Infant; baby. 

babel (ba'bel), n. Confused combina- 
tion of sounds. 

baboon (bab-6n'), n. Species of large 
monkey, having a long face, dog-like 
tusks, large lips, and a short tail. 
[Fr. babouin.] 

baby (ba'bi). I.n. Little child; infant. 

II. a. 1. Pertaining to an infant or in- 
fants. 2. Newly born or formed. — 
ba'byish, a. Like a baby. — ba'by- 
hood, n. State of infancy.— ba'by- 
isin, n. 1. Babyhood. 2. Childish 
speech. [Dim. of babe.] 

baccalaureate ( bak-a-la're-at ), n. 
Farewell sermon to graduating class. 

bacchanal (bak'a-nal), bacchana- 
lian (bak-a-na'li-an j. I. n. Devotee of 
Bacchus; one who indulges in drunk- 
en revels. II. a. Riotous; noisy.— 
bacchana'lia, bacchanals, n. pi: 
Drunken revels. 

bachelor (bach'e-lur) , n. 1. Unmarried 
man. 2. One who has taken the lowest 
university degree. [Fr. bachelier.] 

bacillus (ba-sil'us), n. Species of rod- 
shaped microscopic organisms be- 
longing to the genus Bacterium.— pi. 
bacilli (ba-sil'i). [L.=little staff.] 

back (baK.). I. n. 1. Hinder part of 
body in man, and upper part in qua- 
drupeds. 2. Part opposed to front. II. 
a. 1. Pertaining to or supporting the 
back. 2. Behind; remote; in arrears. 

III. adv. 1. To a former place, state 
or condition. 2. Behind; totbe rear. 
8. In return; again. [A. S. bcec] 

back(bak). I. vt. 1. Force or put back- 
ward; cause to recede. 2. Second or 
support; bet in favor of . 3. Mount or 
get upon the back. 4. Furnish with 
a back. 5. Superscribe. II. vi. Move, 
drive, or go backward. 

backbite (bak'bit), vt. Speak evil of 
one behind his back or in his absence. 
— backbiter, n._ —backbiting-, n. 

backbone (bak'bon), n. 1. Vertebral 
column. 2. Firmness; resolution. 

backgammon (bak-gam'un), n. Game 
played by two on a special board, the 
moves being determined by throwing 
dice, [back and game.] 

background (baK'grownd), n. Space 
behind the principal figures. 



backhand (bak'hand), n. Writing 
leaning to the left.— backhanded, 
a. Wiih the hand turned backward; 
iudirect; unfair. 

backsheesh, backshish (bak'shesh) 
n. Gift; tip. [Pers.] 

backslide (bak'slid'), vi. [-sliding; 
-slid or -slidden]. Fall or slide back 
in faith or morals ;apostatize.-back'« 
slider, n. One who backslides. 

backward (bak'ward), backwards 
(bak'wardz). I. adv. 1. Towards the 
back; with the back foremost; on the 
back. 2. Towards past times; oyway 
of reflection. 3. Reversely; fom the 
end to the beginning. 4. In a contrary 
manner. 5. From a better to a worse 
state. II. a. 1. Behind in progress or 
time. 2. Dilatory; unwilling. 3. Di- 
rected to tbe back. — back'wardly, 
adv. —backwardness, n. 

backwoods (bak'wodz), n. Unculti- 
vated part of a country. 

bacon (ba'kun), ra.Back or side of a hog, 
cured. [O. Fr.— O. H. Ger. bacho, side.] 

bacterium (bak-te'ri-um), n. [pi. bac- 
te'ria.] n. Microbe. [ Gr. balcterion— 
baktron, rod.] 

bacteriology ( bak-te-ri-ol'o-ji ), n. 
Science that treats of bacteria. 

bad (bad). I. a. [worse ; worst.] Not 
good; wicked ; hurtful. II. n. 1. State 
of being bad. 2. One who or that which 
is evil.— bad'ly, adv. — bad'ness, n. 
[Celt, baodh, wicked.] 

bade (bad), v. Past tense of bid. 

badge (baj), n. Distinctive decoration. 

badger (baj'er), n. Quadruped with a 
thick body and short legs. 

badinage (bad'i-naj; Fr. ba-di-nazh'), 
n. Light playful raillery; banter. [Fr.] 

baffle (baf'j), vt. Elude, defeat or check 
by artifice. [O. Fr. bejler, mock.] 

bag (bag). I.n. Sack; pouch. II. vt. 
[bag'ging; bagged]. Put into a bag: 
capture. III. vi. 1. Bulge like a full 
bag. 2. Appear bag-like; sag; bulge 
—baggy (bag'i), a. [A. S. baelg, bag.j 

bagatelle (bag-a-tel'), n. 1. Trifle. 2. 
Game played oh a nine-holed board 
with nine balls and a cue. [Fr.] 

baggage (bag'aj), 
n. 1. Trunks, Va- 
lises and other 
necessaries of 
a traveler. 2. 
Tents , provi- 
sions, etc., of 
an army. [Fr.] 

bagging (bag'- 
ing), n. Mate- 
rial for bags. 

bagpipe (bag'-pip), 
n. Primitive musical instrument. 




Bag-pipe. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mlt; note, Dot, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



bail 



46 



bail (bal). I. vt. 1. Set a person free by 
giving security for him. 2. Release 
®n the security of another. II. n. 1. 
One who procures the release of an- 
other by becoming security for his 
appearance. 2. The security given. 
[O. Fr L baU, guardian.] 

bail (bal), vt. Deliver goods in trust 
upon a contract. [by dipping it out. 

bail (bal), vt. Free a boat from water 

bail (bal), n. Handle of a p?:I, bucket, 
or kettle. [L. bajulus, a carrier.] 

bail (bal), n. One of the cross pieces 
on the top of the wicket in cricket. 
[O. Fr. battles, sticks, palisade.] 

bailable(bal'a-bl),a. Admitting of bail. 

bailee (bal-e'J, n. One to whom goods 
are committed in trust. 

bailiff (bal'if), n. Court officer whose 
duty it is to take charge of juries, 
wait upon the court, etc. [O. Fr. 
baillif; from root of bail.] 

bailor (bal'tir), n. One who delivers 
goods to another in trust. 

bait (bat), vt. 1. Provoke and harass 
by dogs, or in any way. 2. Put food 
on a hook or among snares, to attract 
fish, birds, or other animals. 3. Give 
refreshment on a journey. 

baize (baz), n. Coarse woolen cloth. 
[Fr. bat, chestnut colored.] 

bake (bak). I. vt. 1. Dry, harden, or 
cook by the heat of the sun or of fire. 

2. Prepare food in an oven. II. vi. 1. 
Do the work of baking. 2. Undergo 
the process of baking. [A. S. bacan, 
bake.] 

baker (ba'ker),_w. One who bakes.— 
— bakery (ba'ker-i), n. Place for 
baking bread, cake, etc. 

baking- (ba'king), n. 1. Process by 
which bread is baked. 2. Quantity 
baked at a time.— baking-powder, 
n. Powder used in baking as a substi- 
tute for yeast. 

balance (bal'ans). I. vt. Weigh in a 
balance; compare by estimating, as if 
in a balance. 2. Equal; make equal. 

3. Poise. II. vi. 1. Have equal weight 
or power; be in equipoise. 2. Hesitate. 

Syn. Equalize; counterpoise ; coun- 
teract; neutralize; adjust; waver. 

balance (bal'ans), n. 1. Pair of scales. 
2. Act of weighing. 3. That which 
renders weight or authority equal. 4. 
Sum required to make the two sides 
of an account equal, hence the sur- 
plus, or the sum due on an account. 
[L. bis, double, and lanx, dish.] 

balance sheet (bal'ans shet), n. Sheet 
of paper showing a summary and bal- 
ance of accounts. 




Balcony. 
bald'ness, 



balloon 

balcony- (bal'ko-ni), 
n. 1. Platform or 
gallery outside the 
window of a room. 
2. Elevated floor 
along the walls of 
a theater, etc., usu-_ 
ally between gal-' 
lerv and parquet. 

bald (bald), a. With- 
out hair on the 
head; bare; una- 
dorned.— baldly, t 
n. [Etymology doubtful.] 

balderdash (bal'der-dash), n. Idle, 
senseless talk. [Welch baldardd, 
prate.]_ 

bale (bal). I. n. Bundle of goods. II. 
vt Make ud into a bale. [O. Fr. bale 
— L. Li.balla, ball, bale.] 

bale (bal), n. Calamity; sorrow; mis- 
ery. — baleful (bal'fol), a. Bringing 
bale and woe. — bale'fully, adv. [Obs. 
Eng. bale, A. S. bealn, evil.] 

balk (bak). I. vt. Disappoint; elude; 
check. " II. vi. Stop abruptly. III. n. 
Hindrance or disappointment.— 
balky (bak'i), a. Inclined to balk. [A. 
S. balca, heap.] 

ball (bal). I. n. 1. Anything spherical, 
as a bullet, globe, etc. 2. Game played 
with a ball. 3. Entertainment of 
dancing. II. vt. Make into a ball. III. 
vi. Form a ball. [Fr. balle, ball.] 

ball-bearing, n. Bearing that turns 
on small steel balls. 

ballad (bal'ad), n. 1. Short simple 
air. 2. Popular song. 3. Short nar- 
rative poem. [Fr. ballade, song sung 
in dancing.] 

ballast (bal'ast). I. n. 1. Heavy matter 
used to make anything steady. 2. 
Earth or gravel used to fill the space 
between the rails on a railway. II. 
vt. Supply with ballast ; make or keep 
steady. [Dan. bar, bare, mere, and 
last, load.] 

ballet (bal-la' or bal'et), n. Thea- 
trical exhibition acted chiefly in dan- 
cing. 2. The dancers of such an ex- 
hibition collectively. [F. diaa. of bal, 
dance.] 



tW«Vi,r ikit mm^M 



Dirigible Balloon, or Airship. 

balloon (bal-16n'),». Bag or hollow 

sphere or cylinder of light material, 

which, being inflated with a gaa 



£&te, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; »ote, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



ballot 



47 



bankrupt 




Balustrade. 



lighter than air or with heated air, 
ascends and floats in the atmosphere. 
[Fr. ballon.} 

ballot (bal'ut). I. n. 1. Little ball used 
in voting. 2. Written or printed vote ; 
voting ticket. 3. Secret voting by put- 
ting a ball or ticket into a box. II. vt. 
andt'i. Vote by ballot. [Fr. ballotte, 
dim. of balle, ball.] 

balm (bam), n. 1. Aromatic plant. 2. 
Fragrant and healing ointment ob- 
tained from such a plant. 3. Anything 
that heals or soothes. [L.. balsdmumT] 

balmy(bam'i), a. Bearing balm; sooth- 
ing; healing; fragrant. 

balsam (bal'sam), n. 1. Name of certain 
plants. 2. Resinous oily substance 
flowing from them. [Gr. balsamon, 
gum of the balsam tree.] 

baluster (bal'us-ter), n. Small column 
or pilaster used as a support to the 
rail of a stair-case, etc. [Fr. balustre— 
Gr. balaustion, flower of the pomegra- 
nate; from the similarity of form.] 

balustrade (bal'us- 
trad), n. Row of 
balusters joined by 
a rail. 

bamboo (bam-b6') 
n. Gigantic reed, 
with hoi low- 
pointed stem, grow- 
ing in tropical countries. [Malay.] 

ban (ban),ra. 1. Proclamation. 2. Body 
of men summoned to arms. 3. Denun- 
ciation; eurse; authoritative prohibi- 
tion. [A. S. ] 

banana (ba-na'na), n. Gigantic trop- 
ical herbaceous plant,elosely allied to 
the plantain. 2. Clustering nutritious 
fruit of this plant. 

band (band). I. vt. and vi. Bind, unite. 
II. n. 1. Anything which binds togeth- 
er; fillet; tie; belt. 2. Body of armed 
men; company of musical perform- 
ers; company of persons united in 
some common design. [A. S. banda.] 

bandage (band'aj). I. n. Strip of cloth 
used to bind up a wound or fracture. 
II. vt. Bind with a bandage. [Fr.— 
bander, band, tie , etc.] 

bandanna, bandana (ban-dan'a), n. 
Colored silk or cotton handkerchief; 
originally one from India. 

bandbox (band'boks), n. Thin box for 
holding ruffs, bonnets, hats, etc.; 
ussally cylindrical. 

bandit (ban'dit), n. Outlaw ; robber ; 
highwayman ; b r i g a n d — banditti 
(ban-dit'ti), n. pi. Bandits. [It, bandito 
— ftandire, banish.] 

bandy (ban'di).n. 1. A club bent at the 
end for striking a bail. 2. Game of 



ball with such a club. II. vt. [ban'dy- 
ing; ban'died.] Beat to and fro as 
with a bandy; toss to and fro; eive 
and take. III. a. Crooked.— ban'dy. 
legged, a. Having crooked legs, 
[Fr. bander, bend.] 

bane (ban), n. Cause of ruin.— bane- 
ful, a. Destructive ; deadly.— bane - 
fnlly, adv. [A. S. bana, slayer.] 
Syn. Injury; pest; poison. 

bang (bang). I. vt. 1. Beat or thump. 
2. Fire a gun or anything that makes 
a sudden noise. 3. Slam. 4. Cut tbe 
hair across the forehead. II. vi. Re- 
sound with a loud noise. [Imitation 
of sound.] 

bang (bang), n. 1. Sadden noise; ex- 
plosion; thump; concussion. 2. Front 
hair cut straight across the forehead; 
commonly in the plural. 

banian (ban'yan).re. SameasBANVAN. 

banish (ban'ish), vt. Condemn to exile. 
— banishment, n. [See ban.] 

Syn. Expel; dispel; ostracize; expa- 
triate; proscribe; outlaw. 

bannister (ban'is-ter), n. Corruption 

Of BALUSTER. 

banjo (ban'jo), n. Musical instrument 
with five strings, having a head and 
neck like a guitar and a body like a 
tambourine. [Negro corruption of Fr. 
bandore — mandoline.] 

bank (bangk). I. n. 1. Mound or ridge 
of earth, or snow, etc. 2. Earthy mar- 
gin of a river, lake, etc. 3. Rising 
ground in the sea. I. vt. Inclose with 
a bank; raise a mound or bank about; 
defend or fortify with a bank.— Bank 
a fire : Cover with fine coal or s nut in 
a fire so it will keep or burn slowly. 

[A. S. BANC] 

bank (bangk). I. n. 1. Place where 
money is deposited, loaned, exchang- 
ed, etc. 2. Company associated in 
banking business. II. vt. Deposit in a 
bank. III. vi. 1. Do banking. 2. Trust. 
[A. S. banc, bench.] 

bankable (bangk'a-bl), a. Receivable 
at a bank; discountable, as notes. 

banker (bangk'er), n. One engaged in 
the banking business. 

banking (bangk'ing). I. n. Business of 
a banker. II. a. Pertaining to a bank. 

bank-note(bangk'not),ra. Note issued 
by a bank, which passes as money. 

bankrnpt (bangk'rupt). I. n. One 
who breaks or fails in business; in- 
solvent person. II. a. Insolvent; un- 
able to meet one's liabilities. III. vt. 
Cause to become bankrupt.— bank « 
ruptcy, n. State of being or act of 
becoming bankrupt, [bank and L. 
ruptus, broken.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn} oil, owl, then. 



banner 48 

banner (ban'er), n. Military stand- 
ard; flag or ensign. [Fr. bannihre, 
banner.] 

banns, bans (banz), n. pi. Notice of 
an intention of marriage. [A. S. ge- 
bann, proclamation.] 

banquet (bang'kwet). I. n. Feast; any 
rich treat or entertainment. II. vt. 
Give a feast to. III. vi. Fare sump- 
tuously. [Fr.] 

bantam (ban'tam), n. Small fowl with 
feathered shanks, probably brought 
from Bantam, in Java. 

banter (ban'ter). I. n. Humorous rail- 
lery; joking or jesting; challenge. 
II. vt. 1. Rail at humorously. 2. 
Challenge or provoke to something 
daring. [Etymology doubtful.] 

bantling 1 (bant'liug), n. Young child. 
[So called frojm the bands in which it 
is wrapped.] 

banyan (ban'yan), n. East-Indian fig- 
tree, whose branches take root and 
spread over a large area. 

baptism (bap'tizm), n. Act of baptiz- 
ing; initiatory rite of the Christian 
Church, by solemn immersion in, 
sprinkling with, or pouring on of 
water. — baptismal, a. 

Baptist(bap'tist), n. One who approves 
only of adult baptism by immersion; 
originally, one who administers the 
rite of baptism. —baptistery (bap'- 
tis-ter-i), baptistry (bap'tis-tri), n. 
Place where baptism is administered. 

baptize (bap-tiz'), v. Administer bap- 
tism; christen. [Gr. baptizo —bapto, 
dip in water.] 

bar (bar). I. vt. [bar'ring; barred 
(bard)]. 1. Fasten or secure, as with 
a bar. 2. Hinder or exclude. 3. Ex- 
cept; omit as an exception. II. n. 1. 
Oblong piece of iron or other solid 
substance; bolt; hindrance or ob- 
struction; bank, as of sand, at the 
mouth of a river. 2. Inclosed space 
in a tavern or saloon where liquors 
are served out. 3. Place in a court 
where criminals stand when ar- 
raigned; any tribunal, as the bar of 
}mblic opinion. 4. The lawyers col- 
ectively who practice at a court; the 
legal profession. 5. Stripe. 6. Divi- 
sion in music. [Fr. barre.] 

barb (barb). I. n. Beard-like jag near 
the point of an arrow, fish-hook, etc. 
II. vt. Arm with barbs. — barbed 
(frarbd), a. Furnished with barbs or 
barb-like points, as barbed wire. [Fr. 
— L. barba, beardj 

barbarian (bar-bari-an;. I. a. Unciv- 
ilized; savage; without taste or 
refinement. II. n. Uncivilized man; 



bark 



savage; cruel, brutal man. [See bar- 
barous.] 

barbaric (bar-bar'ik), a. Foreign; 
uncivilized ; rudely grand and im- 
pressive. 

barbarism (bar'bar-izm), n. 1. Form 
of speech contrary to the spirit of a 
language. 2. Rude, ignorant, unciv- 
ilized state; brutality; cruelty. 

barbarity (bar-bar'i-ti) , n. Savage- 
ness; cruelty. [barous. 

barbarize (bar'bar-iz), vt. Make bar- 
barbarous (bar'bar-us), a. Uncivil- 
ized; rude; savage; brutal. — bar* 
barously ,adv. [Gr. barbaros, foreign.] 

barbecue (bar'be-ku). I. n. Hog, ox, 
or other large animal roasted whole. 
2. Entertainment in the open air 
where an animal is roasted whole, 
II. vt. Roast a hog or other large ani- 
mal whole. [Fr. barbe-a-queue, (from) 
snout to tail.] 

barber (bar'ber). I. n. One who shaves 
beards, cuts and dresses hair. II. vt. 
Do the work of a barber. [L. barba 
beard.] 

bard (bard), n. 1. Poet and singer 
among the ancient Celts. 2. Poet. 

bare (bar). I. a. 1. Uncovered; naked. 
2. Scanty ; meager ; empty ; unfur- 
nished. 3 Mere; simple. II. vt. Strip; 
uncover ; make bare.— barely , adv. 
— bare'ness, n._ [A. S. bazr.\ 

barefaced (bar'fast), a. 1. Without a 
mask. 2. Impudent. 

barg-ain (bar'gen). I. n. 1. Agreement, 
2. Purchase. 3. Advantageous offer 
or purchase. II. vt. Barter; sell. III. 
vi. Make a contract. [M. L. barcania, 
traffic] 
Syn. Mutual pledge; stipulation. 

barg-e ( barj ), n. 1. Flat-bottomed 
boat used in unloading large vessels* 
2. Pleasure or state boat. [L. L. 
barca, boat.] [barytone, 

baritone ( bar'i-ton ), n. Same as 

bark (bark). I. vi. Make the peculiar 
short abrupt noise common to do^s. 
wolves, etc. II. n. Peculiar noise made 
by dogs, etc. [A. S. beorcan.] 

bark (bark). I. n. Outer rind or cover 
ing of a tree. II. vt. Strip or peel the 
bark from. III. vi. 
Shed bark ; come 
off, as the bark of 
the shellbark hick- 
ory tree. [A. S.] 

bark, barque 
(bark), n. 1. Three- 
masted vessel with^ 
no square sails on R . 

her mizzen mast. Baric. 

2. Any small ship; barge. [Fr. barque* 




fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



barley 

barley (bar'li), n. Grain used for food, 

but chiefly for making malt. 
barm (barm), n. Froth 
of fermenting beer or 
other liquor used as leav- 
en; yeast. [A. S.] 

barn (barn) , n. Storehouse 
for grain, hay, etc.; stable. 
[A. S. berth — ber, barley.] 

baritacle ( bar'na-kl ), n. 
1. Shell-fish, which adhere 
to the bottoms of ships, 
etc. 2. Persistent, office- 
holder. 3. Kind of wild 
goose. [Etym. doubtful.] 

barometer (ba-rom'e-ter), 
». Instrument for measur- 
ing the pressure of the 
atmosphere. [Gr. baros, 
weight, and metron, meas- 
ure.] 

One form consists of a glass Barometer, 
tube over 30 ins. long closed 
at one end, filled with mercury, 
and inverted in a cup of mercury. The 
vacuum formed at top of mercary column 
indicates the pressure. 

baromet'ric, barometrical (bar-o- 
met'rik-al), a. Pertaining to the 
barometer.— barometrically, adv. 
By means of a barometer. 

baron (bar'un), n. Rank of nobility 
next above a baronet and below a vis- 
count.— baronage (bar'un-aj), n. 1. 
Whole body of barons. 2. Dignity or 
land of a baron.— baroness (bar'un- 
es), n. fern.— baronial (bar-o'ni-al). 
a. —barony (bar'un-i), n. Territory 
of a baron. [Fr.] 

baronet (bar'un-et), n. Rank next 
above a knight and below a baron 
(lowest hereditary title in England). 
— baron et'cy, n. [Dim. of baron,] 

baroncbe (ba-rosh') , n. Double-seated 
four-wheeled carriage with a falling 
top. [Li.birotus, two- wheeled.] 

barrack (bar'ak),n. [Generally in pi.] 
Large building for soldiers ; collection 
of huts or cabins. [Fr. baraque.] 

barrel (bar'el). I. n. 1. Round oblong 
vessel, bulging in the middle, built of 
staves, girt with hoops and closed at 
both ends. 2. Quantity such a vessel 
will contain. 3. Any similar thing, 
round, hollow and long, as the barrel 
of a gun. II. vt. [barrelling; barrel- 
led.] Put in a barrel. [M. L. barile, 
barrel.] 

barren (bar'en),a. Unfruitful; stupid. 

— bar'renness,n — barrens, n. pi. 

Elevated lands with stunted trees. 

[O. Fr. baraigne.] [dull. 

Syn. Sterile; unproductive; devoid; 



49 



basic 



barricade ( bar-i-kad'), I. n. Hastily 

formed rude fortification.il. ^.Block ; 

obstruct; fortify. [Fr. — barre, bar.] 
barrier (bar'i-er), n. Defense; limit; 

obstruction. [Fr. barridre.] 
barrister (bar'is-ter),/i. One qualified 

to plead at the bar in an English law- 
court. 
barroom (bar'rom), n. Saloon. 
barrow(bar'o), n. Small hand carriage. 

[A. S. berewe—beran, bear.] 
barrow (bar'o), n. 1. Hill. 2. Mound 

over graves. lA.S. beorgan, hide.] 
barter (bar'ter). I. vt. and vi. Traffic 

by exchange of commodities. II. n. 

Exchange of commodities; article 

given in exchange. [O. Fr. bareter.] 
barytone (bar'i-ton ), n. Male voice 

between bass and tenor. [Gr. barys, 

heavy, and tonos, tone.] 
basal (ba'sal), a. Fundamental. 
basalt (ba-salf), a. Hard, dark-colored 

rock of igneous origin.— basaltic, a. 

[L. basaltes, Ethiopian marble.] 




Basalt formation, Fingal's cave, Scotland- 
base (bas). I. a. 1. Low in place, value, 
estimation, or principle. 2. Humble. 
II. n. 1. That on which a thing rests; 
bottom; foundation; support. 2. For- 
tified line from which an army oper- 
ates, and is supplied. 3. Place of start- 
ing, as in baseball, etc. 4. That with 
which an acid unites to form salts. III. 
vt. Place on a foundation.— base'ly, 
a^.-base'ness, n. [Gr. basis, step, 
pedestal,— baino, step, walk.] 

Syn. Mean; vile; sordid; degraded; 

ignoble; abject; infamous; debased. 

baseball (bas'bal ), n. Game of ball 

played on a diamond-shaped field 

having four bases. [the main floor. 

basement (bas'ment), n. Floor below 

basbful (bash'fol), a. Easily abashed 

or confused; diffident.— bash'fnlly, 

adv.— basb'fnlness, n. [From root 

of abash.] [coy; sheepish. 

Syn. Shy; over-modest; shrinking; 

basic (ba'sik ), a. Pertaining to or 

constituting a base. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn, oil, owl, then. 



basilisk 



60 



bauble 



basilisk (baz'i-lisk), n. 1. Fabulous 
serpent having a crest like a crown. 
2. Kind of crested lizard. [Gr. basilis- 
kos, dim.of basileus, king.] 

basin (ba'sin), n. 1. Open vessel in 
which to wash the face, hands, etc. 2. 
Anything of similar form. 3. Area 
drained by a river and its tributaries. 
[Fr. bassin.] 

basis (ba'sis), n. 1. Foundation on 
which a thing rests. 2. Ground work 
or first principle. 3. Chief ingredient. 
— vt. bases (ba'sez). [Gr. basis, step, 
foot, foundation.] 

bask (bask), vi. Lie in genial warmth 
or under fostering influence. [Ety- 
mology doubtful.] 

basket (bas'ket), n. Vessel made of 
plaited twigs, rushes, or other flexible 
materials. [Wei. basged.] 

bas-relief ( ha-re-lef), bass-relief 
(bas-re-lef), n. Sculpture in which the 
figures do not stand far out from the 
ground on whicn they are formed. 
[It. basso rilievo. See bask, low, and 

BELIEF.] 

bass (bas), I. n. Low or grave part in 
music. II. a. Low; deep; grave. [See 
base, low.] [species. [A. S. beers.] 

bass (bas), n. Food fish of several 

bass (bas), n. American linden-tree. 
[A. S. bcest, linden-tree.] 

bassoon (bas-son'), n. Reed wind in- 
strument of base note. [It. bassone, 
augmentative of basso, low.] 

bass viol (bas' vi-ul), n. Violin for 
playing bass; violoncello. [See bass, 
low and viol.] 

bastard (bas'tard). I. n. One born out 
of wedlock. II. a. Illegitimate ; spuri- 
ous.— bas'tardy, n. State of being a 
bastardy [Fr. bdtard.] 

baste (bast), vt. Sew lightly or with 
long stitches. [O. Fr. bastir.] 

baste (bast), vt. Drip fat or anything 
similar over meat while roasting. 

bastinade (bas-ti-nad'), bastinado 
(bas-ti-na'do). I. n. Beating with a 
stick; mode of punishment in the 
East by beating an offender on the 
soles of the feet. II. vt. Inflict basti- 
nado on; beat with a stick or cudgel. 
[Fr. bastonnade — baston, bdton.] 

bat (bat). I. vt. and vi. Strike at with a 
olub or bat, as in baseball or cricket; 
use the bat in playing any game ; beat 
with a club. II. n. Club, or anything 
similar used to strike the ball in base- 
ball or cricket. 2. One who handles the 
bat in a game of ball or cricket; bats- 
man. 3. Batting. 4. Piece of brick 
used as a weapon; brickbat. [Celt. 
bat, from the root of beat.] 




bat (bat), n. Flying 
mammal which 
feeds on insects, etc. 

batcb (bac h), n. 
Quantity of bread 
baked or anything 
made at one time. 
[From bake.] 

bate (bat), vt. and vi. Bat - 

Beat down or lower ; diminish ; abate. 

bateau (ba-to'),?i. Long_ narrow light 
boat.— pi. bateaux (ba-toz'). [Fr.] 

batb (bath), n. 1. Bathing. 2. Water 
or other liquid for bathing in. 3. 
House or other place for bathing. 
[A. S. bath.} 

bathe (Joath). I. vt. Wash or immerse 
as in a bath. II. vi. Enter or lie in the 
bath.— bather (ba'^Aer), n. One who 
bathes. 

bathos (ba'thos), n. Ludicrous descent 
from the elevated to the mean in 
writing or speech. [Gr.— bathys, deep.] 

baton (bat'un), n. Staff or rod. [Fr. 
bdton.] [wields the bat. 

batsman (bats'man), n. One who 

battalion (bat-tal'yun), n. Body of 
soldiers, including two or more com- 
panies. [Fr. from root of battle.] 

batten (bat'n). I. vt. 1. Fatten. 2. 
Fertilize or enrich. II. vi. 1. Grow 
fat. 2. Live in luxury. [Icel. batna, 
grow better.] 

batten (bat'n). I. n. Strip or slat of 
wood. II. vt. Fasten with battens. 
[From Fr. bdton.] 

batter (bat'er). I. vt. 1. Beat with suc- 
cessive blows. 2. Wear with beating 
or use. 3. Mar; bruise; dent. II. n. 
Thin mixture of several ingredients, 
as flour, eggs, milk, etc., beaten to- 
gether. [Fr. battre, beat.] 

batter (bat'er), n. Batsman. [See bat.] 

battery (bat'er-i), n. Number of can- 
nons with their equipment. 2. Place 
on which cannon are mounted. 3. 
Mew and horses attending a battery. 
4. Apparatus for generating or stor- 
ing electricity. 5. Unlawful beating 
or even touching of a person. [Fr. 
batterie.] 

batting (bat'ing), n. 1. Cotton or wool 
in sheets, prepared for quilts, etc. 2. 
Wielding of a bat at play. 

battle (bat'l). I.n. 1. Contest between 
opposing military or naval forces. 2. 
Any contest. II. vi. Fight,.[Fr.bataiUe.] 
— bat'tlement,7i. Indented parapetof 
a wall. Syn. Fight; encounter; combat. 

bauble (ba'bl), n. Piece of tinsel; gew- 
gaw ; child's plaything; something 
showy but of trifling value. [Fr, 
\abiole, toy.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare,'above; mS, met, fagr; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



bawl 



bawl(bal).I.i>i. Cry loudly; shout. II. n. 
Loud cry or wail. [Icel. baula, bellow.] 

bay (ba). I. n. Bark of a dog, as when 
following game. II. vt. Bark at, fol- 
low with barking. III. vi. Bark, as a 
dog. [O. Fr. abbayer, bark.] 

bay (ba). I. n. Standstill. II vt. Drive 
to bay; bring to the condition of 
at bay, (turning upon pursuers from 
an inability to escape.) 

bay (ba), n. 1. Recess of the shore. 2. 
Recess or opening in walls.— bay 
window, n. Window projecting out- 
ward so as to form a bay or recess 
within. [Fr. bale— L. baia, harbor.] 

bay (ba). La. Rediish-brown, in- 
clining to chestnut. II. n. Bay horse. 
[Fr. bai— ~L.ba~ius, chestnut-colored.] 

bay (ba),7i. 1. Laurel- tree. 2. Honor- 
ary crown or garlan l of victory, orig- 
inally of laurel. 3. Literary renown. 
[Fr. bale, berry.] 

bayonet (ba'o-net). I. n. Dagger- 
like weapon attached to the muzzle of 
a rifle or other similar firearm. II. vt. 
Stab with the bayonet. [Fr. baio- 
nette; fromBayonne, in France, where 
first made.] 

bay on (bi'o), n. Inlet or outlet of a 
lake, bay, river, etc. [Fr. boyau, 
channel.] 

bazar, bazaar (ba-zar'), n. 1. Eastern 
market-place or exchange. 2. Estab- 
lishment for selling various kinds of 
fancy goods; fair for the sale of such 
goods for a benevolent object. [Pers. 
bazar, market. 

be (be), vi. [being, been (bin).] 1. Exist. 
2. Take place. 3. In most cases the 
verb be serves merely as copula be- 
tween subject and predicate. [A. S. 
bean, be.] 

be-, prefix. 1 . Signifies by, about, as in 
Seside, Gefog. 2. In &egin, beho\A, etc., it 
has lost its meaning. [ A. S. bi=BY.] 

beacb (bech). I. n. Sandy sloping shore 
of sea or lake. II. vt. Run or drag upon 
a beach. — beacbed (becht), a. 1. 
Having a beach. 2. Driven or dragged 
on a beach. [Etymology unknown.] 

beacon (be'kn). I. n. 1. Fire on an 
eminence used as a sign of danger. 2. 
Warning or guiding signal of any 
nature. II. vt. Act as a beacon to; 
light up. [A. S. been, sign.] 

bead ( bed), n. 1. Small globe pierced 
for stringing and forming into neck- 
laces, rosaries, etc. 2. Anything resem- 
bling a bead, front sight on a gun; 
bubbles floating on the surface of 
liquors or appearing at the sides of 
the glass containing them. [A.S, bed, 
gebed, prayerj 



51 beard 

•- — « 

beadle ( b e ' d 1 ) , n. 1. Messenger or 
crier of a court. 2. Petty officer of a 
church, parish, college, etc. [A. S 
bydel — beodan, proclaim, bid.] 

beagle (be'gl), n. Small hound. 

beak (bek), n. Bill of a bird; anything 
pointed or projecting. [Fr. bee, beak.] 

beaker ( be'ker ) n. Large drinking- 
bowl orgoblet. [Gr. bikos, wine-vessel.] 

beam(bem), n. 1. Large and straight 
piece of timber or iron forming one 
of the main supports of a building, 
ship, etc. 2. Part of a balance from 
which the scales hang. 3. Ray of 
light. [A. S. beam, tree.] 

beam (bem). I. vt. Send forth, emit, 
as light. II. vi. Shine.— beamy (be'mi). 
a. Emitting rays of light; radiant. 

bean (ben), n. Well-known cultivated 
plant and its edible seed. [A. S.] 

bear (bar), v. [bear'ing; bore (bor); 
borne (born) — but the pa. p. when 
used to mean 'brought forth' is 'born* 
(barn).] I. vt. 1. Carry. 2. Endure. 3. 
Bebave. 4. Admit of. 5. Possess and 
use. 6. Bring forth. II. vi. 1. Suffer 
with patience. 2. (upon) Press; relate; 
act. 3. Take a certain direction. 4. Be 
fruitful. [A. S. beran, bear.] 

Syn. Support; sustain; maintain; 
uphold; convey; waft; bring; yield; 
produce; tolerate; under'go; suffer 
for; show; render; cherish. 




bear (bar), n. 1. Wild quadruped, with 
long shaggy hair and hooked claws. 
2. Coarse or ill-behaved person. 3. 
Name of two constellations, the Great 
and the Little Bear. 4. One who spe- 
culates upon a depression of prices. 

bear (bar), vt. Depress the price of, 
as stocks, grain, etc. 

beard (berd). I. n. 1. Hair that grows 
on a man's chin and adjacent parts of 
face. 2. Awn of grass, wheat, etc.; 
barb of an arrow, fish-hook, etc. ; gills 
of an oyster, clam, etc.; tail of a 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, more, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



bearer 



52 



bedim 



comet. II.^.Take or pull by the beard ; 

oppose face to face; defy. [A. S,] 
bearer (bar'er), n. One who or that 

which bears, carries, or produces. 
bearing- ( bar'ing ), n. 1. Behavior; 

deportment. 2. Relation; connection. 

3. Carrying, supporting, producing, 
etc. 4. Part of an axle, shaft, etc., in 
contact with the collar or boxing. 

[See BAJL.L- BEARING.] 

bearish (bar'ish), a. 1. Like a bear; 
rough ; surly. 2. Favorable to the 
bears; with prices tending downwards. 

boast (best), n. 1. Any animal, ex- 
cepting man. 2. Vertebrate animal, 
excepting birds and fishes. 3. Beastly 
person.— beastly, a. and adv. Like a 
beast in form, nature, or behavior; 
coarse; filthy; brutal. [L. bestia, beast.] 

beat (bet), v. Tbeat'ing; beat; beat'en.J 
I. vt. 1. Strike or dash repeatedly 
against. 2. Strike, as bushes, to rouse 
game. 3. Mix or agitate by beating. 

4. Vanquish; outdo; baffle; get the' 
advantage of. II. vi. 1. Give strokes 
repeatedly. 2. Dash with force, 3. 
Pulsate. [A.S. beatan. See bat.] 

Syn. Thump; pound; knock; bela- 
bor; thrash; cudgel; conquer; over- 
reach; surpass; overcome; throb.. 

beat (bet), n. 1. Stroke or blow. 2. 

k Recurring stroke, or its sound, as of 
a watch or pulse. 3. Round or course, 
as a policeman's beat. 

beatific (be-a-tif'ik ), beatifical, a. 
Making supremely happy. — beatific 
cation (b§-at-i-fi-ka'shuu), n. 1. Act of 
beatifying. 2. Declaration by the pope 
that a person is blessed inJieaven. 

beatify ( be-at'i-fi), vt. [Deatifying; 
beatified.] I. Make blessed or happy. 

f 2. Bless with eternal happiness in 
heaven. [L. beatus, blessed, and facio, 
make.] 

beatitude ( be-at'i-tud ), n. Heavenly 
happiness, or happiness of the highest 
kind. — beatitudes, n. pi. The say- 
ings of Christ in Matt, v., declaring 
the possessors of certain virtues to be 
blessed. 

beau (bo), n. 1, Man studious of fash- 
ion and fond of dress. 2. Suitor or 
escort to a lady ; a lover. — pi. beaus 
or beaux (boz). [Fr. beau, fine.] 

beau-ideal (bo-i-de'al),». Ideal stand- 
ard of perfection. [F.j 

beauteous(bu'te-us), a. Full of beauty. 
Syn. Beautiful; fine; lovely; charm- 
ing; fair; graceful; elegant; comely; 
delightful l showy ; perfect. 

beautify (ou'ti-ii),vt. and vi. [beau'ti- 
fying; beau'tified.] Embellish; make 
or grow more beautiful. 






Beaver. 



beauty (bu'ti), n. 1. Pleasing assem- 
blage of qualities. 2. Beautiful object. 
— beautiful, a. Having beauty; 
delighting the senses. [Fr. beauU.\ 

beaver (be'ver), n. Part of a helmet 
which covers the face. [O. Fr. baviere, 
a child's bib.] 

beaver ( be'ver ), n. 
1. Amphibious 
quadruped valu- 
able for its fur. 2. 
Fur of the beaver. 
3. Hat made of the 
beaver's fur. [A.S. 
befer.] 

becalm (be-kam'), vt 1. Make calm 
still or quiet._ 2. Deprive of wind. 

became (be-kam'), v. Past of become. 

because (be-kaz'). I. adv. By reason 
(of). II. conj "For the reason that. 
[by and cause.] 

beck (bek),/&. Sign with the head or 
hand; nod. [See beckon.] 

beckon (bek'un), vt. and vi. Make a 
sign or signal by a nod, a motion of 
the hand, or other gesture. [A. S. 
been, sign.] [obscure. 

becloud ( be-klowd' ), vt. Overcloud; 

become (be-kum'), v. [becoming; be- 
came' jbeoome'.] I. fltf.SuitTbefit; accord 
with. II. vi. 1. Pass from one state to 
another; come to be. 2. Be the fate 
oreud (of). [A. S. beeuman, bajpjpen.l 

becoming ( be-kumlng ), a. ^gfa^e 
(to); in keeping (with). — beeom'- 
ingly, adv. — beconi'ingness, n. 
Syn. Proper; befitting; appropriate; 
graceful; decorous; seemly; decent. 
• Becquerel rays (bek'rel raz), n. pi. 
Peculiar luminous rays emitted by 
the compounds of uranium, having 
properties similar to those of cathodic 
and also of Roentgen rays. [Named 
from their discoverer, Henri Becque- 
rel, Fr. physicist.] 

bed (bed), n. 1. Anything designed for 
sleeping on or in. 2. That in which 
anything lies or is imbedded; channel 
of a river; garden plot. 3. Anything 
likened to a bed; layer or stratum; 
level mass, as a bed of molten lava.— 
bed 'ding, ra. Materials of a bed. [A. S.l 

I. vt. 



bed (bed), v. [bed'ding; bed'ded.] 
1. Place in bed. 2. Sow or plant. 3. 
Lay in layers. II. vi. Cohabit. 

bedaub (be-dab'), vt. Daub over; be- 
smear, [ment. 

bedeck (be-dek')> vt. Deck or orna- 

bedew (be-du'), vt. Moisten gently, as 
with dew. 

bedim (be-dim'), vt. [bedim'ming; be- 
dimmed (-dimd').] Make dim or 
obscure. 



fate, fat, task, far, faU, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; nSte, not, more, wolf; 
mute, hut, bum; oil, owl, then. 



bedizen 



63 



begrime 




Bedouin. 




bedizen (be-diz'n), vt. Dress gaudily 

bedlam(bedlam), n. 1. Mad- 
house. 2. Place of uproar ; 
scene of wild tumult. [Cor- 
ruption of Bethlehem a 
madhouse in London.] 

Bedonin (bed'6-in), n. Arab 
of the nomad type. [Pr. 
— Ar. badawin. dwellers in 
the desert.] 

bedridden (bed'rid-n), a. 
Confined to bed by age, in- 
firmity or illness. 

bedstead (bed'sted), 
n. Frame for supporting 
a bed. [A, S. bed, bed, 
and stede, place.] 

bee (be), n. 1. 
Pour - winged 
insect that 
gathers honey. 
2. Gathering of 
neighbors to 
help along 
some work or 
engage in some 

pleasurable Working Bee. 

contest, as a 

husking bee, or a spelling bee.— bee- 
hive (be'hiv), n. Hive or home for 
bees.— bee-line, n. Straight course, 
as that of a bee making for its hive. 
[A. S. 6*.] 

beecb (bech), n. Well-known forest 
tree, with a smooth bark, and pro- 
ducing triangular edible nuts. — 
beecn'en, a. [A. S. bece.] 

beef (bef). n. 1. Flesh of an ox or a 
cow. 2. Ox or cow.— beeves (bevz), 
n. pi. Oxen or cows, regarded as fit 
for fooc^JFr. boeuf, It. bove—Lt. bos, 
bovis, oxTp 

beefsteak (bef'stak), n. Slice of beef 
for broiling, frying, etc. 

been ( bin), v. Past participle of BE. 

beer (ber), n. Liquor made by fermen- 
tation from malted barley and hops ; 
the name is also given to other bever- 
ages, not fermented, as spruce beer, 
root beer, etc. 

beeswax (bes'waks), n. 
Substance used by bees 
in constructing their 
combs. 

beet (bet), n. 1. Well- 
known plant, the differ- 
ent species of which fur- 
nish food for man, or 
for cattle, or furnish 
sugar. 2. Root of the 
plant. _[A. S. bete.] 

beetle(be'tl), w.|Insect with hard, shelly 
wmg-cases. [A. S. bitel — biten, bite.] 




Sugar beet. 



beetle (be'tl). I. n. Heavy wooden mal- 
let. Il.vt. Beat with a beetle. III. vi. Jut 
out. — bee'tle-browed, a. With over- 
hanging or prominent brow.— beet'- 
line', a. Jutting; prominent. [A. S. 
bitl,oytel, a mallet— beatan, beat.] 

beeves (bevz), n. pi. See beef. 

befall (be-fal'), v. [befalling; befell'; 
befallen.] "I. vt. Happen to ; betide. 
II. vi. Happen; come to pass. [A. S. 
befeallan. See fall,.] 

befit (be-fif), vt. Be fit or suitable for; 
be becoming to. 

befog (be-fog'), vt. [befog'glng ; befog- 
ged (be-fogd').] Involve in a fog; 
confuse. [fatuate. 

befool (be-foT), vt. Fool; delude; in- 

before (be-for'). I. prep. 1. In front of, 
2. In presence or sight of. 3 Previous 
to. 4. In preference to. 5. Superior 
to. II. adv. 1. In front. 2. Sooner 
than. 3. Hitherto. 4. Already ; pre- 
viously. III. con,). 1. Earlier than. 2. 
Rather than. [A.S. beforan.] 

beforehand (be-for'hand). I. a. Well 
prepared. II. adv. 1. Before the time; 
in advance. 2. By way of preparation. 

befoul (be-fowl'), vt. Soil; nollute; 
tarnish. [friend to; favor, aid. 

befriend (be-frend'), vt. Act as a 

beg (beg), v. [beg'ging; begged (begd).] 
I. vt. 1. Ask earnestly. 2. Ask in char- 
ity. 3. Take for granted; assume 
without proof. II. vi. Practice beg- 
ging. [Etymology doubtful.] 
Syn. Supplicate; request; beseech. 

beget (be-get'\ vt. [beget' ting, be#of; 
begot' ten or begot'.] Procreate,* cause 
to come into existence; generate; pro- 
duce. [A.S. begitan, acquire. See get.] 

beggar (beg'ar). I. n. One who begs; 
one who lives by begging. II. vt. 1. 
Reduce to beggary. 2. Exhaust. -. 
beg'garly, a. Poor; mean; sordj£l. 
— beg'garly, adv. Meanly; sordidly. 
—beggary (beg'ar-i), n. Extreme 
poverty. 

begin (be-gin'), v. [begin'ning; began'; 
begun'.] I. vt. Commence; enter up- 
on; start. II. vi. Take rise; commence. 
— begin'ner, n. 1. Originator ; au- 
thor; first mover. 2. ! Inexperienced 
learner. — begin'ning, n. 1. First 
cause or origin. 2. First state or com- 
mencement. 3. First part or stage. 
[A. S. beginnan — probably from be, 
and ginian, yawn, open.] 

begone (be-gan') , inter j. Go away ! 

begot (be-gof), v. Past tense of beget. 

begotten (be-got'n), v. Past partici- 
ple of BEGET. 

begrime (be-grlm') . vt. Soil with dirt 

' or soot. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, hSr ; mite, mit; note, npt, move, wolf ; 
mite, hut. burn; oil, pwl, Men. 



begrudge 



54 



below 



begrudge (be-gru j') , vt. Envy the pos- 
session or enjoyment of. 

beguile (be-gll'),^. 1. Cheat. 2. Cause 
to pass pleasingly [See guile.] 
Syn. Deceive; delude ;divert; amuse. 

begun ( be-gun' ), v. Pa. p. of begin. 

behalf (be-haf ), n. 1. Favor, interest, 
as, in your behalf. 2. Affair, as, m 
this behalf. [From A.S. be, by, and 
healfhalf, part.] * 

behave (be-hav'). I. vt. Conduct, de- 
part, demean (oneself). II. vi. Act; 
conduct oneself; conduct oneself well. 
[A. S. behabban, hold, restraint.] 

behavior ( be-ha'vi-ur), n. Conduct; 
manners, deportment. [decapitate. 

behead (be-hed'), vt. Cut off the head ; 

beheld (be-held'), v. Past tense and 
past participle of behold. 

behest (be-hesf), n. Command; 
chai-ge. [A.S. behces, promise.] 

behind ( be-hind' ). I. prep. 1. At the 
back of; after or coming after. 2. In- 
ferior to. II. adv. At the back; in the 
rear; backward; past. [A.S. behindan.] 

behindhand (be-hind'hand), atfy. and 
a. Tardy; in arrears. 

behold (be-hold'), v. [behold'ing; be- 
held'.] I. vt. 1. Hold, keep. 2. Keep 
in view, look upon. II. vi. .Look; fix 
the attention. III. inter j. See I lo ! 
observe I [A. S. be-, and healdan, hold.] 

beholden (be-hol'dn), a. Obliged; in- 
debted . [Old pa. p. of behold. ] 

beholder (be-hol'der), n. One who be- 
holds; looker on. 

behoof (be-hof), n. Benefit; conven- 
ience. [See behoove.] 

behoove (be-hov'),^. Become neces- 
sary or proper for (now only used im- 
personally with it.) [A. S. behofian, 
need, be necessary] 

being- (being). I. pr. p. of be. II. n. 
Existence; person or thing existing. 

belabor (be-la'bur), vt. Beat soundly. 

belate (be-lat), vt. Cause to be late; 
delay. — bela'ted, a. Detained till 
late; overtaken by night. 

belch (belch). I. vt. Eject with force 
or violence. II. vi. 1. Eject wind from 
the stomach. 2. Issue forcibly, as a 
flame from a furnace. [A.S.bealcan.] 

beldam ( bel'dam ), beldame ( bel'- 
dam), n. 1. 'Grandmother. .2. Ill- 
natured old woman; hag. [Fr. belle, 
fair, and dame, lady.] 

beleaguer (be-le'ger), vt. Lay siege 
to. [Dut. belegeren, besiege.] 

belemnite (be-lem'nit), n. Cigar- 
shaped fossil, called thunderbolt. 
[From Gr. belemnon, dart.] 

belfry (bel'fri), n. 1. Movable tower. 
2. Bell-tower; place for a bell or bells. 



r, n. [A. S. gelyfan, believe.] 
(be-llk'). adv. Probably; per- 



[From A. S. beorgan, protect and 
frith, shelter.) 

belie (be-li'), vt. 1. Give the lie to? 
prove to be false. 2. Fail to meet ex- 
pectation. [A. S. be-, and leogan, lie.] 

belief (be-lef), n. 1. Confidence; faith. 
2. Thing believed; creed. 
Syn. Assurance; credence; opinion. 

believe ( be-lev' ). I. vt. 1. Accent as 
true. 2. Trust in the veracity of. II. 
vi. 1. Accept a proposition as true. 2. 
Have faith. 3. Think, suppose.— be- 
lie'ver, n. " 

belike 
haps. [A. S. be- and like.] 

belittle (be-lit'l), vt. Cause to appear 
little; disparage. 

bell ( bel ). I. n. 1. Hollow metallic 
instrument for producing sound when 
struck. 2. Anything shaped like a 
bell. II. vt. Put, a bell or bells on. III. 
vi. Grow in the form of > bells, as buds 
or flowers. [A. S. belle, bell.] 

belladonna (bel-a-don'a), n. Deadly 
nightshade, poisonous plant, used in 
medicine. [It. bella-donna, fair lady.] 

belle (bel), n. Reigning beauty. [Fr. 
fern, of beau.] 

belles-lettres (bel-let'r), n. Polite, 
elegant literature. [Fr. belles, fine 
and lettres, learning.] 

bellicose (bel'i-k5s), a. Warlike; con* 
tentious. [L. bellicosus—beclum, wac] 

belligerent ( bel-lij'er-ent ). I. a. 
Waging war. II. n. Nation, party or 
person engaged in war or contest. 
[D. bellum, war, and gero, carry on.] 

bellow (bel'6). I. vt. Utter with a 
loud voice. II. vi. Utter a hollow loud 
sound, as a bull; vociferate ; clamor; 
roar. in. n. Loud hollow sound or 
roar, as of a bull; loud outcry. [A.S. 
bellan, bellow.] 

bellows (bel'oz), n.(sing. andpl.). Con- 
trivance for blowing a fire, supplying 
wind to an organ, etc. [A. S. belg, bag.] 

belly (bel'i). I. n. 1. Part of the body 
from the chest to the thighs ; abdo- 
men. 2. Part of anything that swells 
or bulges out. II. vt. Swell out; fill. 
III. vi. Swell. [A. S. belg, bag.] 

belong* (be-lang*), vi. Pertain; Depart 
of, property of; have residence; be 
appropriate. [A. S. gelangan.] 

belonging- (be-lang'ing), n. That 
which belongs to a person or thing, 
(generally in the plural). 

beloved (be-luvd'). I. «. Loved; dear. 
II. n. One loved. 

below (be-lo'). I. prep. 1. Beneath, in 
place or rank. 2. Not worthy of. II. 
adv. 1. In a lower place. 2. On earth 
or in hades, as opposed to heaven. 



tote, fat, task, far, tail, fare, above ; m§, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolfs 
mite, hut, burn; oil, owi, tftea, 



belt 55 

belt (belt). I. n. 1. Girdle or band. 2. 
Anything resembling a band; strait; 
Zone; ring. II. vt. Encompass as with 
a belt; encircle.— belt' ed, a. Wear- 
ing a belt.— belt'ing, n. 1. Belts col- 
lectively, especially as connected with 
machinery. 2. Material of which belts 
are made. [A. S.] {wail. 

bemoan (be-m5n'), vt. Lament; be- 

bench (bench), n. 1. Long seat. 2. Me- 
chanic's work table. 3. Judge' s seat. 
4. Body of judges. — bench-war'- 
rant, n. Warrant of arrest by a court. 
[A. S. bene] 

bend (bend),«. [bend'ing ; bent or 
bend'ed.] I.vt. 1. Curve, make crooked, 
turn, incline. 2. Subdue. 3. Apply 
closely. II. vi. 1. Be curved or crook- 
ed. 2. Lean, jut over. 3. Bow in 
submission. IILn. Curve, crook, turn. 
[A. S. bendan, bend.] 

beneath (be-neth'). 1. prep. 1. Un- 
der, or lower in place, rank, or condi- 
tion. 2. Under the pressure or weight 
of. 3. Unworthy. II. adv. In a lower 
place; below; underneath. [A. S. 
binithan. See nether.] 

benedict (ben-'e-dikt). I. a. Blessed ; 
salutary. II. n. Newly married man. 

benediction ( ben-e-dik'shun ), n. 1. 
Blessing. 2. Invocation of divine bles- 
sing. [L — bene, well, and dico, say.] 

benefaction ( ben-e-fak'shun ), n. 1. 
Act of conferring a benefit. 2. Benefit 
conf erred. [L.— &m€,well,and/aao,do.j 
Syn. Gratuity; boon; alms; gift. 

benefactor (ben-e-fak'tur), n. One 
who confers a benefit.— ben effac'- 
tress, n. fern. 

benefice (ben'e-fis), n. Ecclesiastical 
living, —beneficence (be-nef'i-sens), 
n. Active goodness^ kindness; ehar- 
rity. — beneficent (be-nef'i-sent), a. 
Doing good; kind; generous; chari- 
table. — beneficently, adv. -bene- 
ficial (ben-e-fish'al), a. Doing good; 
useful; advantageous. — benefi'ci- 
ally, adv.— beneficiary (ben-e-fish'- 
i-ar-i), n. 1. One who holds or receives 
a benefit or profit. 2. One for whose 
benefit a trust is established. [Fr .— 
L. beneficium, favor.] 

benefit(ben'e-flt). I. n. 1. Profit; advan- 
tage; favor. 2. Public performance, 
or the proceeds arising therefrom, 

?;iven in behalf of a person or cause. 
I. vt. and vi. [benefiting; ben'efited.] 
Do good to, serve ; gain advantage. 
[Pr. bienfait — L. bene/actum — bene, 
well, and facio, do.] 
benevolence (be-nev'o-lens), n. Dis- 
position to do good ; kindness; chari- 



berth 



ty ; good will ; generosity. [L. bene 
volentia—bene, well, and volo, wish.] 

benevolent (be-nev'o-lent), a. Dis* 
posed to do good ; generous; chari- 
table.— benevolently, adv. 

benighted (be-ni'ted), a. Overtaken 
by night; involved in darkness; igno- 
rant. [A.S. prefix be, by, and night.] 

benign (be-nm'), a. Favorable; gra- 
cious ; kindly ; niild.— benignly , adv. 
—benignant (be-nig'nant), a. Kind; 
gracious. — benignant ly , adv.-^- 
benignity, n. [Li.oenignus, kind.] 

benison (ben'i-sun), n. Benediction. 

bent (bent), v. Pa. t. and pa. p. of bend, 

bent (bent), n. 1. Leaning or bias of 
mind ; fixed tendency ; particular 
direction. 2. Full stretch; utmost 
exertion. [From bend.] 

Syn. Inclination; purpose; predilec- 
tion; prepossession; flexion; course. 

bent (bent), n. Wiry grass. [A.S. beonet.] 

benumb (be-num'), vt. Make numb or 
torpid. [A.S. benumen, deprived.] 

benzene (ben'zen), n. Volatile inflam- 
mable liquid hydrocarbon ( C 6 H 8 ) 
obtained from coal-tar. Also called 
benzol, benzolin. 

benzin, benzine (ben'zin, ben-zen') 
n. Colorless liquid mixture of hydro- 
carbons, obtained from kerosene. 

benzoin (ben-zoin'), 
n. Fragrant, medi- 
cinal resin, obtain- 
ed from the Sty rax ' 
Benzoin, a tree of 
Sumatra. [Of Ar. 
origin.] 

bequeath (be- 
kwe^A), vt. 1. Give ] 
or leave by will. 2. 
Transmit, hand Styrax Benzoin, 
down to posterity. 
[A.S. be- and cwethan, say. See quoth.] 

bequest ( be-kwest'), n. Something 
bequeathed or left by will; legacy. 

bereave (be-rev'), vt. [berea'ving; be- 
reaved' or bereft'.] Deprive, rob, des' 
poil; make destitute. — bereave- 
ment, n. Grievous loss, especially 
of loved ones by death. [A. S. be- 
reafian, rob.] 

berry (ber'i), n. Small pulpy fruit as 
the grape, currant, blackberry, etc., 
also the coffee-bean. — berrying-, n. 
Gathering berries, especially wild 
berries. [A. S. berie.] 

berth (berth). I. n. 1. Sea-room, as in 
give a wide berth. 2. Small sleeping 
place in a ship, sleeping-car, etc. 3. 
Ship's station at anchor. 4. Situa- 
tion, place of employment. II. vt, 
Allot a berth to.— berthage (berth'- 




fete* Cat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her ; mite, mit; 00 te, not, move, wolf; 
tsAte, hut, burnt oil, owl, tften. 



beryl 



aj), n. Charge made on vessels occupy- 
ing a berth in a dock or harbor. [A. 
S. beorth.] 

beryl (ber'il), n. Crystal of a greenish 
color. [Gr. beryllos.] 

beseech (be-seeh'), vt. [beseech'ing: 

besought ( be-sat' ).] Ask urgently. — 

beseechingly, ad^. [A.S. See seek.] 

Syn. Entreat; beg; implore; crave; 

solicit; supplicate. 

beseem (be-sem'), vt. Be seemly or fit 
for.— beseein'ing, a. Becoming; fit; 
naeet.— beseem'ingly, adv. 

beset (be-sef), vt. [beset'ting ; beset'.] 

1. Set upon; surround; waylay; har- 
ass. 2. Set around, as jewels around 
a crown.— beset'ting, a. Habitually 
waylaying. [A.S. bisettan, surround.] 

besbrew ( be-shro' ). I. vt. Execrate. 

II. interj. Mild form of cursing. 
beside (be-sid'),;pr<?p. 1. By the side of. 

2. Over and above. 3. Distinct from ; 
aside from. 4. Out of. [A. S.&e.by, 
and side.] 

besides (be-sidz'). I. prep. 1. Over and 
above. 2. Distinct from. II. adv. 
Moreover; in addition; also. 

besiege (be-sej'), vt. Lay siege to; be- 
set with armed forces; beset. — be- 
sieger (be- se'jer), n. One wbo 
besieges. [daub. 

besmear (be-smer'), vt. Smear over or 

besmirch (be-smerch' ), vt. Soil; de- 
file; blot^ stain. 

besom (be'zum), n. Broom made of 
twigs. [A. S. besema.] 

besot (be-sot')» vt. [be-sot'ting; besot'- 
ted.] Make sottish, dull, or stupid by 
drink, or other vice. 

besought (be-sat'), v. Past tense and 
pa. p. of BESEECH. 

bespeak (be-spek'). vt. [bespeaking; 
bespoke (b e - s p 6 k ' ) ; bespoke or be- 
spoken (be-spo'kn).j 1. Speak for or 
engage beforehand. 2. Betoken; show. 

3. Speak to. 
Bessemer (bes'e-mer), n. Steel pre- 
pared by a process invented by Henry 
Bessemer, of England. 

best (best). I. a. [Superl. of good.] 
Most excellent. II. n. Highest degree 
of excellence; utmost endeavor. III. 
adv. [Superl. of well.]. 1. In the 
highest degree; beyond all others. 2. 
Most easily, most successfully, etc. 

bestead(be-sted'), p. a. Circumstanced, 
as in ill bectead. [AS. be-, and stead.] 

bestial (bes'ti-al), a. Like a beast.— 

, bestiality, n. Beastliness.— bes'- 

tialize, vt. Make bestial.— bes'tial- 

ly, adv. [L. bestialis —fiesta, beast.] 

Syn. Beastly ; brutish ; vile; sensual. 



56 better 

bestiariaii (bes-ti-a r ri-an), n. One 
who takes an interest in the land 
treatment of beasts. [L. bestia, beast, j 

bestir ( be-ster' ), vt. [bestir'ring; be 
stirred (be-sterd') .] Put into liveh 
act*on. 

bestow ( be-sto' ), vt. 1. Store up. 2 
Apply; use. 3. Give.— bestowal, n, 
[See stow.] 
Syn. Grant; give; spend; impart. 

bestrew (be-stro'),fl£. [bestrewing; be 
strewed (be-strbd'); bestrown (be- 
stron').] Scatter over ; besprinkle. 

bestride ( be-strld' ), vt. [bestri'ding; 
bestrode (be-strod'), or bestrid'; be- 
strid'den or bestrid' .] Stride over; 
stand or sit astride of. [See stride.] 

bet (bet), v. [bet'ting; bet'ted or bet.] 

I. vt. Mutually pledge a forfeit on a 
future contingency ; wager, stake. 

II. vi. Lay a wager. III. n. 1. Mutual 
pledge of a forfeit on a future contin- 
gency. 2. Relation arising from such 
a pledging. 3. Thing so pledged. 4. 
Contingency in question. [Probably 
from abet, back.] 

betake (be-tak'), vt. [betak'ing; betook 
(be-tok'); beta'ken.T 1. Take (oneself) 
or repair (to). 2. Apply (oneself^ or 
have recourse (to). JPr-] 

bete noire (bat-no-ar'), n. Bugbear. 

bethink (be-thingk'). I. vt. and vi. [be- 
think'ing; bethought (be-that').] Con- 
sider. II. v. reJl.(oi) Recall" to mind. 

betide (be-tld'). I.vt. Befall or happen 
to. II. vi. Happen or come to pass, 
[A.S. be- and tidan, happen. See tide.] 

betimes (be-tMnz') , adv. In good time ; 
seasonably. [sign; foreshow. 

betoken (be-to'kn), vt. Show by a 

betook (be-tok'), v. Past tense of 

BETAKE. 

betray (be-tra'), vt. 1. Deliver up to 
an enemy by treachery; prove traitor 
to. 2. Disclose treacherously what 
has been intrusted for secrecy. 3. 
Prove unfaithful to, as a trust or a 
friend. 4. Lead astray; expose to in- 
jury by violation of confidence; mis- 
lead; deceive. 5. Discover or show 
what was intended to be concealed. — 
betray 'al, n. Act of betraying.— be- 
tray'er, n. Seducer. [A. S. be and 

0. Eng. traien—Li. trado, deliver up.] 
betroth (be-trath'), vt. Promise to give 

in marriage; engage to marry.— be* 

troth'al, betroth'ment, n. Agree 

ment to marry. [A. S. be, and tboth.1 

better (bet'er). I. a. [Oomp. of good.1 

1. More excellent or desirable; ot 
greater worth, virtue, etc. ; more suit- 
able. 2. Improved, as in health, con 
dition, etc. II. adv. [Comp. of well.^ 



fate, fat, task, far, t &11, fare, abore ; m6, met, hSr ; mite, mit; nOte, not, mSve, wolf j 
tpQte, hut, burn} oil, owl, then. 



better 



57 



biceps 



In a more excellent manner, more 
fully or complete; more advantage- 
ously. III. n. 1. That which is supe- 
rior. 2. Person of superior qualities 
or rank (usually in the plural, with a 
possessive pronoun, as in your betters). 
IV. vt and vi. Make or grow better; 
improve; benefit; surpass. [A. S. 
betera, better.] [bet.] 

better (bet'er), n. One who bets. [See 

betterment (bet'er-ment), n. Im- 
provement. 

between (be-twen'). I. prep. 1. In the 
space or time which separates. 2. In 
the mutual relations of. 3. In joint 
possession or interest of. 4. By the 
action or situation of both of. 5. In 
regard to the qualities of. 6. Con- 
cerning one or the other of. 7. From 
one to another. II. adv. In the inter- 
vening space or time, etc. (The object 
is always easily supplied.) [ A. S. — 
be, by, and twene, two.] 

betwixt (be-twiksf), prep. Between. 

beTel (bev'el). I. n. 1. Slant or inclin- 
ation of one surface of a body from 
another. 2. Instrument for drawing 
and adjustingangles. II. a. Slanting; 
oblique. [O. Fr. bevel.] 

bevel (bev'el). I. vt. Give a bevel or 
slanting edge to. II. vi. Slant from a 
straight line. 

beverage (bev'Sr-aj), n. Liquid used 
for drinking; drink. [O. Fr. beuvrage 
-J)evre—\j. bibere, drink.] 

bevy(bev'i), n. 1. Flock of birds; troop 
of deer. 2. Small company, specially 
of girls or women. [O. Fr. buvee, troop 
of watering animals.] 

bewail ( be-wal' ). I. vt. Lament for; 
bemoan; wail. II. vi. Express grief . 
[See WAiii.J 

beware (be-war'). I. vt. Be wary of; 
be on one' s guard against. II. vi. 
Take care; be wary. [From BE ware I 
= be wary!] 

bewilder ( be-wil'der ), vt. Confuse; 
perplex; confound.— bewilder- 
ment, n. 

bewitch(be-wich'),^.l. Affect by witch- 
craft. 2. Charm.— bewitching-, a. 
Fascinating.— bewiteh'infrly, adv. 
— bewitch'ment, n. [See witch.] 
£y7i._Capt,ivate; enchant; entrance. 

bey (ba), n. Turkish governor of a 
town or province. [Turk.] 

beyond, (be-yond'). I. prep. 1. On the 
farther side of. 2. Farther onward 
than. 3. In a degree exceeding or sur- 
passing; past, or out of reach of. II. 
adv. Further ; at a greater distance 
than; far away; yonder. III. n. That 
which is beyond or on the other side, 



especially that which is outside of 
our earthly life. [A. S. be-, and geond^ 
over, beyond.] 

bezel(bez'el), n. 1. Oblique side or face 
2. G-roove in which a crystal is set. 

bi- (bi), bis- (bis), prefix. Twice; two: 
doubly; in two ways; as Wennial, bis 
cuit, etc. [L. —an original duis, twice.) 

bias (bi'as). I. n. 1. Slant or leaning 
to one side. 2. Inclination of the 
mind; prejudice. II. a. Slanting; with 
a slant. III. vt. Cause to incline to 
one side; prejudice. [Fr. biais, slant.] 

bib (bib), n. Cloth put under an in 
fant's chin to keep the dress clean 
[Mid. Eng. bibben, imbibe, becau.se 
tbe cloth absorbs the moisture. [— L 
bibo, drink.] 

bibber (bib'er),». Tippler, drinker. 
[L. bibo, drink.] 

Bible(bi'bl), n. 1. Book acceptad by 
the Christian Church as containing 
divine revelation. 2. Book regarded 
by others than Christians as con- 
taining divine revelation. [Gr. biblia, 
books.T 

biblical ( bib'li-kal ), a. Pertaining to 
the Bible.— biblically, adv. Ac 
cording to the Bible. — biblicist, n 
One versed in biblical learning. 

bibliographer ( bib-li-og'ra-fer). n 
One versed in bibliography.— biblio* 
graphic, bibliographical, a 
Relating to bibliography. 

bibliography (bib-li-og'ra-fl), n. Bes 
cription of books as to authorship, 
subject, date, edition, etc. [Gr. biblion, 
book, and grapho, write.] 

bibliolater (bib'li-ol'a-ter), n. 1. Book- 
worshipper. 2. Bible-worshipper. — 
bibliol'atry, n. Exaggerated re- 
verence for books; for the letter o: 
the Bible. [Gr. biblion, book, ana 
latreia, worship.] 

bibliomania (bib-H-o-ma'ni-a), n,. 
Mania for possessing books, espe< 
ciallyrare and curious ones. — biblio* 
ma'niac. n. One who has biblioma- 
nia. — biblioma'niacal, a. Pos- 
sessed by a passion for books. 

bibliophile (bib'li-o-fil), n. Lover oi 
books. [Gr. biblion, book, and phUoc, 
loving.] 

bibliopole(bib'li-o-pol), n. Bookseller. 
[Gr. biblion, bock, and poleo, sell.] 

bibliotheca (bib-li-o-the'ka), n. Ll« 
brary. [Gr. biblion, book, and theke, 
case.] 

bibulous (bib'u-lus), a. I. Inclined to 
tippling. 2. Absorbent. [L. bibo, drink.] 

biceps (bi'seps), n. Front muscle ol 
the upper arm. [L. bi, two, and caput, 
head.] 



fate, fat, task, Car, tall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, uxit; note, not, inbve, wolf ; 
I&Gte, but, burn; oil, owl, then* 



bicker 



58 



billiards 




Bicycle. 



bicfaer (bik'er), vi. Wrangle; clatter. 

bicycle (bi'sikl), n. Two-wheeled ve- 
il f c 1 e pro- 
pelled by the 
rider.— b'i'cy- 
eling,rc. Rid- 
ing a bicycle. 
bi'eyclist,ra. 
[ L. b i, t w o, 
andGr. kyklos, 
cycle, wheel.] 

bid (bid), v. [bidding; bade (bad) or 
bid; bid'den or bid.] I. vt. 1. Com- 
mand. 2. Invite. 3. Offer. 4. Wish. 
II. vi. Offer to do something at a par- 
ticular price, ill. n. Offer to do or 
accept something at a price named.— 
bidder, n. One" who bids. — bid'- 
ding-, n. 1. Offer. 2. Invitation. 3. 
Command. [A. S. beodan, bid.] 

Slide (bid), v. Ibi'cnng; oi'ded or bode 
(bod).] I. vt.l. Wait for. 2. Endure; 
suffer. II. vi. Dwell; remain; abide. 
[See abide.] 

biennial (bi-en*i-al). I. a. 1. Lasting 
two years. 2. Occurring once in two 
years. II. n. Plant that lives two 
years. [L. bi, two, and annus, year.] 

bier (ber), n. Frame of wood for car- 
rying the dead. [A.S. beer,— 6mm. bear.] 

bifoliate (bi-fo'li-at), a. Having two 
leaves. [L. bi, two,_and/<?Ziwm, leaf.] 

bifurcate (bi'fur-kat), vi. Divide into 
two branches. — bi'furcatcd, a. Hav- 
ing two branches or forks. — bifur- 
cation, n. Forking into two 
branches. [L. bi, two, and furca, fork.] 

big- (big), a. [big'ger; big'gest.] 1. 
Large or great in bulk, amount, num- 
ber, or intensity. 2. Full to overflow- 
ing. 3. Haughty; self-important. 4. 
Pregnant. [Etymology unknown.] 
8yn. Large; great; gross; massive. 

bigamy (big'a-mi), n. State of having 
two wives or two husbands at the 
same time. — big'amous, a. 1. Per- 
taining to bigamy. 2. Guilty of the 
crime of bigamy. [L. bi, two, and Gr. 
gamos, marriage.] 

bight (bit), n. Bend of the shore; bay. 
Loop or coil in a rope. [A.. S- frigan, 
bend.] 

bigot (big'ut), n. Intolerant adherent 
of a particular creed, system, or 
party. — bigoted, a. Affected with 
bigotry; narrow-minded. 

bigotry (big'ut-ri), n. Blind and obsti- 
nate attachment to a creed, system 
or party, with offensive intolerance 
toward those who hold other views. 
[Fr. bigoterie.] 

bijou(be-zh6'),rc. [pi. bijoux (be-zho').] 
Trinket, jewel. [Fr.] 



bilateral (bHat'Sr-al), a . Having two 
sides. [L. bi, two, and latus, side.] 

bile fbll), n. 1. Thick, yellow, bitter 
liquid, secreted by the liver. 2. HI 
humor. [L. biiis, bile.] 

bilge (bilj). I. n. 1. Bulging part of a 
cask. 2. Broadest part of a ship's 
bottom. II. vi. Spring a leak by a 
fracture in the bilge, as a ship. — 
bilge-water, n. Foul water which 
gathers in the bilge of a ship. [Sea 
bulge.] [conveying bile. 

biliary (bil'i-a-ri), a. Belonging to or 

bilious (bil'yus), a. 1. Pertaining to 
bile. 2. Affected by bile; having a 
a disordered liver; choleric in temper. 
biliousness, n. State of being 
bilious. 

biliteral(bi-lit'er-al), a. Formed of two 
letters. [L. bi, two, and litera, letter.] 

bilk (bilk), I. vt. To defraud or dis- 
appoint. II. ra. A trick: a trickster., 

bill (bil). I. n. 1. Beak of a bird, 
or anything similar in ap- 
pearance. II. vi. To join bills, 
as doves do. [A. S. bile.] «>_ „ 

bill (bil), n. 1. Cutting instru- \V 
ment hook-shaped towards 
the point, or concave edge. 2. 
Ancient military weapon 
having a hook-shaped blade. 
[A. S.f 

bill (bil). I. n. Written or 
printed statement of particu- 
lars; itemized list. 2. Account 
of money due. 3. Document 
for the transfer of money or 
the delivery of goods. 4. Any paper 
that circulates as money. 5. Adver- 
tising poster or circular. 6. Draft of 
proposed law. 7. Complaint, charge, 
petition, or statement of particulars 
filed in court. II. vt. 1. Enter in a 
bill; make a bill of; charge. 2. Post 
or circulate bills ; announce by means 
of bills. 3. Put on a programme or 
announce the appearance of in a par- 
ticular performance, or at a specified 
time and place . [Lit. Sealed paper.] 

billet (bil'et). I. n. 1. Little note. 2. 
Ticket directing soldiers at what 
house to lodge. 3. Lodging thus ob- 
tained. YL. vt. To quarter or lodge, 
as soldiers. HI. vi. To be thus quar- 
tered; to lodge as a soldier thus 
quartered. [FrTj [wood. [Fr. billot.} 

billet (bil'et), n. Short thick stick of 

billet-doux (bil-e-do'), n. Short love 
letter. — pi. billets-doux. 

billiards (bil'yardz), n. Game played 
on a table by means of cues and ivory 
balls. [Fr. bittard — btfle, ball.] 



Bill. 



lite, fat, t&sk, f&r, fall) f|re, qhave; m5, met, her? mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 

mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



billingsgate 



69 



bison 



jiilingsgiite (bil'ingz-gat), n. Vulgar 
and abusive language like tbat spoken 
at Billingsgate (the great fish-market 
of London.) 

billion (bil'yun), h. In the U. S. one 
thousand millions (1,000,000,000); in 
England one million millions (1,000,- 
000,000,000). [Fr.] 

billow (bil'5). I. n. 1. Great wave of 
the sea. II. vi. Surge; roll in billows. 
—billowy ( bil'o-i ), a. [A.S. belgan. 
swell. See bulge.] 

billy (bil'i), n. Short thick bludgeon; 
policeman's club. [Fr. Mile, stick.] 

bimetallism(bi-met'al-izm), n. Sys- 
tem of two metals in circulation as 
money at a fixed ratio.-bimet'allist, 
n. Oae who favors bimetallism. [Fr.] 

bin (bin), n. Box or inclosed place, for 
holding coal, corn, bottles, etc. [A.S.] 

binary (bi'na-ri), a. Composed of two; 
twofold. [Li.'binarius —bitii, two each.] 

bind (bind), v. [bind'itig; bound, 
bound (bownd).] I. vi. 1. Tie, fasten 
together with a band. 2. Sew a bind- 
ing on. 3. Fasten together and place 
protecting covers on (the leaves of 
a book). 4. Constrain or oblige by 
oath, agreement, or duty. II. vi. 1. 
Grow contracted; become hard or 
stiff. 3. Be obligatory. 4. Stick. 5. 
Become constraining. — binder, n. 
One who or that which binds. 

binding- (binding). I. n. 1. Act of one 
who binds. 2. That which binds, as 
the cover of a book, strip sewed on the 
edge of cloth, etc. II. a. That binds 
or obliges. 

Syn. Stringent; astringent; costive; 
obligatory ; restrictive; restraining.- 

binnacle (bin'a-kl), n. Case for a com- 
pass on shipboard. 

binocular ( bin-ok'u-lar ), L a. 1. 
Having two eyes, 2. Pertaining to, or 
suitable for, both eyes. II. n. Teles- 
cope, field-glass, or microscope fitted 
for the simultaneous use of both eyes. 
[L. bird, two each, and oculus, eye.] 

bioblast (bi'o-blast), n. A formative 
granule of amorphous protoplasm. 
JGr. bios, life, and blastos, germ-] 

biogenesis (bl-o-jen'e-sis), n. Science 
of the origin of life in its specific 
forms. [Gr. bios, life, and genesis, 
generation.] 

biograph (bl'5-graf), n. Apparatus for 
projecting life-like moving pictures 
onto a screen. [Gr. bios, life, and 
grapho, write.] 

biographer(bi-og'ra-fer), n. One who 
writes an account of a person's life.— 
biographic, biographical, a. 
Pertaining to or consisting Of biogra- 



phy. --biograph'ically,ad?;.~biog-'» 
raphy, n. History of a person's life. 

biological (bl-o-loj'ik-al), a. Relating 
to biology. — biol'ogisi, n. One skilled 
in biology. — biology (bi-ol'o-ji), n,. 
Science of llfe_. [Gr. bios and logos.} 

bioplasm ( bi'o-plazm ), n. Living, 
formative part of protoplasm. [Gr. 
bios, life, and plasso, form.] 

biped (bi'ped).I. n. Animal having 
but two feet._ II. a. Having two feet. 
— bipedal(bi'pe-dal), a. Of the nature 
of or pertaining to a biped. [L. bi, 
two, andjxzs, pedis, foot.] . 

birch (berch). I. n. 1. Hardy forest 
tree, with smooth, white bark, and 
very durable wood. 2. Rod for punish- 
ment, consisting of a birch twig- II- a. 
Made of birch.— birchen (berch'en), 
a. Pertaining to or consisting of birch. 
[A. S. birce.] [brid, brood.] 

bird (berd), n. Feathered biped. [From 

birdlime (berd'lim), n. Viscous sub- 
stance used to catch birds. 

biretia(bi-ret'a), n. Ecclesiastical cap; 
black for priests, generally violet for 
bishops u red for cardinals. 

birth (berth), n. 1. Act of bringing 
forth. 2. Act of being born; nativity; 
coming into existence. 3. That which 
is born. 4. Rank; lineage. [A. 6: 
beorth — beran, bea_r.] 

birthday (berth'da), n. Day of one's 
birth, or its annual recurrence. 

birthright (berth'rit ), n. Right or 
privilege acquired by birth. 

bis (bis), adv. 1. Twice. 2. As prefix 
(bis-, or bi-), twofold, double, etc. [L.j 

biscuit ( bis'kit ), n. I. Small bread 
cake. 2. Cracker. 3. Bisque, pottery 
after the first baking. [Fr. biscuit, 
twice cooked.] 

bisect (bi-sekf), vt. Cut or divide into 
two equal parts.— bisection (bl-sek'- 
shun), n. [L. bi, two, seco, sectum, cut.] 

bishop ( bish'up ), n. 1. One of the 
higher clergy who has charge of a 
diocese. 2. Piece in the game of chess. 
—bishopric ( bish'up-rik ), n. Office 
and jurisdiction of a bishop; diocese. 
[A. S. biscop—Gv. episkopos, overseer— 
epi, upon, and skopeo, look.] 

bismuth (biz'muth), a. Brittle red- 
dish-white metal used in the arts and 
medicine. [Ger.j 

bison (bi'sun), tu 
Wild animal 
like the ox, with 
shaggy hair and 
a fatty hump on 
its shoulders; the 
American buf- 
falo. [A.S .wisenQ . 




American Bison. 



W$, %h%» t&sk, far, f$li, fare, above ; me, met, her j mite, mit; note* not, &oV$, wojti 
mnt/0, hut, bftrnj oil, owl, then* 



bisque 60 



blade 



bisque (bisk), n. 1. Unglazed wbite 
porcelain. 2. Thick white soup, espe- 
cially of shellfish. [See biscuit.] 

bissextile ( bis-seks v til ) . I. n. Leap- 
year. II. a. Pertaining to leap-year. 
[L. bis, twice, and sextus, sixth; from 
counting twice Feb. 24, the sixth day 
before the calends of March, Mar. 1.] 

bit (bit), v. Past and pa. p. of bite. 

bit (bit). I. n. 1. Bite; morsel; small 
piece. 2. Tool for boring. 3. Metal 
part of a bridle which is placed in a 
horse's mouth. 4. Curb or restraint 
of any kind. II. vt. Put the bit in the 
mouth; rein in; curb. [From bite.] 

bite (bit), v. [bi'ting; bit; bit'ten or 
bit.] I. vt. 1. Seize or tear with the 
teeth. 2. Sting; inflict sharp or smart- 
ing pain. 3. Take firm hold of; grip. 
4. Eat into, as an acid. 5. Trick. II. vi. 

I. Use the teeth in seizing or crush- 
ing. 2. Be pungent; sting. 3. Take 
bait, as fish. 4. Take firm hold. III. 
». 1. Grasp by the teeth. 2. Some- 
thing bitten off. 3. Mouthful. 4. 
Wound made by the teeth. 5. Hold 
or grip taken by a tool, — biter 
(bi'ter), n. JA. S. bitan, bite.] 

bitten (bit'en), v. Pa. p. of bite. 
bitter (bit'er). I. a. 1. Biting or acrid 
to the taste. 2. Bodily or mentally 

gainful; stinging; severe. 3. Keenly 
ostile in feeling or words; acrimo- 
nious. 4. Mournful; sad; miserable. 

II. n. That which is bitter; bitter- 
ness. — bit'terly, 
adv.— bit'terness, 
n. [A. S. biter — 
bitan, bite.] 

bittern (bit'ern), n. 

Bird of the heron 

family. 
bitters (biferz), n 

pi. 1. Bitter medi- 
cine. 2. Liquor in 

which bitter herbs, 

roots, etc., have Bittern. 

been steeped. 
bitumen (bi-tu'men). n. Mineralpitch ; 

asphalt. —bituminous (bi-tu'min- 

us), a. [L.] 
b i'v a 1 v e (bV- 

valv). I. n. Mol- 

lusk having a 

shell of two 

valves or parts, 

like the oyster. 

pi. bivalves, 

folding doors. Bivalve. 

II. a. Having 

two valves. — bivalvular (bl-val'vu- 
\ lar), a. Having two valves. [L. bi, two, 

and valva, valve.] 





bivouac (biv'o-ak). I. vi. [biv'ouack- 
ing; bivouacked (biv'o-akt).] To camp 
for the night in readiness for action. 
II. n. An encampment of soldiers at 
night without tents, ready for sudden 
attack. [Ger. bei,by, and wacht, watch.] 

bizarre (bi-zar'), a. Odd; fantastic; 
grotesque. [Fr.j 

blab (blab), v. [blab'bing ; blabbed 
(blabd).] I. vt. Tell or repeat impru- 
dently, or in disregard of friendly con- 
fidence. II. vi. Tattle; tell tales. TM. 
E. blabbe.] L 

black (blak). I. a. 1. Destitute of light; 
dark. 'Z. Gloomy. 3. Evil; fatal. II. n. 
1. Absence of light or color. 2. Dark- 
est of colors. 3. Black dress; mourn- 
ing. 4. Negro. III. vt. Make black. IV. 
vi. Assume a black color. [A. S. blac, 
lampblack.] 

Syn. Inky; pitchy; murky; ebon; 
swarthy; sombre; dismal; horrible; 
calamitous; atrocious; threatening. 

blackamoor (blak'a-mor), n. Negro. 

blackball (blak'bal). I. n. Black ball 
used as a negative in balloting. II v&. 
Reject by placing a black ball into a 
ballot box. [the bramble. 

blackberry (blak'ber-i), n. Berry o/ 

blackbird (blak'berd), n. 1. Ousel or 
black thrush. 2. Other birds of like 
character. 

blackboard (blak'bord), n. Board 
or other surfaces painted black, fojf 
marking on with chalk. 

blacflten (blak'en). I. vt. 1. Mak* 
black; darken. 2. Make infamous, 
sully. II. vi. Grow black or dark. 

blackguard (blag'ard). I. n. Low f 
scurrilous fellow. II. vt. Revile in. 
scurrilous language. III. a. Vile; low; 
scurrilous.— blackguardism (blag' ; 
ard-izm), n. Conduct or language oi 
a blackguard. 

blacking (blak'ing), n. Preparation 
used for blacking, as shoe-blacMng, 
stove-blacking, etc. [swindler. 

blackleg (blak'leg),_ n. Low gambler; 

blackmail (blak'mal). I. n. 1. Extor- 
tion by threat of exposure. 2. Money 
so extorted. II. vt. Extort money by 
threats of exposure or accusation. 

blacksmith (blak'srnith), n. Smith 
who works in iron. 

blackthorn (blak'tharn), n. 1. Sloe- 
tree. 2. Cane made of the sloe-tree. 

bladder (blad'er), n. 1. Thin mem' 
branous sac in animals, serving as a 
receptacle for a fluid. 2. Any similar 
sac. [A.S. blcedre.} 

blade (blad), n. 1. Spire of grass; leaf 
or flat part of a cereal or other similar 
plant. 2. Cutting part of a knife, 



(ate, fat, task, far, fftll, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn> oil, owl, then.. 



blamable 



61 



blessed 



sword, etc. 3. Flat part of an oar. 
4. Dashing young fellow. [A. S. bleed, 
leaf. [Diame.— bla'mably, adv. 

blamable <bla'ma-bl), a. Deserving of 

blame (blam). I. vt. Find fault with; 
censure. II. n. 1. Imputation of a 
fault; censure. 2. Fault; culpability. 
[Fr. bldmer—Gr. blasphemeo. speak ill.] 

blameful (blam'fol), a. Meriting 
blame.— blame'fully,acfr>.— blame- 
less, a. Without blame; innocent.— 
blamelessly, adv. — blame'less- 
ness, n. — blameworthy (blarn'- 
\vur-thi), a. Worthy of. blame; cul- 
pable. 

blanch (blanch). I. vt. Whiten; par- 
boil; parboil and skin, as almonds. 
II. vi. Grow white. [Fr. blanchir — 
blanc, white. J 

blanc-mange (bla-mangzh' ), n. 
Jelly-like preparation of sea-moss, 
arrowroot, corn-starch or the like. 
[Fr. blanc, white, and manger, eat.] 

bland (bland), a. Mild; balmy; suave. 
[Li. blandus, smooth.] 

blandishment (bland'ish-ment), n. 1. 
Act of expressing fondness; artful 
caress. ■ 2. Amenity, pleasure [O. Fr. 
blandir, flatter.] 

blank (blangk). I. a. 1. White or pale. 

2. Not written or printed upon, or 
marked. 3. Void; empty; vacant. 4. 
Confused. 5. Unqualified; complete. 
6. Unrhymed. II. n. 1. Paper un- 
written upon; form not filled in. 2. 
Lottery ticket which draws no prize. 
8. Empty space; mental vacancy. 
[Fr. bfano, white.] 

blanket (blang'ket), n. 1. Woolen cov- 
ering for beds. 2. Covering for horses. 

3. Broad wrapping or covering of 
any kind. [Fr. blanket, dim. of blanc] 

blare (blar). I. vi. Sound loudly, as a 
trumpet. II. n. Blast. TM. Eng. blaren.] 

blarney (blar'ni). I. n. Smooth, wheed- 
ling speecn. n. vt. Cajoie; wheedle. 
[From Castle Blarney, in Ireland.] 

blase (bla-za'), a. Exhausted by sen- 
suous pleasures. [Fr.] 

blaspheme ( blas-fem' ), vt. and vi. 
1. Speak impiously of, as of God. 2. 
Curse and swear. — blasphemer 
(blas-fe'mer), n.—hl asphemous 
(blas'fe-mus), a. Uttering or contain- 
ing blasphemy.— blasphemy (blas'- 
fe-mi). n. Impious con temp tuo us 
speech or behavior in reference to 
God and things sacred. [Gr. blasphe- 
meo, — blapto, hurt and phemi, speak.] 

blast (blast). I. vt. and vi. 1. Rend 
asunder by an explosion. 2. Strike 
with some pernicious influence; 
blight. 3. Affect with sudden violence 



or calamity. II. n. 1. Sudden vio- 
lent gust of wind; forcible stream of 
air. 2. Blare of a trumpet or horn. 
3. Explosion, as of gunpowder. 4, 
Blight. [A. S. blast, — blcesan, blow.] 

blatant (bla'tant). a. Brawling; noisy; 
blustering. [A. S. blxten, bleet.] 

blaze (blaz). I. vi. 1. Burn with a 
flame. 2. Send forth a flaming light. 
II. vt. Publish abroad; proclaim. III. 
n. 1. Torch, firebrand. 2. Stream of 
flame or of light. 3. Bursting out, act- 
ive display. [A. S. blase.] 

blaze (blaz). I. vt. 1. Mark trees by 
paring off part of the bark. 2. Mark 
out a way or path in this manner. II. 
n. 1. Mark made by paring bark from 
a tree. 2. White spot on the face of 
a horse or cow. [Dut. bles, pale.] 

blazon (bla'zn). I. vt. 1. Publish or 
proclaim extensively; herald. 2. Em- 
blazon. 3. Embellish ; adorn. II . n. 
Art of accurately describing coats of 
arms. — blazonry (bla'zn-ri), n. Art 
of delineating or of explaining coats 
of arms. _ [Fr. blason, coat of arms.] 

bleach ( bl ech) . I. vt. Make pale or white. 
II. vi. Grow pale. [A. S bloecan.] 

bleak (blek), a. 1. Unsheltered; deso- 
late ; cheerless. 2. Cold ; cutting ; 
keen.— bleakly, adv.— bleakness, 
n. [A. S 1 blcec, bide, pale.] 

blear (b!er). I. vt. 1. Make the eyes 
sore and watery. 2. Becloud; bedim; 
obscure. II. a. Inflamed and watery; 
dim or blurred with inflammation. 
[Modification of blur.] 

bleat (blet). I. vi. Cry as a sheep. II. 
n. Cry ofa sheep. [A. S. blcetan, bleat. 1 

bleed (bled), v. [bleed'ing; bled; bled.1 

1. vt. Draw blood from. II. vi. Shea 
blood. [A. S. bledan.] 

blemish (blem'ish). I. vt. Impair; tar- 
nish. II. n. 1. That which tarnishes. 

2. Flaw; defect. [O. Fr. blemir, soil.] 
Syn. Stain; fault; spot; speck; de- 
formity; taint; disgrace; imputation. 

blench (blench), vi. Shrink; quail; 
shun. [A. S. blenkan, wink, deceive.] 

blend (blend), v. [blending; blend'ea. 
blend'ed or blent. J I. vt. Mix or min 
gle intimately; confound in a mass. 
II. vi. Become so mixed. III. n. Mix- 
ture of different kinds, as of teas, 
liquors, etc. [A. S. blandan, mix.] 

bless (bles), vt. [blessing; blessed 
(blest) or blest.] 1. Invoke divine 
favor upon. 2. Make happy, or pros- 
pei*ous. 3. Wish happiness to. 4 
Praise or glorify. [A. S. blessian.] 

blessed (bles'ed), a. 1. Happy. 2. 
Worthy of veneration. 3. Beatified. -■> 
bless'edly, adv. — bless'edness, u. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, -wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl- then. 



blessing 1 



62 



blossom 



blessing (bles'ing), n. 1. Invocation of 
happiness. 2. Means or cause of hap- 
piness, 3. Divine favor. 

blest (blest), a. Same as blessed. 

blew (bio), v. Past tense of blow. 

blight (blit). I. n. 1. Disease in plants, 
wnich blasts or withers them. 2. 
Anything that injures or destroys. 

II. vt. Affect with blight; blast; de- 
troy. [A. S. blcec, pale.] 

blind (blind). I. n. 1. Something to 
mislead. 2. Shade; shutter; screen; 
blinker. II. vt. 1. Deprive of sight. 
2. Hinder perception. 3. Darken the 
understanding. III. a. 1. Destitute of 
the sense of sight. 2. Destitute of 
understanding or judgment. 3. Heed- 
less; inconsiderate. 4. Admitting no 
light, ft. Having no outlet. — blind'- 
ly, adv.— blind'ness, n — blinder, 
n. Blinker. [A. S.] 

blindfold (blind'fold). I. vt. 1. Cover 
the eyes. 2. Mislead; hoodwink. II. 
a, 1. Having the eyes covered. 2. 
Reckless; thoughtless. 

blink (blingk). I. vt. Shut out of 
sight; purposely avoid seeing. II. vi. 
Peer with the eyes half shut; glance; 
twinkle; wink. III. n. Glimpse; wink; 
glance. — bEink'ard, n. One who 
blinks. [A. S. blincan, twinkle.] 

blinker(blingk'er), n. Piece of leather 
on a horse's bridle which prevents 
him from seeing on the side. 

bliss (blis), n. Highest happiness. — 
bliss'ful, a. — bliss'fnlly, adv. — 
[A. S. blis— blithe, joyful.] 
Syn. Ecstasy; beatitude; delight. 

blister (blis'ter). I. n. 1. Thin vesicle 
on the skin, containing watery mat- 
ter; pustule. 2. Plaster to raise a 
blister. 3. Anything resembling a 
vesicle on the skin. II. vt. Raise a 
blister; apply a blistering plaster. 

III. vi. Rise in a blister or blisters.— 
blis'tery, a. Full of blisters. [Ety- 
mology doubtful.] 

blithe Qfixth or blnh), a. Joyous; gay; 
happy. — blithe'ly, adv. — blithe - 
some, a. [A. S.] 

blizzard (bliz'ard), n. Violent snow- 
storm. Word formed in the U. S. 
about 1880. 

bloat (blot), vt. and vi. Swell; puff 
out; dilate; grow turgid. [Etymol- 
ogy uncertain.] 

bloater (blo'ter), n. Smoked herring. 

block, (blok). I. vt. 1. Obstruct; im- 
pede; stop; close up. 2. Shape into 
blocks. 3. Roughly mark out a plan. 
II. n. 1. Solid mass of a substance. 
2. Short thick piece of wood or other 
materiaL 3. Section or divisional 



part of anything, as a row of houses 
between two streets. 4. Pulley to- 
gether with its frame work. 5. Ob- 
struction. [Gael, ploc, lump.] 

blockade (blok-ad'). I. vt. Block up 
or close to traffic. II. n. I. Shutting 
up of a place by surrounding it with 
troops or ships. 2. Obstruction to 
traffic pr action. [son; dolt. 

blockhead (blok'hed), n. Stupid per- 

blockhonse (blok'bows), n. Small 
temporary fort, generally made of 
logs- [dull; doltish. 

blockish (blok'ish), a. Like a block; 

blond, blonde (blond). I. a. Qf fair 
complexion; fair. II. n. Person of 
fair complexion, with light hair and 
eyes. [Fr.l 

blood (blud), n. 1. Vital fluid which 
circulates through the arteries and 
veins of animals. 2. Connexion by 
descent; lineage; progeny. 3. 
Slaugbtex*. 4. Tenrper ; mopd ; pas- 
sion. 5. Man of ardent temperament. 
[A.$.blod.] 

blooded (blud'ed),a. 1. Of pure blood 
or breed. 2. Having blood of the kind 
specified, as in warm-blooded.. 

blood-heat (blud'het), n. Heat of 
same degree as blood in man, about 
&8%° P.— blood-horse, n. 1. Horse 
of Arabian stock. 2. Horse of good 
stock. — blood'- 
hound, n. Hound 
remarkable for its 
acuteness of scent.— 
bloodily, adv. In 
a bloody manner.--- 
blood'ine ss, n. 
The state of being 
bloody.— blood'less, a. 1. Without 
blood. 2. Without bloodshed. 3. 
Without spirit or vigor. — blood'- 
lessly, adv.— bloodshed, n. Shed- 
ding of blood-— blood'shot, a. Red 
or inflamed with, blood; said of the 
eyes. — blood'y, a. 1. Stained with 
blood. 2. Cruel; murderous. 

bloom (blom). I. vi. 1. Come into bios' 
som ; flower. 2. Be in a state of vigor or 
beauty; flourish. II. n. 1. Blossom 
or flower. 2. Glow of health or fresh- 
ness. 3. Downy, delicate coating on 
plums, grapes, etc. 4. Prime, highest 
perfection. [A. S. blowan, bloom.] 

bloom (blom), n. Mass of puddled 
iron freed of dross or slag. [A. S. 
bloma, mass.] 

bloomers (blo'merz), n. Trousers for 
women. [Named after Mrs. Bloomer.] 

blossom (blos'um). I. n. Plower.II. vt. 
1. Bear flowers; come into bloom. %. 
Flourish. [A. S. blostma, blossom.] 




Bloodhound. 



Uk%e, fat, task, far, fall, fEre, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, W9W; 
mate, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



blot 



63 



blush 



blot (blot). I. n. 1. Spot; stain. 2. Oblit- 
eration, erasure, II. vt. and vi. [blof- 
tlng; blot'ted.] 1. Stain. 2. Obliterate; 
efface. 3. Dry with blotting paper. 
Syn. Blur ; smutch ; expunge ; cancel. 

blotch (bloch). I. n. 1. Spot or blot. 
2. Discoloration or eruption on the 
skin. II. vt. Mark or disfigure with 
blotches. [From blot.] 

blotter (blot'er), n. 1. One who or 
that which blots. 2. Sheet, pad, or 
book of blotting-paper. 3. Waste- 
book; book of first entry. 

blotting-paper (blot'ing-pa'per), n. 
Unsized paper, used for absorbing ink, 
preventing blots. 

blouse (blowz), n. 1. Light, loose 
outer garment. 2. Loose-fitting waist 
or jacket. [Fr.] 

blow (bio), v. [blow'ing, blew (bio); 
blown (blon).] I. vt. 1. Drive a cur- 
rent of air. 2. Drive by a current of 
air. 3. Inflate with air, or shape 
or form by such inflation. 4. Sound 
a wind instrument. 5. Spread by 
report. 6. Taint by depositing eggs 
upon, as flies do. 7. Shatter by explo- 
sion. II. vi. 1. Produce a current of 
air. 2. Move, as wind in a strong or 

fentle breeze. 3. Sound, as a horn. 
. Pant; puff; be out of breath, in. 

H. 1. Act of blowing. 2. Breeze. 3. 

Eggs deposited by a fly. 4. Sound of 

a wind instrument.— blow-out (blo'- 

owt), n. Grand feast. [A. S. blawan.] 
blow (bio). I. vi. Bloom. II. n. State 

of blossoming. [A. S. blowan] 
blow (bio), n, 1. Severe stroke or 

knock. 2. Sudden calamity. [From 

A. S. bleowan, beat blue.] 

Syn. Thump; thwack; shock; mis- 
fortune; assault. 
blowpipe (bl5- 

pip), n . Pipe 

through which a 

current of air is 

blown on a flame 

to intensify its 

heat, 
blowzy (blow'zi), 

a. 1. Tanned and 

ruddy-faced. 2. 

Disheveled. 
blubber (blub'er). I. n. Fat of whales 

and other large sea animals. II. vi. 

Sob noisily, so as to puff the cheeks. 

[M. E. blubren. Related to bubble.] 
bludgeon (bluj'un), n. Short heavy 

stick. [Etymology doubtful.] 
blue (bio). I. n. 1. Sky-colOr; azure; 

one of the seven primary colors. 2. 

Pigment or dye of this color. II. a. 

1. Sky-colored. 2. Cast down or de- 




Blowpipe. 



pressed in spirits. 3. Dismal; dreary; 
dispiriting. 4. Strict in religious or 
moral requirements. 5. Livid, as in 
"black and blue." III. vt. 1. Make blue 
2. Treat with bluing. [A. S. blaw.) 

bluebell (blo'bel), n. Plant that bears 
blue bell-shaped flowers; its flower. 

blueberry (blo'ber-i), n. Species ol 
whortleberry, with small-seeded dark 
blue berries. 

bluebird (blo'berd), n. Small Ameri 
can singing bird, with sky-blue back 
and dull reddish breast. 

bluebook (blo'bok), n. Printed report 
(by the government or other author- 
ity), usually in a blue cover. 

bluebottle (blo'botl), n. 1. Plant 
with blue bottle-shaped flowers. 2. 
Large fly with blue body. [choly 

blues (bloz), n. Low spirits; melan- 

bluestocking (blo'stok-ing), n. Lit' 
erary woman. 

bluff (bluf). I. n. 1. High steep bank; 
bold headland. 2. Game at cards, 
poker. 3. Assumed confidence of 
speech or manner with a purpose to 
mislead or overawe. II. vt. Overawe 
or mislead by a bold confidence of 
manner or speech. III. a. 1. Bold; 
steep. 2. Abrupt in speech or manner; 
blunt ; frank ; outspoken. — bluff '- 
ness, n. [L. G. verblueffen, confuse.] 

bluing (blo'ing), n. 1. Material used 
for giving a bluish tint. 2. Act of 
giving a bluish tint. 

bluish (blo'ish), a. Tinged with blue. 

blunder (blun'der). I. n. Gross mis- 
take. II. vt. andfli. Act blindly; err; 
stumble; confuse. [Etym. doubtful.] 

blunderbuss (blun'der-bus), n. Short 
gun with a large bore and funnel- 
shaped muzzlec [Dut. donder, thunder, 
and bus, box, barrel of a gun.] 

blunt (blunt). I. a. 1. Having a dull 
edge or point. 2. Abrupt; Outspoken; 
brusk. II. vt. Dull the edge or point 
of. III. vi. Become dull.— bluntly , 
adv.— blunt'ness, n. [A. S.] 

blur ( blur ). I. vt. and vi. [blur'ring ; 
blurred (blurd) ; blurred.] Make or be- 
come blotted, dim or indistinct. II. n. 
1. Mark made indistinct by smearing 
or blotting. 2. Blot, stain. 3. Indis- 
tinctness. [From root of blear.] 

blurt (blurt), vt. Utter suddenly and 
indiscreetly, or inadvertently. 

blush (blush), I. n. 1. Redness in the 
cheek, forehead, etc., from shame, con« 
fusion, etc. 2. Crimson or roseate hue, 
as of a rose, the morning sky, etc. 3. 
Glance. II. vi. 1. Grow red from 
shame, confusion, etc. 2. Grow or be 
of a roseate hue. [A. S. Uysian, blush.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wgH ; 
mQte, hut, bQrii; oil, owl, then. 



bluster 



64 



boisterous 




bluster(blus'ter).I. n. Confused noise, 
as of a storm; boisterous speech or 
conduct. II. vi. Make a roaring noise. 
— blns'terer, n.— blustering, a.— 
blustery, a. [From root of blow.] 
Syn. Boasting; bullying; swagger- 
ing; turbulence; boisterousness. 

bo (bo>, interj. Exclamation used to 
inspire fright. 

boa (bo' a), n. 1. Ge- 
nus of large non- 
venomous ser- 
pents. 2. Long fur 
wrap, worn round 
the neck. [L.] 

boar (bdr), n. Male Boa constrictor, 
of swine. [A.S. bar.] 

board (bord), n. 1. Long, broad, thin 
piece of timber. 2. Table for food; 
food served at table. 3. Meals served 
for pay; price paid for meals. 4. 
Council or authorized body of per- 
sons. 5. Deck or interior of a ship, 
boat, etc. 6. Table or frame for a 
game. 7. Pasteboard ; cover of a book. 
[A. S. bord, board.] 

board (bord). I. vt. 1. Cover with 
boards. 2. Supply with meals at fixed 
terms. 3. Place as a boarder. 4. Enter 
a vessel, railway car, etc. II. #£. Take 
meals regularly for a stipulated price. 
— board' er, n. One who boards. 

boast (bost). I. vi. 1. Brag. 2. Glory. 
II. vt. 1. Glory in possessing. 2. Brag 
of; vaunt. III. n. 1. Brag; expression 
of pride. 2. Cause of boasting; source 
of pride. — boastful, a. Given to 
brag. — boast fully , adv. — boast- 
fulness, n. [Etymology unknown.] 
Syn. Crow; talk big; vapor; exult; 
bluster; swagger., 

boat (bot), n. 1. Small vessel propel- 
led by oars or sails. 2. Any water 
craft. 3. Open dish resembling a boat, 
as sauceboat. [A. S. bat.] 

boatswain (bot'swan, bo'sn), n. Sub- 
ordinate officer on board of a ship, 
who has charge of the boats, rigging, 
etc. [ boat and swain.] 

bob(bob),#. [bob'bing; bobbed (bobd).] 
I. vt. and vi. Move in a short jerking 
manner; move to and fro, or up and 
down. II. n. 1. Short jerking mo- 
tion. Anything which bobs, as a fish- 
ing-cork, the weight on a pendulum, 
etc. [Etymology doubtful.] 

bobbin (bob'in), n. Spool or reel on 
which thread Is wound. [Pr. bobine.] 

bobolink ( bob'o-lingk'), n. Popular 
name of the rice-bird or reed-bird. 
[From its cry.] 

bob-sled (bob'sled), n. Two short sleds 
in tandem, united by a long board. 



bobtail (bob'tal), n. 1. Short taiL 
2. Contemptible fellow. 3. Rabble. 

bob whs te ( bob'hwit ), n. American 
quail. [From its cry.] 

bode (bod). I. vt. Portend or predict, 
II. vi. Be an omen (ill or well). [A. S, 
bodian, announce.] 

bodice (bod'is), n. Close-fitting waist, 
[From PAIR OF BODIES.] 

bodied (bod'id), a. Having a body.— 
bodiless (bod'i-less), a. Having no 
body. — bod'ily, I. a. 1. Pertaining 
to the body; corporeal. 2. Entire. 
II. adv. 1. Corporeally; in the person. 
2. Completely. [See body.] 

bodkin (bod'kin), n. Small instru- 
ment for piercing holes ; as a dagger, 
needle, etc. [Etymology doubtful.] 

body (bod'i), n. 1. Physical structure 
and form of an animal or thing. 2. 
Trunk or main part of an animal; 
main part of anything. 3. Person. 4. 
Number of persons united for a pur- 
pose. 5. Number of things; mass; 
system. 6. Strength or substance. 
[A. S. bodig.] 

body (bod'i), vt. [bod'ying; bod'ied.J 
1. Provide with a body. 2. Form into 
a body. 3. (With forth), exhibit in 
bodily form. 

Boer (bov), n. Descendant of the Dutch 
who colonized South Africa. [Dut. 
boer, farmer.] 

bog (bog), n. Marsh, quagmire; soft 
ground.— b © g ' g y , a. Marehys 
swampy. [Gael, bog.] 

bogey, bogie, bogy (bo'gi), n. 1. 
Bugbear. 2. Golf record score. 

boggle ( bog'l ), vi. Hesitate; waver * 
bungle; equivocate .[Etym. doubtful.] 

bogus (bo'gus), a. Spurious; sham. 
[Of doubtful origin.] 

Bohemian (bo-he'mi-an), n. Person 
of irregular habits and who disre- 
gards conventionality. [Fr.boMmien, 
gipsy.] 

boil (boil), I. vt. 1. Cause to bubble 
up from the action of heat; heat to 
the point of ebullition. 2. Cook in a 
seething liquid. II. vi. 1. Bubble up 
from the action of heat. 2. Be cooked 
or prepared in a seething liquid. 3. Be 
agitated, as waves by the wind. III. n. 
State of ebullition. [Fr. bouiltir.] 

boil (boil), n. Inflamed tumor, furun- 
cle. [A. S. byl.] 

boiler (boil'er), n. Vessel in which any- 
thing is boiled or in which steam is 
generated. 

boisterous ( bois'ter-us ), a. Noisy; 
turbulent ; violent.— bois'terously . 
adv. — bois'terousness, n. [Wel» 
bwyst, wildness.] 



fat, task, far, fa.li, fare, above; me, met, h§r; mite, mit; note, not, move, wottj 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



bolas 



65 



boom 



bolas (bo'las), n. Primitive weapons of 
Australian and So. Amer. tribes, con- 
sisting of stones tied to separate cords 
and united. See bolo. 

bold (bold), a. 1. Daring. 2. Striking; 
steep. 3. Impudent.— boldly, adv.— 
boldness, n. [A. S. beald, quick.] 
Syn. Audacious; brave; courageous. 

bole (bol), n. Trunk of a tree 



bole (bol), n. Soft clay used as pig- 
ment. [Gr. bolos, clod.] [pod. 
boll (bol), n. 1. Bowl. 2. Round seed 



bolo ( bo'lo ), n. Primitive scythe-like 
weapon of the Ieorotte tribe. 

bolster ( bol'ster ), I. n. Long cylin- 
drical pillow. II. vt. 1. Support with a 
bolster. 2. Support or prop up. [A.S.] 

bolt (bolt), n. 1 Stout pin of iron or 
other metal. 2. Bar of iron or other 
material for fastening a door, etc. 3. 
Elongated shot. 4. Arrow. 5. Thun- 
derbolt. 6. Roll of cloth, paper, etc. 
7. Act of swallowing food hastily. 8. 
Sudden start. 9. Refusal to abide by 
the action of a party or body of which 
one is a member. [A. S.] 

bolt (bolt), vt. 1. Fasten with a bar or 
pin. 2. Blurt out. 3. Swallow hastily. 
II. vi. 1. Dart forth or off; runaway. 
2. Refuse to be bound by the action 
of one's party or by that of a body of 
which one has been a member. 

bolt (bolt), adv. Like a bolt, straight. 

bolt (bolt). I. n. Sieve. II. vt. Sift. 

bomb (bom), n. Metal shell contain- 
ing an explosive to be fired by impact 
or by a fuse. [Fr. bombe.] 

bombard (bom-bard'), rt. Attack with 
bombs or cannon.- bombardment, 
n. [Fr. bombarder.\ 

bombast ( bom'bast ), n. Inflated or 
high-sounding language ; fustian. — 
bombast'ic, a. [O. Fr. bombace, 
padding— L. bombax, cotton.] [faith. 

bona fide (bo'na fi'de), adv. In good 

bonanza (bo-nan'za), n. Productive 
mine; profitable investment. [Sp. 
=prosperity.] [candy. [Fr.] 

bonbon (bang'bang), n. Sweetmeat, 

bond (bond)'. I. n.' 1. That which binds; 
band; link of connection; obligation; 
restraint. 2. Formally contracted 
obligation, or its record in writing. 3. 
Certificate of indebtedness, bearing 
interest. II. vt. 1. Put under bond; 
mortgage. 2. Place in a bonded ware- 
house under requirement of revenue 
laws. IILa.In a state of slavish depen- 
dence. — bondage ( bond'aj), n. 
Captivity; slavery, -bondman, n. 
Man-slave.- bond'maid, bond'- 
ffoman,ft./m. [A. S. See band.] 
Syn. Ligament; captivity; fetters. 



bonded (bond'ed), a. Under a bond ; 
secured by bond. [on a bond. 

bondsman ( bondz'man ), n. Surety 

bone (bon). I. n. 1. Hard substance 
composing the skeleton of man and 
other animals. 2. Piece of the skele- 
ton. II. vt. 1. Take out the bones. 2. 
Stiffen with bones. 3. Fertilize with 
pulverized bone. III. a. Of or pertain- 
ing to bone. — boned (bond), a. Pos- 
sessed of bones of a particular cha- 
racter, as big-boned. — bone'less, a. 
Without bones. [A. S. bane.] 

bonfire (bon'fir), n. Large fire made 
in the open air on festive occasions. 
[Orig. boneflre, burning of bones.] 

bon-mot (bang'mo), n. Good saying; 
witty repartee. [Fr.] 

bonnet (bon'et), n. 1. Covering for 
the head, worn by women. 2. Kind of 
cap worn by boys and men in Scot- 
land. [Fr.] 

bonny (bon'i), a. Handsome; win- 
some; gay. [Fr. bon, bonne, good.] 

bo n - 1 o n (bang-tang') , n. Height of 
fashion. [Fr.] 

bonus (bS'nus), n. Extra compensa- 
tion or allowance. [L.=good.] 

bony (bo'ni), a. Of, like, pertaining to, 
containing, or consisting of, bone or 
bones. 

booby (bo'bi), n. 1. 
Species of gannet, 
remarkable for its 
apparent stupidity. 
2. Dull or stupid 
person. [Sp. bobo, 
stupid.] 

boodle (bo'dl). I. n./f 
Money used to influ- •; 
ence the action of a Booby, 

public official ; bribe 
money. II. vi. Give or receive boodle 
or bribe money.— bood'ler, n. 

book (bok). I. n. Collection of sheets 
of paper, whether written or printed 
on, or blank, bound together. 2. Lit- 
erary composition. 3. Division of a 
volume II. vt. and vi. 1. Enter or 
register in a book. 2. Arrange or 
provide for in advance. [A. S. b6k, 
book — buc, beech.] 

bookkeeping (bok'ke-ping), n. Art 
of keeping accounts. 

bookplate(bok'plat), n. Label usually 
pasted inside the cover of a book, 
bearing the owner's name, etc. 

bookworm (bok'wurm), n. 1. Mite 
that eats holes in books. 2. Devoted 
reader of books. 

boom (bom). I. n. Hollow sound, as 
of the sea, a cannon, drum; or the 
noise made by the bittern, prairie* 




fite, fat, task, far, fftll, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit} note, not, move, wolf* 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



boom 



66 



botch 



ehicken, etc. II. vi. Make a hollow 
sound. [Imitation of sound.] 

boom (bom). I. n. Sudden active 
movement in favor of any cause, per- 
son or thing; sudden apparent pros- 
perity. II. vt. and vi. Actively and 
enthusiastically advance, promote or 
prosper. [U. S. since 1878.] 

boom (bom), n. 1. Pole by which a sail 
is stretched. 2. Chain or bar stretched 
across a harbor. [Low Ger. boom, 
tree.] 

boomerang- (bo'me-rang), n. 1. 
Weapon used by native Australians: 
a stick of hard wood so curved that 
when thrown forward, it takes a 
whirling course upwards till it stops, 
when it returns with a swoop and 
falls in the rear of the thrower. 2. 
Any scheme or plan which recoils 
upon the originator. 

boon (bon), n. Gift; favor; privilege; 
blessing. [Icel. bon.] 

boon (bon), a. Genial; jovial; inti- 
mate. [Fr. bon, good.] 

boor (bor), n. Coarse or awkward per- 
son.— boor'isb, a. — boor'ishhess, 
n. [Ger. bauer, farmer] 

boost (bost). I. vt. 1. Lift or push up- 
ward. 2. Promote or forward. II. n. 
Push upward ; lift ; helping hand. 
[U. S. colloq.] 

boot (bot). I. n. 1. Covering for the 
foot and lower part of the leg. 2. 
High shoe. 3. Old instrument of tor- 
ture for the legs. 4. Receptacle in a 
carriage, for parcels, etc. II. vt. and 
vi. Put boots on. [Fr. botte.] 

boot (bot). I. n. Profit; relief. II. vt. 
avail.— bootless, a. Without profit; 
useless. — boot'lessly, adv. [A. S. 
bot, compensation.] 

bootblack, (bot'blak), n. One who 
blacks and polishes boots. 

booth (both), n. 1. Stall at a fair. 2. 
Temporary light structure for mer- 
cantile or other purposes. [From 
root of ABODE.] 

bootjack (bot'jak), n. Instrument for 
taking off boots. 

boots (bots), n. Bootblack at a hotel. 

booty (bo'ti), n. Spoil taken in war, 
or by force; plunder. [From Ger. 
beute, plunder.] 

booze (boz). I. n. Liquor; drink. It. 
vi. Tipple, drink deeply.— boo'zy, a. 
Foolish with liquor, lightly intoxi- 
eated. [From Boucy, name of French 
town, producing a sparkling wine.] 

boracic (bo-ras'ik), a. Pertaining to, 
or produced from borax. 

borax (bS'raks), n. Salt made of bor- 
acic acid and soda, used for antiseptic 



and sedative purposes, and as a flus 
in soldering. [From Pers. burak.] 

border (bar'der). I. n. Edge; outer 
part. II. vt'. 1. Make or adorn with a 
border. 2. Adjoin. III. vi.(On or upon) 
Verge; be adjacent (to). [A. S. bora.] 
Syn. Margin; brim; verge; confine; 
boundary; frontier; rim; limits. 

bore (bor), vt. 1. Pierce so as to form 
a hole, esp. with or as with an auger. 

2. Weary or annoy. [A. S. borian.] 
bore (bor), n. 1. Hole made by an au- 
ger or like instrument; any similar 
hole, as in a gun. 2. Person or thing 
that wearies or annoys. [A. S. bor, 
gimlet.] 

bore ( bor ), v. Past tense of bear. 

boreal (bo're-al), a. Pertaining to the 
NOrth or the north Wind; northern. 

Boreas (b5're-as), n. North wind. [Gr.] 

borer (bor'er), n. I. Boring instru- 
ment. 2. Insect or worm that bores 
into wood. 

boric (bor'ik), a. Same as boracic. 

born (barn). I. Pa. p. of bear. Brought 
into being; brought forth; produced. 
II. a. Natural; innate. 

borne (b5rn), v. Pa. p. of BEAR. 

borough (bur'o), n. 1. Incorporated 
town or village. 2. In England, a 
town that sends a representative to 
parliament. J A. Ss.burg, town, fort.] 

foorrotv (bor'o), vt. and vi. 1. Obtain 
a loan. 2. Appropriate and use; adopt; 
copy. — bor'rowcr,n. [A.S. borgian.] 

bosh (bosh), n. and interj. Nonsense; 
foolish talk. [Turk. =empty.] 

bosom (boz'umj. I. n. 1. Breast 2. 
Part of the dress covering the breast. 

3. Embrace. 4. Desire. 5. Anything 
likened to the bosom. II. a. (Attri- 
butively), intimate, confidential, as 
in bosom friend. [A. S. bosm.] 

boss (bas or bos). I. n. Master; 
employer of labor; overseer. II. a. 
Chief ; best of the kind. III. W. and vi. 
Superintend; dictate; order. — Boss it, 
act the master. [Dut. baas, master.] 

boss (bas or bos), n. Knob or stud; 
raised ornament; thick or protuber- 
ant part. [Fr. bosse, swelling.] 

botanic ( bo-tan'ik ), botanical, a. 
Pertaining to botany; containing 
plants.— botan'ically, tim.— bot- 
anists. One skilled in botany.— bot- 
anize, vi. Collect plants for study. 

botany (bot'a-ni), n. Science of plants. 
[Gr. botane, plant— bosko, feed. J 

botch (boch). I. n. 1. Clumsy patch; 
ill-finished work. 2. Bungling work* 
man. II. vt. Mend or patch clumsily; 
make a poor job of. [O. H. Ger. botzen, 
strike, repair.] 



fate, fat, task, far, /all, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; n6te, not, move, WolHj 
mate, hut^ bSnii oil, owl, then. 



both 



67 



bowie-knife 



both (b5th). I a. and pron- The two; 
tae one and the other. II. conj (with 
and), as well as. [AS, ba the, both the.] 

bother ( both'ev ). I. vt. Tease; per- 

filex; annoy. II. vi. Trouble oneself. 
II. n. Trouble ; annoyance.— bother- 
a'tion, n. [Etymology doubtful,] 

bottle (bot'l). I. n. 1. Vessel with a 
narrow neck and mouth, for holding 
liquids. 2. Quantity of liquid a bottle 
holds. II. vt. Put into a bottle or 
bottles. — bottled (bot'ld), a. In- 
closed in bottles.— bottler, n. One 
who bottles.— bottling:, n. Act or 
business of putting into bottles. [Fr. 
bouteille.] 

bottom (bot/um). I.'n. 1. Lowest part; 
that on which anything rests or is 
founded. 2. Low land, as in a valley. 

3. The keel of a ship, hence the vessel 
itself. 4. Stamina; strength. 5. Lees. 

II. vt. 1. Furnish vvith a foundation. 

2. Found or build upon. 3. Fathom. 

III. vi. Rest (upon) ; strike a gainst the 
bottom.— bottomless, a. [A.S. botm.] 

bottomry (bot'um-ri), n. Borrowing 
money on the security of a ship. 
[From BOTTOM.] 

boudoir (bo-dwar'), n. Lady's private 
apartment. [Fr. — bonder, sulk.] 

bough (bow), re. -Branch of a tree. 
[A. S. bog, boh, aj>»v] [of buy. 

bought (bat), v. Past tense and pa. p. 

bouillon (bo'yang or bol'yang), n. 
Clear beef-broth. [Fr.] [stone. 

boulder (border), n. Large rounded 

boulevard (bole-vard),7i. Broad ave- 
nue in a city, usually smooth-paved, 
lined with grass plats, trees or shrub- 
bery, and used by ligh t vehicles only. 
[Fr.— Ger. bollwerk, bulwark.] 

bounce (bowns). I. vt. Drive, beat or 

gush against anything suddenly. 2. 
ause to bound. 3. Suddenly eject or 
throw out. 4. Peremptorily dismiss. 
II. vi. 1. Leap or spring suddenly. 2. 
Rebound. III. n. 1. Sudden leap or 
spring. 2. Rebound. 3. Sudden blow. 

4. Lie.— b o u n 'c e r, n. 1. Anything 
large and bouncing. 2. One who or 
that which bounces.— bouncing, a. 
Healthy, strong, robust.- bouncing. 
ly, adv. [Dut. bonzen, bounce, dismiss.] 

bound (bownd). I. n. Limit or bound- 
ary. II. vt. 1. Set bounds to; restrain; 
surround. 2. State the boundaries of. 

3. Form the boundary of.— bound- 
less, a. Without boundary or limit.— 
boundl' essly, adv. — boundless- 
ness, n. [M. L. bodina, limit.] 

bound (bownd). I. n. Spring or leap; 
rebound. II. vi. Spring, leap, rebound. 
{Fr. bondir, spring.] 



bound (bownd), a. 1 Obliged. 2. Des- 
tined; going. 3. Determined. [See 

BIND.] [p. Of BIND. 

bound (bownd), v. Past tense and pa. 

boundary ( bown'da-ri), n. Border 
line. rgatory. 

bounden (bownd'en), a. Obliged; obli- 

bounteous ( bown'te-us), a. Bounti- 
ful; abundant.— bonn'teously. adv. 
— boun'teousness, n.~ bountiful, 
a. Liberal .— bountifully, adv.— 
boun'tifulness, ». [From bounty.] 

bounty ( bown'ti ), n. 1. Liberality 
in bestowing gifts. 2. Gift. 3. Pre- 
mium given as an inducement to 
some service or to encourage some 
branch of industry. [F. bonte, good- 

bouqu et (bo-ka' ), n. 1. Bunch of 
flowers; nosegay. 2. Fragrance, spe- 
cially of wine. [Fr.] 

bourgeois (bor-zhwa'), n. Middle- 
class citizen. — bourgeoisie (bor- 
zhwa-ze'). n. Middle class of citizens, 
esp. traders. [Fr. — bourg, town.] 

bourgeois (bur-jois'). n. Size of type 
between brevier and long primer. 
Eight lines to the inch. 

$W This line is in Bourgeois typo 

bourn, bourne (born or born), n, 
Boundary. [Fr. borne, limit.] 

bourse (bors),ra. Stock exchange. [Fr.] 

bout (bowt), n. Turn; loop; round; 
contest; set-to. [A. S. byht, bend.] 

bovine (bo'vin), a. Pertaining to cows; 
cow-like. [L. bovinus, — bos, bovis, ox.] 

bow (bow). I. vt. 1. Depress or bend 
down. 2. Subdue; crush; oppress. 
II. vi. 1. Bend the body in saluting. 
2. Yield; obey. III. n. Inclination of 
the bead or body, in respect, recogni- 
tion, reverence, etc. 2. The curving 
forepart of a ship. [A. S. bugan bend.] 

bow (bo), n. 1. Bent piece of wood, with 
the ends connected by a string, used 
for shooting arrows. 2. Anything of a 
bent or curved shape, as a rainbow, 
violin bow. 3. Looped knot of rib- 
bon, etc. [A. S. boga, bow]. 

bowels (bow'elz), n. pi. 1. Intestines. 
2. Interior parts. 3. Seat of pity or 
tenderness; compassion; pity. '[O. Fr. 
boel, intestine, sausage.] 

bower (bow'er). I. n. I. Rustic abode. 
2. Arbor. II. vt. Inclose. III. vi. DwelL 
[A. S. bur, dwelling.] 

bower fbow'er), n. Jack or knave. 
[Ger. bauer, farmer.] _ 

bowie-knife (bo'e-nif), n. Heavy 
sheath knife, with long blade. [Named 
after the inventor, Colonel Bowie, 
who died in 1836.] 



(ate, tat, task, far. lajl, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wglf} 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



bowl 



68 



brand 



bowl (bol), n. 1 Large cup or cup-like 
vessel for holding liquids. 2 The 
hollow part of anything. [A. S. :bolla.] 

bowl (bol). I. n. Large ball used in the 
game of ten-pins. II. vt. 1. Roll as a 
bowl or ball. 2. Strike with anything 
rolled. III. vi. 1. Play at ten-pins; roll 
a bowl. 2. Move smoothly and rap- 
idly, like a ball rolling. 3. Aim or 
deliver a ball as in cricket. [Fr. boule.] 

bowsprit (bo'sprit), n. Large boom or 
spar, which projects forward from the 
stem of a ship to carry sail. 

box (boks). I. n. 1. Case, receptacle. 
2. Contents of toe case. 3. Space shut 
off for private use, as in a theatre. II. 
vt. 1. Inclose in a box. 2. Furnish 
with a box. [A. S. box.] 

box (boks). I. n. Blow on the head or 
ear with the hand. IL vt. Strike 
with the hand or fist. III. vi. Spar 
with the fists; engage in a pugilistic 
encounter.— boxer (boks'er), n. 1. Pu- 
gilist. 2. Member of a fanatic society 
in China opposed to foreigners. 
[From H. G. backe, cheek.] 

box (boks), n. Tree or shrub of the ge- 
nus Buxus.— boxwood, n. Wood of 
the box-tree. 

boy (boi), n. Male child ; 1 a d .— boy'- 
bood, n. The state of being a boy — 
boyish, a.— boyishly, adv.— boy- 
ishness, n. 

boycott (boi'kot). I. vt. Combine in 
refusing to work for, sell to, buy from, 
or have any commercial dealings with. 
II. n. Combining of persons to have no 
commercial dealings with a person, 
firm or corporation. [From Captain 
Boycott, the first victim of it in Ire- 
land, in 1880.] 

brace (bras). I. vt. Tighten; strength- 
en; furnish with braces. II. n. 1. Sup- 
port; prop; suspender. 2. That which 
holds together; clasp. 3. In printing, 
a mark (—*— ) connecting two or more 
lines. 4. Pair,couple . [O.Fr. bras, arm.] 

bracelet (bras f- 
let), n. Orna- 
ment clasping 
the wrist. [Fr.] 

bracing (bra'- 
sing), a. Giv- 
ing strength. 
From brace. 

bracket (brak'- 
et). I. n. 1. Sup- 
port fastened 
to a wall. 2. 

5? or S Ta m p'" old Ass * rian BraceIets ' 
holder.— pi. brackets. In printing, the 
marks [ ] used to inclose one or more 




words. II. vt. 1. Support by brack- 
ets. 2. Inclose by brackets; couple as 
with brackets [Etymology doubtful.] 

brackish (brak'ish), a. Slightly salt. 
— brack'ishness, n. [Dut. brak. 
brackish.] 

bract (brakt), n. Small leaf on a flow- 
er-stem. [L. bractea, thin leaf of met- 
al.] [head. [A. S. brord, point.] 

brad (brad) n. Thin nail with a small 

brag: (brag), v. [brag'ging; bragged 
(bragd).] I. vi. Boast; speak vain- 
gloriously. II. vt. Boast of. III. n. 
1. Boast. 2. Source of pride. 3. One 
who boasts. [O. F. braguer, flaunt.] 

braggadocio (brag-a-do'shi-6), n. 1. 
Boaster. 2. Empty boasting. 

braggart (brag'art). I. n. Vain boast- 
er. II. a. Boastful. [O. Fr. bragard.] 

Brahman (bra/man), Brahmin, n. 
Member of the priest caste among the 
Hindus. — Brah'inanism, n. Religi- 
ous and social system of the Brah- 
mans. [Hind, brahm, worship.] 

braid (brad). I. vt. 1. Plait. 2. Sew 
on braid. II. n. Plaited hair or band. 
[A. S. bredan, weave.] 

brain (bran). I. n. (Often in the mural), 

1. Mass of grayish-white matter con- 
tained in the head. 2. Intellect; mind. 
II. vi. Crush the skull of. — brain'- 
less, a. Without brains; senseless; 
inane.— brain'y, a. Having a good 
brain; intelligent. [A. S. braegen.} 

braise (braz). I. vt. Cook meat by 
stewing in a closed pan with vegeta- 
bles and rich gravy, and slow baking 
afterward. II. n. Meat so cooked* 
[Fr. braiser. See brazier.] 

brake (brak), n. 1. Variety of fern. 2. 
Thicket of ferns or other plants. [Ety- 
mology doubtful.] 

brake (brak). I. n. 1. Contrivance for 
retarding or stopping the motion of 
wheels, etc. 2. Instrument for break- 
ing flax. 3. Wagon used in breaking 
in horses. 4. Forepart of carriage, 
by which it turns. II. vi. Operate a 
brake or brakes. — brake'man, n. 
One who tends brakes. [From break.] 

bramble (bram'bl), n. 1. Blackberry 
bush. 2. Any rough, prickly vine. 
[A. S. bremel, thorn.], 

bran (bran), n. Husks of wheat, rye, 
etc. [Celt, bran, husk.] 

branch(branch). I. n. 1. Limb of a tree. 

2. Anything like a limb. II. vt. and vi. 
Divide; ramify. [Fr. branche.] 

Syn. Bough; twig; sprig; offshoot; 

section; subdivision.' tributary. 

brand (brand). I. n. 1. Piece of wood 

burning or partly burned. 2. Mark 

made by burning. 3. Trade-mark; 



, fat ; task, tar, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, *olf j 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, than. 



brandish 



69 



breathe 



quality; mark of infamy. II. vt. Mark 
with or as with a branding iron; stig- 
matize. [A. S.] 

brandish (bran'dish). I. vt. Wave, 
flourish. II. n. Flourish. [Fr. brandir, 
brandiss — .] 

brandy (bran'di), n. Spirit distilled 
from wine or other fruit. [Formerly 
brandywine — Dut. brandewijn — bran- 
den, burn, distil, and wijn, wine.] 

brasier (bra-zher), n. Worker in 
brass. [From brass.] 

brass (bras), n. 1. Alloy of copper and 
zinc. 2. Effrontery ; impudence. — 
brassy (bras'i), a. [A. S. brces.] 

brat (brat), n. 1 Child's bib. 2. Child. 
[Gael, brat, apron.rag.] 

bravado (bra-va'do), n. 1. Arrogant 
menace: swagger. 2. Swaggerer. [Sp.] 

brave (brav). I. a. Courageous; in- 
trepid; daring. II. vt. Meet boldly; 
defy; dare. III. n. North American 
Indian warrior. •— bravely, adv. — 
bravery (bra'ver-i), n. [Fr.] 

bravo (bra'vo ), n. Daring villain; 
hired assassin; brigand.—^, bravoes 
(bra'voz). [Ital.] 

bravo(bra'vo), interj.Well done! [Ital.] 

brawl (bral). I. n. Noisy quarrel. II. 

vi. Quarrel noisily. [row. 

Syn. Wrangle; squabble; uproar; 

brawn ( bran ), n. 1. Muscle; thick 
flesh, esp. boar's flesh. 2. Muscular 
strength.— brawny, a. Muscular. 
[From root of Ger. braten, roast.] 

bray (bra), vt. Pound or grind small ; 
pulverize by pounding or rubbing. 
[From root of break.] 

bray (bra). I. n. Cry of an ass, or any 
harsh, grating sound. II. vi. Cry like 
an ass. [O. Fr. braire, bray.] 

braze (braz), vt. 1. Cover or orna- 
ment with brass. 2. Solder with an 
alloy of brass and zinc 

brazen (bra'zn). I. a. 1. Made of or 
like brass. 2. Impudent. II. vt. and 
vi. Confront with impudence ; behave 
brazenly.— bra'zenly, adv. In a bra- 
zen manner— bra'zenness, n. 

brazier (bra'zher), n. Open pan for 
burning charcoal. [From Fr. braise, 
live coal.] 

breach (brech). I. n. 1. 
Break or opeming. 2. 
Breaking, as of a law, 
contract, etc. 3. Quarrel. 
II. vt. Make an opening 
in. [Brom break.] 

bread (bred), n. 1. Food 
made of flour or meal 
baked. 2. Food in gen- 
eral. 3. Livelihood.— 
bread fruit, n. Fruit of a tree of 




Breadfruit. 



the South Sea Islands, which when 
roasted is used as food. — bread- 
stuff, n. Cereals or flour that can be 
converted into bread. [A. S.] 

breadth (bredth), n. 1. Extent from 
side to side; width. 2. Piece of fabric 
of its regular width. 3. Liberality, in 
views and opinions. [From A. S. root 
of broad.] 

break(brak), v. [broke (brok) ; broken 
(bro'kn).] I. vt. 1. Part by force; rup- 
ture. 2. Tame; subdue. 3. Weaken; 
impair. 4. Make bankrupt. 5. Act con- 
trary to; violate. 6. Interrupt. 7. 
Make a first disclosure of. II. vi. 1. 
Go to pieces; burst. 2.Start suddenly; 
burst forth; appear. 3.Change sudden- 
ly. 4. Decline. 5. Discontinue friendly 
relations. III. n. 1. Act of breaking. 
2. Opening; breach. 3. Start; change. 
4. Interruption. 5. Kind of heavy car- 
riage. — break'age, n. 1. Breaking. 
2. Things broken.— breakdown, n. 
1. Collapse. 2. Noisy dance.— break'- 
er, n. Wave broken on rocks or the 
shore. — break'neck, a. Likely to 
cause a broken neck ; reckless. — 
break'np, n. Termination; disper- 
sion. — break'water, n. Barrier at 
the entrance of a harbor to break the 
force of the waves. [A. S. brecan.] 

Syn. Rend; batter; shatter; destroy; 
ruin; disorder; broach; discipline; 
terminate; dissolve; demolish. 

breakfast (brek'fast). I. n. First meal 
of the day. II. vt. Furnish with break- 
fast. III. vi._ Take breakfast. 

bream (brem), n. European fresh- 
water fish of the carp family. [Fr. 
br$me.] 

breast (brest). I. n. 1. Front of the 
body between the neck and the abdo- 
men. 2. Bosom. 3. Seat of the emo- 
tions. II. vt. Bear the breast against; 
oppose manfully.— breastplate, n. 
Plate or piece of armor for the breast. 
— breast'work,w. Defensive work of 
earth or other materials breast-high. 
[A. S. breost..] 

breath (breth). n. 1. Air drawn into, 
and then expelled from, the lungs. 2. 
Power of breathing, life. 3. Time oc- 
cupied by once breathing. 4. Very 
slight breeze.— breathless, a. Out 
of breath; dead.— breath'lessness, 
n. [A. S. braetk.] 

breathe (bre^). I. vi. 1. Draw in and 
expel breath or air from the lungs. 2. 
Take breath, rest, pause. 3. Live. II. 
vt. 1. Draw in and expel from the 
lungs, as air. 2. Infuse. 3. Give out 
as breath. 4. Utter softly. 5. Keep in 
breath: exercise. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above-, me, met, her ; mite, rait; note, not, more, wolf j 
m^te, hut, burn, oil, owl, then. 



breathing 



70 



brighten 



breathing: (brewing), n. 1. Act of 

respiration. 2. Aspiration. 3. Respite. 

breech (brech). I. n. .Lower part of the 
body behind; hinder part of any thing, 
as of a gun. II. vt. Put into breeches. 
— breech-loader (brech'lo-der), n. 
Fire-arm ioaded by introducing the 
charge at the rear, f A. S. brecj] 

breeches (brich'ez ), n. pi. Garment 
worn by men on the lower part of tbe 
body ; trousers. [See breech.] 

breed (bred), v. [breeding; bred,] I. 
vt. 1. Bring forth; cause. 2. Bring up. 
II. vi. 1, Be with youhg. 2. Be pro- 
duced. III. n. 1. That which is bred; 
offspring. 2. Kind; race.— breed'er, 
n— breeding-, h.l. Act of producing. 
2. Education; manners. [A. S. bredan, 
nourish. Akin to bread.] 

Syn. Generate ; produce ; hatch; 
engender ;_beget; foster; train; raise. 

breeze (brez),^. Gentle gale; wind.— 
bree'zy,a. 1. Windy; airy. 2. Lively. 
[Fr. brise, cool wind.] 

brethren (bre^'ren), pi. of brother. 

breve (brev), n. Longest note used in 
music, ( o ). [It.— L. brevis, short.] 

brevet (bre-vef), n. Military commis- 
sion giving an officer higher rank than 
that for which he receives pay. [Fr.] 

breviary ( bre'vi-ar-i ), n. Book con- 
taining the daily service of the Roman 
Catholic Church. [Fr. brSviaire.] 

brevier ( bre-ver' ) , n. Type between 
bourgeois and minion: 9 lines to inch. 
H^fThis line is in Brevier type. 

brevity (brev'i-ti), n. 1. Shortness. 2. 
Conciseness; succinctness. 

brew (bro). I. vt. 1. Prepare a liquor, 
as from malt and other materials. 2. 
©ontrive. II. vi. 1. Perform the oper- 
ation of brewing. 2. Be gathering or 
forming. — brew'er* n. One who 
brews.— brew ery (bro'er-i), n. Place 
lor brewing.— brew'ing, n. 1. Act of 
making liquor from malt. 2. Quan- 
tity brewed at once. [A. S- breowan.] 

bribe (brib). I. n. Something given 
to influence unduly the judgment or 
conduct. II. vt. Influence by a bribe.— 
bri'ber, v>. — bri'bery, w« [Fr.] 

bric-a-brac (brik'a-brak), n. Arti- 
cles of virtu; curious ornamental 
objects. [FrJ 

brick (brik), I. n. 1. Oblong or square 
piece of burped clay. 2. Anything in 
the shape of a brick II. vt.. Lay or 
pave with brick.— b rick'bat, n, 
Piece of brick.— brick-kiln, n. Kiln 
fta which bricks are burned.— brick- 
layer, n. One who lays or builds with 
lwicks. [Fr. brique.] 



bridal (bri'dal). I. n. Marriage feast; 
wedding. II. a. Belonging to a bride 
or a wedding; nuptial. 

bride (brid), n. 1. Woman about to 
be married. 2. Woman newly mar- 
ried. [A. S. bryd.] 

bridegroom (brid'grom), n. 1. Man 
about to be married. 2. Man newly 
married. — bride'maid, bride's'- 
maid, bride'ihan, bride's'man, 
attendants at a wedding. [A. S. bryd, 
bride, and guma, man.] 

bridge (brij) I. n. 1. Structure raised 
across a river, etc. 2, Any similar 
structure. II. vt. Build or form a 
bridge over. [A. S. bricg.) 

bridle (bri'di). I. n. 1. Instrument on a 
horse's head, by which it is con- 
trolled. 2. Any curb or restraint. IL 
vt. PUt on or manage by a bridle; 
check; restrain. III. vi. Hold up the 
head proudly or affectedly.— bridle- 
path (bri'di-path), n. Way for horse- 
men. [A. S. bridel.] 

brief (bref). I. a. Short. II. n. 1. Short 
account of a client's case for the 
instruction of counsel. 2. Short state- 
ment of any kind. III. vt. Epitomize. 
—briefly, adv.— brief hess, n. [Fr. 
bref — L. brevis, short.] 

brier (bri'er), n. 1. Prickly shrub. 2. 
Wild rose. — bri'er-root, n. Root 
of the white heath, Used for making 
pipe bowls. [A., S. brer, thorn.] 

brig (brig), n. Two- 
masted, square- 
rigged vessel. 
[Shortened from 

BRIGANTINE.] 

brigade (brig-ad'), 

I. n. Body of troops 
consisting of two 
or more regiments. 

II. vt. Form into 
brigades. [Fr.] 

brigadier ( brig-a- 
der'), brigadier-general, n. Gen* 
eral in command of a brigade. 

brigand (brig'and), n, Robber, free- 
booter. — brigandage, n. Plunder* 
ing; svstematic robbery. [Fr. — It. 
brigante — briga, strife. ] 

brigahtine ( brig'an-tin ), n. Small, 
light vessel or brig. [From brigand, 
because such a vessel was used by 
pirates.] 

bright (brit), a. Shining; full of light; 
clear; clever. — brightly, adv. — 
brightness, n. [A. S. beort, briht, 
bright.] 

brighten (bri'tn ). I. vt. Make bright 
or brighter; make cheerful. II. vi. 
Grow bright or brighter; clear up. 




Brig. 



tftte, fat, task, far, f$ll, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; n5te, not, move, wolf; 
Hiiite, but, huruj oil, owl, then. 



brilliant 



71 



brooch 



brilliant (bril'yant). La. Sparkling; 
splendid. II. n. Diamond of the finest 
cut.— brilliantly, adv.— brillian- 
cy, n. [Fr. driller, shine.] 

6yn. Radiant; glittering; effulgent. 




Top View. 



Side View. 



Back View. 



Brilliant with 58 facets. 

brim (brim). I. n. 1. Brink of a river 
or lake. 2. Upper edge of a vessel. 3. 
Projecting rim around a hollow, as in 
a hat. 11. vt. [brim'ming; brimmed 
(brimd).] Fill to the brim. III. vi. Be 
full to the brim. [A. S. brim, border, 
shore.] 

brimful (brim'fpl), a. Full to the brim. 

brimstone (brim'stou), n. Sulphur. 
[From A. S.byrnan, burn, and stone.] 

b rinded (brin'ded), brindled, a. 
Marked with spots or streaks. [From 

BRANDED.] 

brine (brin), n. Salt-water; sea. 
[From A, S. byrnan, burn.] 

bring: (bring), vt. [bringing; brought 
(brat).] Fetch; carry; procure ; draw, 
lead. — Bring about, bring to pass, 
effect.— Bring down, humble. — Bring 
forth, give birth to, produce.— Bring 
to, check the course of. [A. S. 
bringan.] 

brink (bringk), n. Edge or border of 
a steep place or of a river. 

briny fbri'ni), a. Pertaining to brine 
or the sea; salt. 

brisk (brisk), a. Lively; rapid; effer- 
vescing. [From root of Fr. brusque.] 

brisket (bris'ket), n. 1. Breast of an 
animal. 2. Part of breast next to ribs. 
[O. E. brusket.] 

bristle (bris'l). I. n. Short, stiff hair, 
as of swine. II. vi. Stand erect, as 
bristlers. [A. S. byrst.] 

bristly- (bris'li), a. l. Set with bris- 
tles. 2. Rough.— bristliness, n. 

Britannic (bri-tan'ik), a. Pertaining 
to Great Britain. 

British (brit'ish), a. Pertaining to 
Great Britain or its people. 

Briton (brit'un), n. Native of Britain. 

brittle (brit'l), a. Easily broken. — 
brit'tleness, n. [From A. S. breotan, 

broach (br5ch), vt. 1. Pierce. 2. Tap; 
open up, begin. 3. Utter. £Fr. brocher, 
pierce.] 



broad (brad), a. 1. Wide; large; fre6« 
open. 2. Comprehensive; liberal. 3. 
Coarse, indelicate.— broadly, adv.— 
broadness, n.— broaden (brad'n) 
vt. and vi. Make or grow broad or 
broader. [A. S. brad.'} [widely. 

broadcast ( brad'kast ). a. Scattered 

broadcloth (brad'klatk), n. Fioe, 
smooth woolen cloth, made double 
width, a yard and a half. 

broadside (brad'sid), n. 1. Side of a 
ship. 2. All the guns on one side of 
a ship of war, or their simultaneous 
discharge. 3. Sheet of paper printed 
on one side. [with a broad blade. 

broadsword (brad'sord), n. Sword 

brocade (bro-kad v ), n- Silk stuff in 
which figures _are wrought. — bro- 
caded ( bro-ka'ded ), a. 1. Worked 
brocade-like. 2. Dressed in brocade. 
[From root of broach.] 

brochure (bro-snor'). n. Pamphlet. 
[Fr.] [Gael, brog, shoe.J 

brog- an (br5'gan), a. Coarse shoe. 

brogue (brog), n. 1. Coarse shoe. 2. 
Dialectic pronunciation of English, 
esp. that of the Irish. [Gael. brog ] 

broil (broil), n. Noisy quarrel. [Fr. 
brouiuer, confuse.] 

broil (broil). I. vi. and vi. Cook over 
hot coal. [Etymology doubtful.] 

broke (brok). v. Past tense of break. 

broken (bro'kn), a. Rent asunder, in 
pieces; infirm; humbled. [From 

BREAK.] 

broker (bro'ker), n. One who buys and 
sells for others, esp. stocks and secur- 
ities. — brokerage, n. 1. Business 
of a broker. 2. Commission charged 
by a broken [From A. S. brucan, use.] 

broma (bro'ma), n. Preparation of 
cacao. [Gr._= food.] 

bromide (bro 'mid), n. Combination of 
bromine with a base. 

bromine (bro'min), n. Element close- 
ly allied to iodine, so called from its 
smell. [Gr. bromos. bad odor.] 

bronchia (brong'kia), n. pi. Rami- 
fications of the windpipe which carry 
air into the lungs.— bronchial, a. 
[Gr. bronchos, windpipe.] 

bronchitis (brong-ki'tis), n. Inflam- 
mation of the bronchia. 

broncho, bronco (brong'ko), n. 
Small Mexican horse: mustang. 

bronze (bronz). I. n. 1. Mixture of 
copper and tin. 2. Anything cast in 
bronze. 3. Color of bronze. 4. Impu- 
dence. II. vt. Give the aopearance ot 
bronze to; harden. [Fr.] 

brooch ( broch or brocb), n. Orna* 
mental pin for fastening an article of 
dress. [Fr. broche, spit.] 



tikte, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, h§r; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolfj 
mate, hat, bum; oil, owl, th en, 



brood 



72 



buckshot 



brood(brod). I. vt. and vi. 1. Sit on eggs 
in order to breed or hatch. 2. Think 
anxiously for a long time. II. n. Off- 
spring; number hatched at once. [A. 
S. brod.] 

brook (brok),w. Small stream.— 
brooklet, h. Little brook. [A.S.broc] 

brook (brok),fl£. Bear, endure, f A. S. 
brucan, use, enjoy.] 

broom (broni). I. n. 1. Wild evergreen 
shrub. 2. Brush with a long handle 
for sweeping floors, etc. II. vi. Sweep. 
— broom'corn, n. "Variety of maize 
from the tufts of which brooms are 
made.— broomstick, n. Handle of a 
broom. [A. S. brom.] 

broth (broth), n. Water in which meat 
was boiled. LA. S. Related to Ger. 
bruehe.] 

brotbcr (bruta'er), n. 1. Male born of 
the same parents. 2. One closely 
united with or resembling another. 
3. Fellow-creature; fellow member.— 
brotherhood, n. 1. State of being a 
brother. 2. Association of men for 
any purpose.— broth'er-in -law, n. 
Brother of a husband or wife ; a sis- 
ter's husband.— broth'erly, a. Like 
a brother, kind, affectionate. [A. S. 
brodhor.] 

brougham (bro'am), n. One-horse 
close carriage, two or four wheeled, 
named after Lord Brougham. 

brought (brat), v. Past tense and pa. 

p. Of BRING." 

brow (brow), n. 1. Ridge over the 
eyes; forehead. 2. Edge of a hill. 
[A. S. bru, slope.] 

browbeat (brow'bet), vt. Bear down 
with stern looks or speech; bully. 

brown (brown). I. a. Of a dark or 
dusky color inclining to red or yellow. 
II. n. Dark reddish color. III. vt. Make 
brown; give a brown color to. — 
brownish, a. Inclining to brown.— 
brown'ness, n. — brown study, 
gloomv reverie, absent-mindedness. 
[A. S. bruin, — byrnan, burn.] 

brownie (brow'ni), n. Kind of good- 
natured domestic spirit. rj3cot.] 

browse (browz), vt. and vi. Feed on 
the shoots or leaves of plants. [O. Fr. 
broust, sprout.] 

bruin (bro'in), n. Bear, so called from 
its brown color. [A. S. brun, brown.] 

bruise (broz). I. vt. 1. Injure without 
laceration. 2. Crush, pound. II. n. 
Contusion. [O. Fr. bruiser, break.] 

bruit (brot). I. n. Something noised 
abroad; rumor; report. II. vt. Noise 
abroad; report. [Fr. = noise.] 

brunette (bro-net'),^. Girl or woman of 
dark complexion, eyes and hair. [Fr.] 



brunt (brunt), n. Main heat or shock 
of an onset or contest; the force of a 
blow. [Related to burn.] 

brush (brush). I. n. 1. Instrument for 
removing dust or dirt, made of bris- 
tles, twigs, or feathers. 2. Kind of 
hair-pencil used by painters. 3. 
Brushwood. 4. Skirmish or encount- 
er. 5. Tail of a fox. II. vt. Remove 
dust; clean; touch lightly in passing. 
III. yi.Move lightly. [Fr. brosse.] 

brushwood ( brush'wod ), n. Rough, 
close bushes ; thicket. 

brusque (brosk), a. Blunt, abrupt in 
manner. — brusque'ness, n. [Fr.] 

brutal (bro'tal), a. Like a brute; un- 
feeling.— brutally, adv.— brutal'- 
ity, n.— brutalize, vt. Make brutal. 

brute(brot). La. Belonging to the lower 
animals. II. n. Beast.— bru'ti&h, a. 
Bestial. — bru'tlshly, adv. — brn- 
tishness, n. [Fr.— L. brutus, dull.] 

bubble (bub'l). I. n. 1. Bladder of 
water filled with air. 2. Delusion. IL 
vi. Rise in bubbles. [Dut. bobbel] 

bubo (bu'bo), n. Contagious inflamma- 
tion of a lymphatic gland.— Bubonic 
plague, deathly disease of Asiatic 
origin. [Gr. boubon.] 

buck (buk), n. 1. 
Male of the deer, 
goat, hare, and 
rabbit. 2. Dash- 
ing young fellow. 
[A. S.bucca.] 

buck (buk). vt. 1. 

1. Throw (a rider) 
by bucking. II. vi. 
Spring from the 
ground suddenly, as a broncho. 

b uck board (buk'bord), n. Four- 
wheeled vehicle having a long elastic 
board in place of body and springs. 

bucket (buk'et), n. Vessel for draw- 
ing or holding water. [A.S. buc, jug.] 

buckeye ( buk'i) , n. Horse-chestnut. 

buckle (buk'l). I. n. Instrument for 
fastening shoes and other articles of 
dress. II. vt. 1. Fasten with a buckle. 

2. Yield. 3. Struggle. III. vi. 1. Bend, 
bulge out. 2. Engage with zea 1 . 
[Fr. boucle.] 

buckler (buk'ler), n. Shield with a 
central boss. [Fr. bouclier.] 

buckram (buk'ram). I. n. Coarse linen 
cloth stiffened. II. a. 1. Made of buck- 
ram. 2. Stiff; precise. [Etymology 
doubtful.] 

buckshot (buk'shot), n. Large lead 
shot used for hunting deer and other 
large game. 

buckskin (buk'skin), n. 1. Skin of a 
buck. 2. Soft leather made of it. 




Fallow Deer Buck. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolfj 
mutfc, hut, burnt oil, owl, then. 



buckwheat 73 

bnekwheat (buk'hwet), n. Kind of 
grain having three-cornered seeds. 
FA. S. boc, beech, and wheat.] 

bucolic (bu-kol'ik) I. a. Agricultural; 
pastoral. II. n. Pastoral poem. [Gr. 
boukolikos,, a herdsman.] 

bud (bud). I. n. First shoot of a tree 
or plant. II. vi. Put forth buds ; begin 
to grow. III. vt. Graft by inserting 
a bud under the bark of another tree. 
[Dut. bot, bud.] 

Buddhism (bod'izm), n. Religious 
system founded* by Buddha. 

Buddhist (bod'ist), n. Believer in 
Buddhism. 

budge(buj), vi. Move; stir. [Pr. bouger.] 

budget (buj'et). n. 1. Little sack with 
its contents. 2. Annual statement of 
the finances of a government. [Pr.] 

bulf fbuf), n. 1. Leather made from 
the skin of the buffalo. 2. Light yel- 
low color. [Pr. buffle, buffalo.] 

buffalo (buf'a-lo), n. 1. Large kind of 
ox, generally wild. 2. American bison. 
— buffalo robe, the skin of the 
buffalo dressed for use. [Sp. — Gr. 
boubalos, wild ox — bous, ox.] 

buffer (buf'er), n. Device to break the 
force of a concussion. 

buffet (buf'et or bo-fa'), n. 1. Side- 
board. 2. Public room for refresh- 
ments. [Pr.] 

buffoon (buf-fon'), n. Clown. — buf- 
foon'ery, n. Ludicrous or vulgar 
jesting. [Pr. bouffon—It. buffare, jest.] 

bug <bug), n. Term applied to various 
insects, esp. those infesting houses 
aadbeds; beetle. [W.bwg, hobgoblin.] 

bugbear (bug'bar), n. 1. Hobgoblin in 
the shape of a bear. 2. Object of terror. 
Syn. Goblin; specter; ogre. 

buggy (bug'i), n. Single-seated, four- 
wheeled vehicle, with or without a 
top, drawn by one or two horses. 

bugle (bu'gl), n. 1. Hunting-horn. 2. 
Horn for military signals. [O. Pr. — 
L. buculus, — bos, ox.] 

buhl (bul), n. Unburnished gold, brass 
or mother-of-pearl inlaid; furniture 
ornamented with such. [Prom Boule, 
the name of an Italian wood-carver 
who introduced it into Prance in the 
time of Louis XIV.l 

build (bild), v. [build'ing; built (bilt) 
or build'ed.] I. vt. Preet; form; con- 
struct. II. vi. Depend (on). III. n. 
Construction; make. — build'er, n. 
One who builds.— build'ing, n. Art 
of erecting houses; anything built. 

bulb (bulb), n. 1. Onion-like root. 2. 
Anything of similar form.— hulb'ed, 
bulb ©us, a. [gale. 

bulbul (bol'bol), n. Persian nightin- 



bump 



Bule (bu'la), n. National legislature 
of Greece, consisting of one house. 

bulge (bulj). I n. 1. Bilge or widest 
part of a cask. 2. Swelling. II. vi. 
Swell out. [A. S. belgan.] 

bulk (bulk), n. 1. Magnitude. 2.Greater 
part. 3. Whole cargo. [Prom bulge.] 
Syn. Mass; size; majority. 

bulkhead (bulk'hed), n. Partition 
separating one part of a ship between 
decks from another. 

bulky (bulk'i), a. Having bulk; of 
great size.— bulk'iness, n. 

bull (bol). I. n. 1. Male of the ox kind; 
sign of the zodiac. 2. Speculator who 
favors higher prices. II. vt. Work for 
an advance of prices in stocks, etc. 

bull (bol), n. Edict of the Pope which 
has his seal affixed. [L. bulla, seal.l 

bull (bol), n. Ludicrous blunder; gross 
inconsistency in speech. 

bull-baiting (bol'-ba'ting) , n. Sport oi 
exciting bulls with dogs. [See bait.] 

bulldog (bol'dog), n. 1. Kind of dog of 
great courage, formerly used for bait- 
ing bulls. 2. Short-barreled pistol. 

bulldoze (bol'dSz), vt. Intimidate; 
bully. [Slang.] [Pr. bouleU] 

bullet (bol'et), n. Ball of lead. [Prom 

bulletin ' (bol'e-tin), n. Brief and offi- 
cial report of public news. [Pr.] 

bullfinch (bol'- 
finch), n. Species 
of finch. 

bullfrog (bol'frog), 
n. Species of large 
frog. 

bullion (bol'yun), 
n. Gold and silver Bullfinch. 

in the mass. 
[ Prom O. Pr. billon, bar. ] 

bullock (bol'ok), n. Young bull or 
steer. [A.*S.] 

bull's-eye (bolzl), n. 1. Center of a 
target. 2. Small lantern. 

bully ( bol'i ). l.n. Blustering fellow. 
II. a. Splendid. III. vi. rbul'lvintr; 
bul'lied.j Bluster. IV. vt. Intimidate 
by bluster. [Low Ger. bullem, roar.) 

bulrush ( bol' rush ), n. Large strong 
rush, which grows on wet ground. 

bulwark (bol'wark), n. Fortifica- 
tion ; rampart. [Prom roots of bole 
and work.] 

bumble-bee (bum'bl -be), n. Large 
kind of bee that makes a buzzing 
noise. [O. Dut. bommelen, buzz.] 

bum boat (bum'bot), n. Boat for car- 
rying provisions to a ship. [Dut.] 

bummer (bum'er), n. Plundering 
camp-follower; loafer. [Ger. bummler.] 

bump (bump). I. vi. Make a heavy or 
loud noise. II. vt. Strike with a dull 




fate, (at, Uask. far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf-, 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, (hen. 



bumper 



74 



burst 




sound. HI. n. 1. Dull, heavy blow. 2, 
Swelling. [Imitation of sound.] 

bnmper (bum'per), n. Cup or glass 
filled to the brim. [Fr. bombard.] 

bumpkin ( bum'kin ), n. Awkward 
rustic. [Dut. boom, log,anddim. ken.] 

bun (bun), n. Kind of small sweet cake. 

bunch (bunch). I. n. Number of things 
tied together. II. vt. Put together.— 
bunchy, a. Like a bunch. [Icel. bunki.] 

bunco(bung'ko). I. n. Swindling game. 
II. vt. Swindle, rob. 

buncoinbe(bung'kum),?i. Empty talk. 
[?From Buncombe Co. N. C] 

Bundesrat (bon'des-rat), n. Federal 
council, esp. of" the German Empire. 

bundle (bun r dl), n. Number of things 
bound together. II. vt. and vi. 1. Tie 
into bundles. 2. Go, or remove, un- 
ceremoniously. [A. S. byndel.] 

bung- (bung), n. 1. Stopper of the hole 
in a barrel or cask. 2. The hole itself. 

bun galo w 
( bung'a - lo ),> n. 
Tentlike, single- 
storied cottage 
with veran- 
dahs, origina- 
ted in Bengal, 
India. 

bungle (bung'l). 
L n. Botch, 
blunder. II. vi. 
and vt. Act or make clumsily.— bung'- 
ler, n. [Etymology doubtful.] 

bunion (bun'yun), n. Inflamed swel- 
ling on the ball of tbe great toe. [O. 
Fr. bugne, swelling.] 

bunk (bungk). I. n. Wooden case used 
for a seat during the day, and for a bed 
at night. II. vi. Sleep in a bunk. [Sw. 
bunke, coop.] 

bunker (bungk'er), n. Large coal bin. 

bunting (bunt'ing), n. 1. Thin stuff for 
flags. 2. Kind of bird. [Ger. bunt, gay.] 

buntline (bunt'lin), n. One of the 
ropes used in taking in a sail. 

buoy ( boi ). I. n. Float to indicate 
shoals, etc. II. vt. Fix buoys; keep 
afloat; bear up.— buoy'ancy, n. I. 
Capacity for floating. 2. Lightness of 
spirit. — buoy'ant, a. [Dut. boei, 
buoy, fetter.] 

bur, burr (bur), n. 1. Prickly seed- 
case. 2. Rough sound of r. 3. Rough 
edge. 4. Tool for producing a rough 
edge. 5. Screw nut. 

burbot (bur'bot), n. Fresh-water fish 
like the eel, with a beard on its low- 
er jaw. [Fr. barbote—Li. barba, beard.] 

burden (bur'dn). I. n. Load. II. vt. 
Load; oppress. — bur'denous, a.— 
burdensome, a. Heavy; oppress- 
ive. [A. S. byrthen — beran, bear.] 



Bungalow. 



burden (bur'dn), n. Part of a song 
repeated at the end of every stanza; 
refrain, [L. L. burdo, drone.] [burs. 

burdock (bur'dok), n. Plant with 

bureau (bu'ro), n. 1. Chest of draw- 
ers. 2. Department for the transact- 
ing of public business. — pi. bureau^ 
( bur'o ), bureaus (bur'oz). [Fr.J 

bureaucracy (bu-ro'kra-si), n. Gov- 
ernment by administrative bureaus. 
bureaucratic ( bu-ro-krat'ik ), a. 
Pertaining to bureaucracy. 

burgess (bur'jes), burgher (burg'er), 
n. 1. Inhabitant of a borough. 2. 
Citizen or freeman. 3. Magistrate of 
certain towns. 

burglar (bur'glar), n. One who breaks 
into a house by night to steal. — 
burglary, n. Breaking into a house 
by night to rob. [Ger. burg, town, and 
L. latro, robber.] 

burgomaster (bur'go-mas-ter), n. 
Chief magistrate of a German or a 
Dutch town or city; mayor. 

burgoo (bur'gb), n. I. Soup of meat 
and vegetables highly seasoned, pop- 
ular in Kentucky, served at barbe- 
cues. 2. Barbecue; out-door feast. 

Burgundy ( biir'gun-di ), n. French 
Wine, so called from Btirgundy. 

burial (ber'i-al), n. Act of placing a 
dead body in a grave. [See bury.] 

burlap (bur'lap), n. Coarse fabric of 
jute, flax, manila, or hemp, used foi 
bags, wall coverings, etc. 

burlesque (bur-lesk'). L n. Ludi- 
crous representation. II. a. Jocular. 
III. vt. Turn into ridicule. [Fr.] 
Syn. Parody; travesty; caricature. 

burly (bur'li), a. 1. Bulky and vigor- 
ous. 2. Boisterous. — burliness, n. 

burn (burn), v. [burning; burned or 
burnt.] I. vt. Consume or injure by fire. 

II. vi. 1. Be on fire. 2. Feel excess of 
heat. 3. Be inflamed with passion. 

III. n. Hurt or mark caused by fire. 
burner (burn'er), n. Part of a lamp 

or gas-jet from which the flame arises, 
burnish (burn'ish). I. vt. Polish; 
make bright by rubbing. II. n. Pol- 
ish; luster. [Fr. brunir, make brown.] 
burr (bur), n. Same as bur. [key. [Sp.^ 
burro (bur'o), n. Small Mexican don- 
burrow (bur'o). I. n. Hole in the 
ground dug by certain animals for 
shelter or defense. II.vi.1. Make holes 
underground. 2. Dwell in a concealed 
place. [A. S. beorgan, protect.] 
burse (burs), n. (R. C.) Receptacle for 

the corporal ; an exchange. 
burst (burst). I. vt. and vi. [bursting; 
burst.] Break into pieces; break of 
fly open suddenly or by violence. II. 



fate, fat, task, far, tftll, fare, aboye; me, met, her; mite, mit; n5te, not, move, woltg 
mate, hut, burn; oil, owl, thou. 



burthen 



75 bypath 




n. Sudden outbreak. [A. S. berstan, 
break.] (den.] 

burthen (bur'thn), n. Same as bur- 

bury ( ber'i ), vt. [bur'ying ; bur'ied.] 
Hide in the ground; place in the 
grave; hide or blot out of remem- 
brance. [A. S. byrgan.] 

bush (bosh), n. 1. Shrub thick with 
branches. 2. Wild uncultivated coun- 
try. [Ger. busch.] 

bushel ( bosh'el ). I. n. Dry measure 
containing 32 dry quarts or 2150.4 cu. 
in. II. vt. Mend; alter. 

bushing(bosh'ing), n. Lining of metal, 
let into an orifice. 

bushy (bosh'i), a. Full of bushes; 
thick and spreading. — bnsh iness, h. 

busily (biz'i-li), adv. In a busy manner. 

bnsiness(biz'nes),/i. 1. Em- 
ployment; trade, occupa- 
tion. 2. Affairs; affair. 

buskin (bus'kin), n. Boot 
worn in ancient time by 
actors of tragedy, hence 
the tragic drama. 

buss (bus). I. n. Kiss. II. 
vt. Kiss, esp. in a rude or 
playful manner. [O. Ger. 
bussen, kiss.] 

bust (bust), n. 1. Human Buskin. 
l»ody from the head to the 
waist 2. Sculpture representing the 
upper part of the body. [Fr. buste.] 

bustard (bus'tard), n. Genus of large 
heavy birds, akin to the ostrich 
family. [Fr. bistard — li. avis tarda, 
slow bird.] 

bustle (bus'l). I. vi. Busy one's self; 
hustle; be active. II. n. 1. Hurried ac- 
tivity; stir. 2. Pad worn by women. 

busy (biz'i). I. a. 1. Fully employed ; 

active. 2. Meddling. II. vt. Make busy ; 

occupy.— bus'ily, adv. [A. S. bysig.] 

Syn. Diligent ; industrious ; occupied . 

busybody (biz'i-bod-i), n. One busy 
about other affairs; meddling person. 

but ( but ). I. prep. Except; barring. 
II. conj. 1. Except; except that. 2. 
Yet. 3. On the other hand. 4. More- 
over; besides. III. adv. Only; sim- 
ply. [A. S. butan, without.] 

butcher (boch'er). I. n. 1. One whose 
business it"is to slaughter animals for 
food, or who sells meat. 2. One who 
delights in bloody deeds. II. vt. 1. 
Slaughter animals for food. 2. Put 
to a bloody death; kill cruelly. — 
butch'ery, n. Great or cruel slaugh- 
ter. [Fr. boucher — bouc, buck.] 

butler (but'ler), n. Servant who has 
charge of liquors, plate. etc. —butler- 
ship, n. [Fr. bouteillier— bouteille, 
bottle.] 



butt (but). I. vi. and vt. Strike 
with the head, as a goat. II. n. 1„ 
Thick and heavy end. 2. Thrust of 
the head of an animal. 3. Mark to 
be shot at; on© who is made the object 
of ridicule. [Ger. bozenJ] 

butt (but), n. Large cask; wine-butt= 
126 gallons; beer and sherry butt= 
108 gals. [Fr. botte, a vessel of leather.] 

butte (bot or bujt), n. Detached hill 
or ridge. [Fr.] 

butter (but'er). I. n. Substance ob- 
tained from cream by churning. II. 
vt. Spread over with butter. [A. S. 
buter — Gr. boutyron — bous, ox, and 
tyros, cheese.] 

buttercup (but'er-kut>),n. 1. Plant of 
the ci'ow-foot genus, with a cup-like 
flower of a golden ye*llow 5 like butter. 
2. Flower of the plant. 

butterfly (but'er-fil), n. Insect with 
large showy wings. ■ [butter. 

butterine ( but'er-en ), n. Artificial 

buttermilk ( but'er-milk ), n. Milk 
that remains after churning. 

butternut (but'er-nut) , n. Edible nut 
of an American tree of the walnut 
family. [of taffy. 

butterscotch (but'er-skoch), n. Kind 

buttock (but'ok), n. 1. Rump; seat. 
2. Upper rear outline of ship's hull. 
[From butt, end.] 

button (but'n). I. n. 1. Kno"b of me- 
tal, bone, etc., used to fasten the dress. 
2. Knob at the end of a foil. 3. Any 
small knob or protuberance. ll.vt. Fast- 
en by means of buttons. [Fr. bouton.] 

buttress ( but'res ). I. n. Projecting 
support of a wall,builton the outside. 
II. vt. Prop, support. [O. F.] 

buxom (buks'um), a. 1. Yielding, sub- 
missive. 2. Healthy; cheerful. 3. 
Plump. [A. S. buhsum, flexible.] 

buy (bi) vt. [buying; bought (bat).] 1. 
Purchase. 2. Bribe. 3. Procure. — 
buyer (brer), n. [A. S. bycgan.] 

buzz (buz). I. vi. Make a humming 
noise like bees. II. n. 1. Noise of or 
as of bees and flies. 2. Whispered re- 
port. [From the sound.] ( 
I ^buzzard (buz'ard)j n. Bird of prey or 
the falcon family. [Fr. busard.] 

by (bi). I. prep. 1. At the side of; near 
to. 2. Through. II. adv. 1. Near; pas- 
sing near; in presence. 2. Aside; 
away. — By and by, soon; presently. 
— By the by, by the way; in passing. 
[A. S. bi.] [event. 

bygone (bi'gan). I. a. Past. II. n. Past 

bylaw (bi'la), n. Supplementary law. 

byname (bi'nam), n. Nickname; name 
of reproach. 

bypath (bi'path), n. Side path. 



fftte, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; mS, met, h5r; mite, mit; note, not, more, wolft 
mat*, hut, burn; oil, owl, tt«a. 



byplay 



76 



cake 



byplay (bi'pla), n. Scene carried on 
apart from the main part of the 
play. 

byproduct (bi'prod-ukt), n. Second- 
ary, additional product. 



bystander (bl'stan-der), n. One who 
stands by or near; looker-on. [way. 
byway (bi'wa), n. Private or obscure 
byword (bi'wurd), n. 1. Common say- 
ing; proverb. 2. Word of reproach. 



He (se). Third letter of the En- 
glish alphabet. 
cab (kab), n. 1. One-horse hack- 
ney; cabriolet. 2. Part of 
engine occupied by engineer 
and fireman. [Abbr. of cabriolet.] 

cabal (ka-bal'), n. Small party united 
for some intrigue. 2. Intrigue. [Fr. 
cabale— Heb. qabbalah, tradition.] 
Syn. Plot; conspiracy; junto. 

cabbage (kab'aj), n. Well-kno\m 
kitchen vegetable. [From O. Fr. cabus 
— L. caput, head.] 

cabin (kab'in). I. n. 1. Hut or cottage. 
2. Small room. 3. Compartment in 
a ship or other vessel for officers or 
passengers. II. vt. Shut up in a cabin. 
[W. caban, hut.] 

cabinet (kab'in-et), n. 1. Small room 
or closet. 2. Case of drawers for 
articles of value. 3. Private room 
for consultation. 4. The advisers of a 
monarch or president. [Fr.] 

cabinet-maker < kab'in-et-ma'ker), 
n. Maker of cabinets and other fine 
furniture. 

cable ( ka'bl ). I.n. 1. Strong rope or 
cbain which ties anything, especially 
a ship to her anchor. 2. Nautical mea- 
sure of 100' fathoms. 3. Wire rope in- 
closing telegraph-wire for submarine 
telegraphy. II. vt. Fasten with a ca- 
ble or as with a cable. 2. Send a mes- 



sage by submarine telegraphy. [Fr. 
caboose (ka-b5s') ( n. 1. Kitchen of 
ship. 2. Car for the use of the crew of 



a freight train. [Dut., cook's room.] 
cabriolet ( kab-ri-o-la'), n. Covered 

carriage with two or four wheels 

drawn by one horse. [Fr.] 
cacao (ka-ka'o), n. Tree, from the 

seeds of which chocolate is made. 
cache (kash). I. n. 1. Things concealed. 

2. A place to conceal things. II. vt. 

To conceal, especially by burying. 
cachinnation ( kak-in-na'shun ), /*. 

Loud laughter. [L.] 
cackle (kak'l). I.n. 1. Sound made by 

a hen after laying an egg. 2. Gabble 

of a goose; gabble; silly talk. II. vi. 1. 

Make such a sound . 2. Giggle. 3. 

Prattle. [From the sound.] 
cacology ( ka-kol'-o-ji ) , n. 1. Evil- 
speaking . 2. Bad choice of words. 

fGr. — Tcakos, bad, and legein, speak.] 



cacophony (ka-kof'o-ni), n. Discord 
of sounds. (Opposite of euphony.) 

cactus (kak'tus) , n. American plant 
with prickles instead of leaves. — pi. 
Cacti (kak'tl), or cac'tuses. [ L. — Gr. 
kaJctos.) [cadet.] 

cad (kad), n. Low fellow. [Short for 

cadaver (ka-da'ver). I. n. Corpse. — 
cadaverous, a. Like a dead body; 
looking ghastly. [L.] 

caddie (kad'-i), n. 1. Cadet. 2. Small 
boy to run errands, or carry things. 

caddy (kad'i), n. Small box for hold- 
ing tea. [Malay]. 

cadence (ka'dens), n. 1. Fall. 2. Fall 
of the voice; modulation. [ Fr.— L. 
cado, fall. ] 

cadet (ka-def), n. Student in a mill 
tary or' naval school. [Fr. cadet , 
younger son. ] 

Csesar (se'zar),7i. 1. Roman Emperor. 
2. Conqueror, absolute monarch. 

ca?sarism (se'zar-izm), n. System of 
government resembling that of a 
Cassar; despotism. 

csesura, cesura (se-zho'ra), n. In pro- 
sody, 1. Termination of a word within 
a foot. 2. Any pause within a line. 
[L.—ccedo, ccesum, cut off.] 

cafe (ka-fa'), n. Coffee-house; restau- 
rant. [Fr.] 

cafetera (ka-fe-ter'a), n. Restaurant 
or lunch room where patrons wait on 
themselves. [Sp. = coffee-service.] 

caffeine (kaf'e-in or kaf-fe'in), n. Alka- 
loid principle of coffee and tea. 

case (kaj). I. n. Place of confinement; 
box for holding birds or wild animals. 
II. vt. Confine in a cage. [From root 
of CAVE.] 

cairn (karn), n. Heap of stones, esp. 
one raised over a grave. [Celt, karn.] 

Caisson (ka'sun), n. 1 . Ammunition- 
chest or wagon. 2. Wooden water- 
tight casing, esp. one in which work 
is done under water. [Fr.] 

caitiff (ka'tif). I. n. Despicable fellow. 
II. a. Mean; cowardly. [O. Fr. caitif 
(Fr. chetif)—Lt. caplivus, captive.] 

cajole (ka-jol'), vt. 1. Coax. 2. Cheat 
by flattery; wheedle.— cajo'ler, n.— 
cajolery, n. [Fr. cajoler.] 
Syn. Deludes entrap; beguile. 

cake (kak). I. n. 1. Sweetened dough 
that is baked, or cooked. 2. Any- 



fftte, fftt, task, far, fall, fare, above; m6, met, her; mite, mit; note, not.- nuke, WQlfi 
mute, hut, burn; oil. owL then. 



calabash 



77 



calumet 



thing of the same shape as a cake . II. 
vt. and vi. Form into a cake or hard 
mass. [Icel. kaka.] 

calabash (kal'a-bash), re. 1. Gourd, a 
tropical tree and its fruit. 2. Vessel 
made of a dried gourd. [Sp. calabaza.] 

calamity (ka-lam'i-ti), re. Disaster. — 
calamitous, a. [L. calamitas.] 
Syn. Distress ; affliction ; misfortune. 

calamus (kal'a-mus), re. 1. Sweet flag. 
2. Transparent part of stem of a 
feather. 

calash (ka-lash'), re. Light low- wheeled 
carriage ' with a folding top. [Ger. 
kalesche— Pol. kolaska.] 

calcareous (kal-ka're-us), a. Like or 
containing chalk or lime.— calca're- 
ousness, re. [L. calcarius — calx.] 

calcimine (kal'si-mm). I. re. Coating 
for walls, etc. II. vt. Coat with cal- 
cimine. [From L. calx, lime.] 

calcine (kal'sin). vt. and vi. Reduce 
to or become a chalky powder by the 
action of heat.— calcina'tion, re. 

calcium (kal'si-um), re. Elementary 
substance present in limestone and 
chalk.— Calcium light, lime light. [L. 
calx, chalk.) 

calculate (kal'kii-lat), vt. and vi. 
Count; adjust; estimate.— calcula- 
ble, a.— calculation, re. — cal'cu- 
lative, a. — calculator, re. Calcu- 
lating machine. [L. calculo, reckon by 
help of pebbles— calculus.] 
Syn. Compute! reckon; think. 

calculus (kal'ku-lus),re. 1. One of the 
higher branches of mathematics. 2. 
Stone-like concretion which forms in 
certain parts of the body.—; pi. calculi, 
(kal'ku-li). 

caldron (kal'drun), re. Large kettle. 
[L. caldariiim — calidus, hot.] 

calendar (kal'en-dar), re. Register of 
the months; almanac. 2. List of 
cases for trial. [L.] 

calender (kal'en-der). I. re. Press con- 
sisting of two rollers for smoothing 
cloth or paper. II. vt. Press in a 
calender. [From cylinder.] 

calends (kal'endz), re. 1. (Among the 
Romans), the first day of eachmonth. 

calf (kaf), re. 1. Young of the cow and 
of some other animals. 2. Calf-skin 
leather.— pi. calves (kavz). [A.S.cealf.] 

calf (kaf), re. Fleshy part of the leg 
below the knee. [Icel. Jcalfi, fat.] 

caliber, calibre (kal'i-ber), re. 1. Size 
of the bore of a gun. 2. Intellectual 
capacity. [Fr. calibre.] 

calico (kal'i-ko), re. Cotton cloth. 
[From Calicut, East Indies, where 
first made.] 




Calipers. 



calif, caliph (ka-lif), re. Title as- 
sumed by the successors of Moham- 
med. [Ar. khalifah, successor. 1 

calipers (kal'i-pers), 
caliper compasses, 
re. Compasses with bent 
legs for measuring the 
diameter of bodies. 
[From CALIBER.] 

calisthenics (kal-is- 
then'iks), re. Exercises 
for promoting graceful- 
ness and strength.— cal- 
isthen'ic, a. [Gr. kalos 
and slhenos, strength.] 

calix. See calyx. 

calk (kak)), vt. Stuff oakum into the 
seams "of a ship to make it water 
tight.— calk'er, re. [O. Fr. cauquer — 
Li.calcare, tread under foot — calx,hee\.] 

calk (kak). I. re. Spur or point on the 
foot or" shoe to prevent slipping on 
the ice. II. vt. Fit with such spui's or 
points. [L. calcar, spur.] 

call (kal). I. vi. 1. Cry aloud. 2. Make 
a short visit. II. vt. 1. Name. 2. Sum- 
mon. 3. Proclaim. III. re. 1. Summons, 
invitation. 2. Vocation. 3. Demand. 4. 
Short visit. 5. Shrill cry.— caller, re. 
[A. S. ceallian.] 

Syn. Bid; invite; appeal to; assem- 
ble; convoke; warn; appoint. 

calligraphy (kal-lig'ra-fi), re. Beauti- 
ful hand-writing. [Gr.] 

calliope ( kal-li'O-pi J, re. Series of 
tuned steam whistles. [From Kalli- 
ope, the Muse of oratory, etc.] 

calling - (ka/ling), re. Trade; profession. 

callosity (kal-los'i-ti),re. Hard swell- 
ing on the skin. [L. callositas] . 

callous (kal'us), a. Hardened; unfeel- 
ing, insensible. — callously, adv. 
— cal'lousness, re. 

callow (kal'o), a. 1. Not covered with 
feathers; unfledged. 2. Inexperienced. 
[A. S. calu, bald]. 

calm (kam). I. a. Still; serene, tran- 
quil. II. re. Absence of wind ; serenity. 
III. vt. quiet.— calm'ly,acfa.— calm'- 
ness, re. [Gr. kauma, noonday heat— 
kaio, burn. J 

calomel (kal'o-mel) , re. Poisonous 
preparation of mercury much used as 
a medicine. [Gr. kalos, fair, and L. 
mel, honey.] 

caloric (ka-lor'ik), a. Pertaining to 
heat. [L. color, heat.] 

calorific ( kal-o-rif'ik ), a. Causing 
heat.— calorification, re. [L. color, 
heat, and/aczo, make.] 

calumet (kal'u-met), re. Peace-pipe, 
among American Indians. [Fr. — L. 
calamus, reed]. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; mS, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn k oil, owl, then. 



calumniate 



78 



eank«r 



calumniate (ka-lum'ni-at). I. vt. Ac- 
cuse falsely; slander. II. vi. Spread 
evil reports. — calumniation, n. — 
calumniator, n. 

calumny (kal'um-ni), n. False accu- 
sation; slander. — calumnious, a. 

Abusive. [L. calumnia—calvi, deceive.] 

calve (kav), vi. Bring forth a calf. 

calx (kalks), n. 1. Chalk, lime. 
2. Ashy substance of a metal or mi- 
neral which remains after being cal- 
cined. — pi. calxes (kalk'sez), or 
calces (kal'sez.) [L.] 

calyx, calix (kal'iks or ka'liks), n. 
Outer covering, cup of a flower. — pi. 
cal'yxes, cal'yces, or cal'ices. [Gr. 
kalyx.~\ 

cambric (kam'brik), n. Fine white 
linen. [ From Cambray in Flanders, 
where first made.] 

came (kam), v. Past tense of come. 

camel (kam'el ), n. Animal of Asia and 
Africa with one or two humps on its 
back, used as a beast of burden and 
for riding. [Gr. kamelos.] 

camellia (ka- 
mel'ya), n. Spe- 
cies of evergreen 
shrub, native of 
Japan. 

Camel op ard 
(kam-el'o-pard), 
n. Giraffe. [Gr. 
kamelos, camel, 
and par delis, 
panther,] 

Cameo (kam'e-6), 
n. Precious 
stone, carved in 
reliof ; gem. [It.] 

camera (kam'er-a), n. Instrument for 
taking pictures by photography. [L. 
= chamber.] 

camomile (kam'o-mil), n. 1. Plant. 
2. Its dried flowers, used in medicine. 

camp (kamp). I. n. Ground on which 
soldiers pitch their tents; tents of an 
army. II. vi. 1. Encamp. 2. Live in 
tents. [L. campus, field.] 

campaign (kam-pan'). I. n. 1. Large 
open field or plain. 2. Time during 
which an army keeps the field. 3. 
Political contest. — II. vi. Serve in 
a campaign. [Fr. campagne.] 

Camphor (kam'fur), n. Dried white 
juiceof the laurel-tree of India, China, 
and Japan. — cam'phorated, a. Im- 
pregnated with camphor. — cam- 
phoric, a. [Malay kapur.] [green. 

campus (kam'pus), n. College yard or 

can (kan), v. [could (kod) . ] Be able. 
[A. S. cunnan, know.] 




Camel. 



can (kan), I. n. Vessel for holding li- 
quids. II. vt. [can'ning; canned 
(kand'.XL Put up in a can. \A.S>. caenna.l 

canal (ka-nal'), n. 1. Artificial water 
course. 2. Duct, channel. [L. canalis.] 

canard (ka-nard'), n. Extravagant 
or fabricatedstory. [Fr.] 

canary (ka-na'ri), n. 1. Wine from the 
Canary Islands._ 2. Bird orig. from 



Light yellow color. 
4 




Cancer. (CT^O 



the Canary Is. 3. 
cancel (kan'sel), 

vt. 1. Erase or 

blot. 2. Annul, 
cancer (kan'ser), 

n. 1. Spreading 

tumor. 2. (C) 

A sign of the 

zodiac. — can'- 

cerous,a. Like 

a cancer. [L. = 

candelabrum (kan-de-la'brum), ». 
[pi. candela'bra.] Branched candle- 
stick. [L.] 

candid (kan'did), a. Frank; unbiased. 

— can'didly, adv.— can didness, n. 

[L. candidus, white.] [equitable. 

Syn. Ingenuous; artless; impartial; 

candidate ( kan'di-dat ), n. One who 
offers himself for any office or honor.— 
can'didacy, n. [L. candidatus % 
dressed in white.] 

candle (kan'dl), n. Wax, tallow, or 
other like substance surrounding a 
wick; a light.— candlestick, n. 
Instrument for holding a candle. 
[A. S. candel.] 

Candlemas (kan'dl-mas) , n. Festival 
in honor of the purification of the 
Virgin Mary, on the 2d of February. 
[candle and MASS.] 

candor (kan'dur), n. Sincerity; open- 
ness. [L. candor, whiteness.] 

candy (kan'di). I. n. Sweetmeat made 
of sugar or molasses. II. vt. [can'dy- 
ing; can'died.] Preserve with sugar; 
crystallize, as sugar. III. vi. Becom« 
congealed, [Fr. candi — Skt. khand, 
piece.]_ 

cane (kan). I. n. 1. Reed, as the sugar- 
cane, bamboo, etc., 2. Walking-stick. 
II. vt. Beat with a cane. [Fr. carme, 
reed.] 

canine (ka-nln'), a. Like or pertain- 
ing to the dog. [L. caninus — canis, dog.] 

canister (kan'is-ter), n. 1. Case usu- 
ally of tin. 2. Case containing shot, 
which bursts on being discharged. [L. 
canistrum, wicker-basket.] 

canker (kang'ker). I. n. 1. Small ulcer 
in the mouth. 2. Disease in trees or 
in horses' feet. 3. Anything that cor* 
rupts or consumes. II. vt. Eat into, 



fate, fat, task, far, tall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf} 
mute, hut, bum; •*!, owl, them. 



eank.er-wonn 



79 



cape 




Canoe. 



corrupt or destroy; infect or pollute. 
IH. vi. Decay. [L. cancer.] 

canker-worm ( kang'ker-warm ), n. 
Worm that cankers of eatsjnto plants. 

can n el -coal (kan'el-kol), n. Very 
hard, black coal that burns without 
smoke, like a candle. [Prov. cannel, 
candle.] 

cannibal (kan'i-bal), n. One who eats 
human flesh. — cannibalism, n. 
[Prom caribal, carib (West Indian).] 

cannon (kan'un), n. Large gun used 
in war. — cannonade', I. n. Attack 
with cannon. II. vt. Attack or batter 
with cannon. — cannoneer', n. One 
who manages cannon. [Pr. canon — 
carina, reed.] 

cannot (kan'ot), vi. Can not. 

canny (kan'i), a. Knowing, crafty. 
[Scot.] 

canoe (ka-no'), 
n. Boat made 
of the hollow- 
ed trunk of a 
tree, or of 
bark or skins. 
[Sp, canoa.] 

canon (kan'- 
y u n o r k a n- 

yon'), n. Deep gorge between high, 
steep banks, worn by water. [Sp.l 

canon (kan'un), n. 1. Law or rule, 
esp. in ecclesiastical matters. 2. Body 
of accepted books of Scripture. 3. 
Dignitary of the Church of England. 
4. List of saints canonized. — canon- 
ic (tea-non'ik) canon'ical, a. Accord- 
ing to or included in the canon; regu- 
lar ; ecclesiastical. — canon'ically, 
adv. — canon'icals, n. Official dress 
of the clergy, regulated by the church 
canons.— canonic'ity, n. Quality of 
being canonical. — can'onist, n. One 
skilled in canonic law.— canonis'tic, 
a.— canonize, vt. Enroll among the 
saints. [Gr. kanon, straight rod.] 

canopy (kan'o-pi). I. n. Covering 
suspended over head. II. v. Cover with 
a canopy. [Pr. canape.] 

can't (kant) = can and not. 

cant (kant). I. vi. Talk in an affectedly 
solemn way. II. n. 1. Hypocritical or 
affected style of speech. 2. Language 
peculiar to a sect; peculiar talk. [L. 
canto, freq. of cano, to sing.] 

cant (kant). I. n. Inclination from a 
horizontal line; tipping. II. ■y^.Tilt 
over; incline. [Dut, kant, edge.] 

cantaloupe (kan'ta-lop), n. Variety of 
small musk-melon. [Prom Cantalupo, 
town in Italy, where first raised.] 

cantata(kan-ta'ta),w. Poem set to mu- 
sic, interspersed with recitative. [It.l 



cantatrice (kan'ta-tres or kan-ta-tre'- 
cha), n. A professional woman singer. 

canteen (kan-ten'), n. Tin vessel used 
by soldiers for holding liquors. 2, 
Barrack liquor saloon. [Pr. cantine.] 

canter (kan'ter). I. n. Easy gallop. 
II. vi. Move at an easy gallop. [Orig. 
Canterbury gallop.'] 

canticle (kan'ti-kl), n. Song; chant.— 
In pi. the Song of Solomon. [L. can- 
ticulum.] 

cantilever ( kan'ti-lev-er ), n. Large 
bracket, used in supporting project- 
ing roofs, bridge girders, etc. [Etymo- 
logy doubtful.] 

canto ( kan'to ), n. 1. Division of a 
song or poem. 2. Treble or leading 
melody. 

canton (kan'tun). I. n. Small division 
of territory. II. vt. 1. Divide into 
cantons. 2. Allot quarters to troops.— 
cantonal (kan'tun-al), a. Pertaining 
to or divided into cantons. — canton- 
ment, n. The quarters of troops in a 
town. [Pr.] 

canvas (kan'vas). n. 1. Coarse cloth 
made of hemp, used for sails, tents, 
etc., and for painting on. 2. Sails of 
a ship. [Fr. canevasA 

canvass (kan'vas). I. vt. andvi. Sift 
(through canvas), examine; discuss. 
2. Solicit votes. II. n. 1. Close exa- 
mination. 2. Seeking, solicitation.-. 
can'vasser, n. 

canyon. Same as canon. 

caoutchouc (ko'chok), n. India- 
rubber. [Prom S. A. Indian, cahuchu.] 

cap(kap). I n. 1. Cover for the head. 2. 
Cover; top. II. vt. [cap'ping; capped.] 
Put on a cap or top. [A. S. caeppe.] 

capable (ka'pa-bl), a. Having ability, 
power, skill; qualified for. — capa- 
bility, n. [Pr.— L. capabilis.] 
Syn. Able; efficient; competent. 

capacious ( ka-pa'shus ), n. Roomy; 
wide; extensive. — capa'ciously, 
adv. — capa'ciousness, n. [L. capax.] 

capacitate ( ka-pas'i-tat ), vt. Make 
capable; qualify. 

capacity (ka-pas'i-ti), n. 1. Power of 
holding; room. 2. Power of grasping; 
mind. 3. Character. [to foot. [Pr.J 

cap-a-pie (kap-a-pe'), adv. Prom head 

caparison (ka-par'is-un). I. n. Cover- 
ing of a horse. II. vt. 1. Cover with a 
cloth. 2. Dress very richly. [Sp. capo- 
razon — capa, cover.] 

cape ( kap), n. 1. Covering for the 
shoulders attached to a coat or cloak. 
2. Cloak, [p. Fr. cape.] 

cape (kap), n. Point of land running 
into the sea; head-land. [Fr. cap — 
Li. caput, head.] 



f&te, fat, task, far, f&ll, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolfj 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, th%n. 



caper 



80 



carboy 



caper (ka'pSr), n. Flower-bud of the 
caper-bush, used for piokling. [Ar. 
kabbar.] _ 

caper (ka'per). I. vi. Leap or skip like 
a goat; dance. II. n. Leap. [L. caper, 
goat.] 

capillary (kap'i-lar-i). I. a. As fine 
as a hair. II. n. 1. Tube with a bore 
as fine as a hair. 2. One of the minute 
vessels that connect the veins and the 
arteries. [L. capillus, hair.] 

capital (kap'it-al), a. Relating to the 
head; chief ; excellent.— cap'i tally, 
adv. [L. capitalis — caput, head.] 

capital (kap'i-tal), n. 1. Top part of a 
column or pillar. 2. Chief city of a 
country. 3. Large letter. 4. Stock 
or money for carrying on business. — 
cap'i talis t, w.One who has capital or 
money.— capitalize, vt. 1. Convert 
into capital or money. 2. Begin with 
a capital letter 

capitation (kap-i-ta'Shun), n. 1. Num- 
bering of every head or individual. 2. 
Tax on every head. 

capitol (kap'it-ul), n. (In the U. S.), 
house where Congress or a State leg- 
islature meets. 

capitulate(ka-pit'ul-at), vi. Surrender 
on conditions. — capitulation, n. 

capon (ka'pun), n. Young chicken 
cock gelded. [A. S. 
capun.] 

caprice(ka- ores'), n. 
Change of humor; 
freak. — capri'ci- 
ous, a. 

Capricorn (kap'ri- 
karn), n. One of the 
signs of the zodiac. 
[L. caper, goat, and 
comu, horn.] 

capsicum (kap'si-kum), n. Tropical 
plant, from whose seed-pods cayenne 
pepper is made. [L. capsa, pod. J 

capsize (kap-siz'), vt. Upset. [Etym. 
doubtful.] 

capstan (kap'stan), n. Upright wind- 
lass for hoisting the anchor, on board 
ship. [Fr. cabestan.} 

capsular ( kap'su-lar), capsnlary 
(kap'su-lar-i), <z. Hollow like a cap- 
sule; pertaining to a capsule. 

capsule (kap'sul) , n. 1. Seed-vessel of 
a plant. 2. Small shell or case. [Fr.] 

captain (kap' tin), n. Chief officer. 
— cap'taincy, n. Rank or commis- 
sion of a captain. [ Fr. capitain — L. 
caput, head. J 

caption (kap'shun), n. 1. Act of 
taking; arres^. 2. Chapter or page 
heading. [L. captio — capio, take.] 




Capricorn 



captious (kap'shus), «• Ready to find 
fault. — cap'tiously, adv. — eap'- 

tiousness, n. [L.—copto, snatch at.] 

Syn. Carping; caviling; perverse; 

censorious; peevish. [tive; charm. 

captivate (kap'tiv-at), vt. Make cap- 
captive (kap'tiv). I. n. Prisoner. II. 
a. 1. Taken or kept a prisoner. 2. 
Charmed ; subdued. — captiv'ity, n. 
[L. captivus.] ^ 

captor (kap'ttir), n. One who takes a 
prisoner or a prize. 

capture (kap'tur). I. n. 1. Act of 
taking. 2. Thing taken.— II. vt. Take 
as a prize; take by force. [L. captura.] 

car (kar), n. 1. Light vehicle moved on 
wheels. 2. Railway coach. 3 Chariot. 
4. Basket of a balloon. [Fr. char. \ 

carabine, n. Same as carbine. 

caramel (kar'a-mel), n. Kind of con- 
fection. 

carat (kar'at), n. 1. "Weight of 4 dia- 
mond grains, = 3 1-6 troyerains. 2. 
l-24th part of pure gold. [Ar.] 

caravan (kar'a-van), n. 1. Company of 
travelers in a' desert. 2. Large close 
wagon ; van.— caravan 'sary, n. Inn 
where caravans stop. [Pers. karwan.] 

caravel (kar'a-vel), n. Light sailing 
vessel of 15th century. [Gr. karabos.] 

caraway (kar'a-wa), n. Plant with 
aromatic seeds, used as a tonic and 
condiment. [Ar. karviya.] 

carbide (kar'bld), n. Compound of 
carbon with any metal.— calcium* 
carbide, n. Compound of carbon 
and calcium, which when acted on by 
water generates acetylene gas. 

carbine (kar'bin), n. Short rifle [Fr. 
carabine.] [armed with a carbine. 

carbineer (kar-bin-er'), n. Soldier 

carbolic acid ( kar-bol'ik as'id ), n. 
Acid produced from coal-tar, used as 
a disinfectant. [L. carbo, coal, and 
oleum, oil.] 

carbon (kar'bun), n. 1. Elementary sub- 
stance, of which the diamond and 
graphite are forms. 2. Carbon point 
in electric lamp. — carbonaceous 
(kar-bun-a'she-us), a. Pertaining toor 
composed of carbon.— car'bonate, n. 
Salt formed by the union of carbonic 
acid with a base.-carbon'ic, a. Relat- 
ing to carbon.— Carbonic acid, gaseous 
acid formed of carbon and oxygen, 
by respiration or combustion. — car- 
boniferous, a. Producing carbon 
or coal.— ear'bonize, vt. Make into 
carbon. — carbonization, n. [L. 
carbo, coal.] 

carboy (kar'boi), n. Large globular 
bottle protected by basket work or a 
case. [Pers. fcaraba.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, i^er; mite, mit} note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn* oil, owl, then. 



carbuncle 



81 



carrion 



carbuncle (kar'bung-kl), n. 1. Fiery- 
red precious stone. 2. Inflamed ulcer. 
£L. carbunculus—carbo, coal.] 

carcass, carcase (kar'kas), n. 1. Dead 
body, corpse. 2. Framework. 3. Kind 
of bombshell. [Pers. tarkash, quiver.] 

card (kard), n. 1. Piece of pasteboard 
marked, as with figures or a name or 
address. 2. Cardboard. [ Fr. carte — 
Li. chai'ta.] 

card (kard). I. n. Instrument for 
combing flax, etc. II. vt. Comb wool 
etc. [Fr. carde— L. carduus, thistle.] ' 

cardamom ( kar'da-mum ) , n. East 
Indian spicy seed. 

cardiac (kar'di-ak), cardiacal (kar- 
di'ak-al ), a. Relating to the heart; 
stimulating. [Gr. kardia, heart.] 

cardinal (kar'din-al).I. a. 1. Principal. 

2. Vermilion.— II'. n. 1. Dignitary in 
the R. C. Church next to the pope. 2. 
Vermilion color. [L. — cardo, hinge.] 

care (kar). I. n. 1. Anxiety. 2. Charge- 

3. Object of anxiety. II. vi. 1. Be 
anxious; have regard. [A. S. earn.] 

Syn. Concern; solicitude; caution; 
heed; regard; direction; oversight. 

careen (ka-ren'), vt. andm. Lay, or lie, 
on one side; tip. [Fr. carene, keel.] 

career (ka-rer') . I. n. 1. Racecourse ; 
race. 2. Course of action or life. II. vi. 
Move rapidly. [Fr. carrifre.] 

carefnl (kar'fol), a. Full 'of care; 
heedful.— care'fnlly, adv. — care'- 
fulness, n , 

careless (kar'les), a. "Without care; 
heedless ; unconcerned. —care'lessly, 
adv. — care'lessness, n. 

caress (ka-res'). I. vt. Fondle; embrace. 
II. n. Act or expression of affection. 
[Fr. caresser.'\ 

caret ( ka'ret or 
kar'et), n. Mark, 
(a) used in writ- 
ing when some- 
thing is left out. 
[L. caret, is want- 
ing.] 

cargo (kar'go), n. 
What a ship car- 
ries; load. [Sp.] 

car ibon (kar'i-bo) , 
n. North-Ameri- 
can reindeer. [Canad.Fr.] 

Caricature (kar'i-ka-tur) . I. n. 1. 
Exaggerated or distorted likeness. 2. 
Art of caricaturing. II. vt. Turn into 
ridicule by overdoing a likeness. — 
caricaturist (kar'i-ka-tur-ist), n. 
One whocaricatures. [Fr.] 

caries (ka'ri-ez), n. Decay of a bone.— 
carious (ka'ri-us), a. Affected with 
caries. [L.] 




Caribou. 



cariole (kar'i-ol), n. Light one-horse 
carriage. rFr. carrioCe.[ 

Carmelite (kar'mel-it ), n. Friar of 
order of Our Lady of Mount Carmei. 

carmine(kar'min) , n. Crimson color or 
pigment, made from cochineal. [Fr.] 

carnage ( kar'naj ) , n. Slaughter; 
massacre. [Fr. — L. caro, flesh.] 

carnal (kar'nal), a. Sensual; relating 
to the flesh. — carnally, adv. -car- 
nality, n. [L. caro, flesh.] 

carnation (kar-na'shun), n. 1. Flesh - 
color. 2. Flesh-colored flower; pink. 

carnelian(kar-ne'le-an), n. Cornelian. 

carnival (kar'ni-val), n. 1. Time be- 
fore Lent. 2. Festival of merriment. 
[M. L. carnelevale, solace for the flesh. 

carnivora (kar-niv'5-ra), n. pi. Order 
of flesh-eating animals. — carniv'- 
orous, a. Flesh-eating. [ L. caro, 
flesh, and voro, eat.] 

carol (kar'ul) . I. n. Song of joy or 
praise. II. vi. Sing . [ O. Fr. carole.] 

carom (kar'um). I. n. 1. Stroke in 
billiards by which the cue ball is driv- 
en against two other balls in succes- 
sion. 2. The successive impact. II. 
vi. Make such a stroke or shot. [ Fr. 
carambole.] 

carotid (ka-rot'id), a. Relating to the 
two great arteries of the neek. [Gr.] 

carousal (kar-ow'zal), n. Feast; reveL 

carouse ( ka-rowz'). I. n. Drinking- 
bout ; noisy revel. II. vi. Drink freely 
and noisily . [ From Ger . garaus ! 
empty!] 

carp (karp), vi. Catch at small faults 
or errors.— carp'er, w.One who carps 
or cavils. — carp'ingly, adv. \ I* 
carper e, pluek, pick.] 

carp (karp), n. Fresh water fish of 
the goldfish family. 

carpenter (kar'pen-ter). I. n. Worker 
in timber. II. vi. Do carpenter's 
work. — carpentry (kar'pent-ri), n. 
Trade or work of a carpenter. 

Carpet ( kar'pet ). I. n. "Woven cover- 
ing of floors, stairs, etc. II. vt. Cover 
with a carpet.— car 'peting, n. Ma- 
terial for carpets. [Fr. carpette.] 

carriage (kar'rj), n. 1. Act or cost of 
carrying. 2. Vehicle for carrying. 3. 
Manner of carrying one's person; be- 
havior. 4. Transportation. 

carrier (kar'i-er), n. One who or that 
which carries.— carrier-pigeon, n. 
Pigeon trained to cany messages tied 
to its leg or wing.— Common carrier, n. 
One who holds himself out as a car- 
rier, inviting employment by the pub- 
lic, as railroads, expressmen, steam- 
boat lines, etc. [flesh. [L. caro, flesh.] 

carrion (kar'i-un), n. Dead and putrid 



fate, fat, task, far, fftll, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



carrot 



82 



castle 



ear rot (kar'ut), n. Edible root.— car'- 

roty, a. Carrot-colored. [Pr. carotte.] 

carry (kar'i), v. [car'rying; car'ried.] 

I. vt. 1. Convey, bear. 2. Lead. 3. Ef- 
fect. 4. Behave. 5. Deal in, have for 
sale. [0. Pr. carter — car, car.] 

€» r t ( k a r t) . I. n. Vehicle with two 
wheels. II. vt. Convey in a cart. — 
cartage, n. Act or cost of carting. 
[Celt.] 

carte (kart),w. 1. Card; paper. 2. Bill of 
fare.— carte-blanche (blangsh), n. Blank 
with a signature to be filled in at the 
pleasure of the holder; unrestricted 
power to act. — carte-de-visite (-de- 
viz-et'), n. Photographic portrait on 
a small card. [Pr.] 

cartel (kar'tel), n. Agreement between 
fighting parties. [Fr.] 

cartilage ( kar'ti-laj ), n. Tough, 
elastic substance, softer than bone; 
gristle.— cartilaginous, a. \Fr.] 

cartoon (kar-ton'), n. 1. Drawing on 
strong paper, to be transferred to 
frescoes, tapestry, etc.; large sketch 
or design on paper. 2. Caricature. 
[Pr. carton.] 

cartridge (kar'trij), a. Shell or case 
containing the charge for agun. [Cor- 
ruption of Pr. cartouche.] 

earve(karv). I. vt. 1. Cut into forms, 
devices, etc. 2. Cut up (meat) into 
slices or pieces. 3. Apportion or dis- 
tribute. II. vi. Exercise the trade of 
a sculptor. — carver, n. One who 
carves; sculptor. [A. S. ceorfan, cut.] 

cascade (kas-kad'), n. Small waterfall. 
[Fr.— It. cascata—Lt. cado, cas-, fall.] 

case (kas). I. n. Covering; sheath; box. 

II. vt. Put in a case or box. [Pr. caisse.] 
case (kSs), n. 1. Event. 2. Condition. 3. 

Instance. 4. Subject of inquiry. 5. Suit 
at law; sufficient ground for action. 
6. In gram. Inflection of nouns, etc. 
[L. casus, fall, event ] 

Syn. Circumstances; example; con- 
tingency; state; occurrence. 

casein, caseine (ka'se-in), n. Organic 
substance, contained in milk and 
daeese. [L. caseus, cheese.] 

«aseharden (kas'har-dn), vt. 1. Hard- 
en a surface, as of iron, by carboniz- 
ing. 2. Make callous or indifferent. 

casemate (kas'mat), n. Bomb-proof 
chamber. [Etymology doubtful.] 

casement(kas'ment), n. 1. Frame of a 
window. 2. Window that opens on 
hinges. 3._ Hollow molding. 

caseons (ka'se-us), a. Pertaining to 
©heese; cheesy. 

eash(kash).I.w. Ready money. II. vt. Ex- 
change for money. [O. Fr. caisse, till.] 
Syn. Coin; currency; specie. 



cashier (kash-er'), n. One who has 

charge of money. [Pr. cassier.] 
cashier (kash-er') vt. Dismiss from a 

post in disgrace. [Dut. casseren.] 
cashmere (kash'mer), n. Fine woolen 

fabric, first made at Cashmere, India. 
casino (ka-se'no), n. 1. Club-house. 

2, Card-game. [It.] [helmet.] 

cask ( kask ), n. Barrel. [Sp. casco, 
casket (kas'ket), n. 1. Small case for 

holding jewels, etc. 2. Coffin. 
casqne, cask (kask), n. Helmet. [Fr.] 
cassation (kas-sa'shun),ft. Annulling; 

reversing. [tapioca; manioc. 

cassava (kas-sa'va), n. Plant yielding 
cassia (kash'ya), n. Species of laurel 

tree yielding senna and oassia-bark. 
cassimere (kas'i-mer), n. Twilled 

cloth of the finest wool. [Corr. of 

CASHMERE.] 

cassock (kas'ok), n. Vestment worn 
by clergymen under the gown or sur- 
plice. [Fr. casaque, covering.] 

cassowary (kas'o-war-i), n. Ostrich- 
like bird of Australia. [Malay.] 

cast (kast), vt. and vi. 1. Throw; pu*. 
2. Throw down. 3. Throw together or 
reckon. 4. Mold. II. n. l.Act of cast- 
ing ; throw. 2. Thing thrown. 3. 
Distance thrown. 4. Motion, turn, 
or squint, as of the eye. 5. Mold. 6. 
Form received from a m o 1 d. 7. 
Manner. 8. Assignment of the parts 
of a play. 9. Company of actors. 
[Ice. kasta, throw.] 

Castanet (kas'ta-net), n. Small spoon- 
shaped clapper, fastened to the fin- 
gers in pairs and rattled to a dance 
or tune. [Sp.] 

castaway ( kast'a-wa ). I. a. Ship- 
wrecked; ruined." II. n. Outcast. 

caste (kast), n. One of the classes into 
which society in India is divided; any 
class of society which keeps itself 
apart from the rest. [Port. casta t 
race— L. castm, pure.] 

castellated (kas'tel-a-ted), a. Having 
turrets and battlements like a castle. 

caster, castor (kast'er), n. 1. Small 
wheel or roller on the legs of furni- 
ture. 2. Small cruet. 

castigate ( kas'ti -gat ), vt. Chastise; 
correct.— castiga'tion, n. [L. castigo, 
chasten.] 

casting (kast'ing), n. 1. Act of cast- 
ing or molding. 2. That which is 
cast. 3. A mold. 

castle (kas'l). I. n. 1. Fortified house 
or fortress. 2. Residence of a prince 
or nobleman. 3. In chess, a rook. II. 
vi. In chess, make a certain move with 
king and castle. [A. S. castle— L. cas- 
,, dim. of castrum, fort.] 



f6te, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf) 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



castor-oil 



83 



catgut 




Angora cat. 



castor-oil (kas'tur-oil), n. Purgative 
derived from seeds of Ricinus plant. 

castrate (kas'trat), vt. Deprive of 
the power of generation; geld.— cas- 
tration, «*. [L. castrare.] 

casual (kazh'o-aD, a. Accidental; oc- 
casional. — cas'ualty, n. Accident; 
wound; death. [L. casus, chance.] 

casuist (kazh'o-ist), n. One versed in 
casuistry. — casnist'ic, casuist- 
ical (kazh-6-is't'ik-al), a. Relating to 
casuistry; dishonest. — cas'uistry, 
n. Study of ethi- 
cal problems. 
2. Dishonest 
reasoning. 

cat (kat) n. Com- 
m o n domestic 
animal. 

cataclysm (kaf- 
a-klism), n. Del- 
uge. [Gr. kata, 
down, and k kly- 
zein, wash.] 

catacomb (kaf- 
a-kom), n. Cave 
used as a burial 
place. [Gr. kata, 
down, and kymbe, 
hollow.] 

catafalque (kat'a-falk), n. Scaffold- 
ing to support a' coffin. [From root 

Of SCAFFOLD.] 

catalectic (kat-a-lek'tik), a. In pro- 
sody, wanting part of the last foot. 

catalepsy (kat'a-lep-si), n. Hysteric 
affection, "with muscular rigidity. — 
cataleptic, a. [Gr. kata, down, and 
lepis, seizure.] 

catalogue, catalog: fkat'a-log). I. n. 
List of names. II. vi. Put in a cata- 
logue. 

catalpa (ka-tal'pa), n. North Ameri- 
can trae with large leaves. [Am. Ind.] 

catamaran (kat-a-ma-ran'), n. 1. Raft. 
2. Craft with.two hulls. 3. Quarrel- 
some woman. [Malay, = tied logs.] 

catamount (kat'a-mownt), n. Puma; 
mountain cat; wildcat. 

cataplasm (kat'a-plazm),w. Poultice; 
plaster. [Gr. kata, and plasso, shape.] 

catapult (kat'a-pult), n. 1. Ancient 
machine for throwing'stones. 2. In- 
trument used by boys for shooting 
small stones. [Gr. —pallo, throw.] 

cataract (kat'a-rakt), n. 1. Great 
waterfall. 2. Disease of the eye cau- 
sing blindness. [Gr. kata, down, and 
arasso, dash.] 

catarrh (ka-tar'), n. Inflammation of 
a mucous membrane.— catarrhal, a. 
[Gr. kata, down, and rheo, flow.] 



catastrophe (ka-tas'tro-fe), n. Over- 
turning; unfortunate conclusion ; ca- 
lamity. [Gr. kata, down, and strepho, 
turn.] 

catbird ( kat'berd ), n. Slate-colored 
North-American bird of the thrush 
family. [From its cry of alarm.] 

catch (kach) v. [catch'ing; caught.] 1. 
vt. Take hold of; seize after pursuit; 
trap or ensnare. 2. Take a disease by 
infection. II. vi. 1. Be contagious. 2. 
Act as catcher, as in baseball. 3. Take 
hold or become fastened, in. n. 1. 
Seizure. 2. Anything that seizes or 
holds. 3. That which is caught. 4. 
Sudden advantage taken. 5. Song 
the parts of which are caught up by 
different voices. — catcher, n.— 
catching, a. [ O. Fr. c&chier — L. 
caper e, take.] 

catchpenny ( kach'pen-i ), n. Any 
worthless thing, esp. a publication, 
intended merely to gain money. 

catchup (kach'up), catsup (kaf- 
sup), ketchup (kech'up), n. Sauce 
made of tomatoes, mushrooms, etc 
[Prob. of E. Indian origin.] 

catch-word (kach'wurd), n. 1. Last 
word of the preceding speaker. 2. 
First word of a page given at the 
bottom of the preceding page. 3. 
Word caught up and repeated. 

catechetic (kat-e-ket'ik), catechet- 
ical, a. Relating to a catechism.— 
catechet'ically, adv. 

catechise (kat'e-kiz), vt. 1. Instruct 
by question and answer. 2. Question; 
examine.— cat'echiser, n. (Gr. kava, 
down, and echeo, sound.] 

catechism (kat'e-kizm), n. Book con- 
taining a summary of principles in 
the form of questions and answers. 

catechist(kat'e-kist), n. One who cate- 
chises. 

catechu ( kat'e-cho ), n. Astringent 
substance extracted from certain E. 
Indian plants. [Malay kachu.] 

categorical (kat-e-gor'ik-al), a. Posi- 
tive; absolute; without exception. 

category (kat'e-go-ri), n. Class; order. 
[Gr. kategoria, accusation, assertion.] 

cater (ka'ter), vi. Provide food, enter- 
tainment, or other commodities. — 
ca'terer, n. [M. E. a cater — Fr. 
achetet\ buy.] 

caterpillar (kat'er-pil-ar), n. Grub 
that lives upon the leaves of plants. 
[Etym. doubtful.] [noise like cats. 

caterwaul (kat'er-wal), vi. Make a 

catgut (kat'gut), n. Cord made from 
the intestines of animals (not of cats), 
and used as strings for musical in- 
struments. [Fromkit, fiddle, and gut.] 



fftte, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn, oil, owl, then. 



cathartic 



84 



cedar 



cathartic (ka-thar'tik), a. and n. Pur- 
gative. [Gr. katfiartikos, cleaning]. 

cathead (kat'hed), n. Beam and tackle 
at bow of ships to raise the anchor 
above water. 

cathedral (ka-the'dral), n. Principal 
church of a diocese. [Gr. kathedra, seat 
(of the bishop).] 

catheter (kath'e-ter), n. Tube inserted 
in narrow channels of the body. 

cathode (kath'od), n. Negative pole of 
electric current. (Opposite of anode.) 
[Gr. kata, down, and hodos, way.] 

catholic (kath'ol-ik). I. a. 1. Uni- 
versal. 2. Liberal; the opposite of 
exclusive. 3. Pertaining to the Church 
of Rome. II. n. Adherent of the Ro- 
man Catholic Church. [Gr. katholikos, 
universal — kata, throughout, and 
holos, whole.] 

Catholicism (ka-thol'i-sizm), cathol- 
icity (kath-ol-is'it-i), n. 1. Univers- 
ality. 2. Breadth of view. 3. State of 
being catholic. 4. Tenets of the R. 
Catholic Church. [cat tail. 

catkin (kat'kin), n. Spike of flowers; 

catmint (kat'mint), catnip (kat'nip), 
n. Plant of which cats are fond. 

cats-paw (kats'pa), n. Dupe or tool of 
another. [From root of chattels.] 

cattle (kat'l), n. pi. Live stock; beasts. 

Caucasian (ka-kash'yan or ka-ka'- 
shan). I. n. Member of the Indo- 
European family of the human race; 
white person. II. a. Of or pertain- 
ing to the said family. 

caucus (ka'kus), n. Party conference or 
preliminary to agree upon candidates 
or party measures, [tail. [L. cauda.] 

caudal (ka'dal), a. Pertaining to the 

caudle (ka'dl), n. Sweet warm drink 
made of wine or ale, eggs, bread and 
spices. [Fr. chaud, hot.] [of catch. 

caught (kat), v. Past tense and pa. p. 

caul (kal ),"n. Covering for the head. 
[Celt, calla, veil, hood.] 

cauldron. Same as caldron. 

cauliflower (ka/li-flow-er), n. Variety 
of cabbage, the eatable part of which 
is the flower. [L. caulis, cabbage, and 

FLOWER.] 

caulk. Same as calk. [or causes. 
causal (ka'zal), a. Relating to a cause 
causality (ka-zal'i-ti), n. 1. Working 
of a cause. '. 2. Faculty of tracing 
effects to their causes. [causing. 

causation ( ka-za'shun ), n. Act of 
causative (ka'za-tiv), a. Producing 

an effect.— ca'ii'satively 9 adv. 
cause (kaz). I. n. 1. That which pro- 
duces ; origin; motive; reason. Z. 
Legal case; ground for action. 3. 
Affair; object. II. vt. Bring about.— 



cause'less, a. Unreasonable. 

Syn. Source; occasion; mainspring; 
purpose; question; inducement. 

causeway ( kaz' wa), n. Dry, raised 
road. [From root of Fr. cfiaussie.] 

caustic ( kas'tik ). I. a. Burning; se- 
vere; cutting. II. n. Substance that 
burns. [Gr. kaustikos — kaio, burn.] 

cauterize ( ka'ter-iz ),vt. Burn with a 
caustic or a hot iron. — cauteriza'- 
tion, cau'tery, ns. [Fr. cautiriser— 
Gr. kauter, hot iron.] 

caution (ka'shun). I. n. Heedfulness; 
warning. II. vt. Warn to be careful.— 
cautionary, a. Containing caution; 
given as a pledge. 

cautious (ka'shus),a. Using caution ; 
prudent.— cautiously, adv. -cau- 
tiousness, n. [L. cautio.] 

Syn. Circumspect; vigilant; heed- 
ful; wary; watchful; thoughtful. 

eavalcade(kav'al-kad), n. Train of per- 
sons on horseback. [Fr.] 

cavalier ( kav-a-ler'). I- n. Knight. II. 
a. Gay; haughty.— cavalier'ly, adv. 
[Fr.] [horseback. [Fr. cavalerie.] 

cavalry_ ( kav'al-ri ), n. Soldiers on 

cave ( kav ), n. Hollow place in the 
earth; den. [Fr.— IL.cavus, hollow.] 

caveat ( ka've-at ), n. I. Preliminary 
patent-right claim. 2. Notice to stop 
proceedings in court. [L.=beware ! J 

cavern (kav'ern), n. Deep hollow place 
in the earth.— cavernous, a. 

caviare, caviar (kav-i-ar'), n. Salted 
roe of the sturgeon. [Turk, haviar.] 

cavil ( kav'il ). I. vt. Make trifling 
objections. II. n. Frivolous objection. 
— cav'iler, n. [L. cavilla, jesting.] 

cavity (kav'it-i), w. Hollow place. 

caw(ka). I. vi. Cry as a crow. II. n. Cry 
of a crow.-caw'ing, n. [Imitative.] 

cayenne (ka-en'), n. Red pepper. 
[Name of town in French Guiana. 

cayman (ka'man), n. So. American 
alligator. [Native name.] 

cayuse (ki-us'), n. Indian pony, of the 
northern Rocky 
Mountains, U. S. 

cease (ses). I. vi. 
Stop; be at an 
end. II. vt. Put 
an end to. — 
cease'less, a. 
Incessant. [Fr. 
cesser.] 

Syn. Desist; 
pause ; discontin- 
ue; leave off; re- 
frain ; quit. 

cedar (se'dar). I. 
n. Name of many species of lar^e, 
coniferous, evergreen trees, with very 




Cedar. 



fate fat task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, o?vl, then. 



cede 



85 



central 



durable and fragrant wood. II. a. 
Made of cedar. [L.— Gr. kedros.]. 

cede(sed),^. Yield, give up. [L. 
cedo, yield.] [a room. [See Ceiling.] 

ceil (sel), vt. Overlay the inner roof of 

ceiling- (se'ling), n. Inner roof of a 
room. [Pr. ciel, heaven.] 

celebrant(cere-brant),n. an officiating 
priest. 

celebrate (sel'e-brat), vt. 1. Make 
famous. 2. Distinguish by solemn cer- 
emonies ; observe with joy. — ceis- 
bra'tion, n. [L..— celebro.] 
Syn. Honor; commemorate; keep. 

celebrity (sel-eb'ri-ti),n. Fame. 

celerity ( sel-er'it-i ), n. Quickness. 

celery (sel'er-i), n. Vegetable of the 
t) a r s 1 e y family. [Fr. celeri — Gr. 
selinon, parsley.] 

celestial (se-les'ti-al). I. a . 1. Heaven- 
ly; dwelling in heaven. 2. Pertaining 
to the Chinese dynasty. II. n. 1. In- 
habitant of heaven. 2. Chinese. — 
celestially, adv. [L.. cesium, heaven.] 

celibacy (sellba-si), n. Single life; 
unmarried state. [L.. coslebs, single.] 

celibate (sell-bat), n. 1. Single life. 
2. One unmarried. 

cell ( sel ), 7i. 1. Small shut cavity. 2. 
Small or close room. 3. Single jar 
or element of an electric battery. [L. 
cella, conn, with celare, cover.] 

cellar (sel'ar), n. Room underground 
where stores are kept. [L. ceilarium 

cellarage (sel'ar-aj), n. 1. Space for 
cellars; cellars'. 2. Charge for storing 
in cellars. [or containing cells. 

cellular (sel'ii-lar), a. Consisting of 

celluloid ( sel'u-loid ), n. Artificial 
substance, chiefly composed of cellu- 
lose or vegetable flbrine, used as a 
substitute for ivory, bone, coral, etc. 

Celt (selt), Kelt (kelt), n. One of an 
Aryan race, now represented by the 
Welsh, Irish, and Scottish Highland- 
ers. — Celt'ic, a. [L. Celtce — Gr. 
Keltoi . ] 

cement (se-menf). I. n. Anything that 
makes two bodies stick together. II. 
vt. Unite with cement; join firmly. 
-cementation, n. 1. Act of cement- 
ing. 2. Process by which iron is 
turned into steel, glass into porce- 
lain, etc. [Li. ccementa.] 

cemetery ( sem'e-ter-i ), n. Burying- 
ground. [Fr. cimettire — Gr. koime- 
ierion, sleepingrqom.] 

cenobite ( seu'o-bit ), n. Monk living 
in a convent. [From Gr. koinos, in 
common, and bios, life.] 

cenotaph (sen'o-taf), n. Empty tomb. 
[Gr. kenos, empty, and taphos, tomb.] 



censer (sen'ser), n. Pan in which in- 
cence is burned. 

censor (sen'sur),7i. 1. In ancient Rome, 
an officer who had charge of census, 
taxes and public morals. 2. In modern 
times, an officer whose permission is 
necessary for the publication of print- 
ed matter. 3. One who censures or 
blames. — censo'rial, a. Belonging 
to a censor.— censo'rious, a. Expres- 
sing censure; fault-finding.— censo- 
riously, adv.— censo'riousness, n. 
— censorship, n. Office of censor. 
[L. — censeo, judge. ] 

censurable (sen'shor-a-bl), a. Deserv- 
ing of censure; blamable.— cen'sur- 
ably, adv.— cen'surableness, n. 

censure (sen'shor). I. n. Unfavora- 
ble judgment; reproof. II. vt. Blame; 
condemn. [L. censur a— censeo, judge. J 
Syn. Animadversion; disapproval; 
reprobation; reprehension. 

census (sen'sus), n. Enumeration of 
the inhabitants of a country. [L.] 

cent(sent), n. 1. Hundred. 2. Hundredth 
part of a dollar. — Per cent, from or for 
the hundred.— cent'al. I. n. Weight 
of 100 lbs. II. a. Pertaining to a 
hundred ; reckoning by the hundred. 
[L. centum, one hundred.] 

centaur (sen' tar), n. Fabulous mon- 
ster, half-man, half-horse. [Gr.] 

centenary (sen'ten-ar-i) I. n. 1. Cen- 
tury. 2. Hundredth anniversary. II. 
a. Pertaining to a hundred. — cente- 
na'rian, n. One a hundred years old. 

centennial (sen-tenl-al). I. a. Hap- 
pening once in a hundred years. II. 
n. Hundredth anniversary. 

center, centre (sen' ter). I. n. Middle 
point of auythmg ; middle. II. vt. 
Place on or collect to a center. III. vi. 
1. Be placed in the middle. 2. Have a 
center. [Gr. kentron. peg.] 

centesimal (sen-tes'i-mal), a. Hun- 
dredth.— centes'imally, adv. 

centigrade (sen'ti-grad), a. Divided 
into a hundred degrees, as the ther- 
mometer of Celsius in which freezing- 
point is zero and boiling-point 100 s . 
[L. centum, and gradus, degree.] 

centiped (sen'- 
ti-ped), centi- 
pede ( sen'ti- 
ped), n. Insect 

with a hundred Centipede, 

or a great 

many feet, (certain species poisonous) = 
[Li. centum, and pes, ped—, foot.] 

central ( sen'tral) , cen'tric, cen'- 
trical, a. Relating to, placed in, or 
containing the center. — cen'trally 
cen'trically, adv. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; mS, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, buru> oil, owl, th&u 



centralize 



86 



challenge 



centralize (sen'tral-Iz), vt. Draw to a 
centre.— centralization, n. 

centrifugal (sen'trif'Q-gal), a. Tend- 
ing to flee from the center. [L. cen- 
trum, andfugio, flee.l 

centripetal (sen-trip'et-al), a. Tend- 
ing toward the center. [L. centrum, 
and peto, seek.] 

centuple (sen'tu-pl) , a. Hundred- 
fold. [L. centuplex.] 

centurion (sen-tu'ri-un ), n. (Among 
the Romans) commander of a hundred 
men. 

century (sen'tu-ri), n. 1. A hundred. 
2. A hundred years. [L. centuria.] 

cephalic (se-fal'ik), a. Belonging to 
tne head. [Gr. kephale, head. ] 

cephalopod (se-fal'o-pod), a. Having 
feet or arms attached to the head. [Gr.] 

ceraceous (se-ra'shus), a. Of or like 
wax. 

ceramic (se'ram'ik), a. Pertaining to 
pottery. [Gr. keramos, potter's clay.] 

cerate (se'rat), n. Ointment of wax, 
oil, etc. — ce'rated, a. Covered with 
wax. 

cereal (se're-al). I. a. Relating to edible 
grain. II. n. Grain used as food, 
such as wheat, barley, etc. [L. cerealis 
—Ceres, goddess of agriculture.] 

cerebellum (ser-e-bel'um), n. Hinder 
and lower part of the brain. [L. dim. 
of cerebrum.} [the brain. 

cerebral (ser'e-bral),a. Pertaining to 

cerebration (ser-e-bra'shun) , n. 
Action of the brain, conscious or un- 
conscious. 

cerebrum (ser'e-brum], n. Front and 
larger part of the brain. [L.] 

cerement (ser'ment), n. Cloth dip- 
ped in melted wax, used as a wrap for 
the dead. 

ceremonial (ser-e-m5'ni-al). I. a. 
Relating to ceremony. II. n. Outward 
form; system of ceremonies. — cere- 
mo'nially, a. 

ceremonious (ser-e-mo'ni-us), a. 1. 
Full of ceremony. 2. Particular in ob- 
serving forms; precise.— ceremo'ni- 
ously, adv.- ceremo'niousness, n. 

ceremony ( ser'e-mo-ni) , n. Solemn 
rite; formalities; the outward form, 
religious or otherwise. [L. ccBrimonia.] 

certain (ser'tin), a. 1. Sure; fixed. 2. 
Indefinite; some. — cer'tainly, adv. 
— cer'tainty, cer'titude, n. [Fr. 
—Li. certus—cerno, determine.] 

Syn. Assured ; determined ; regular ; 
undoubted ; indisputable ; undeniable. 

certificate (ser-tif'i-kat), n. Written 
declaration of some fact; testimonial 
of character.— certification, n. 
[Fr.— Li. certus, and facio.] 



certify (ser'ti-fl), vt. [cer'tifying ; cer- 
tified.] Make known as certain; de- 
clare in writing. [Fr. certifier.] 

certitude (ser'ti-tud ), n. Certainty; 
assurance. [L. co&ruleus— caelum, sky. J 

cerulean ( se-rb'le-an ), a. Sky-blue. 

cervical (ser'vi-kal), a. Belonging to 
the neck. [L. cervix, neck.] [L.] 

cessation (ses-sa'shun), n. Stopping. 

Syn. Intermission; rest; interval; 

respite; interruption; recess; pause. 

cession (sesh'un), n. Yielding up. [L.] 

cesspool (ses'pOl), n. Pool in which 
filthy water collects. [Celt, soss-pool.] 

chafe (chaf). I. vt. 1. Make warm by 
rubbing. 2. Fret; wear. 3. Cause to 
fret or rage. II. vi. Fret, rage. [Fr. 
chauffer, heat.] [Ger. kaefer.] 

chafer (cha'fer), n. Beetle. [A. S.ceafer. 

chaff (chaf), n. 1. Covering of grain.2. 
Empty, worthless matter.— chaff' y, 
a.— chaff 'less, a. [A.S. ceaf.] 

chaff (chaf), vt. Ban- 
ter.— chaffing, n. 
[Corr. of chafe.] 

chaffer (chafer). 
I. vt. Buy. 2. vi. 
Bargain; haggle. 



[M. E. cheap/are.] 
ch af~" 




fffi ii© h. (chaf- 
finch), n. Song bird 
of the finch family. 

Chafing-dish (cha'- Chaffinch, 

ting-dish), n. Ves- 
"sel for cooking over an alcohol flame. 

chagrin ( sha-grin' or sha-gren ). I. n. 
Vexation. II. vt. Annoy. [Fr. ] 

chain(chan). I. n. 1. Connected series 
of links. 2. Number of things linked 
together. 3. Anything that binds. 4. 
Measure of 100 links, each one foot in 
length. II. vt. Bind with or as with a 
chain. [Fr. chaine—L,. catena.] 

chair (char). I. n. 1. Seat for one, with 
a back. 2. Seat or office of a presiding 
officer. 3. Professorship. II. vt. Carry 
one publicly m triumph. [Fr. chaire. 
— Gr. kathedra.] 

chairman (char'man), n. Presiding 
officer. 

chaise (shaz), n. Light carriage. [Fr.] 

chalcedony (kal-sed'o-ni), n. Quartz 
of a milk-and-water color. [ From 
Chalcedon, in Asia Minor.] 

chalet (sha-la'), n. Swiss cottage. [Fr.] 

chalice (chal'is), n. Cup used for the 
wine in the Eucharist. [L. calix.] 

chalk (chak). I. n. Carbonate of lime. 
II. vt. Rub or mark with chalk. — 
chalk'y, a. — chalk'iness, n. [Lu 
calx, limestone.] 

challenge (chal'enj). I. vt. 1. Call 
on one to settle a matter by fighting 



fftte, fat, task, far, fa.ll, fare, above; mS, met, h§r; mite, mlt; n6te, not, move, wolf} 
mQte, hut, btfcra; oil, owKthen. 



clialiis 



87 



chapbook 



or any kind of contest. 2. Accuse; 
object to ; call in question. II. n, 
1. Summons to a oontest. 2. Excep- 
tion to a juror. 3. Demand of a sen- 
try. [O. Fr.— L. calumnia, slander.] 

challis (shall), n. Light all-wool 
fabric. 

chalybeate (ka-lib'e-at), a. Contain- 
ing iron. [Gr. chalyps, steel, so called 
from the Chalybes, a nation in Pontus 
famous for steel.] 

chamber (cham-ber), n. 1. Room; 
bed -room. 2. Place where an assem- 
bly meets. 3. Assembly, as a cham- 
ber of commerce. 4. Hall of justice. 
5. Back end of the bore of a gun.— 
chambered, a. [ Fr. chambre — L. 
camera.] 

chamberlain (cham'ber-lin), n. 1. 
Manager of chambers. 2. Manager 
of household. [From chamber and 

LING.] 

chameleon (ka- 
me'le-un),7i. Liz- 
ard famous for 
changing its col- 
or. [Gr!] 

chamfer (sham'- 
fer). I. vt. Bevel; 
groove. II. n. Chameleon. 

Groove; bevel. 

chamois (sham'i or 3ha-moi'), n. 1. 
Kind of antelope. 2. Soft leather 
originally made from its skin. [Fr. — 
Ger. gemse.] 

chamomile. See Camomile. 

champ (champ), vi. Bite; cnew; mash; 
crunch. [From the sound.] 

champagne(sbam-pan'), n. Sparkling 
wine. [Made in Champagne, France.] 

champaign (sham-pan'). I. a. Flat, 
open. II. n. Open level country. [O. 
Fr. champaigne.] 

champion (cham'pi-un). I. n. 1. One 
who fights for a cause or for another. 
2. Successful combatant; hero. II. 
vt. Defend; support; act as champion 
of .— cham'pionship, n. [Fr. — L. 
campus, field, place of battle.] 

chance (chans). I. n. 1. Unexpected 
event. 2. Risks; opportunity; possi- 
bility. II. vt. Risk. III. vi. Happen. 
IV. a. Happening by chance. [Fr.— 
L. eadentia — cado, fall.] 

chancel (chan'sel), n. Part of a church 
where the altar is placed. [O. Fr.— 
L. -cancelli, lattices.] 

chancellor (chan'sel-iir), n. 1. Chief 
justice of a court of chancery. 2. 
President of a University. 3. Secret- 
ary of State in an empire. — chan- 
cellorship, n. [Fr. chaneelier — L. 
cantseHlarius.] 



chancery (chan'ser-i), n. 1. Office o\ 
chancellor. 2. Highest English court. 
3. In the U. S. a lower court of equity. 
[Fr. chaneelier ie.) 

chandelier ( shan-de-ler'), n. Hang- 
ing frame with branches for holding 
lights. [Fr. — L. candelaria.] 

chandler (chand'ler), n. 1. Candle 
maker and dealer . 2. Dealer in 
provisions. — c h a n d' 1 e r y , n. 1. 
Chandler's shop. 2. Goods sold by 
a chandler. _ [Fr. chandelier.] 

change (chanj). 1. vt. 1. Alter; make 
different. 2. Put or give one thing 
for another. 3. Make to pass from 
one state to another. II. vi. Suffer 
change. III. n. 1. Alteration; varia- 
tion; shift; variety. 2. Small coin. 
3. Short for "Exchange. "[Fr. changer 
— L. cambire, barter.] 

changeable (chanj'a-bl), a. Subject 
or prone to change.— change'ably, 
adv.— cbaugeableoess, n. 

Syn. Fickle; inconstant; capricious; 
wavering; erratic; variable. 

changeful (chanj'fol), a. Full o! 
change; changeable."— changeful- 
ly, adv.— change'fulness, n. 

changeless (chanj'les), a. Constant. 

changeling (chanj'ling), n. 1. Child 
taken or left in place of another. 2. 
One apt to change. 

channel (chan'el). I. n. 1. Bed of a 
stream of water ; deeper part of a 
strait, bay, or harbor ; strait or nar- 
row sea. 2. Means of passing or con* 
veying. II. vt. 1. Cut or wear into 
channels. 2. Cause to appear worn ana 
hollowed. [O. Fr. chanel — L. canaUs.] 

chant (chant). I. vt. Sing. 2. Cele- 
brate in song. 3. Recite in a singing 
manner. II. n. 1. Song. 2. Melody. 
3. Sacred music, in which prose is 
sung. [Fr. chanter, sing.] 

chanter (chant'er), n. 1. One who 
chants; chief singer. 2. Tenor or 
treble pipe of a bagpipe. 

chanticleer ( chant' i-k ler ), n. Cock 
[M. E. chaunte-cleer, from chant and 
clear.] _ 

chaos (ka'os), n. Confused, shapeless 
mass; disorder; state of world before 
it was reduced to order by the Creator 
[Gr. chao, gape , yawn.] 

chaotic (ka-ot'ik), a. Like chaos; con* 
fused or disordered. 

chap (chap), v. [ehan'ping ; chapped 
(chapt) or chapt]. I. vt. Cut; crack 
II. vi. Crack. [From root of chop.] 

chap, n. See chaps. 

chapbook (ehap'bok), n. Small book 
or tract, carried about for sale (by 
chapmen). 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; m§, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, more, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



chapel 



88 



chary 



chapel (chap'el), n. Place of worship 
inferior or subordinate to a regular 
church. [Fr. chapelle.] 

chaperon (shap'e-ron). I. n. 1. Hood, 
cap. 2. Lady who accompanies an- 
other as a protectoi-. II. vt. Act as cha- 
peron to. [Fr.— root of chapeau, hat.] 

chapfallen (chop'ialn), a. Cast-down; 
dejected. [See chaps.] 

chaplain ( chap'lin ), n. Clergyman 
attached to a ship of war, regiment, 
public institution, or family.— chap'- 
laincy, chap'lainship, n. [Fr. 
chapelain.] 

chap let (chap'let), n. Garland or 
wreath for the head ; rosary. [Fr. 
chapelei.] 

chapman (chap'man), n. Dealer; ped- 
ler. [A. S. ceap-man', dealer.] 

chaps (chops), n. pi. Jaws. [Icel. 
kiaptr, jaw.] 

chapter (chap'ter), n. 1. Division of 
a book. 2. Corporation of clergymen 
belonging to a cathedral or collegiate 
church. 3. Organized branch of a 
society or fraternity. [Fr. chapitre — 
L. caput, head. ] 

char (char), vt. [char'ring; charred 
(chard).] Roast or burn until reduced 
to charcoal. 

character (kar'ak-ter), n. 1. Letter, 
sign, or figure. 2. Peculiar qualities 
of a person or thing. 3. Reputation, 
standing. 4. Person with peculiar 
qualities. [Fr.— Gr. charasso, mark, 
engrave. ] 

characteristic ( kar-ak-ter-is'tik ), 
eharacteris'tical, a. Marking or 
constituting the peculiar nature. — 
characteristic, n. Distinguishing 
trait. — characteris'Hcally, adv. 

characterize (kar'ak-ter-lz) , vt. 1. 
Describe by peculiar qualities. 2. 
distinguish.— characterization,^ 
Syn. Mark; indicate; show. 

charade ( sha-iHd' or sha-rad'), n. 
Kind of riddle, the subject of which is 
a word to be guessed from a written 
or acted description of its several 
syllables and of the whole. [Fr.] 

charcoal (char'kol), n. Coal made by 
charring wood under turf. 

charge (charj). I. vt. 1. Lay on; im- 
pose; intrust. 2.Fall upon, attack. 3. 
Put to the account of. 4. Impute to. 5. 
Command ; exhort. 6. Load, fill. 7. Fix 
a price. II. n. 1. That which is laid 
on; cost; price. 2. Load of powder, 
etc., for a gun. 3. Attack, onset. 4. 
Care, custody. 5. Object of care. 6. 
Command; exhortation; accusation. 
[Fr. charger — L. oarrico, load.] 




Chariot. 



chprgeable (charj'a-bl), a. Liable to 
be charged; imputable; blamabie. — 
charg-e'ableness, n. — charge', 
ably, adv. 

charger vchar'jer), n. 1. Large dish. 

2. War horse. 

chariot(char'i- 
ut), w.l. Four- 
wheeled pleas- 
ure or state 
carriage. 2. 
Two - wheeled 
vehicle used 
in ancient 
warfare. [Fr., 
dim. of char.] [who drives a cirariot. 

charioteer ( char-i-ut-er' ) . n. One 

charitable ( char'i-ta-bl ), a. 1. Lib- 
eral. 2. Relenting.— char'itably 9 a^- 
Syn. Lenient ; kind ; generous. 

cliarity (char'i-ti), n. 1. Love; good 
will.' 2. Almsgiving. 3. Disposition to 
think well of others. 4. Institution for 
gratuitous aid, as a hospital. [Fr. 
charitd—lu. caritas—carus, dear.] 

charivari (shar-i-var'i, vulgarly shiv- 
a-re'), n. Mock serenade. [Fr.] 

charlatan (shar'la-tau), n. Pretendet 
to knowledge or skill; quack. [Fr.— 
Sp. charlar, jabber.] 

charm (charm). I. n. 1. Spell. 2. 
Something thought to possess hidden 
power or influence. 3. Attraction. 
II. vt. 1. Influence by a charm. 2, 
Subdue by secret influence. 3. En- 
chant; delight; allure.— char m'er, 
n. One who enchants or delights. 
[Fr. charme— carmen, song.] 

Syn. Fascinate; enrapture; entice; 
bewitch; transport; subdue. 

cbarnel(char'nel),a. Containing flesh 
or carcasses. [L. carnalis—car&, flesh.] 

chart (chart), n. 1. Map ; outline. 2. 
Tabulated account. [L. charta, paper.] 

charter (char'ter\ I. n. Document 
conferring or confirming titles,rights, 
or privileges; patent; grant. II. vt. 
1. Establish by charter. 2. Let or 
hire, as a ship, on contract. [Fr, 
chartre — L. charta.] 

charter-party (char'ter-par-ti), n. 
Mutual contract for the hire of a 
vessel. [Fr. chartre-partie, divided 
charter,as the practice was to divide it 
in two and give a half to each person.] 

chartreuse (shar-trus' ), n. Cordial, 
made at the Carthusian monastery 
Grande Chartreuse, France. 

charwoman ( char-wom'an ), n. 
Woman who does odd work by the day. 

chary (char'i), a. 1. Careful. 2. Spar- 
ing.— charily, adv.— chariness, ru 
[A. S. cearig —cearu, care.] 



fftte, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf* 
mute, hut, burii) oil, owl, then 



chase 



89 



chemlc 




Chase. 



chase ( chas ). I. vt. 1. Pursue; hunt; 
drive away. IT. n. 1. Pursuit; hunting. 
2. That which is hunted. 3. Ground 
abounding in game. [Fr. ckasser.] 

chase (chas), I. vt. 1. Decorate metal- 
work by tooling. 2. 
Cut into a screw. 
II. n. 1. Case or 
frame for holding 
type. 2. Groove. 
[Fr. chdsse—capsa, 
chest.] 

chasm ( kazm ), n. 
Yawning hollow; 
gap, void. [Gr. chas- 
ma — chaino^ gape.] 

chaste ( chast ), a. 
Modest ; refined ; 
virtuous; pure in 
taste and style. — 
chaste'ly, adv. — chaste'ness, 
chastity ( chas'ti-ti ), ns. Purity. 
[Fr.— L. castus. pure.] 
Syn. Continent; undefiled; innocent. 

chasten (chas'n), vt. 1. Free from 
faults by punishing. 2. Punish. [O. 

* Fr. chastier—li. castiaare— castus, pure.] 

chastise ( chas-tia')» vt. 1. Inflict pu- 
nishment upon. 2. Punish as a means 
of correction, —chastisement 
(chas'tiz-ment), n. 

chasuble (chaz'u-bl), n. Uppermost 
garment worn by a priest at mass. 

chat (chat). I. vt. [charting; chat'ted.] 
Talk idly or familiarly. II. w.Familiar, 
idle talk. [Short for chatter.] 

chateau (sha-to'), n. Castle; country- 
seat. [Fr.] 

chatelaine (shat'e-lan), n. 1. Hook 
or clasp worn by ladies, with chain 
attached, for keys, watch or purse. 
2. Articles so attached. 

chattel (chat'l), n. 1. Property. 2. Ar- 
ticle of personal property. [O. Fr, 
shatel— root of cattle and capital. 

•Shatter (chafer). I. vt. and vi. 1. Talk 
idly or rapidly. 2. Rattle rapidly. 

chattiness (chat'i-nes), n. Quality or 
state of being chatty; talkativeness. 

chauffeur (sho-fur'), n. 1. Fireman; 
stoker. 2. Expert machinist on an 
automobile. [Fr.] 

chauvinist (sho'vin-ist), n. Person of 
exaggerated national aggressiveness. 

cheap (chep),n. Low in price; of small 
value. — cheaply, adv. — cheap- 
ness, n— cheapen, vl. Make cheap. 
[A. S. ceap, bargain. 

Cheat (chet). I. vt. Defraud. II. n. 1. 

Fraud. 2. One who cheats. [Etym. 

doubtful.] [trick; fool; bamboozle. 

Syn. Deceive; dupe; swindle; gull; 



check (chek). I. vt. 1. Bring to a stane . 
restrain, hinder. 2. Rebuke. 3. Tesii 
accuracy by comparison. 4. Mark as 
having been examined. 6. Put in 
check (in chess). II. vi. Stop short; 
pause; halt. III. n. 1. Anything that 
checks. 2. Sudden stop. 3. Term in 
chess when one party obliges the other 
either to move or guard his king. 4 
Mark put against items in a list. 5. 
Order on a bank for money. 6. Check- 
ered cloth. 7. Token serving for iden- 
tification. [Fr. echec, chess.] 

Syn. Bridle; curb; control; repress; 
interrupt; rebuff; rebuke; tally. 

checker (chek'er). I. vt. Form into 
little squares; diversify. II. n. 1. 
Chessboard. 2. One of the pieces used 
in checkers. [Fr. <&£ig2«<jr,ch.essboard.] 

checkers ( chek'erz ), n. pi. Game 
played by two persons on a check- 
ered board; draughts. 

checkmate (chek'mat). I. n. 1. In, 
chess. Check given to the adversary's 
king when in a position in which it 
can neither be protected nor moved 
out of check, so that the game is nn* 
ished. 2. Complete check; defeat; 
overthrow. II. vt. Make a movement 
which ends the game; defeat. [Fr. 
ichec et mat — Pers. shdhmdt, the king 
is dead.]_ [the eye. [A. S. ceace.] 

cheek (chek), n. Side of the face below 

cheep (chep), vi. Chirp. [From the 
sound.] 

cheer (cher). I. n. 1. Joy. 2. Shout 
of approbation or encouragement. 3. 
Kind treatment; entertainment; fare. 
4. Luck ; tidings, n. vt. 1. Make 
glad. 2. Comfort; encourage; applaud 
by cheers. — cheerful ( cher'fol ), a. 
Joyful ; lively. — cheer' fully iadv.— 
cheerfulness, n. — cheerless, a. 
Without comfort; gloomy.— cheer'- 
lessness, n. — cheer'y, a. Cheerful. 
— cheer'iiy, adv. — cheer'iness, n, 
[M.E. chere, face, demeanor— Gr. kara, 
head.] 

cheese (chez), n. 1. Product of the 
curd of milk. 2. Courtesy. — cheese- 
paring, n. 1. Paring of the rind of 
cheese. 2. Mean economy. [A. S. cese.] 

cheesy (che'zi), a. Having the nature 
of cheese. 

cheetah (che'ta), n. Eastern animal 
like the leopard, used, in hunting. 
[Hind, chita.) 

chef (shef), w-.Male head cook.— chef- 
d'oeuvre (sha-afivr'). n. Master-piece. 
[Fr.] 

chemic (kem'ik), chemical (kem'i 
kal), a. Belonging to Ghemistry. ^ 
chemically, adv. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; upte, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



chemicals 



90 



chime 




Cherub. 



chemicals (kem'i-kalz), n. pi. Sub- 
tances produced by chemical process. 

chemise (stie : mez'), n. Lady's under- 
garment; combination waist-skirt. 

chemist (kem'ist), n. One skilled in 
chemistry. 

chemistry ( kem'is-tri ), n. Science 
which treats of properties of "subs- 
tances, and of laws of their action one 
upon another. [From alchemy.] 

chenille (she-neT), n. Soft, velvety 
cord. [Fr. = like a caterpillar.] 

cherish (cher'ish), vt. 1. Protect and 
treat with affection. 2. Hold dear, fos- 
ter. [Fr. chSrir, chtriss- , —cher, dear.] 

cheroot ( she-rot' ), n. Kind of cigar. 
[E ty mology unknown.] 

cherry (cher'i). I. n. I. Small stone- 
fruit, usually red or reddish. 2. Tree 
that bears it. II. a. Like a cherry in 
color; ruddy. [Fr. 
cerise— Gr. kerasos. ] 

cherub (cher' ub), n. 

1. Celestial spirit. 

2. Beautiful child. 
— pi. cher'ubs, 
cher'ubim, cher'ub- 
ims. [Heb. kerub.] 

chervil (cher'vil), n. Kind of kitchen 
herb. [A.S. cerfille—G&. chairephyllon, 
pleasant leaf.] 

chess ( ches ), n. Game played by two 
persons on a board like that used in 
checkers. [Corr. of checks; pi. of 

CHECK.] 

chess(ches),w. Kind of weed that grows 
in wheat fields; cheat. 

chest (chest), n. 1. Large strong box. 
2. Part of the body between the neck 
and the abdomen. [A.S. cyste.] 

chestnut ( ches'nut ). I. n. 1. Fruit 
growirjg in a prickly case. 2. Tree 
that bears it. 3. Reddish brown color. 
II. a. Reddish-brown. [L. castanea.] 

cheval-de-frise ( she-val-de-frez'), n. 
Piece of timber armed with spikes, 
used to defend a passage or to stop 
cavalry. — pi. Chevaux-de-frise (she- 
vo-de frez'). [Fr. cheval, horse, de, of, 
and /rise, FrieslandJ 

chevalier (shev-a-ler' ), n. Cavalier; 
knight; gallant man. [Fr.] 

chevron (shev'run), n. Mark (V- 
shaped bars) on a non-commissioned 
officer's coat sleeve. [Fr.] 

chew (cho), vt. Cut and bruise with the 
teeth. [A. S. ceowan.) 

chiaroscuro (kya-ros-ko'ro), a. and n. 
Lightand dark; distribution of light 
and shade in a pain ting. (Also: clair- 

OBSCT7RE and CLARE-OBSCURE). [It.] 

chicane ( shi-kan' ), ebica'nery, n. 

Trickery. [Fr.] 



chicle (chik), chicken (chik'en), n. 
1 Young of fowls, especially of the 
domestic hen. 2. Child. [A. S. cicen, 
dim. of cocc, cock.] 

chicken-pox (chjk'en-poks], n. Mild 
skin-disease, generally attacking 
children only. 

chick weed (chik'wed), n. Low creep- 
ing weed that birds are fond of. 

chicory (chik'o-ri), n. Carrot-like plant, ' 
root of which when ground is used to 
adulterate coffee. [Fr. chicoree.] 

chide (chid), vt. [chi'ding; chid; chid'* 
den.] Scold, rebuke. [A. S. cidan.] 

chief (chef ). I. a. Head ; principal; 
first. II. n. Principal person; princi- 
pal part-chief ly, adv. Principally. 
— chieftain (chef'tin), n. Head; 
leader. — chieftaincy, chief- 
tainship, ns. [Fr. chef, head.] 

Syn. Leading; supreme; special; 
prime; grand; eminent; vital. 

chiffonnier (shif-on-er f ), n. 1. Orna* 
mental cabinet. 2. High, narrow 
bureau. [Fr. — chiffon, rag.] 

chignon (she-nyang'), n. Artificial ar- 
rangement of hair at the back of the 
head. [Fr.] 

chilblain (chil'blan) n. Sore on hands 
or feet caused by cold, [child and 

BLAIN.] 

child (child), n. 1. Human offspring; 
infant, a son or a daughter. 2. Very 
young person. — pi. chil'dren, off* 
spring ; descendants ; inhabitants* 
[A. S. did, conn, with kin.] 

cbilde (child), n. Title of the son of 
a noble, till admission to knighthood. 
[Same as child.] [of being a child. 

chlldhood(child'hod), n. State or time 

childish (child'ish), a. Of or like a 
child; silly; trifling. —childishly, 
adv.— childishness, n. [dren. 

childless (child'les), a. Without chil- 

childlike (child'lik), a. Like a child; 
becoming a child; docile; innocent. 

chill (chil). I. n. 1. Coldness, shivering. 
2. Anything that damps or disheart- 
ens. II. a. 1. Shivering with cold. 2. 
Slightly cold. III. vt. Make cold; dis* 
courage.— chill'ness, n. [A. S. cyle.l 

chilly (chil'i), a. Somewhat chill. 

chime (chim). I. n. 1. Harmonious 
sound of several bells or other mu- 
sical instruments. 2. Agreement of 
sound or of relation. 3. Set of bells. 
It. vi. Sound in harmony; accord; 
(with in) take part; agree. III. vt 
Strike or cause to sound in harmony. 
[L. cymbalum, cymbal.] 

chime (chim), n. Edge or brim of a 
cask or tub. [A. S. dm, box.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, h6r; mite, miti ndte, not, move, wolf? 
mute, trot, burn; oil, owl, then. 



cnimera 



91 



choice 




Chimpanzee. 



chimera (ki-me'ra), n. 1. Fabulous 
fire-spouting monster, with a lion's 
head, a serpent's tail, and a goat's 
body. 2. Any idle or wild fancy. [Gr. 
chimaira, she-goat.] 

chimerical (ki-mer'i-kal), a. Of the 
nature of a chimera; wild; fanciful. 
— chimer'ically, adv. 

chimney (chim'ni), n. Passage for 
escape of smoke or heated air, [Fr. 
cheminee— Gr. kaio, burn.] 

chimpanzee 
(chim-pan'ze), n. 
Large African 
species of ape. 
[Native Guinea 
name of the ani- 
mal.] 

chin ( chin ), n. 
Point of the low- 
er jaw, be- 
tieath the 
mouth. [A. S. cinn!\ 

China (chi'na), 
n. Fine kind of 
earthenware, originally made tn 
China', porcelain. 

chinch (chinch), n. 1. Insect very de- 
structive to sprouting grain. 2. Bed- 
bug. [L. cimex. 

chinchilla (chin-chil'a), n. 1. Small 
rodent with soft gray fur. 2. Its fur. 

chine (chin), n. 1. Spine; backbone. 
2. Piece of the backbone of a beast 
and adjoining flesh for cooking. £Fr. 

Chinese (chi-nez"). I. a. Of or belong- 
ing to China. II. n. 1. Native of China. 
2. Language of China. 

*shink (chingk). L n. Rent; cleft; nar- 
row opening. IL vi. Split; crack. [A. 
S. cinu, cleft.] 

chink (chingk). L n. Clink; sound of 
coins. IT. vt. Give a sharp sound, as 
coin. [From the sound.] 

Chinook (chi-nok'). Dry warm wind 
from west or north in n. w. part U. S. 

chintz, chints (chints), n. Cotton 
cloth printed in five or six different 
colors and glazed. [Hind.] 

chip ( chip ). I. vt. 1. Cut into small 
pieces. 2. Diminish by 
cutting away a little 
at a time. II. »• Small 
piece of wood or other 
suDstance chopped off. 
[Dim. of chop.] 

chipmunk (chip' 
mungkf, n. Small 
striped chipping squir- 
rel. [Am. Ind ] 

chirographer(ki-rog' 
i af ei ), chi rograph- 
ist (ki-rog'ra-fist), 




Chipmunk. 

1. One who 



professes the art of writing. 2. One 
who tells fortunes from the hand. 

chiro&raphy (kl-rog'ra-fi), n, 1. Art 
of writing; penmanship. 2. Palmistry. 
chirograph ic, a. [Gr. cheir, hand, 
and graphe, writing.] 

chiropody ( kl-fop'o-dl ), n. The re* 
moval of corns, bunions, warts, etc.— 
chiropodist, n. [Gr. cheir, hand, 
and pous, godos, f oot.l 

chirp (cherp), chirrup (cher'up). L 
n. Shrill sound of certain birds and 
Insects. II. vi. Make sUch a sound. 
[From the sound.] 

chisel ( chiz'el ). I. n. Tool to cut or 
hollow out wood, stone, etc. II. vL 
Cut, carve, etc., with a chisel. [O. Fr. 
cisel — L. seco, cut.] 

chit (chit), n. 1. Baby. 2. Lively or 
pert young child. 3. Germ of a se,ed. 
[A. S. cith, tender shoot.] 

chitchat ( chit'chat ), n. Chatting oi 
id'e talk ; prattle. [A reduplication 
of CHAT.] 

chitterlings (chit'er-lings ), n. pi 
Part of small intestine, fried for food. 

chivalric (shiv'al-rik), chivalrous 
(shiv'al-rus), a. 'Pertaining to cbival- 
ry; bold; gallant. — chivalrously, 
adv. 

chivalry (shiv'al-ri), n. 1. Usages and 
qualifications of knights; system of 
knighthood 2. Deferential kindness. 
3. Heroic adventures. [Fr. chevaleri* 
— cheval — L. caballus, horse.] 

chive (chiv), n. Kind of onion. [Fr. ctv+ 
— L. c&pa, onion.] 

chloral (klo'ral), n. Colorless strongly 
hypnotic liquid,obtained by the actioo 
of chlorine on alcohol or on starch. 

chloride (klo'rid or klo'rid), ». Com- 
pound of chlorine with some othe\ 
substance, as potash, soda, etc. 

chlorine (klo'rin or klo'rin), n. Pale- 
green gas, with a disagreeable, suffo- 
cating odor. [Gr. chloros, pale-green, j 

chloroform (kl5'ro-farm). I. n. Color- 
less volatile liquid, much used as an 
anassthetic. II. vt. Administer chlo 
rof orm to. [Gr. chlor- and L. formte 
See formic] 

chock (ch©k), n. Wedge under a cask, 
to prevent it from roiling, [^choke. j 

chock'-full(chok'fol), ch u c k f u 1 1* 
( chuk'fol ), a. Quite full; choke-full. 

chocolate (Chok'o-lat), n. 1 Subs- 
tance made of the ground beans of 
the cacao theobroma. 2. Beverage 
made from this substance. [Sp.— Mex- 
ican kakahuatl. See oacao, cocoa.] 

choice (chois). n. 1. Act or power of 
choosing. 2. Thing chosen. 3. Pref- 
erence. 4. Preferable or best part. 



fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, but, burn; oil, owl, i/ien. 



choir 



92 



chromotypography 




Cholera Bacilli. 
(Highly 
magnified). 



II. a. Worthy of being chosen; select, 
[Fr. choix — choisir, choose.] 

Syn. Option; selection; exquisite; 
volition; rare; precious; careful. 

choir (kwir), n. 1. Chorus of singers, 
esp. in a church. 2. Part of the church 
appropudated to the singers. 3. Chan- 
cel. [Fr. chceur—Gv. chores, .] 

choice (chok). l.vt. 1. Throttle; suffo- 
cate. 2. Stop, obstruct. II. vi. Be 
choked, suffocated. [Ety. doubtful.] 

choke-damp ( chok'damp ), n. Car- 
bonic acid gas, so called by miners 
from its often causing suffocation. 

choler (kol'er), n. Anger or irascibi- 
lity, once supposed to arise from ex- 
cess of bile.— chol'eric, a. Full of 
choler or anger; petulant. [Gr. chole, 
bile.] 

cholera (k°l'er-a), n. 
Disease characteriz- 
ed by bilious vomit- 
ing and purging. 
Asiatic cholera, fatal 
disease caused by ba- 
cilli. Cholera infan- 
tum, dangerous sum- 
mer disease among 
infants . — chol'era- 
ic, a. Of the nature 
if cholera. [Gr.— chole, bile.] 

cPioose(chqz), vt. and vi. [chose (choz) ; 
chosen (choz'n).] Take one rather than 
another; decide. [A. S. ceosan.] 
Syn. Select; prefer; elect; adopt. 

chop (chop), v. [Cbop'ping; chopped 
(chopt).] I. vt. 1. Cut with a blow. 2. 
Cut into small pieces. II. vi. Shift sud- 
denly, as the wind. [Gr. happen, cut.] 

chop (chop), n. 1. Act of chopping. 2. 
Slice of loiu of pork, lamb, or mutton. 

chop ( chop ), vt. Exchange or barter; 

Eut one thing in place of another. [O. 
»ut. koopen, buy. Same root as cheap.] 

chop (chop), n. Jaw, generally used 
in pi. [See chaps.] [chapfallen. 

chopf alien ( chop'faln ), n. Same as 

c hopper (chop'er), n. One who or 
that which chops. [waves. 

choppy (chop'i), a. Full of short rough 

chopsticks ( chop'stiks ), n. Two 
small sticks of wood, ivory, etc., used 
by Chinese instead of a fork or spoon. 

choral ( ko'ral ), a. Belonging to a 
chorus or choir.— Choral service, Ser- 
vice of song. [From chorus.] 

chord (kard). I. n. 1. String of a mu- 
sical instrument. 2. Combination of 
tones in harmony. 3. Straight line 
joining the extremities of an arc. 4. 
Tendon. II. vt. Bind with a cord. 
IIL vi. Accord. [Gr. chordeJ] 



chore (chor), w. Small job or bio ot 
work about the house. [Same as chat/ 
in aarwoman.] [a choir, 

chorister (kor'is-ter), n. Member of 

chorus (kor'us), n. 1. Band of singers 
and dancers s esp. in the Greek plays; 
company of singers. 2. That which is 
surg by a chorus. 3. Part of a song 
in which the company join the sing- 
er. [L.] 

chose (choz), v. Past tense of Choose. 

chosen (cho'zn), v. Pa. p. of Choose. 

chough (chuf), n. Kind of jackdaw 
which frequents rocky places and the 
sea-coast. [From the cry of the bird.] 

chow-chow (chow'chow), n. Mixture 
of pickles. 

chowder ( chow'der ), n. Dish of fish 
or clams boiled with salt pork, vege- 
tables, etc. 

chrism (krizm), n. Consecrated oil. 
chrism al, a. Pertaining to chrism. 
[Gr. chrisnia.] [robe 

chrisom (kris'um), n. Christening 

Christ (krist), n. The Anointed. Greek 
name of Jesus, as the Messiah. 

christen (kris'n), vt. 1. Baptize in the 
name of Christ. 2. Give a name to. 
[A S. cristnian, make a Christian.] 

Christendom ( kris'n-dum ), n. 1. 
Whole body of all the Christians- 2, 
Civilized world. [A. S.] 

Christian (kris'ti-an or kris'chan). I. 
n. Follower of Christ. II. a. Relating 
to Christ or his religion. — Christian 
name, name given when christened, 
as distinguished from the surname. — 
christ'ianlike, a. christ'ianly, a 

Christianity (krist-yan'i-ti), n. Re- 
ligion of Christ. 

Christmas (kris'mas), n. Annual 
festival in memory of the birth of 
Christ, held on the 25th of December. 
[chbist and mass.] 

chromatic (kro-mat'ik), a. 1. Relating 
to colors; colored. 2. In music, pro- 
ceeding by semitones. — chroma?/- 
ics, n. The science of colors. jGr. 
chroma, color.] 

chrome (krom), chromium (k'.o f - 
mi-um), n. Metal remarkable for the 
beautiful colors of its compounds. 
chromic, adj. [Gr. chroma, color.] 

chromo (kro'mo), chromolstho- 
g'raph(kro-mo-lith'o-graf) n. Picture 
printed in colors from a set of stones. 

chromophotog-raphy (kro'mo-fo 
tog'ra-fi), n. Art of producing colored 
photographic pictures. 

chromo typography (kro'mo- ti-pog'- 
ra-ti) ; n. Art of printing with type In 
various colors. 



fite, fftt, tfcfc, f &r, fftll, f&re, above ; me, m 
ttute, but, buru 



et, her; mite, mit; cote, not, move, wollj 
; oil, owl, tftei»- 



chronic 



93 



cinchona 



chronic (kron'ik), a. 1. Lasting a long 
time. 2. (Of a disease), deep-seated or 
long-continued, as opp. to acute. [Gr. 
chronikos — chronos, time.] 

chronicle (kron'i-kl). I. n. Record of 
events in the order of time; history. 
II. vt. Record. — chron'icler, n. 
Historian; writer of a chronicle. 

chronology (kron-ol'o-ji,) n. 1. Science 
of dates. 2. Record of events in order 
of time. — chronolog'ic, chron- 
ological, a. — chronologically, 
adv. — chronol'oger, chronol'- 
ogist, n. [Gr. chronos, time, and logos, 
discourse.] 

chronometer (kron-om'e-ter) , n. 1. 
Instrument for measuring time accu- 
rately. 2. Clock; watch. — chrono- 
met'ric. chronomet'rieal, a. [Gr. 
chronos, and metron, measure.] 

chrysalis (kris'a-lis), n. Form as- 
sumed by some insects between the 
larva state and the winged state.— 
— pi. chrysal' ides. — chrys'alid, a. 
[Gr. chrysalis— 
chrysos, gold.] 

chrysanthemum 
( kris-an'the-mum ), 
n. 1. Genus of com- 
posite plants to 
which belong the 
aster and ox-eye 
daisy. 2. Cultivated 
species of this ge- 
nus. [Gr. chrysos, 
gold, and anthemon, 
flower.] 

chrysolite ( kris'o-lit ), n. Crystal of 
a yellowish color. [Gr. chrysos, gold, 
and lithos, stone.] 

chub (chub), n. 1. Short, plump body. 
2. Small fat river fish.— chubby, a. 
Short and thick.— chub'blness, n. 

ehnch (chuk). I. n. 1. Call or a hen. 2. 
Chicken, as a term of endearment. II. 
vi. Call as a hen. [From the sound.] 

c h n c k ( chuk ). I. vt. Strike gently ; 
toss. II. n. Slight blow. [Fr. choquer, 
jolt.] 

chuck ( chuk ), n. Device for fastening 
the wood to the '.mandrel of the lathe. 

chuckle (chuk'l), vt. 1. Call, as a hen. 
2. Chuck under the chin, fondle. 

chuckle ( chuk'l ). I. vi. Laugh In a 
quiet, suppressed manner. II. n. Quiet 
laugh. [panion. 

chum (chum), n. Room-mate; com- 

church (church). l.n.l. Building for 
Christian worship. 2. Whole body of 
Christians. 3. Clergy. 4. Sect, denom- 
ination. II. vt. Give thanks in 
church.— ehurchianity (church-i- 
an'i-ti),^. Tendency to promote the 




Chrysanthemum. 



interest of the church or clergy.rather 
than spiritual welfare. — church'- 
man, n. 1. Clergyman. 2. Member of 
the Church of England or any church. 
— churchwarden, n. Officer who 
represents the interests of a parish. 
[A. S. circe— Gr. kyriake, belonging to 
the Lord,— Kyrios, Lord.] 

churchyard (church'yard), n. 1„ 
Yard round the church. 2. Cemetery. 

churl (churl), n. Ill-bred, surly fellow. 
— churlish, a. Rude; surly; ill-bred. 
churlishly, adv.— churlishness, 
n. [A. S. ceorl, countryman.] 

churn (churn). I. vt. Shake violently. 
II. n. Vessel in which cream is 
churned. [Icel. kima.] 

chute (shot), n. Inclined trough 
through which objects slide to a lower 
level; also used for amusement. [Fr.] 

chyle (kil) , n. White fluid drawn from 
the food while in the intestines.— 
Gr. chylos, L juice— cheo, pour.] 

chyme ( kim ), n. Pulp to which food 
is reduced in the stomach. — chym'- 
ous, a. [Gr. chymos—cheo, pour.l 

ciborium (si-bo'ri-um), n. Vessel for 
consecratedelements of Eucharist. 

cicada (si-ka'da), n. Insect remarka- 
ble for the sound it produces; com- 
monly called locust. 

cicatrice (sik'a-tr is), cicatrix (si-ka'- 
triks),?i. Scar over a wound after it.is 
healed. [L. cicatrix.'] 

cicatrize (sik'a-tnz). I. vt. Help the 
formation of a skin or cicatrix. II. 
vi. Heal. [Fr. cicatriser.] 

cicerone (sis-e-ro'ne), n. Guide. [It.] 

cider (si'der), n. Drink made from 
apple-juice; apple-wine. [Fr. cidre— 
Gr. sikera, strong drink.] 

cigar (si-gar'), n. Small roll of tobacco 
for smoking. [Sp. cigarro.] 

cigarette ( sig-ar-et' ), n. Finely-cut 
tobacco roll*. 1 in paper for smoking. 

cilia(sil'i-a), ~\pl. Hair-like appendages 
on the edge of a vegetable or animal 
body.-cil'iary, cil'iated,a. Having 
cilia. [L. cilium, pi. cilia, eyelashes.] 

Cimmerian (sim-me'ri-an) , a . Relating 
to the Cimmerii, a tribe fabled to have 
lived in perpetual darkness ; ex- 
tremely dark. 

cinch (sinch), n. 1. Saddle-girth, fas- 
tened in place by means of strong 
strap passed through a loop in the 
saddle and firmly knotted; hence, 2. 
Sure grip or hold. 3. Game of cards. 
[Sp. cincho, girdlej 

cinchona ( sin-ko'na ), n. Bark of a 
tree, from which quinine is extract- 
ed ; also called Peruvian bark. [Kino- 
kina, native word for bark.] 



la^e. fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf: 
mute, hut, burni oil, owl, then. 



cincture 



94 



circus 



Cincture (singk'tur, or singk'chur), n. 
1. Girdle, belt. 2. Molding round a 
column. — cinctured, a. Having a 
cincture. [L. cinciurd.) 

cineration (sin-er-a'tion), n. Act of 
reducing to ashes. [L. cinis, cineris.] 

Cinnabar (sin'a-bar), n. Sulphuret of 
mercury, called vermilion when used 
as a pigment. [Gr. Mnnabari, a dye, 
known as dragon's blood, from Pers.] 

cinnamon (siu'a-mun), n. Spicy bark 
of a laurel in Ceylon. [Heb. kmnamon.] 

cinque (singk). n. Number five. ITT.] 

cipher (si' fer), n. 1. Character 0; any- 
thing of little value. 2. Interweaving 
of the initials of a name. 2. Secret 
kind of writing. II. vi. Work at arith- 
metic. [Pr. chiffre — Ar. sifr, empty.] 

Circean (ser-se'an), a. Relating to 
the fabled Circe, who by magic 
potions changed her guests into ani- 
mals,; delusive, fatal. 

circle (ser'kl). I. n. 1. Plane figure 
bounded by a line every point of which 
is equally distant from a point in the 
middle called the center. 2. Ring. 3. 
Series ending where it began. 4. Set 
of people forming a social group. II. 
vt. Move round; encompass. HI. vi. 
Move in a circle. [L. circulus, dim. of 
circus, ring.] 
Syn. Circuit; compass; inclosure 

circlet (serk'let), n. Little circfe. 

circuit (ser'kit), n. 1. Act of moving 
round. 2. That which encircles. 3. 
Round made in the exercise of a cal- 
ling, esp. by a judge or preacher. 
[Pr.— L. circum, round, and eo, go.] 

circuitous ( ser-ku'i-tus ), a. Round 
about.— circu'itously, adv. 
Syn. Sinuous^ tortuous; winding. 

Circular (ser'ku-lar), a. 1. Round. 2. 
Ending in itself. 3. Addressed to a 
circle of persons. II. n. Note sent to 
a circle or number of persons. — cir'- 
cularly, adv.— circular'ity, n. 

circulate (ser'ku-lat). I. vt. Make to 
go round; spread. II. vi. Move round. 
[L. circulo, circulat-.] 

Circulation ( ser-ku-la'Shun ), n. L 
Act of moving in a circle, or of going 
and returning. 2. Money in use at 
one time in a country. 3. Number of 
copies circulated. [lar; circulating. 

circulatory (ser'ku-la-to-ri), a. Circu- 

circum- ( ser-kum ), 'prefix. Signifies 
around, about. [LJ 

Circumambient(ser-kum-am'bi-ent), 
a. Surrounding. [L. circum, about, 
and ambio, go round.] 

Circumcise (ser'kum-siz), vt. Cut off 

, the fore-skin (according to the Jewish 
law.)— circumcision(ser-kum-sizh'- 



un), n. 1. Act of circumcising. 2. 
Jewish nation. 3. Perpetual purifi- 
cation. [L. circumcido, cut around.] 
circumference (ser-kum'fer-ens), n. 

1. Boundary - line of a circle. 2. 
Line surrounding anything. — cir- 
cumferential, a. [L. fero, carry.] 

cireumfleet (ser'kum-fiekt), vt. Mark 
with a circumflex. 

circumflex: (ser'kum-fieks), n. 1. 
Mark ( ^ ) denoting a rising and fall- 
ing of the voice. 2. Diacritical mark 
in phonetic notation. [L. fiecto, flex-, 
bend.] 

circumjacent ( ser-kum-ja'sent ), a. 
Lying around. [Li.jacens, lying.] 

circumlocution ( ser-kum-lo- 
ku'-shun), n. Round-about speaking; 
evasive language. — circumlocu- 
tory, a. [L. loquor, locut-, speakj 

circumnavigate (ser-kum-nav'i-gat), 
vt. Sail around. — circumnaviga- 
tion, n. [See navigate.] 

circumnavigator ( ser-kum-nav'i- 
ga-tiir ), n. One who sails round. 

circumscribe ( ser-kum-skrib' ), vt. 
Draw a line round ; inclose within 
limits. [L. scribo, write.] 

circumscription ( ser-kum-skrip'- 
shun), n. Limitation; line that limits. 

circumspect ( ser'kum-spekt ), a. 
Cautious. — cir'cumspectly, adv. 

— cir'cumspectness, circum- 
spection, n. [L. specio, sped-, look.] 

circumstance (ser'kum-stans), n. 1. 
Related fact; outward incident. 2. 
Detail of minor importance. 3. (pi.) 
Surrounding conditions; fortune, 
means. [L. starts, standing.] 

Syn. Event; fact; occurrence; pos*« 
tion; situation; trifle. 

circumstantial (ser-kum-stan'shal ), 
a. Consisting of details; minute.— Cir- 
cumstantial evidence : Evidence not 
from direct testimony, but by conclu- 
sion from related facts. — circum- 
stantially, adv. 

circumstantiate (se r-k um-s t a n'« 
shi-at), vt. 1. Prove by circumstances. 

2. Describe in detail. 
circumvent (ser-kum- vent'), vt. %. 

Outwit. 2. De- 
ceive ; cheat. 

— c i r c u m- 
ven'tion, n. 
[ L . v enio, 
come.] 

circumvent- 

ive (spr-kum- 

ven' ti v). a. 

Deceiving by 

artifices. 
circus (ser'kus), n 




Roman Circus. 



1. Circular build- 



fate, fat, task, far, tgll, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



cirrated 



95 



clansman 



ing for the exhibition of games. 2. 
Place for the exhibition of feats of 
horsemanship, acrobats, etc. 3. Com- 
pany of performers in a circus. 4. 
Performance in a circus. [L.] 

cirratrd (sir'a-ted), a. Formed like 
or provided with a cirrus. 

cirrus (sir'us), n. 1. Tendril. 2. Curled 
filament. 3. Light fleecy cloud. See 
cut, under stratus. [L.=cur led hair.] 

cisalpine (sis-alp'in), a. South of the 
Alps. [L. cis, on this side, and alpine.] 

cist (sist), n. Tomb made of stone 
slabs. [See Chest.] 

cistern (sis'tern), n. Receptacle or 
reservoir for holding water. [L. ci- 
sterndi cista, chest.] 

citadel (sit'a-del), n. Fortress in or 
near a city. '[It. cittadella, dim. of cittu, 
city.] 

citation (sl-ta'shun), n. 1. Official 
summons to appear. 2. Act of quot- 
ing. 3. Passage or name quoted. 

cite (sit), vt. 1. Call; summon. 2. 
Quote; name. [L. cito, call.] 
Syn. Adduce; quote; repeat. 

citric ( sit rik ), a. Pertaining to, or 
derived from, lemons or citrons. 

citizen (sit'i-zen), n. 1. Inhabitant of 
a city. 2. Member of a state. 3. Private 
individual as opposed to a public offi- 
cial.-cit'izeiiship, n. State of being 
a citizen. [O. Fr. citeain.] 

citron (sit'run).w. Fruit of the citron- 
tree, resembling a lemon. [L. citrus.] 

eittern ( sit'ern ), cith'ern, n. 1. 
Small ancient lute with eight strings. 
2. Small modern harp-like instru- 
ment, laid horizontally; zither. 

city (sit'i),n. Large town; incorporated 
municipality. [ Fr. cite", city,— L. 
civitas, state.] 

civot ( siv'et ), n. Perfume obtained 
from the civet-cat, a small carnivor- 
ous animal. [Fr. civette — Ar. zabad.] 

civic (siv'ik), a. Pertaining to a city 
or a citizen. [L. civicus—civis.] 

civil (siv'il), a. 1. Pertaining to a citi- 
zen or to the relations of citizens. 2. 
Not military. 3. Not ecclesiastical. 
4. Having the refinement of city-bred 
people; polite. — Civil-service: Paid 
service of the State, not military or 
naval.— Civil war: War between citi- 
zens of the same state. or country.— 
civilly, adv. [L. civilis—civis.] 

civilian (si-vil'yan), n. One engaged 
in civil as distinguished from military 
and other pursuits. [politeness. 

civility (si-vil'i-ti), n. Good breeding; 

civilization (siv-il-i-za'shun), n. 1. 
State of being civilized. 2. Act of 
civilizing. 



civilize (siv'il-iz), vt. Reclaim from 
barbarism ; elevate morally, intel- 
lectually and socially, 

clack (klak). I. vi. Make a sudden 
sharp noise as by striking. II n. 
Sharp sudden sound. — Clack-valve: 
SinglftSflap valve used in pumps. 

clad, v. Past and pa.p. of Clothe. 

claim (klam). I. vt. 1. Call for. 2. 
Demand as a right. 3. Maintain. II. 
n. 1. Demand. 2. Right or ground for 
demanding. 3. Thing claimed. — 
claimant, n. One who makes a 
claim. [L. clamo, call.] 

clairvoyance ( klar-voi'ans ), n. Al- 
leged power of seeing things not per- 
ceptible to the normal senses. [Fr. 
—clair, clear, and voir, see.] 

clairvoyant ( klar-voi'ant ), n. One 
who professes clairvoyance. 

clam (klam), n. 1. Common bivalve 
mollusk.— Clam - bake : Out-door feast 
at which clams are baked in impro- 
vised ovens. 2. Clamp. [A. S.=clamp, 
vise.] 

clamber ( klam'ber), vi. Climb with 
difficulty, or awkwardly. [A.S. clam.] 

clammy (klam'i), a. 1. Sticky. 2. 
Cold, moist and adhesive.— c 1 a m'- 
miness, n. 

clamor (klam'ur). I. n. Loud continu- 
ous outcry ; uproar. II. vi. Cry aloud 
in demand; make a loud continuous 
outcry.— clam'orous, a. Noisy, bois- 
terous.— clam'orously, adv. [L.] 

clamp (klamp). I. n. Piece used to fast- 
en things together or to strengthen 
framework. II. vt. Bind with clamps. 
[From A. S. clam.] 

clan (klan), n. Tribe under a chieftain, 
having the same surname and a com- 
mon ancestor. 2. Clique, sect, or body 
of persons. [Gael, clann.] 

clandestine (klan-des'tin),a. Hidden; 
private.— clandestinely, adv. [L. 
clandestinus—clam, secretly.] 

Syn. Secret; stealthy; underhand; 
furtive; surreptitious; concealed. 

clang (klang). I. vi. Produce a sharp, 
ringing sound. II. n. Sharp, ringing 
sound. [From the sound.] 

clangor (klang'ur), n. Rapid repeti- 
tion of shrill, harsh sound. [L.] 

clank (klangk). I. n. Sharp, metallic 
sound, as of a chain. II. vt. and vi. 
Make or cause a clank. 

clannish (klan'ish), a. 1. Closely 
united like the members of a clan. 2. 
Narrow in social interests.— clan '- 
hishly, adv.— cluu'nislmess. n. 

clanship (klan'ship), n. Association of 
families under a chieftain, [of a clan. 

clansman (klauz'man), n. Member 



f&te, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



clap 



96 



clear 



Clap (klap). I. n. 1. Noise made by 
the sudden striking together of two 
things, as the hands. 2. Sudden act 
or motion. 3. Burst of sound. II, vt 
[clap'ping; clapped (klapt).] 1. 
Strike together so as to make a noise. 

2. Thrust or drive together suddenly. 

3. Applaud with the hands. III. vi. 
Strike the hands together ; strike 
together with noise. [ A. S. clappian. 
From the sound.] 

clapboard (klap'bord), n. Narrow, 
thin, planed board used for siding on 
houses, overlapping the one below. 

clapper (klap'er), n. One who or that 
which claps or strikes. 

claptrap (klap'trap), n. Trick to gain 
applause. 

clare-obscure ( klar'ob-skur' ). See 

CHIAROSCUKO. 

claret (klar'et), n. 1. Wines of alight 
or clear color. 2. Red wines of Bor- 
deaux. [Fr. clairet.] [clarifies. 

clarifier (klarl-fi-er), n. That which 

clarify (klar'i-fi), v. [ clarifying ; 
clarified.] I. vt. Make clear. II. vi. 
Become clear. — clarification, n. 
[L. clarus, clear, and facio, make.] 

clarion (klar'i-un), n. Kind of trum- 
pet. [Fr. clairon—clair, clear.] 



clarionet (klar-i-o-nef), clarinet, 
(k 1 a r' i-n e t ), n Wind instrument 
sounded by means of a reed fixed to 
the mouthpiece. [Fr. clarinette, dim. 
of clarion.] 

clash (klash). I. n. 1. Loud noise, 
such as is caused by the striking to- 
gether of weapons. 2. Opposition; 
contradiction. II. vi. 1. Dash noisily 
together. 2. Meet in opposition. 3. Act 
in a contrary direction. III. vt. Strike 
noisily against. [From the sound.] 

clasp (kiasp). I.n. 1. Hook for fasten- 
ing. 2. Embrace. II. vt. 1. Fasten 
with a clasp. 2. Inclose and hold in 
the band or arms; embrace, twine 
round. — clasp'er, n. That which 
clasps; tendril of a plant. 

clasp-knife (klasp'nif), n. Knife, the 
blade of which is clasped by, or folds 
into, the handle. 

Class (klas). I. n. Rank or order of 
persons or things. 2. Number of stu- 
dents or scholars who are taught 
together. 3. Scientific division. II. 
vt. Assign to a class or classes; ar- 
range methodically. [L. classis, class.] 



classic (klaslk), classical ( klas'ik- 
al ), a. 1. Of the highest class or rank, 
esp. in literature. 2. Like the best 
style of Greece and Rome; chaste; 
refined. —class 'ic, n. 1. Greek, 
Roman, or modern writer of the first 
rank. 2. Literary work of highest, 
rank.— class'ically, adv.— classic- 
al'ity, n— class'icalness, n. 

classification ( klas-i-fi-ka'shun ), n. 
Act of forming into classes. 

classify (klas'i-fi), vt. [classifying; 
classified]. Arrange into classes. [L. 
classis, and facio, make.] 

classmate (klas'mat), n. Member of 
the same class. 

clatter (klat'er). I. n. Rattling noise; 
repetition of short, sharp sounds. II. 
vi. Make rattling sounds; rattle with 
the tongue; talk fast and idly. [From 
the sound.] 

clause (klaz),7i. 1. Sentence or part of 
a sentence. 2. Article or part of a 
contract, will, etc. [Fr. — L. claudo, 
inclose.]_ 

clave (klav),#. 
Past tense of 

CLEAVE. 

Clavicle (kl a V'- Right Clavicle, 

i-kl), n. Col- 
lar-bone, so called from its resem- 
blance to a Roman key. [Fr. clavicuU 
— L. clavicula, dim. of clavis, key.] 

clavicular (kla-vik'u-lar), a. Pertain* 
ing to the clavicle. 

claw (kiaj. I. n. Hooked nail of a beast 
or bird. 2. Whole foot of an animal 
with hooked nails. 3. Anything like 
a claw. II. vt. Scratch, tear. [A. S, 
clawu.] 

clay (kla). I. n. Tenacious ductile 
earth; earth in general. II. vt. Purify 
with clay, as sugar.— clayed, a. Con- 
sisting of or like clay. [A. S. elceg. 
Related to glue.] 

claymore (kla'mor), n. 1. Sword 
wielded with two hands. 2. Large 
sword formerly used by the Scottish 
Highlanders. [Gael, claidheamh, and 
mor, great.] 

clean (klen). I. a. Free from stain or 
whatever defiles ; pure ; guiltless ; neat. 
II. adv. Quite; entirely; cleverly. III. 
vt. Make clean ; free from dirt. — 
clean'ness, n. [A. S. cloene, bright, 
neat, small.] 

cleanly (klen'li). I. a. Clean in habits 
or person; pure; neat. II. adv. In a 
cleanly manner. — clean'liness, n. 

cleanse (klenz) , vt. Make clean or pure. 

clear (kler). I. a. 1. Pure; bright; 
undimmed. 2. Free from obstriiction 
or difficulty; plain; distinct. 3. With- 



fate, fat, task, iilr, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



clearance 



97 



cling 



out blemish, defect, drawback, or di- 
minution. 4. Conspicuous. II. adv. 
In a clear manner; plainly; wholly; 
quite. III. vt. 1. Free from obscurity, 
obstruction, or guilt. 2. Free; acquit; 
vindicate. 3. Leap or pass by or over. 
4. Make profit. IV. vi. Become clear; 
grow free, bright, or transparent. — 
clear'ly adv. — clearness, n. '[Fr. 
clair — L. clarus, clear, loud.] 

clearance (kler'ans ), n. 1. Act of 
clearing. 2. Certificate that a ship has 
permission to sail. 

clearing (kler'ing), n. 1. Tract of land 
cleared of wood, etc., for cultivation. 
2. Method by which banks (or rail- 
way companies) clear or arrange cer- 
tain affairs which mutually concern 
them. — Clearing-house : Place where 
such business is transacted. 

cleat (klet). I. n. Short strip of iron, 
wood or other material. II. vt Fasten, 
secure or provide with a cleat or 
cleats. [From root of clot.] 

cleavage (kle'vaj), n. Act or manner 
of cleavingor splitting. 

cleave (klev^, v. [clea'ving; clove or 
cleft; eleven or cleft.] I. vt. Split; 
separate with violence. II. vi. Part 
asunder; crack.— clea'ver, w. Person 
or thing that cleaves; butcher's 
chopper. [AS. cleofan. L. Ger. kloeben] 

cleave (klev), vi. [clea'ving; cleaved 
or clave ; cleaved. ] Stick; adhere. 
[A.S. clifian. Ger. kleben.] 

clef (kief), n. Character in music 
which determines the key or position 
on the scale of the notes that follow 
it. [Fr. = key.] 

cleffc<kleft),w. Crack; 
fissure; chink. [See 

CLEAVE.] 

clematis ( klem'a- 

tis ), n. Creeping 
plant, called also 
virgin's bower and 
traveler's joy. [Gr. 
klema, twig.] 

clemency (klem'en- 
si), n. Readiness to 
forgive; mildness. 

byn. Mercy; forgiveness; leniency; 
lenity; indulgence; tenderness; gen- 
tleness; kindness; compassion; soft- 
ness. 

clement (klem'ent), a. Mild; merci- 
ful.— clem'ently, adv. [L. Clemens.] 

clench (klench). Same as clinch. 

kleptomania. See kleptomania. 

clergy (kler'ji), n. Body of ministers 
of religion ; persons connected with 
the clerical profession or the religious 
orders. [Fr. clerge — Gr. kleros, lot.] 




clergyman (kler'ji-man), n. One of 
the clergy; one regularly ordained to 
preach the gospel, and administer its 
ordinances. 

cleric (kler'ik), clerical (kler'ik-al), 
a. 1. Belonging to the clergy. 2. Per- 
taining to a clerk or writer. 

clerk (klerk), n. 1. Clergyman; priest. 
2. One who reads the responses in the 
English Church service. 3. One em- 
ployed as a writer or assistant in an 
office. 4. (In the U. S.) salesman in a 
store or shop.— clerk'ship, n. [A.S. 
clerc, priest. See clergy.] 

clever (klev'er), a. 1. Able; ingenious; 
skillful. 2. Good-natured. — clev'er- 
ly, adv. — cleverness, n. [Etymo- 
logy doubtful.] 

clew (klo). I. n. 1. Ball of thread. 2. 
Thread that guides through a laby- 
rinth; key to a mystery. 3. Corner of 
a sail. II. vt. Truss or tie up sails to 
the yards. [A.S.cliwe. Ger. kugel, ball.] 

click (klik). I. n. Short, sharp sound. 
II. vi. Make a light, sharp sound. 
[From the sound.] 

client (kli'ent), n. 1. One who employs 
a lawyer. 2. Dependent. — cli'ent- 
ship, n. [Fr.— L. cliens—clueo, hear.] 

cliff (klif), n. High steep rock; steep 
side of a mountain. [A. S. clif, rock.] 

climacteric(kli-mak'ter-ik or kli-mak- 
ter'ik ), n. Critical period in human 
life, in which great bodily changes are 
supposed to take place, esp. the grand 
climacteric or sixty- third year. [Gr. 
klimax, ladder.]_ 

climate (kli'mat), n. Condition of a 
country or place with regard to tem- 
perature, moisture, etc. [Gr. klima, 
zone.] [a climate. 

climatic (kll-mat'ik), a. Relating to 

climax (kli'maks), n. 1. In rhetoric, ar- 
rangement of terms so as to rise in 
strength. 2. Highest point; culmina- 
tion ; acme. [Gr. klimax, ladder— 
klino, slope.] 

climb (klim), vt. and m. [climb'ing; 
climbed or clomb (klom).] 1. Ascend 
or mount up by clutching with the 
hands and feet. 2. Ascend with diffi- 
culty. [A. S. climban.) 

clime (klim), n. Same as climate. 

clinch (klinch). I. vt. 1. Rivet a nail. 
2. Grasp tightly: settle or confirm. 
II. vi. Grappitf. III. n. 1. Act of clinch- 
ing. 2. That which clinches or is 
clinched. [Causal form of klink, 
strike smartly.] 

clincher(klinch'er),^. One who or that 
which clinches ; decisive argument. 

cling (kling), vi. [cling'ing ; clung.] 
Wind round; adhere in interest or 



fate, fat, task, far, fal? fare, above; mS, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



clinic 



98 



clout 




affection. — clingstone, a. Haying 

the stone adhering to the pulp. [A. 
S. clingan, shrivel up.] 

clinic (klin'ik), n. Instruction to med- 
ical students with patient present.— 
clin'ical, a. [Gr. Mine, bed—klino, 
recline.] 

clink (klingk). I. n. Ringing sound. 

II. vt. Cause to make a ringing sound. 

III. vi. Ring, jingle. [From the sound.] 
clinker (kling'ker), n. 1. Cinder or 

slag formed in furnaces. 2. Brick 
burned glass-hard. 
clip (klip), v. [clip'- 
pmg; clipped.] I.vt. 

1. Cut by making the 
blades of shears meet. 

2. Cut off. II. n. 1. 
Clasp. 2. Flange. 3. 
Blow. 4. Season's 
shearing. [A. S. clyp- clip. 
pan, from the sound.] 

■clipper (klip'er), n. 1. One that clips. 
2. Sharp-built, fast-sailing vessel. 

clipping- (klip'ing), n. 1. Act of cut- 
ting off. 2. Thing clipped off, esp. arti- 
cle of a newspaper cut out. 

clique (klek), n. Group of persons in 
union for a purpose ; party, faction, 
gang, (used generally in a bad sense.) 

cloak (klok). I. n. 1. Loose outer 
garment. 2. Covering; that which 
conceals; disguise; pretext. II. vt. 
Clothe with a cloak; cover; conceal. 
[O. Fr. cloque—lj. L. doca, bell. J 

clock (klok), n. Machine for measur- 
ing time, and indicating time by the 
position of its "hands" upon the dial- 
plate, or by the striking of a hammer 
on a bell. [A. S. clucga, bell.] 

clock (klok), n. 1. Gore inserted in a 
garment. 2. Ornament on the ankle 
of a stocking. 

clockwork ( klok'wurk ), n. 1. Ma- 
chinery of a clock. 2. Any complicat- 
ed mechanism with wheels. 

clod (klod). I. n. 1. Thick round lump 
of earth or turf. 2. Stupid fellow. II. 
vt [clod'ding; clod'ded. ] Pelt with 
clods. [Dan. Mode, ball.] 

clog (klog). I. vt. [clog'ging; clogged 
(klogd). ] Accumulate in a mass and 
cause a stoppage; obstruct; encum- 
ber. II. n. 1. Obstruction. 2. Shoe with 
wooden sole. [From root of clod.] 

Cloister (klois' ter). I. n. 1. Covered 
arcade forming part of a monastic 
establishment. 2. Place of religious 
retirement. II. vt. Confine in a clois- 
ter; confine with walls. [O. Fr. cloistre 
— Li. clauslrum — claudo, close.] 
Syn. Monastery; nunnery; convent. 

close (kl5s). 1. a. 1. Shut up; con- 
fined ; uuventilated ; narrow; near 



in time or place; compa 't , crowded 
2. Hidden; reserved; craity it. adv, 
In a close manner; densely III. h. 1 
Inclosed place; small inclosed field, 
2. Narrow passage of a street. — 
closely, adv. — closeness, n. [Fr. 
clos— L. claudere, claus-, shut.] 

close (kloz). I. vt. 1. Shut. 2. Draw 
together; unite. 3. Finish. II. vi. I. 
Grow together. 2. Come to an end. 
III. n. 1. End. 2. Grapple. 

Syn. Conclusion; cessation; term- 
ination; consummation; ending. 

closet (kloz'et). I. n. 1. Small private 
room; recess off a room. II. vt. Shut 
up in, or take into a closet or room. 
[O. Fr. closet, dim. of clos. See Close.] 

close-time (klos'tim), n. Season of 
the year during which it is unlawful 
to catch or kill game and certain 
kinds of fish. 

closure (klo'zhor),n.l. Act of closing. 
2. That which closes; esp. the putting 
an end to a debate so as to proceed 
immediately to vote on a question or 
measure, in a deliberative assembly. 
[Called also cldture, from the French. 

Clot (klot). I. n. Mass of soft or nuj i 
matter concreted, as blood. II. ?>*, 
[clot'ting; clot'ted.] Form into clots. 

cloth (kiath), n. 1. Woven material 
from which garments or coverings 
are made. 2. Clerical profession, from 
their wearing black cloth. [A. S. clath. 
Ger. Meid.] 

clothe (kloth), vt. [clo'thing; clothed 
or clad.] 1. Cover with clothes. 2. 
Provide with clothes, [tides of dress. 

cloth es(klo£A2), n. pi. Garments or ar- 

clotliier (klo^/i'i-er), n. One who makes 
or sells cloths or clothes, esp. for men. 

clothing- (klo^Mng), n. Clothes, gar- 
ments. 

cloture (klo'tor), n. See closure. 

cloud (klowd). I. n. 1 Mass of watery 
vapor floating in the air. 2. Large 
volume of dust or smoke. 3. Defector 
blemish. II. vt. 1. Overspread with 
clouds; darken ; stain with dark spots 
or streaks. III. vi. Become clouded 
or darkened. — cloud - hurst, n. 
Limited, violent rain in large quan- 
tity. —clou d'less, a. Without a 
cloud. — cloudlessly , adv. — 
eloud'let,?i. Little cloud.— cloud'y, 
a. 1. Darkened with, or consisting of 
clouds; obscure. 2. Gloomy. 3. Stain- 
ed with dark spots.— cloudily, adv. 
—cloud' iness, n. [A.S. dud, mass.] 

cloist (klovvt). I. n. 1. Small piece of 
cloth; rag. 2. Piece of cloth sewed on 
clumsily^H. vt. 1. Mend with a patch; 
.mend clumsily. 2. Strike with the 
hand. [A. S. dut, from W. clwt, patch.] 



fete, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; hie, met, her; mite, mit; n5te, not, move, wolf; 
mdte,hut, brim; oil, owl, then. 



clove 



99 



cobalt 



«love, v. Past tense of Cleave. 

tflove (klov), n. Pungent, aromatic 
spice, the unexpanded flower-bud of 
a tree of the Moluccas. [From L. 
clavus, nail.J 

cloven (klo'vn), pa.p. of Cleave. 
Split. Cloven-footed, Cloven-hoofed, 
Having the foot parted or divided. 

clover (klo 'ver), n. Species of grass in 
which the leaf is divided into three 
lobes. [A. S. clcefer.] 

clown(klown),n. 1. One with coarse or 
vulgar manners; a boor. 2. Profes- 
sional jester; fool; buffoon.— clown'- 
ish, a. Like a clown; coai'se and awk- 
ward.— clown'ishly, adv.— clown- 
ishness, n. [ Icel. klunni. clumsy.] 

Cloy (kloi), vf. Fill to loathing; glut; 
satiate. [O. Fr. cloyer, drive a nail 
into; spike, as a gun— L. clavus, nail.] 

club (klub). I. n. Association of per- 
sons for the promotion of a common 
object, as literature, politics, plea- 
sure, etc. II. vt. [club'bing: clubbed.] 
Join together for some common end; 
share in a common expense. [From 
Clump=Cltjster.] 

club (klub). I. n. 1. Heavy tapering 
stick; cudgel. 2. One of the four suits 
of cards. 3. Small spar to which a 
topsail is bent. II. vt. Beat with a 
club. [From root of Cltjmp.] 

club-foot (klub'fot), n. Short, de- 
formed foot, like a c 1 u b. — club'- 
footed, a. 

cluck ( kluk ). I. n. Call of a hen to 
her chickens. II. vi. Make the sound 
of a hen when calling her chickens, 

cine. See clew. 

clump (klump), n. 1. Shapeless mass. 
2. Cluster; thicket. [Dan. klump.~\ 

clumsy (klum'zi), a. 1. Shapeless. 2. 
Awkward.— clumsily, adv.— clum- 
siness, n. 

Syn. Ill-made; graceless; uncouth; 
dumpy; bungling; unhandy; gawky; 
ungainly; unbecoming; ine lega nt. 

clungCklung), v. Past 
tense of cling. 

cluster (klus'ter). I. 
n. Number of things 
of the same kind 
growing or joined 
together ; bunch ; 
mass. II. vi. Grow 
or gather into clus- 
ters. [A.S-I 

clutch (kluch). I. 
vt. Seize; grasp. II. 
n. 1. Grasp, grip, 
seizure. 2. Hand, 
talon, paw ; that 
which clutches. (See cut. ) [ A. S, 
gelacean.] 




Friction 
Clutch Gear. 



clutter (klut'er). I. vt. and vi. 1. Clot, 

coagulate. 2. Litter. II. n. 1. Litter. 

disorder. 2. Confused noise, clattei\ 
clyster (klis'ter), n. Injection. [Gr.- 

klyzo, wash out.] 
co-, prefix, doubling a following I, in, n 

r. Signifies together, with, within 

[L. root of_cum, with.] 
coach (koch). I. n. 1. Large, close. 

four-wheeled carriage. 2. Railroad 

passenger car. 3. Instructor. II. vt 

1. Carry in a coach. 2. Train before 
or direct during a contest r Fr. coche.\ 

coadjutor ( ko-ad-jo'tur >, n. Assist- 
ant; associate.— coadju'trix, ra. fern.'. 
— coadju'torship, n. [L.—co with,' 
ad, to, 'ariAjuvo, help.] 

coagulate (ko-ag'u-lat). I. vt. Make 
to congeal. II. vi. Curdle, congeal.— 
coag-ula'tion, n. — eoag-'uliiti ve, 
a. [L.— co, together, and ago, drive.] 

coa| (kol). I. n. 1. Solid, black, com- 
bustible substance dug out of the 
earth, used for fuel. 2. Piece of com- 
bustible material, burning, glowing, or 
burned. II. vi. Take in coal. [A.S. col.] 

coalesce (ko-a-les'), vi. Unite into one 
body; associate. — coales'cent, a. 
Uniting.— coalescence, n. [L. co, 
with, and alesco, grow up.] 

coalition(ko-a-lish'un), ^.Uniting into 

a body; temporary union. [tion. 

Syn. Alliance; league; confedera- 

coaly (korl), a. Of or like coal. 

coarse (kors), a. Rough: rude; gross. 

—coarsely, adv. — coarse'ness, n. 

[From the phrase in course, common.] 

Syn. Large; unpolished; indelicate. 

coast ( kost ). I. n. 1. Land next the 
sea; sea-shore. 2. Border of a country. 
II. vi. 1. Sail along or near a coast. 

2. Slide down hill on a sled over snow 
or ice. III. vt. Sail by or near to.— 
coast'er, n. Vessel that sails along 
the coast.— coast'wise, a. Along the 
coast. [L. costa, rib, side.] 

coat (kot). I. n. 1. Kind of outer gar- 
ment. 2. Hair or wool of a beast. 3. 
Vesture or habit; any covering. 4. 
Membrane or layer. 5. Ground on 
which ensigns armorial are portray- 
ed, usually called a coat of arms. II, 
vt. Cover with a coat or layer. [Fr. 
cotte—L,. cotta,_tvmc] 

coating- (kot'ing), n. 1. Covering; 
layer. 2._ Cloth for coats. 

c o a x ( koks ), vt. Persuade by fond- 
ling or flattery; humor or soothe.— 
coax'ing-ly, adv. [Etym. doubtful.] 

cob (kob), n. 1. Thick round piece. 2. 
Spike of an ear of maize. 3. Thick, 
strong pony. [Akin to Ger. Jcopf, bead.} 

cobalt (ko-balt), n. Brittle, reddish- 
gray metal, usually found combined 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above j me, met, her ; mite, mit; note, not, move, wol'j 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



cobble 



100 



coequal 




with arsenic and other minerals. [Ger. 

kobalt—kobold, goblin,] 
cobble (kob'l), vt. Patch up or mend 

coarsely, as shoes.— cob'bler, n. One 

who mends shoes. [O. Fr. cobler — 

L. copulo, join.] 
cobbler (kob'ler), n. 1. Large fruit 

pie. 2. Summer drink of wine, sugar, 

slices of fruit, and ice, imbibed 

through a straw. 
cobra de capello 

(ko'bra deka-pel'o) 

n. Poisonous snake 

of the East Indies, 

which dilates the 

back and sides of 

the neck so as to c b d Oanpllo 

resemble a hood. Cobra de Capello. 

[Port. — snake of the hood.] 

cobweb (kob'web), n. 1. Spider's web 
or net. 2. Any snare or device inten 
ded to entrap. 3. Anything very Aim 
sy . 4. Old dusty rubbish. [Wei. cob 
spider,_and Web.] [American plant, 

coca (ko'ka), n. Dried leaf of a South 

cocaine (ko'ka-in), n. Alkaloid extract 
ed from the leaves of the coca plant, 
used as a local anesthetic. 

cochineal (koch'i-nel), n. Scarlet dye 
stuff consisting of the dried bodies of 
certain insects gathered from the cac- 
tus plant in Mexico, the W. Indies.etc 
[Sp. cochinilla.] 

cock (kok). I. n. 1. Male of birds, par 
ticularly of the domestic fowl. 2 
Weathercock. 3. Strutting chief or 
leader. 4. Anything set erect. 5. Tap 
for liquor. 6. Striking part of the 
lock of a gun. II. vt. Set erect or up- 
right. [A. S.] 

cock (kok), n. Small pile of hay. [Re- 
lated to Dut. kogel, ball.] 

cockade (kok-ad'), n. Knot of ribbons 
or badge worn on the hat. [Fr. co- 
carde—coq, from its likeness to the 
comb of the cock.] 

cockatoo (kok-a-t5'), n. Kind of par- 
rot with a crest. ' [Malay kakatua.] 

cockatrice (kok'a-tris), n. Fabulous 
animal with head' and feet of a cock, 
and body of a serpent fO.Fr. cocatrice.] 

cockchafer(kok'cha-fer), n. European 
May-bug, an insect 
most destructive to 
vegetation. 

cockle (kok'l), n. Weed 
among wheat, with a 
purple flower. 

cockle ( kok'l), n. 1. 
Shell-fish, having two 
wrinkled shells, of a 
heart-shape. 2. 
Fire chamber of a furnace. (In pi. 
chambers of the heart.) [Fr. coquille.] 




Cockle. 



cockney (kok'ne), n. 1, Spoiled child- 
2. Byname for a native of the city of 
London. 

cockpit (kok'pit), n. 1. Inclosed space 
where game-cocks fight. 2. Room in 
a ship-of-war for the wounded during 
an action. 

cockroach (kok'roch ), n. Common 
black beetle, infesting pantries, kitch- 
ens, etc. [Sp. cucaracha.} 

cockscomb (koks'kom), n. 1. Comb 
or crest on a cock's head. 2. Plant with 
a red flower resembling the comb of 
a cock. 

cockswain, coxswain (kok'swan, 
colloq. kok'sn), n. Seaman who steers 
a boat, and under the superior officer 
takes charge of it. [Fr. coche, boat, 
and swain.] 

cocoa (kd'ko), n. 1. Powder made from 
the dried beans of the cacao or choco- 
late tree. 2. Beverage made from it* 
[A corr. of cacao.] 

cocoa (ko'ko), n. Palm-tree growing in 
tropical countries, and producing the 
cocoa-nut. Cocoa-nut or Coco-nut, (ko'» 
ko-nut), n. Fruit of the cocoa-palm. 

cocoon (ko-kon'), n. Egg-shaped 
covering which the larvae of silk- 
worms and some other insects spin, 
[Fr. cocon— L. concha, shell.] 

cod (kod), n. Spe- 
cies of fish much 
used as food, 
found in the 
northern seas. — 
Cod-liver-oil, n. Cod. 

Medicinal oil ex- 
tracted from the fresh liver of the cod 

cod (kod), n. Husk, shell, pod. [A. S 
cod, small bag.] [2. Boil gently, 

coddle (kod'l), vt. 1. Pamper; fondle, 

code (kod), n. 1. Collection of laws. 2. 
System of signs. [L. codex, tablet.] 

codicil (kod'i-sil), n. Short supple- 
ment to a will. — codicil'lary, a. 
[L. codicillus, dim. of codex.] 

codify (kod'i-fi), vt. [cod'ifying; cod'i- 
fied.] Put into the form of a code. — 
codifica'tion, n. 

co-education ( c5-ed-u-ka'shun ), n. 
Education of both sexes in the same 
classes. — co-ed (co'ed), n. (College 
slang.) Female student at a college 
where both sexes are taught together. 

coefficient (k5-ef-fish'ent), n. 1. That 
wiucL acts together with another 
thing. 2. Number of known quantity 
prefixed as a multiplier to a variable 
or unknown quantity.— coeffi'cien- 
cy, n. — coefficiently, adv. [L. co, 
together, andEFFiciENT.] 

coequal (ko-e'kwal), a. and n. Same 

as EQTJAIi. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mitj note, not, move, wolf? 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



SPECTRUM AND COLOR 

THREE PLATES SHOWING 

THE SUN SPECTRUM COMPARED WITH 
OTHER SPECTRA— PRIMARY COLORS 
— THE SIX COLORS OF THE 
RAINBOW WITH SIX IN- 
TERMEDIATE HUES- 
COMPLEMENTARY COLORS 
— DIAGRAM AND EXPLANATION OF A 
POLYCHROMATIC SCALE 



PLATE VI. 



o 




^O^PLEM ENT ARV CO t0/? 





^ 



*'^*£si!^^ 




THE PRIMARY COLORS 



Copyright by WH.lee 1903. 



PLATE VI J. 



THE COLORS (See Plate II). 

The primary colors, from which all others can be made, are 
red, yellow and blue, when speaking of pigments; they are red, 
green and violet in reference to the spectrum. 

The large disc shows : 1. In the center, the three primary 
colors. 2. A six-rayed star representing the six rainbow (standard) 
colors (considering indigo a hue of blue, not a distinct color). 
3. A chromatic scale of 12 distinct hues, obtained by mixing the 
primary colors in proportions varying by fourths. The scale on 
the reverse of this plate varies by eighths or two-sixteenths. 

Two complementary spectrum colors (as red and green, 
orange and blue, yellow and violet), mixed, constitute a gray 
light. In pigments two complementary colors form a pleasing con- 
trast. Diagram A represents a disc showing the colors of the rain- 
bow in the proportions in which they will blend into white when 
the disc revolves rapidly around its center. If one of the colors is 
cut out or covered up with black, the remainining colors blend 
into its complementary color. 




DIAGRAM A. 





SPECTRUM OF THE SUN (I) 

compared with that of the red star /3, of the twin stars in the constellation ol the Swan (2), 
with that of illuminating gas (3), that of the gas of kaliurn or potassium (4), and that of the 
gas of rubidium (5) , a metal which burns when thrown in water. 

Solid and liquid substances, when incandescent, give a continuous spectrum. An incan- 
descent gas (vapor) shows several narrow bright stripes separated from each other by broad 
dark spaces. Each gas has its own distinct spectrum, thus affording an infallible means of 
chemical analysis. The dark lines in spectra 1 and 2 (first mapped by Fraunhofer in 1814), 
are due to absorption by gases. Thus we know that numerous (over 40) substances on the 
earth are also in the sun, in gaseous state, and that the star /3 refensed to is a sun. 

Copyright byWH.Iee 1903. 



PLATE VIII. 



THE SCALE OF COLORS 

Assuming 24 colors of the same brilliancy (light) and intensity (chroma), arranged in a 
circle, each of them in uniform proportion related to the two adjoining colors,. being an exact 
medium between them, they will form a well-graded chromatic scale of 24 distinct hues. 

It is customary to begin with red (see arrow), and to proceed around the circle by way 
of 'orange: but as the scale is continuous, the start may be made at any point. 




If the gradation progressed by one-sixteenths, instead of two-sixteenths, as in the dia- 
gram, we should have a scale of 48 hues. For all practical purposes, however, 24 colors are 
sufficient. 

Each of the above 24 fundamental colors oi hues furnishes a number of lighter (paler or 
weaker) tints by admixture of white in various quantities. 

Deeper (darker or heavier) shades of the 24 fundamental hues, and of their lighter 
tints, are obtained by adding neutral gray or black in varying quantities. 

Together with these tints aad shades, the 24 fundamental hues may be said to cover 
completely the unlimited field of pigments, including the purples, browns, and grays. 



coerce 



101 



coincidence 




Coffee. 



coerce (ko-ers'), vt. Force; compel.— 
coercion, n. Restraint; compulsion. 
— coer'cive, a. Compelling.— coer'- 

cively, adv. [L. coerceo—co, together, 

and arceo, shut in.] 
coeval (ko-e'val), a. Of the same age. 

[L. co, together, and aevum, age.] 
co-extensive (k o e k s - 1 e n ' s i v), a. 

Equally ex- 
tensive. 
coffee (kof'e), 

n. 1. Drink 

made from 

seeds of the 

coffee-tree, a 

native of 

Arabia. 2. 

The seeds. 

[Turk, kah- 

veh—Av. gah- 

weh.] 
coffer (kof- 

er), n. Chest., 

[Ger. Jcoffer, 

trunk.] 
cofferdam 

(kof'er-dam), 

7i. Water-tight barrier of timber. 
coffin (kof'in). I. n. Chest in which a 

dead body is inclosed. II. vt. Place 

within a coffin. [Prom root of coffer.] 
cog (kog). I. n. Tooth on a wheel. II. 

vt. [cog'ging; cogged.] Fix teeth in 

the rim of a wheel. [Gael, cog.} 
cogent (ko'jent), a. Irresistible.— co'- 

gency, a. Power of convincing.— co'- 

gently, adv. [L.—co, and ago, drive.] 
Syn. Convincing; potent; powerful; 

compelling assent; forcible; strong. 
cogitate (koj'i-tat), vi. Turn a thing 

over in one's mind; meditate; ponder. 

[L. cogito, think deeply— co, together, 

and agito, put a thing in motion.] 
eogitation ( ko,i-i-ta'shun ), n. Deep 

thought; meditation. 
cognac (kon 'yak), n. French brandy, 

so called because made near the town 

of Cognac. 
cognate (kog'nat), a. Related to. ["L. 

cognatus — co, together, and nascor, 

natus, be born.] [edge. [L.] 

cognition (kog-nish'un), n. Knowl- 
cognizable (kog'ni-zabl), a. 1. That 

may be known or understood. 2. That 

may be judicially investigated. [O. 

Fr. cognoissable.] 
cognizance (kog'ni-zans or kon'-), n. 

1. Knowledge or notice, judicial or 

private 2. Observation. 3. Jurisdic- 
tion. 4. That by which one is known, 

badge. [O. Fr. — L. cognosco.] 
cognizant ( kog'ni-zant or kon'- ), a. 

Ha 



Laving cognizance or knowledge of. 



cognomen ( kog-no'men ), n. Sur- 
name; third of the names of an indi- 
vidual among the Romans, indicating 
the house or family to which he be- 
longed, as Publius Cornelius Scipio. 

cohabit (ko-hab'it), vi. Dwell together 
as husband and wife.— cobabita'- 
tion, n. [L. cohabito — co, together, 
and habito,_ dwell.] [he iv' ess ,n.f em. 

coheir ( ko-ar' ), n. Joint heir. — co- 
cohere (ko-her'), vi. 1. Stick together; 
remain in contact. 2. Follow in prop- 
er connection. [L. — co, together, and 
hcereo, stick.] _ 

coherence (ko-her'ens), coherency 
(ko-her'en-si), n. 1. Sticking together. 
2. Consistent connection between sev- 
eral parts. 

coherent ( ko-her'ent ), a. Sticking 
together; connected; consistent.— co- 
herently, adv. 

cohesion (ko-he'zhun), n. 1. Form of 
attraction by which particles of bod- 
ies stick together. 2. Logical con- 
nection. YLt._cohesio— cohcereo.] 

cohesive (ko-he'siv), a. Having the 
power of cohering. — cohe'sively, 
adv.— cohe'siveness, n. 

cohort (ko'hart), n. 1. Among the 
Romans, body of soldiers about 600 in 
number, a tenth part of a legion. 2. 
Any band of armed men. [L.] 

coif (koif), n. Covering for the head. 
[Fr. coiffe—L,. cofia, cap.] 

coiffnre (koif'ur),7i. Head-dress. [Fr.] 

coign (koin), n. Corner, external an- 
gle ; corner-stone ; wedge.— Coign of 
vantage: place of advantage for obser- 
vation or operation. [See coin.] 

coil (koil). I. vt. "Wind in rings, as a 
rope. II. n. 1. One of the rings into 
which a rope is gathered. 2. Involve- 
ment. 3. Spiral formed by winding. 
[O. Fr. coillir — L. colligere — co, to- 
gether, and legere, gather.] 

coin (koin). I. n. 1. Piece of metal 
legally stamped and current as money. 
2. Metal money. 3. Any medium of 
recompense. II. vt. 1. Convert metal 
into money. 2. Form, as a medal, by 
stamping. 3. Make, invent, fabricate. 
[Fr.— L. cuneus, wedge.] 

coinage (koin'aj), n. 1. Act or art of 
coining. 2. Pieces of metal coined. 3. 
Invention; fabrication. 

coincide (ko-in-sid'), vi. Fall in with; 
agree in opinion ; correspond ; be 
identical. [L. co, together, in, in, an^ 
cado, fall.] 

coincidence (ko-in'si-dens), coinci* 
dency ( ko-in'si-den-si ), n. Occur- 
rence of an event at the same time 
with another event.— coin'cident, a, 
— coin'cidently, adv. 



fate, fat, task, far, fa,ll, fare, above; m8, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf} 
mflte, hut, b3ru: oil, owl. then. 



coir 



102 



collkmate 



coil* (koir),/i. Cocoa-nut fiber for ropes 
or matting. 

coke (kok), n. Solid product of car- 
bonization of coal. [Eng. dialect: 
coaks, cinders.] 

colander (kul'an-der), cullender 
(kul'en-der), n. Strainer. [Sp. colador 
— L. colare, strain] 

cold ( k51d ). I. a. 1. Low in temper- 
ature. 2. Suffering from low temper- 
ature. 3. Without passion or feeling. 
II. n. 1. Absence of heat. 2. Sensation 
caused by the absence of heat. 3. Dis- 
ease caused by cold; catarrh.— cold- 
ly, adv.— cold'ness, n. [A.S. ceald.] 
Syn. Frigid; chilly; chill; bleak; 
icy; unfeeling; heartless. 

colttisn_(kold'ish), a. Somewhat cold. 

cole ( kol ), n. General name for ail 
kinds of cabbage. [A. S. cawel.] 

coleoptera (kol-e-op'ter-a), n. pi. 
Order of insecis having two pairs of 
wings, the outer being hard or horny, 
serving as wing-cases for the true 
wings, (as the beetle.) [Gr. koleos, 
sheath, and ptera, wing.] 

coleopterous ( kol-e-op'ter-us ), a. 
Sheath-winged. 

colewort (kol'wurt), n. Common cab- 
bage,especially if cut, before the head 
is formed. [A. S. wyrt, plant.] 

colic (kol'ik), n. Disorder of the colon.; 
acute pain in the bowels. 

coliseum. See Colosseum. 

collaborate (kol-lab'o-rat), vi. Work 
jointly or together. 

collaborator (kol-lab'5-ra-tur), n. As- 
sociate in labor, particularly literary 
or scientific. [L.] 

collapse (kol-laps'). I. n. Sudden or 
complete breakdown; prostration. II. 
vi. 1. Fall or break down. 2. Go to 
ruin; succumb. [L. co, in a heap, and 
lapsus, fall.] 

collar (kol'ar). I. n. 1. Something 
worn around the neck; the part of a 
garment at the neck. 2. Ring, band. 
II. vt. 1. Seize by the collar. 2. Put 
on a collar. [Fr. collier.'] 

collar-bone (kol'ar-bon), n. Clavicle. 

collate (kol-laf), vt. 1. Examine and 
compare, as books or old manuscripts. 
2. Place in order, as the sheets of a 
book for binding. [L. collatus, — co, 
together, and latus, brought.] 

collateral (kol-lat'ei-al). La. 1. Run- 
ning parallel or side by side. 2. De- 
scended from the same ancestor, but 
not directly, as the children of broth- 
ers. 3. Accompanying, secondary. II. 
n. 1. Collateral relation. 2. Object of 
value pledged as security, collat'- 
erally, adv. [L. co, with, and latus, 
later-, side.] 



collation (kol-la'shun), n. 1. Bringing 
together, for examination and com- 
parison. 2. Repast beween meals. 

colleague (kol'eg). I. n. Associate in 
office or profession. It. vi. Combine. 
[L. collega—co, and lego, send.] 
Syn. Assistant; coadjutor; helper. 

collect (kol-lekf). I. vt. 1. Bring to- 
gether. 2. Call for and obtain, as 
money due. II. vi. Run together ; 
accumulate. [From L. collect— co, to- 
gether, and lego, gather.] 

collect (koi'ekt), n. Short and com- 
prehensive prayer in the service of the 
R. Catholic and Anglican Churches. 

collected (kol-lek'ted), a. I. Gatnered 
together. 2. Having one's senses 
gathei-ed together; cool; firm. — col- 
lect'edly, adv.— collect'edtiess, n. 

collection (kol-lek'shun), n. 1. Act of 
collecting. 2. That which is collected. 

collective (kol-lek'tiv), a. 1. Consider- 
ed as forming one mass or sum. 2. 
In grammar, expressing a number or 
multitude. — Collective note: Iu diplo- 
macy, official communication signed 
by the representatives of several 
governments. — collect'ively, adv. 
— collect'iveness, n. 

collector (kol-lek'tur ), n. One who 
collects.-- collect'Orate, n. — col- 
lect'orship, n. 

college(kol'ej), n. 1. Any association of 
men with certain privileges or a com- 
mon pursuit, as a college of heralds, 
or of cardinals. 2. School for advanced 
learning. 3. Literary, political, or 
religious institution. 4. Edifice ap- 
propriated to a college. [Fr. collige — 
L. collegium, from co, and lego.] 

collegian (kol-lg'ji-an), n. 1. Member 
of a college. 2. Student at a college. 

collegiate (kol-le'ji-at). I. a. 1. Per- 
taining to or resembling a college. 2. 
Containing a college, as a town. 3. 
Instituted like a 
college. II. n. Mem- 
ber of a college. 

collide (kol-lld'), 
vi. Strike or dash 
together. [L. col- 
lido.] 

collie, colly 
(kol'i), n. Shep- 
herd's dog. [Gael. 
cuilean, whelp.l 

collier (kol'yer), n. 
1. One who works 
in a coal-mine. 2. 
Ship carrying coal. 

colliery (kol'yer-i),_ra. Coal-mine. 

collimate ( kol'i-mat ), vt. Focus an 
object-glass by means of a cross of 
fine wires. 




Scotch collie. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



collision 



103 



columbine 



collision (kol-lizh'un), n. Striking to- 
gether; conflict; opposition. 

J collocate (kol'o-kat), vt. l. Place to- 
gether. 2. Place. — collocation, n. 
[From L. collocat-, — co, together, and 
loco, place. ] 

collodion (kol-lo'di-un), n. Gluey solu- 
tion of guncotton in alcohol and ether 
used in surgery and photography. [Gr. 
holla, glue, and eidos, form.] 

colloquial (kol-lo'kwi-al), a. Used in 
common conversation.' — collo'qui- 
filly, adv.— collo'q uialis ub, n. 
Familiar form of expression. 

colloquy (kol'o-kwi ), n. Conversa- 
tion. [L. colloquium— go, together, and 
loquor, speak.] 

collude (kol- 16d')> vi. Play into each 
other's hand; act in concert, esp. in 
a fraud. [L. — co, and ludo, play.] 

collusion (kol-16'zhun), n. Act of col- 
luding; secret agreement to deceive. 
[L. collusio.] 

collusive (kol-16'siv), a. Fraudulently 
concerted ; deceitful.— collu'sively, 
adv.— collusiveness, n. 

colocola ( kol-o-ko'la), n. Ferocious 
South American wild cat. 

colocyntli (kol'o-sinth), n. Purgative, 
made of the gourd-like fruit of a plant 
of the same name. [Gr.] 

cologne (ko-lon'), n. Perfumed spirit, 
first made at Cologne, Germany. 

colon (ko'lon), n. Mark ( : ) used to 
indicate a distinct member or clause 
of a sentence. TGr. kolon. mem her.] 

colon (ko'lon), n. The large division 
of intestinal canal. [Gr.] 

colonel (kur'nel), n. Officer who has 
command of a regiment. — colonel - 
cy (kur'nel-si), n. His office or rank. 
[It. colonello, leader of a column.] 

colonial (kol-o'ni-al), a. Pertainiug 
to a colony. [a colony. 

colonist (kol'on-ist), n. Inhabitant of 

colonization (kol-on-i-za'shun), n. 1. 
Act or practice of colonizing. 2. State 
of being colonized. 

colonize (kol'on-iz), vt. Plant or es- 
tablish a colony in. ■ 

colonnade (kol-on-nad'), n. Range of 
columns placed at regular intervals. 
[Fr. — L. columna.] 

colony (kol'on-i), n. 1. Body of persons 
forming a fixed settlement in a foreign 
country. 2. Settlement so formed. 
[Li. colonia—colo, till.] 

color (kul'ur). I. n. 1. Property of light 
which causes bodies to have different 
appearances to the eye. 2. Hue or ap- 
pearance which bodies present to the 
eye. 3. Appearance of blood in the 
lace. 4. Tint. 5. Paint or pigment. 
6. False show. 7. Kind.— pi. Flag, en- 



sign, standard. II. vl. 1. Put color on; 
stain; paint.. 2. Set in a fair light. 
3. Exaggerate. III. vi. Show color; 
blush. [Li. color — celo, cover, conceal.] 

colorable (kul'ur-a-bl), a. Having £ 
fair appearance; designed to conceal; 
plausible ; specious. -col'orably, adv. 

color-blindness (kul'ur -blind'nes) . n. 
Defect of the eyesight by which one is 
unable to distinguish between colors, 
esp. between red, or green, and gray. 

colored(kul'urd), a. 1. Having a color. 
2. Having some other hue than white 
or black. 3. Belonging to the African 
race. 4. Not of the white race. 

coloring* (kul'ur-ing), n. 1. Any subs- 
tance used as color. 2. Manner of ap- 
r>iving colors. 3. Specious appearance. 

colorless (kul'ur-les;, u. »viua.... 
color; plain; white; transparent. 

color-sergeant ( kul'ur-sar'jent ), n. 
Sergeant who guards the colors of a 
regiment. 

colossal ( ko-los'- 
al), a. Like a co- 
lossus; gigantic. 

Colosseum (k o 1- 
os-se'um ), n. 1. 
Amphitheater in 
Rome. 2. Any 
large amphi- 
theater. 

colossus ( ko-los'- 
us), n. Gigantic 
statue, partieu- 
larly that of 
Apollo, which 
stood at t h e en- 
trance of the harbor of Rhodes. 2. 
Any gigantic body. [L.— Gr. kolossos.] 

colportag-e (kol'port-aj), n. Distribu- 
tion of books, etc., by colporteurs. 

colporteur, colporter (kol'port-er), 
n. Pedler, particularly one who travels 
for the sale of tracts and books. [Fr. 
colporteur.'] 

colt (kolt), n. 1. Young horse. 2. 
Young of animal similar to a horse, 
or an ass.— colt'ish, a. Like a colt; 
frisky; wanton. [AS. Akin to child.] 

colter, coulter (kol'ter), n. Fore-iron 
of a plow. [L. culter, knife.] 

colts-foot ( koltz'fot ), n. Plant with 
large soft leaves, once used in medi- 
cine. 

Columbian (ko-lum'bi-an), a. Pertain- 
ing to Columbia, a poetical name of 
America, after Columbus, its dis- 
coverer. 

columbine (kol'um-bin). I. a. 1. Of 
or like a dove. 2. Dove-colored. II. n. 
1. Genus of plants 2. Kind of violet 
or dove color. 3. Heroine in a panto- 
mime. [Fr.— L. columba, dove.) 




fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



column 



104 



commandment 




Column 



column (kol'um), n. 1. Long, round 
body, used to support or adorn a build- 
ing. 2. Anything like a column, as a 
body of troops 
drawn up in 
deep files; per- 
pendicular 
row of lines in 
a book; verti- 
cal series of 
figures, etc. 
[Li. columna.] 

columnar (ko- 
lum'nar), a. 1. 
Formed in col- 
umns. 2. Hav- 
ing the form 
of a column. 

com-, prefix. See co. 

coma (ko'ma), n. Morbid deep sleep: 
stupor; lethargy. [Gr.] 

comatose ( ko'ma-tos or kom'- ), co- 
imatous ( ko'ma-tos n. Affected with 
coma; in a state of stupor; drowsy. 

comb (kom). I. n. 1. Toothed instru- 
ment for separating and cleaning 
hair, wool, flax, etc. 2. Crest of a cock. 

3. Top or crest of a wave or of a hill. 

4. Honey. II. vt. Separate, arrange, or 
clean by means of a comb. [A.S. cam.] 

combat (kom'bat or kum'bat). I. vt. 
Contend, struggle with; contest. II. n. 
Struggle; battle, fight.-eom'batant. 
I. a. Disposed or inclined to combat. 
IT. n. One who fights or combats.— 
combative, a. Inclined to quarrel 
or fight.— com'bativeness, n. [Fr. 
combattre, fight.] [wool, etc. 

comber (kom'er), n. One who combs 

combination (kom-bi-na'shun), n. 1. 
Act of combining; union. 2. Number 
of persons or things united ; mixture. 
3. Arrangement in a group. 

Syn. Cabal; alliance; league; con- 
federation; confederacy; intrigue; 
plot;, -junto; conspiracy; trust; ring. 

combine(kom-bin').I. vt. andw, l.Join 
together; unite. 'Z. In chem. Unite and 
form a new compound. II. n. Combi- 
nation. [L,.— co, and bini, two and two.] 

combustible ( kom-bus'ti-bl ). I. a. 
Tnat may burn; liable to take fire. II. 
n. Anything that will burn.. — com- 
bus'tibleness, combustibility, 
ns. Capability of being burned. [L. 
combust-, consume,— co, and uro, burn.] 

combustion (kom-bust'yun), n. Burn- 
ing; consumption by fire. 

come (kum), vi. [com'ing ; came (kam) ; 
come (kum). 1. Move toward this 
place (opp. of go) ; draw near. 2. Ar- 
rive. 3. Issue. 4._Happen. [A.S. cuman.] 

comedian ( ko-me'di-an ), n. 1. One 
who acts or writes comedies. 2. Actor. 




comedy (kom'e-di), n. Dramatic piece 
of a pleasant or humorous character, 
orig. accomp. with dancing and sing- 
ing. [L. co?ncedia— Gr. komodia,) a ludi- 
crous spectacle — homos, revel, and 
ode, song.] 

comely (kum'li). I. a. Pleasing; grace- 
ful; handsome. II. adv. In a comely 
manner.— comeliness, n. [A.S. 
cymlic, suitable — 
come, aud tic, like.] 

comet (kom'et), n. 
Heavenly body with 
an eccentric orbit 
and a luminous tail. 

— com'etary, a. 
[ Gr. kometes, long 
haired— home, hair.] 

COnifit ( kum'f it ), Donati's Comet, 
comfiture (kum'-fi- October, 1858. 

tar), n. Sweetmeat. 

[Fr.— L. conficio, make up.] 
comfort (kum'furt). I. vt. Relieve 

from pain or distress; cheer. — II. n. 

Relief; ease; whatever gives ease, etc. 

— com'fortable, a Imparting or 
enjoying comfort. — com'fortably, 
adv. — com'forter, n. — com'fort- 
less, a. [O. Fr. conforter—L,. co, and 
fortis, strong.] 

Syn. Console; solace; strengthen; 
encourage; gladden; refresh. 

comic (kom'ik), comical (kom'ik-al), 
a. Relating to comedy; raising mirth; 
droll.— com'ically, adv.— comical- 
ity, n — com'icalness, n. 

comity (kom'i-ti), n. Courteousness ; 
civility. [L. comitas.] 

comma (kom'a), n. In punctuation, the 
point (,) which marks the smallest 
division of a sentence. [Gr. komma— 
kopto, cut off.] 

command (ko-mand'). I vt. 1. Order; 
bid. 2. Exercise supreme authority 
over. 3. Have within sight, influence, 

2 or control. II. n. 1. Order; author- 
ity; message. 2. Ability to overlook 
or influence. 3. Thing commanded. 
[Fr. commander — L. commandare — 
co, and mandare, intrust.] , 

commandant (ko-man-danf), n. 
Officer who has the command of a 
place or of a body of troops. 

commander (ko-miin'der), n. 1. Who 
commands. 2. Officer in the navy next 
in rank under a captain. — com- 
man'dery, n. Office or district of a 
commander, esp. in secret societies. 

commanding' ( ko-man'ding ), a. 
Fitted to impress or control.— com- 
mand'ing-ly, adv. 

commandment (ko-mand'ment ), n. 
1. Command; precept. 2. One of the 
ten moral laws. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, more, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



COLUMNS 



EGYPTIAN 




EGYPTIAN 



GREEK 





GREEK 





ran 



a 



i 



Copyright, 1963, by Wm. H. Let. 



105 



COLUMNS 



Copyright, 







by W 



| Egyptian columns show polygonal and circular shafts, often with hieroglyphic inscriptions. 

*• Some of the shafts are made to look like bundles of reeds or tree trunks, tied together ac 
Intervals (1, 4). The capitals show a great variety of forms and decoration, some square (1), others 
vase-shaped (2, 3, 5, 6), and a few swelling (4) like a closed or opening tree-bud. It does not 
appear that columns of differently proportioned or shaped shafts had different capitals assigned to 
them, as in Grecian architecture. The Egyptian columns were short and thick, square or polygonal 
columns often being part of the ground, the rock between them having been cut away. 

2 Grecian architecture is identical with columnar architecture, developing step by step from the 
• most simple to the most elaborate, but the use of the earlier styles is not restricted to early 
periods. The ancient Doric column (8, from the Parthenon, Athens), like a tree, has no base, tapers 
as it rises in height and ends in the simplest capital. Fig. 7, from the Temple of Apollo, at Bassae, 
represents the early Ionia order, while fig. 10 shows it in perfection, as found in the Temple of Nike 
Apteros (wingless victory) at Athens. The Corinthian order, imitating acanthus leaves, exhibits the 
highest degree of refinement of Greek architecture, as is easily seen by a glance at figs. 9 (from the 
Temple of Apollo at Miletus) and 11 (monument of Lysicrates). 

*i The Romans merely imitated the Greeks, their masters iu all arts and sciences. The unim- 
**• portant changes they undertook to make, cannot be said to be improvements. Fig. 13 is Roman 
Doric from the Coliseum, Rome, and fig. 16 from the Theater of Marcellus, Rome. The Roman 
Ionic style is represented by a column (12) from the Temple of Fortuna Virilis, Rome, certainly less 
artistic than 10. Figs. 14 (Temple of Vesta, Tivoli) and 15 (Pantheon, Rome) are Roman Corinthian, 
and fig. 17 shows the overloaded Composite order, a clumsy combination of the Ionic capital and the 
Corinthian, without even an attempt at blending the two or covering up tho dividing line. 

109 



commemorate 



10? 



commodore 



commemorate (ko-mem'o-rat ), 
vt. Call to remera bran ce by a solemn 
or public act.— commemora'tion, 

n. [L. — co, and memor, mindful.] 

commemorative (ko-mem'o-ra-tiv), 
a. Tending, serving to commemorate. 

commence (ko-mens'). I. vi. Begin; 
originate; take rise. II. vt. Begin; 
originate; enter upon. [L. co, to- 
gether and initiare, begin.] 

commencement (ko-mens'ment), n. 
1. Beginning. 2. Thing begun. 3. Day 
of graduating at colleges and high 
schools. 

commend (ko-mend'), vt. Give into 
the charge of; recommend as worthy; 
praise.— commendable, a. Worthy 
of being oommended or praised.— 
commend'ably, adv.— commend'- 
ableness, n.— commenda'tion, n. 
Act of commending; praise. — com- 
mendatory, a. Commending; con- 
taining praise. [L. commendare, in- 
trust.] 

commensurable ( ko-men'su-ra-bl ), 
a. Having a common measure.— corn- 
men surably, flds-commensn- 
rabil'ity, n. — commensurable- 
ness, n. [L. co, with, and mensura, 
measure.] 

commensurate ( ko-men'su-rat ), a. 
Of the same measure with ; equal in 
measure or extent; in proportion 
with. — commen'snrately, adv. — 
eommeii'surateness, n. — com- 
mensura'tion, n. 

comment (kom'ent). I. n. Note con- 
veying an illustration or explanation ; 
remark, criticism. II. vi. Make cri- 
tical or explanatory notes or observa- 
tions. — com'mentator, n. — com'- 
menter, n. [L. commentor, reflect.] 

commentary (kom'en-tar i), n. 1. 
Comment. 2. Book of comments. 

commerce (kom'ers), n. 1. Inter- 
change of merchandise between na- 
tions or individuals ; extended trade 
or traffic. 2. Intercourse ; fellowship. 
[Fr.— L. commercium—co , with, and 
merx, were— goods.] 

commercial (ko-mer'shal), a. Per- 
taining to commerce; mercantile.— 
commer'clalism, n. Doctrines, or 
practices, of commercial men,— com- 
mercially, adv. 

commingle ( ko-ming'l ), vt. Mingle 
or mix with. [L. co, and mingle.] 

comminute (kom'in-ut), vt. Reduce 
to minute particles.— comminu- 
tion, n. [L. co, and minuo, make 
small.] 

commiserate (ko-miz'er-at), vt. Have 
compassion. — commisera'tion, n. 
Suffering with others; pity. [L. co- 



with, ( and miser or, deplore.] 
Syri. Condole; pity; compassionate. 

commissarial ( ko-mi-sa'ri-al ), a. 
Pertaining to a commissary. 

cominissariat(kom-mis-sar'i-at), n. 1. 
Department which is charged with 
the furnishing of provisions, as for an 
army. 2. Body of officers in that de- 
partment. 3. Office of a commissary. 

commissary (kom'i-sar-i), n. 1. One 
to whom a charge is committed. 2. 
Officer who has the charge of furnish- 
ing provisions, etc., to an army.— 
com'missarysbip, n j Prom L. 
committo, commit.] 

commission (ko-mish'un). I. n. 1. Act 
of committing. 2. That which is com- 
mitted. 3. Writing conferring certain 
powers; authority. 4. Charge of fee 
to an agent, etc., for transacting busi- 
ness. 5. One or more persons ap- 
pointed to perform certain duties. IT 
vt. Give a commission to; appoint. 

commissioner ( ko-mish'un-er ), n. 
One who holds a commission. 

commit ( ko-mit'), vt. [commit'ting; 
commit'ted.] I. Give in charge or 
trust; consign to prison. 2. Do, per- 
form, as a crime. 3. Endanger; com- 
promise. 4. Pledge, bind. [L, co, with, 
and mitto, send.] 

commitment (ko-mit'ment), n. 1. Act 
of committing. 2. Order for sending 
to prison. 3. Imprisonment. 

committal ( ko-mit'al ), n. Commit- 
ment; pledge, actual or implied. 

committee (ko-mit'e), n. One or more 
persons to whom some special busi- 
ness is committed by a court, assem- 
bly or the like. 

commode (ko-m5d'),n. 1. Wasbstand 
with drawers and closet. 2. Night- 
stool. [Fr. = convenient.] 

commodious, (ko-mo'di-us), a. Suit- 
able or convenient; comfortable. — 
commo'diously, adv. — conimo'- 
dionsness, n. 

Syn. Useful ; beneficial ; helpful ; 
favorable ; serviceable ; fit ; proper ; 
becoming; spacious; roomy. 

commodity (ko-mod'it-i), n. 1. Con- 
venience, or that which affords it. 2. 
Article of traffic. [L. commoditas, con- 
venience.] 

commodore (kom'o-d or), n. 1. In the 
U. S., formerly a naval officer ranking 
next above a captain. 2. In England, 
commander of a squadron of ships. 3. 
President of a yacht club. [Sp. comen- 
dador—Iu. commendo, command.] 

commolition (kom-6-lish'un), n. Act 
of grinding together. [L. co- and 
molere, grind.] 



fftte, fat, task, fSr, tall, f&re, above; me, met, h§r; mite, mit; note, not, mb>e, W9lfj 

mute, but, burn; oil, owl, then. 



common 



108 



comparative 



common ( kom'un ), a. 1. Belonging 
equally to more than one. 2. Frequent. 
3. Easy to be had; ordinary. — Com- 
mon law, law deriving authority from 
usage, not from a statute. — Common 
sense, sound judgment. II. n. Tract 
of open land, used in common by the 
inhabitants of a town, etc. — com> 
monly, adv.— com'monness,?*. [L. 
— co, ana munis, serving.] 

Syn. General ; public ; usual ; vulgar ; 
universal; customary ; commonplace. 

commonalty (kom'un-al-ti), n. Com- 
mon people below the rank of nobility. 

commoner (kom'un-er),ra. 1. Member 
of the British House of Commons. 2. 
One of the commonalty. 

commonplace ( kom'un-plas ). I. n. 
Common topic or subject; memoran- 
dum. II. a. Common; hackneyed. 

commons (kom'unz), n. pi. 1. Lower 
House of British Parliament. 2. Com- 
mon land. 3. Food at a common table. 

commonweal ( kom'un-wel ), com- 
monwealth ( kom'un-welth ), n. 1. 
Public good. 2. Government in a free 
state. 3. Whole body of the people. 

commotion (ko-mo'shun), n. Excited 
or tumultuous action, physical or 
mental; tumult. [L. — co, together, 
and moveo, move.] [mune. 

communal (ko-mu'nal), a. Of a com- 

commune ( kom'un ),' n. In France. 

1. Territorial division governed by a 
mayor. 2. Commune at Paris in 1871 
was a revolt against the national gov- 
ernment, on the principle that each 
city or district should be ruled inde- 
pendently by its own commune or 
local government. [Fr.] 

commune (ko-mun'), vi. 1. Converse 
or talk together. 2. Partake of the 
Lord's supper. [Fr. communier.] 

communicable (ko-mu'ni-ka-bl ), a. 
That may be communicated. — com. 
mu'nicably, adv. 

communicant ( ko-mu'ni-kant), n. 
One who partakes of the Communion. 

communicate (ko-muni-kat). I. vt. 
Give a share of. II. vi. 1. Having 
something in common with another. 

2. Have the means of intercourse; 
have intercourse. 3. Partake of the 
Lord's supper.— communication, 
n. 1. Act of communicating. 2. That 
which is communicated. 3. Inter- 
course. [See common.] 

Syn. Bestow: confer; disclose; tell; 
impart; reveal; announce. 
Communicative (ko-mu'ni-ka-tiv), a. 
Inclined to communicate or give in- 
formation ; unreserved.— commun'- 
iKativeiiess, n. 



communion (ko-mu'ni-un) , n. 1. Act 
of communing; mutual intercourse. 
2. Common possession. 3. Union in 
religious service; body of people v ho 
so unite. 4. Celebration of the Lord's 
supper. 

Syn. Fellowship; share; unity; par- 
ticipation; converse; agreement. 

communism (kom'u-nizm), n. Theory 
according to which private property 
should be abolished, and all things 
held in common. 

communist (kom'u-nist), u. One who 
believes in communism. 

community (ko-mu'ni-ti), n. 1. Com- 
mon possession or enjoyment. 2. 
People having common rights, etc. 3. 
Public, people in general. 

commutable (ko-mu'ta-bl), a. That 
may be commuted or exchanged. — 
commutabil'ity, n. 

commutation (ko-mu-ta'shun), n. 1. 
Exchange. 2. Change of penalty or 
rate from a greater to a less.— Com- 
mutation-ticket: Ticket entitling the 
holder to a limited number of rides, 
or to an unlimited number of rides 
during a limited period. 

commute (ko-muf). I. vt. Substitute 
another for. II. vi. Buy and use a 
commutation-ticket. — commn'ter, 
n. One who uses such a ticket. [L. 
commuto— co, with, and muto, change.] 

compact (kom-pakf). L a. 1. Packed 
close. 2. Brief; terse. II. vt. Press 
closely together: consolidate.— com- 
pact'ly, adv.— compact'edly, adv. 
— compact'edness, n. [L. compac- 
tus — co, together, and pango, fasten.] 

compact (kom'pakt).w. Agreement, 
league, treaty .— compactness, n. 
[L. — co, with, and paciscor, make a 
bargain.] 

companion (kom-pan'yun), n. Oue 
who accompanies; associate; part- 
ner. — compan'ionable, a. Agree- 
able, sociable. — compan'ionably, 
adv. — compan'ionsnip, n. [L. co, 
with, andpanis, bread.] 

companion way (kom-pan'yun-wa), 
n. Staircase leading to ship's cabin. 

company (kum'pa-ni), n. 1. Assembly 
of persons. 2. Number of persona 
associated together for trade, etc. 3. 
Society. 4. Subdivision of a regiment. 
[Fr. compagnie. See companion.] 

comparable (kom'pa-ra-bl ), a. That 
may be compared; of equal value.— 
com'parably, adv. 

comparative (kom-par'a-tiv), a. 1. 
Estimated by comparison; relative, 
not positive or absolute. 3. In gi am- 
mar, degree of comparison , expressing 
" more ".— comparatively, adv. 



i fat, task, far, f^ll, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf t 
mute, hut, burn , oil, owl, then. 



compare 



L0 9 



complement 




Compass Card. 



compare (kom-par'). I. vt. 1. Ascer- 
tain how far things agree or disagree. 
2. Liken or represent as similar. 3. 
In grammar, inflect an adjective. II. 
vi. Hold comparison. [-L. — co, to- 
gether, andparo, place, array.] 

comparison (kom-par'i-sun), n. Act 
of comparing. 2. Comparative esti- 
mate. 3. Figure by which two things 
are compared. 4. In grammar, inflec- 
tion of an adjective or adverb. 

compartment ( kom-part'ment ), n. 
Separate part of inclosed space; sub- 
division of a railroad coach, etc. 
[ L. — co, to- 
gether, and i | j 
partio, part.] % \ «_,*.,£ $ J 

compass 
(kum'pas),7&. 1. 
Circuit," circle. 

2. Space; li- 
mit; range. 3. 
Instrument 
contain in g a * 
ma gn e tized 
needle which 
points north, 
used to steer 
ships fby, etc. 

3. Purpose or design. — Fetch a com- 
pass: make a circuit, go round.— pi. 
compasses, instrument consisting of 
two movable legs, for describing cir- 
cles, etc. [Fr. compas—Li. co, together, 
and passes, route.] 

compass (kum'pas), vt. 1. Go round. 
2 Surround, inclose. 3. Besiege. 4. 
Bring about. 5. In law, contrive, plot. 

compassion (kom-pash'un), n. Fel- 
low-feeling; sorrow for the sufferings 
of another. [L.— co, ?m6.patior, suffer.] 
Syn. Pity; sympathy; commisera- 
tion; fellow-suffering; mercy. 

compassionate (kom-pash'un-at). I. 
a. Merciful. II. vt. Have compassion 
for. — compassionately, adv. 

compatibility (kom-pat-i-bil'it-i), n. 
Suitability; agreeableness. 

compatible ( kom-pat'i-bl ), a. That 
agrees (with). — compatibly, adv. 
[Fr. —Li. co, with, and patior, bear.] 

compatriot (kom-pa'tri-ut). I. a. Of 
the same fatherland or country. II. n. 
One of the same country. [Fr.] 

compeer (kom-per'), n. One equal to 
another; companion; associate. [L. 
—co, with, and peeb.] 

compel (kom-pel') , vt. 1. Drive, urge 
on forcibly. 2. Oblige.— compella- 
ble,^^ [L.— co, arxdpello, drive.] 

com p end (kom'pend), compen- 
dium ( kom-pen'di-um ), n. Abridg- 
ment; book containing the substance 
of a larger one. [L.J 



compendious ( kom-pen'di-us ), a. 

Short; comprehensive.— compen- 
diously, adv. 

compensate ( kom'pen-sat ), vt. Re- 
ward suitably for service rendered; 
make amends for loss sustained; re- 
compense ; counterbalance. [L. co, 
together, and penso, weigh,_pay.] 

compensation (kom-pen-sa'shun) , n. 
Act of compensating; reward for ser- 
vice; amends for loss sustained. 

compensatory (kom-r>en'sa-to-ri), a 
Serving as compensation ; making 
amends. 

compete ( kom-pet' ), vi. Strive with 
others for something; contend for a 
prize. [L. co, together, and peto, seek.] 

competence (kom'pe-tens), compe- 
tency (kom'pe-ten-si), n. 1. Fitness. 
2. Sufficiency; adequate income. 3. 
Legal power or capacity. 

competent (kom'pe-tent), a. 1. Suit- 
able, tit. 2. Belonging. 3. Sufficient.— 
com'petently, adv. 

competition (kom-pe-tish'un), n. Act 
of competing; rivalry. 2. Competi- 
tors, rivals, [taining to competition. 

competitive (kom-pet'i-tiv), a. Per- 

competitor (kom-pet'i-tur ), n. One 
who competes; rival, opponent. 

compilation ( kom-pi-la'shun ), n. 1. 
Act of compiling. 2. Thing compiled. 

compile (kom-pil'), vt. Compose by 
collecting the materials from various 
sources.— compiler, n. [L. compilo 
-co, together, and pilo, plunder.] 

complacence (kom-pla'sens), com- 
placency (kom-pla'sen-si), n. Quiet 
pleasure; satisfaction; civility. 

complacent (kom-pla'sent), a. Show- 
ing satisfaction; gratified. — coin- 
pla'eently, adv. [L. co, together, 
and placeo, please. ]_ 

complain (kom-plan'), vi. 1. Express 
grief, pain, censure. 2. Murmur or 
express a sense of injury. 3. Accuse. 
[Fr. complaindre—Lt. co. together, and 
plango, beat (the breast).] 

complainant (kom-pla'rr.nt), n. 1. 
One who complains. 2. In law, one 
who raises a suit: plaintiff. 

complaint (kom-planf), n. 1. expres- 
sion of grief. 2. Sensation of pains or 
injuries; fault. 3. Tning complained 
of. 4. Physical ailment or disorder. 

complaisance ( kom'pla-zans ), n. 
Desire to please ; civility. [Fr.] 

complaisant (kom'pla-zant), a. De- 
sirous of pleasing; obliging.— com - 
plaisantly, adv. [Fr. ] 

complement (kom'ple-ment). I. n. 1. 
That which completes or fills up. 2. 
Full number or quantity. H. vt. Fill 
up; complete. [L. co, an&pleo, fill.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



complement al 



110 



compound 



com piemen tal (kom-ple-men'tal), 
complementary ( koin - pie - men'- 
ta-ri), a. Filling up; supplying a defi- 
ciency. 

complete (kom-plef), I. vt. Fill up; 
finish; perfect. II. a. Free from defi- 
ciency; perfect; finished. — com- 
pletely, adv.— completeness, n. 

completion (kom-ple'shun), n. State 
of being complete ; act of making 
complete. 

complex (kom'pleks), a. Composed 
of more than one, or of many parts; 
not simple; intricate; difficult.— 
complexly, adv.— coin'plexn ess, 
n. [L. co, together, and plico, fold.] 

complexion (kom-plek'shun), n. 1. 
Structure. 2. Color or look of the 
skin, esp. of the face. 3. General ap- 
pearance ; temperament ; texture. 
— complex'ional a. Pertaining to 
complexion. — complex'ioned, a. 
Having a complexion, or a certain 
temperament or state. [L. complexio.] 

complexity (kom-pleks'i-ti), n. State 
of being complex. 

compliance (kom-pli'ans), n. Acquies- 
cence, [civil.— compli'antly, adv.} 

compliant (kom-pli' ant), a. Yielding; 

complicacy (kom'pli-ka-ai) , n. State 
of heing complicated. 

complicate (kom'pli-kat), vt. Render 
complex ; entangle ; make difficult. 
[L. co, together, and plico, fold.] 

complication (kom-pli-ka'shun), n. 

1. Intricate blending or entanglement. 

2. Additional difficulty. 
complicity (kom-plis'i-ti), n. State 

ot heing an accomplice. 

compliment (kom'pli-ment). I. n. 1. 
Expression of regard. 2. Delicate 
flattery. II. vt. Pay a compliment to. 
— complimentary, a. Conveying 
civility or praise. [L. compleo, fill up.] 
Syn. Flatter; commend; praise. 

complot (kom-plof), vt. [complof- 
ting; complot'ted. ] Plot together ; 
conspire. 

comply (tfom-pli'), vi. [complying; 
complied'.] Yield to the wishes of 
another. [L. compere, fulfill, complete.] 

component ( kom-po'nent). I. a. 
Making up or composing ; forming 
one of the elements of a compound. 
II. n. One of the elements of a com- 
pound. [L. co, and pono, place.] 

comport (kom-porf). I. vi. Agree ; 
accord; suit. II. vt. Bear (one's self), 
behave. — comport'mcnt, n. De- 
portment; behavior. [L. co, together, 
and porto, carry.] 

compose (kom'poz'), vt. 1. Form by 
putting two or more parts or things 
together. 3. Place in order. 3. Set 



at rest. 4. Soothe. 5. Place types in 

order for printing. 6. Originate or 

become the author of, as a book. [Fr. 

composer— Li. co, together and ponere, 

pos-, put.] 
composed (kom-pozd'), a. Settled; 

quiet calm. — composedly, adv. — 

compo'seduess,_%. 
composer (kom-po'zer), n. One who 

composes ; writer ; author, esp. of a 

piece of music. 




Composing-stick. 

composing-stick (kom-po'zing-stik) 
n. Small tray, in which a compos- 
itor arranges type for printing. 

composite (kom-poz'it), a. 1. Com 
posed of two or more distinct parts 
styles, etc. 2. In arch. Blending of the, 
Ionic and the Corinthian orders. See 
cut under oeder. — Composite phot/ 
graph: One printed in register fion\. 
negatives of different subject? in the 
same pose 

composition (kom-po-2ksh.'un), n. 1, 
Act or art of putting together. 2. 
Thing composed, as a work in litera- 
ture, music, painting, or a short essay 
written as a school exercise. 3. Com- 
pound. 4. Agreement to accept part 
of a debt as payment for the whole. 

compositor (kom-poz'i-tur), n. One 
who puts together types for printing, 

compost (kom'post), n. 1. Mixture 
for fertilizing. 2. Kind of plaster. 

composure (kom-po'- 
zhor), n. Calmness; 
self-possession. 

compote (kom'pot), 
n. Stewed or pre- 
served fruit, eaten 
with meats. [Fr.] 

compound (kom- 
pownd'). I. vt. 1. 
Mix or combine. 2. 
Settle upon re- 
duced terms, as a 
debt. 3. Agree not 
to prosecute for, as 
a crime. II. Vi. Compound wind- 
Agree; come to ing of dynamo, 
terms; bargaiD. 

compound (kom'pownd). I. a. Corn- 




fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



comprehend 



111 



concern 



posed of a number of parts ; not sim- 
ple— Compound-wound dynamo: Dy- 
namo with both shunt and series 
winding* II. n. Mass made up of a 
number of parts. 

comprehend (kom-p re-hen d'), vt. 
1. Seize with the mind. 2. Include. 
[L. co, together, and prehendo, seize.] 
Syn. Understand; comprise; con- 
tain; embody; involve; imply. 
comprehensible (kom-pre-hen'si-bl), 
a. Capable of being understood.— 
comprehensibly, aiti.-compre- 
hensibil ity, n. 

comprehension (korn-pre-hen'shun), 
n. 1. Act or quality of comprehend- 
ing. 2. Power of the mind to under 
stand. 3. In logic, sum of the quali- 
ties implied in a term. 

comprehensive (kom-pre-hen'siv), a. 
Ex tensive.— comprehensively, 
Gar-comprehensiveness, n. 
Syn. Full; wide; compendious. 

compress (kom-pres'), vt. Press to- 
gether; condense. [L. — co, together, 
andpremo, press-, press.] 

compress (kom'pres), n. Soft mass of 
linen or lint, used in surgery to press 
on a part of the body. — compressi- 
bility, n. Property that bodies have 
of being reduced in bulk by pressure. 
— compressible, a. That may be 
compressed. —compression (kom- 
presh'un), n. 1. Act of compressing. 2. 
State of being compressed — c o m- 
press'ive, a. Able to compress. 

comprise (kom-priz'), vt. Contain, in- 
clude. [From Fr. covipris, contained.] 

compromise ( kom'pro-miz )-. I. n. 
Settlement of differences by mutual 
concessions. II. vt. 1. Settle by mu- 
tual concession. 2. Expose to hazard, 
bring into a questionable situation. 

co in ptoineter (komp'to-me ter). — 
comp'tograph, n. Adding machine. 

co tup nisi on ( kom-pui'shun ), /*. 
Force ; necessity. [See compel.] 

compulsive (kom-pul'siv), compul- 
sory ( kom-pul'so-ri), a. Having 
power to compel; forcing. 

compnnction (kom-pungk'shun ), n. 
Uneasiness of conscience; remorse. 

compunctious (kom-pungk'shus), a. 
Repentant; remorseful. 

computation (koni-pu-t a/shun), n. 1. 
Act of computing. 2. Sum computed. 

computator (kom-pu-ta'tur), n. ma- 
chine for computing. 

compute (kom-puf), vt. Calculate. [L.] 

comrade ( kom'rad or kom'rad, ) n. 
Companion, fellow. [ Sp. camarada, 
room-mate — L. camera, chamber.] 



con (kon). Contraction of L. contra, 
against, as in pro and con, for and 
against. 

con(kon), vt. [con'ning; conned (kond).] 
Study carefully: commit to memory. 
[A. S. cunnian, test, try to know.] 

con-, prefix. See co. 

concatenate(kon-kat'e-nat), vt. Chain 
or link together. — concatenation, 
n. [L. co, and catena, chain.] 

concave (kon'kav). I. a. Curved (ap- 
plied to the inner side of a curve, and 
opposed to convex, which is applied 
to the outside.) II. n. Cavity; arch; 
vault.— concav'ity, n.— Concavo-con- 
cave, hollow on both sides. [L. cavus, 
hollow.] 



Concave. 



Concavo-concave. 



conceal ( kon-sel'), vt. Hide, keep 
secret.— c onceal'able, a.— con? 
ceal'ment, n. [L. concelo.] 

concede ( kon-sed' ), vt. Surrender; 
admit; grant. [L,.—cedo, yield.] 
Syn. Allow; yield; acknowledge. 

conceit (kon-set'),n. 1- Over-estimate 
of one*s self. 2. Thought; notion.— 
Out of conceit with, no longer fond of 
— conceit'ed, a. Having a too favor- 
able opinion of one's self; egotistical- 
— conceitedly, adv.— conceited' 
ness, n. [Fr.— L. conceptus, thought.] 

conceivable (kon-se'va-bl), a. Capable 
of being conceived.— conceivably, 
adv. — concei'vableness, n. 

conceive (kon-sev'),ttf. 1. Receive and 
form, as in the mind or womb. 2. 
Imagine, think. 3. Understand. [O. 
Fr. concever—Li. concipere.] 

concentrate(kon-sen'trat or kon-'), vt. 
1. Bring nearer the center. 2. Bring to 
bear at one point; focus. 3. Condense. 
— concentration,?!.— concen'tra- 
tive, a. Tending to concentrate. 

concentric ( kon-sen'trik), concen- 
trical (kon-sen'trik-al), a. Having a 
common center. '[ceived; notion. 

concept (kon'sept), n. Thing con- 
conception (kon-sep'shun),7i. 1. Act 
of conceiving. 2. Thing conceived: 
thought, idea. [L.] 

concern ( kon-sern' ). I. vt. 1. Relate 
or belong to. 2. Affect or interest. 3. 
Make uneasy. II. n. 1. That which be- 
longs to one. 2. Interest; regard; an- 
xiety. 3. Business or those connected 
with it— concernment, n. — con- 
cerned', a. Interested; anxious.— 
concerning, prep. Regarding. [L.I 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



concert 



112 



condescend 




Concertina. 



concert (kon-serf), vt. 1. Devise to- 
gether. 2. Arrange, adjust. [Fr. con- 
certer — L. co, and certare, contend.] 

concert (kon'sert), n. 1. Agreement; 
harmony. 2. Mu- 
sical entertain, 
ment. 

concertina (kon- 
ser-te'na), n. Mu- 
sical instrument, 
similar to ac- 
cordion. 

concession (kon-sesh'un), n. 1. Act 
of concediug. 2. Thing conceded; 
grant. — concessioner, n. One to 
whom a concession has been made. 

concessive (kon-ses'iv), a. Implying 
concession. [concha.] 

conch (kongk), n. Marine shell. [L. 

conchoidal ( kong- koi'dal a. As if 
composed of shells. [Gr. kongche, and 
eidos, form.] 

conchology (koug-kol'o-ji), n. Science 
of shells and the mollusks inhabiting 
them.— concnol'og-ist, n. 

conciliate (kon-sil'i-at),^. Win over, 

as an enemy. — conciliation, n. — 

conciliatory, a. [L. concilio, join.] 

Syn. Appease; propitiate; reconcile. 

concise (kon-sis'), a. Cut short; brief. 
— concisely, adv. — concise'ness, 
n. [L. concido, cut down.] 

Syn. Compact; terse; neat; pithy; 
pointed; sententious; laconic. 

conclave ( kon'klav ), n. 1. Room in 
which the cardinals are locked to elect 
a pope. 2. Body of cardinals. 3. Any 
close assembly. [D. clavis, key.] 

conclude (kon-klod'), vt. 1. Close; 
end. 2. Infer; form a final judgment. 
[L. co, and claudo, shut.] 

conclusion (kon-klo'zhun), n. 1. Act 
of concluding. 2. End, close, last part. 
3. Inference ; judgment. [L. conclusio.] 

conclusive ( kon-kl6'siv ), a. Final; 
convincing, —conclusively, adv.— 
conclusiveness, n. 

concoct ( kon-kokt' ), vt. 1. Cook to- 
gether. 2. Digest; prepare, mature. 
— concoc'tion, n. 1. Act of concoct- 
ing. 2. Preparation. [L. coquo, cook.] 

concomitance (kon-kom'i-tans), 
concomitancy ( kon-kom'i-tan-si), 
n. State of being concomitant. 

concomitant (kon-kom'i-tant). I. a. 
Accompanying. II. n. He who or that 
which accompanies. — concomit- 
antly, adv. [L. comes, companion.] 

concord (kong'kard or kon'-), n. Har- 
mony — concordance, n. Agree- 
ment. 2. Index or dictionary of lead- 
ing words or passages of the Bible, 
or of an author. [D. co, and cor, heart.] 



concordant (kon-kard'ant), a. Har- 
monious.— concord'ahtly, adv. 

concordat (kon-kar'dat ), n. Agree- 
ment or compact, esp. between a state 
and the Pope. [Fr.] ^ 

concourse (kong'kors), n. 1. Assem- 
bly of persons. 2. Confluence. [Fr. 
—Li. concwrsusJ] [Growing together. 

concrescence (kon-kres'ens), n. 

concrete ( kon'kret or kong'-). I. a. 
1. Formed into one mass. 2. In logic, 
material, physical; individual (op- 
posed to abstract). II. n. 1. Mass 
formed of distinct parts. 2. Mixture 
of lime, sand, pebbles, etc., used in 
building.— concretely, adv. — con- 
crete'ness, n. [L. concreius, grown 
together.] 

concrete (kon-kref), vi. Unite into a 
solid mass. [crete mass. 

concretion ( kon-kre'shun ), n. Con- 

concretive (kon-kre'tiv), a. Causing 
or having power to concrete. 

concupiscence ( kon-ku'pis-ens ), n. 
Desire for unlawful pleasure; lust.— 
concupiscent, a. . [Fr.— L. co, and 
cupio, desire.] 

concur ( kon-kur' \, vi. [concurring; 
concurred ( kon-kurd' ) . ] Meet; act 
together; agree; assent to. —con- 
currence, n. Joint action; assent. 
-concurrent, a. Coming, acting 
or existing together.— concur- 
rently, adv. [L.— co, SLVL&curro, run.] 
Syn. Agree; assent; combine; meet; 
acquiesce; coincide. 

concussion (kon-kush'un),w. Violent 
shock. [Li.— co, and guatio, shake.] 

concussive (kon-kus'iv), a. Having 
the power to produce a violent shock. 

condemn (kon-dem'), vt. 1. Pro- 
nounce guilty. 2. Sentence to punish- 
ment. 3. Censure, pronounce unfit for 
use.— condem'nable, a. Blamable. 
—condemn a' tion, n. State of 
being condemned; blame; punish 
ment. — condemnatory, a. Contain- 
ing condemnation. [ L. — co, and 
damno, damn.] 

condensable (kon-dens'a-bl), a. Capa- 
ble of being reduced in volume. 

condensation (kon-den-sa'shun), n. 
Act of condensing. 

condense (kon-dens'). I. vt. Compress, 
reduce into smaller compass. II. vi. 
Grow dense. 

condenser (kon-dens'er), n. 1. Appar- 
atus for reducing vapors to a liquid 
form. 2. Appliance for collecting or 
condensing electricity. 

condescend (kon-de-send'), vi. 1. De- 
scend from a superior position. 2. 
Act kmdlv to inferiors; deign.— con» 
descending 1 , a. Yielding to inferi- 



tate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; m§, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf y 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



condign 



113 



confide 



ors; courteous.— condescending- 
ly, adv.— condescension, n. 

condign ( kon-din' ). a. Well merited; 
adequate.— condign'ly, adv.— con- 
dign'ness, n. [L. co, and dignus, 
worthy.] [lu.—condio, spice.] 

condiment (kon'di-ment), n. Relish. 

condition (kon-dish'uu). I. n. 1. Situa- 
tion ; state; circumstance. 2. Required 
quality or circumstance. 8. Stipu- 
lation. II. vi. Makft terms. III. vt. 1. 
Agree upon. 2. Place under conditions. 
— conditional. I. a. Depending on 
stipulations II. n. Word, proposition 
or mode expressing a condition. — 
conditionally, adv. [L,.—condicere, 
consent ] 

Syn. Case; predicament; attribute; 
plight; concomitant; requirement; 
qualification ; term ; provision ; clause. 

condole (kon-dol'), vi. Grieve with 
another ; sympathize in sorrow. — 
condole'ment, condolence, n. 
[Ii. co and doleo, grieve.] 

condonation (kon - do - 
na'shun),7i. Forgiveness. 

condone (kon-don'), vt. 
Forgive, esp. by impli- 
cation. [L. dono, give.] 

condor (kon'dor), n. 
Large vulture found in 
the Andes of S. America. 
[Peruvian, cunturJ] 

conduce (kon-dus'), vi. 
Lead; contribute.— con - 
dn'cible, conducive, a. Leading; 
tending; having power to promote.— 
condn'cibiy, adv.— condu'cively, 
adv.— conducibleness, n. — c o n » 
du'civeness, n. 

conduct (kon-dukf), vt. 1. Lead or 
guide. 2. Direct; manage; behave. 
3. Carry, transmit, as heat, sound or 
electricity, conduct' ible, a. Capa- 
ble of being conducted or transmit- 
ted.— conductibil'ity, n. conduc- 
tion, n. Transmission.— conduct'- 
ive, a. Having the power of trans- 
mitting.— conductivity, n. Power 
of transmitting heat or electricity. 

conduct (kon'dukt), n. 1. Act or me- 
thod of managing. 2. Behavior. 
5|/n. Guidance; deportment; bearing. 

conductor (kon-duk'tur), n. 1. One 
who conducts; leader ; manager. 2. 
That which transmits electricity, 
heat, etc.— conductress, ri.fem. 

conduit (kon'dit), n. Channel or pipe 
to convey water, etc. [Fi\ — root of 
Conduct.] . , „ 

cone (kon), n. 1. Solid pointed figure 
with a circular base. 2. Fruit shaped 
like a cone, as that of the pine, fir, 
etc. [Fr.— L. conus, peak.] 




Condor. 



coney. See Cony. 

confab (kon-fab'). I. vi. Confabulate^ 
chat. II. n. Familiar conversation, 

confabulate (kon-fab'u-lat), vi. Talk 
familiarly together ; chat.— confab* 
ula'tion, n.JLi. See fable.] 

confection (kbn-fek'shun), n. 1. Art 
of making sweetmeats. 2. Mixture i 
preparation. 3. Fancy candies. 4. 
Woman's elaborate garment. — con* 
fec'tionery, n. 1. Sweetmeats. 2 4 
Place for making or selling sweet- 
meats.— confec'tioner, n. One who 
makes or sells confections. 

Confederacy (con-fed'er-a-si), n, 
Persons or states united by a 'league. 

confederate ( kon-fed'er-at ), I. a 
Member of; allied. II. n. Ally; ac- 
complice. III. vi. League together. 
[ L. confaderatus — co and fadus. 
league.] [League^ alliance 

confederation (kou-fed-er-a'shun), n 

confer (kon-iet'). I. vt. [conferring, 
conferred'.] Give, bestow. II. vi. Con- 
sult. — conference, n. Appointed 
meeting for instruction or discussion. 
[Fr.— L. co and fero, bring.] 

conferee fkon-fer-e'), n. 1. One con- 
ferred with. 2. Member of conierenc^. 

conferment (kon-fer'ment), n. Act ol 
conferring, as a university degree. 

confess (kon-fes'), vt. 1. Own, admit. 2. 
Tell, as sins to a priest. 3. Hear aeon- 
fession. — confessedly, adv. [Fr. 
coJifesser—L. co, and /cri, speak.] 

Syn. Acknowledge; avow; concede 
recognize; profess: prove; attest. 
! confession (kon-fesh'un), n. 1. Ack 
nowledgment of a crime or fault. 2 
Statement of one's religious belief. 8 
A sacrament of the 
R. C. Church, (a con- 
dition of absolution), 
consisting of ack- 
nowledgment of sins 
to a priest. 

confessional (kon- 
fesh'un-al). I. a. 
Pertaining to confes- 
sion. II. n. Place for 
confessions. 

confessor (kon-fes'-ur), n. 1. One who 
rjrofesses. 2. Priest who hears con- 
fessions. 

confetto (kon-fet'o), n. [pi. confetti.] 
A confection wrapped in bright paper. 

couiiuitni ( kon-h-dant' ), n. One in- 
trusted with secrets; bosom-friend.- 
confidante ( kon-fi-dant' ), n. feni 
[O. Fr.] 

confide (kon-fld'). I. vi. Trust wholly 
have faith in. II. vt. Intrust; commit 
to the charge of, [L. confido—co, an<? 
Jido, trust.] 




Confessional. 



f*te ; fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wo&j 
mute, hut, b3ru; oil, owl, then, 



confidence 



114 



conglomerate 



confidence (kon'fi-dens), n. 1= Firm 
belief or trust. 2. Self-reliance. 
Syn. Assurance; expectation. 

confident (kon'fi-dent), a. Trusting 
firmly; positive; bold.— confident- 
ly, adv. 

confidential (kon-fi-den'shal ), a. 1. 
Given in confidence. 2. Admitted to 
confidence; private. — confiden- 
tially, adv. 

configuration (kon-fig-u-ra'shun), n. 
External figure, relative position, as 
of planets. [L.] [may be confined. 

confinable ( kon-fi'na-bl ), a. That 

confine ( kon-fin' ). L vi. Limit; in- 
close; imprison. II. n. ( kon'fin ), 
Boundary; limit. — confine'ment, 
n. 1. State of being shut up. 2. Re- 
straint from going out by sickness. 

3. Accouchement. [Fr. conflner — L. 
co, within, an&Jinis, limit.] 

ssonfiran (lkon-ferm'),vt. 1. Strengthen; 
establish. 2. Assure. 3. Admit to the 
Communion. — confirm'able, adv. 
— confirmation, n. 1. Making sure. 
2. Convincing proof. 3. Rite by which 
one is admitted to Communion; in R. 
C. Church the bestowal of the gift of 
the Spirit. 

confiscate (kon'fis-kat), vt. Appro- 
priate to the state, as a penalty. — 
confiscable, a.— confiscation, n. 
eonfisca'tor, n. — confiscatory, a. 
[L. — co, with, and Jiscus, basket.] 

conflagration (kon-fia-gra'shun), n. 
Great fire. [L. — co, and Jiagro, burn.] 

conflict (kon-flikf), vi. Be in opposi- 
tion; clash. [L. —co, axxkjiigo, dash.] 

conflict (kon'flikt), n. Violent colli- 
sion; struggle, [together; concourse. 

confluence (kon'fio-ens), n. Flowing 

confluent (kon'flo-ent), a. Flowing to- 
gether; uniting [L. co, andyZwo, flow.] 

conform ( koh-farm' ), I. vt. Make 
like; adapt. II. "vi. Be of the same 
form ; comply with ; obey. — con- 
fforan'afole, a. Suitable; compliant. 
— conforui'ably, adv. — conform- 
ation, n. Shape; structure. — con- 
form' er, conform'ist, n. One who 
conforms, esp. with the rites of the 
Established Church of England. — 
conform'ity, n. Likeness; compli- 
ance with; consistency. [L.j 

confound (kon-fownd'), vt. 1. Con- 
fuse; throw into disorder. 2. Treat 
erroneously as identical; associate 
by mistake. 3. Perplex; astonish. 

4. Destroy, as in (God) confound it! 

}Fr. confondre— L. con/undo — co and 
'undo, pour.] 
confraternity ( kon-fra-ter'ni-ti ), n. 
Brotherhood; society. [See frater- 
nity.] 



confrere (kou-frar'), n. Associate; 

colleague. [Fr.] 

confront (kon-frunf), vt. Place face 
to face; face; oppose; compare. [Fr. 
confronter—TL,. co and frons, front.] 

Confucian (kon-fu'shan), a. Pertain- 
ing to Confucius, the Chinese philos- 
opher. 

confuse (kon-fuz'), vt. 1. Mingle what 
should be separate. 2. Bewilder the 
mind. 3. Take one idea for another, 
[From the root of confound] 

confusedly (kon-fu'zed-li), adv. In a 
confused manner. 

confusion (kon-fu'zhun), n. 1. Act of 
confusing. 2. Disorder; tumult. 3. 
Perturbation of mind. 4. Destruction. 

confute (kon-fuf), vt. Prove to be false 
or wrong. — confutable, a. — con* 
futa'tion, n. [L. confuto, stop.] 

Syn. Disprove; overwhelm; refute; 
overthrow; oppugn; silence. 

conge (kong-zha'), n. 1. Leave to 
depart. 2. Farewell. [Fr.] 

congeal (kon-jel'), vt. and vi. Thicken ; 
change from the fluid to the solid 
state.— congeal'able, a. FL. congelo 
—co, and gelu, frost.] 

concealment (kon-jel'ment), con« 
gelation (kon-je-la'shun), n. Act or 
process of congealing. 

congee (kon-je'J. Same as conge. 

congee (konje')» n. Rice-water, 
[Hind, kanji.] 

congener (kon'je-ner), n. Person or 
thing of the same kind or nature. 
[L. co, smdgener, kind.] 

congenial (kon-je'ni-al), a. 1. Of the 
same spirit or tastes; kindred; sym- 
pathetic. 2. Adapted; suitable; agree- 
able.— congenially, adv. — conge- 
niality, n. 

congenital (kon-jen'i-tal), a. Existing 
at, or dating from birth. [L. co, and 
genitus, born.] 

conger-eel (kong f - 
er-el), n. Large 
sea-eel, weighing 
up to 100 lbs, [LJ 

congeries (kon-je' Conger-eel. 

ri-ez), n. Collection 

of bodies in one mass. [L.— co, an6 
gero, bring.] 

congested (kon-.ies'ted n. 1. Crowd- 
ed; closed up. 2. Affected with an 
unnatural accumulation of blood. 

congestion (kon-jest'yun), n. 1. Act 
of gathering. 2. Excessive accumu- 
lation, esp. of blood. [L.] 

congestive (kon-jes'tiv), a. Indicating, 
or tending to, congestion. 

conglomerate (kon-glom'er-at). I. 
a. Gathered into a mass. II. vt. Gath- 
er into a ball. III. n. Rock composed 



Site, fat, task, £ar ? fftll, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mitj note, not. move, W9U} 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



conglutln 



115 



conquer 



of pebbles cemented together. — con- 
glomeration, n. [L. glomus, ball.] 

conglutin (kon-glo'tin), n. Album- 
inoid found in almonds and maize. 

conglutinate (kon-glo'tin-at). I. vt. 
Glue together; heal by uniting. II. vi. 
Unite; grow together. [See Glue.] 

congratulate (kon-grat'u-lat), vt. 
Wishjjoy. — congratulation (kon- 
grat-u-la'shun) 5 n. Expression of joy 
on account of good fortune. — con- 
gratulatory, a. [L] 

congregate (kong're-gat), vt. and 
vi. Gather ; assemble. — congre- 
gation, n. Assembly. [L. co, and 
greg-, flock.] 

congregation al(kong-re-ga'shun-al), 
a. 1. Of or pertaining to a congrega- 
tion. 2. Congregational, pertain- 
ing to Congregationalism.— Congre- 
gationalism, n. Church govern- 
ment by the congregation. — Con- 
g-rega'tionalist, n. 1. Adherent of 
Congregationalism. 2. Member of a 
Congregational church. 

congress (kong'res), n. 1. Meeting; 
formal assembly. 2. (Cap.) Federal 
legislature of the U. S. — congres- 
sional, a. [L. co, and gress-. step.] 
Syn. Diet; parliament; legislature; 
convention; conclave; council. 

congrue(kong-gro'), vi. Agree.— con'« 
gruence, congru'ity, ns. — con'- 
gru-eni, con'gru- 
ons, as. Harmoni- 
ous; suitable.— con'- 
grnously, adv . — 
con ' grnonsness . 
n. [L. congruo.] 

conic (kon'ik), con- 
ical, as. Having the 
form of, or pertain- 
ing to. a cone.— con- 
ically, adv. 

conies ( kon'iks ), n. 
Part of geometry 
which treats of the cone. 

coniferous ( kon-if'er-us ), a. Cone- 
bearing, as the fir, etc. [Cone, and 
L. fero, carry.] 

coniform (kon'i-farm), a. In the form 
of a cone 

Cttiijeu&ure (k CI1 -.jek'tur). I. n. Opin- 
ion without proof; guess. II. vt. Infer 
on slight evidence; guess. — conjec'- 
tural, a. — con jec'turally, adv. [L. 
co, &ndjacio. throw. £ 

conjoin (kon-join'), vt. Join togetner. 
. — conjoint', a. United. — con- 
jointly, adv. [See Join.] 

eonjngal (kon'jo-gal), a. Pertaining 
to marriage. — conjugally, adv. 
— conjugal'ityj n- [L*. co,a.wijugum, 
yoke.] 




Conical valve. 



conjngate(kon'jo-gat). I. vt. (Ingram- 
mar.) Give the inflections of a verb, 
II. a. Agreeing; related; coupled. — 
conjugation, n. 1. Joining togeth* 
er. 2. Inflection of the verb. [L. co, 
anAjugum, yoke.] 

conjunction (kon-jungk'shun), n. 1. 
Connection; union. 2. (In gram.) 
Word that connects seftfcCs ces, clau- 
ses, or words. [L.] 

conjuncture (kon-jungk'tur), n. 1. 
Combination of circumstances. 2. 
Important occasion, crisis. 

conjuration (kon-jo-ra'shun), n. 1. 
Act of summoning solemnly. 2. En- 
chantment. 

conjure ( kon-jor' ), vt. 1. Call on or 
summon in a solemn manner. 2. Im- 
plore earnestly. — conjuror, n. One 
bound by oath with others. [Li. co, 
and juro, swear.] 

conjure (kun'jer). I. vt. Compel a 
spirit by incantations ; enchant. 2. 
Raise up needlessly. II. vi. Practice 
magical arts. — conjurer, n. One 
who practicesmagic. 

connate(kon'at).a. 1. In born. 2. Of like 
origin; united. [L. co, and natus, born.] 

connect(kon-nekt'), vt. 1. Tie together. 
2. Establish a relation between. — 
connectedly, adv. In a connected 
manner. - connective. I. a. Bind- 
ing together. II. n. Word that con- 
nects sentences or words. — con* 
nect'ively, adv. [L.] 

connection, connexion (kon-nek'- 
shun), ns. 1. Union by junction or 
relation. 2. Relationship; relative. 3. 
Things connected. 

Syn. Association; continuity; inter- 
course; coherence; communication. 

connivance (kon-ni'vans), n. Volun- 
tary oversight of a fault. 

connive (kon-mv'), vi. Wink at a fault. 
f_L. conniveo, wink.] M 

connoisseur ( Kon-is-sur r ), n. One 
who knows well; able judge. [Fr. — 
L. cognosco.] 

Connote ( kon-not' ) , vt. Imply, as in 
"the word son connotes the idea of 
father.''' — connotation, n. 1. Im- 
plication of something besides the 
object named. 2. Sum of attributes 
expressed by one word. — conno'ta- 
tive, a. 

eonnutoial (kon-nu'bi-al), a. Pertain- 
ing to marriage; nuptial. [L. co, and 

St*t/t>, marry.] 

conoid ( ko'n'oid ), a. Like a cone in 
form. [Gr. — konos, cone, and eidos, 
form.] 

conquer (kong'ker). I. vt. Overcome; 
vanquish. II. vi. Be victor. — con'« 
querable, a. That may be con* 



i, fat. task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, WQtf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



conquest 



116 



consolidate 



quered. — conqueror, n. One who 

conquers. [From L. conqniro, strive.] 

Syn. Overcome; vanquish; master; 

defeat; subjugate ; subdue; surmount. 

conquest (kong'kwest), n. 1. Conquer- 
ing. 2. That which is conquered. 

consanguineous (kon-sang-win'e- 
us ), a. Of the same descent.— con- 
sanguinity, n. Relationship by 
blood. [L.— co, and sanguis, blood.] 

conscience (kon'shens), n. 1. Knowl- 
edge of one's own acts and feelings as 
right or wrong. 2. Sense of duty. 
[L. — co, within, and scio, know.] 

conscientious ( kon-shi-en'shus), a 
Faithful; just. — conscientiously, 
adv.— conscientiousness, n. 
Syn. Scrupulous; honest; exact. 

conscionable (kon' shun-a-bl), a- 
Governed by conscience; just. 

conscious (kon'shus), a. 1. Aware. 2. 
Having the use of one's senses. 3. 
Embarrassed by fear of being ob- 
served.— con'seiously, adv.— con- 
sciousness, n. Knowledge which the 
mind has of its own acts and feelings. 

conscript (kon'skripl). I. a. Enrolled, 
registered. II. n. One who hos been 
enrolled compulsorily as a soldier or 
sailor.— conscrip'tion, w, [L.] 

consecrate (kon'se-krat), vt. Set apart 
for a holy use; render holy.— conse- 
cration, n. I. Conferring bishop's 
powers upon a priest. II. Prayer in 
consecrating Eucharistic elements. 

consecutive (kon-sek'u-tiv), a. Fol- 
lowing in order; succeeding. — con- 
sec'utively, adv. — consec'utive- 
ness, n. [L. co, and sequor, follow.] 

consensus (kon-sen'sus), n. Agree- 
ment; general tendency. 

consent (kon-senf). I. vi. Agree; give 
assent; yield. II. n. Agreement; con- 
currence. [L. co, and sentio, feel, 
think.l 

consentience ( kon-sen'shi-ens ), n. 
Imperfect consciousness. 

jonsentient (kon-sen'shi-ent), a. 1. 
Agreeing. 2. Endowed with consen- 
tience. 

consequence ( kon'se-kwens ), n. 1. 
That which follows; effect. 2. Influ- 
ence; importance. [L. consequentia— 
co, with, and seq%oi^ follow.] 

consequent ( kon'se-kwent ). I. a. 
Following. II. n. Natural effect of a 
cause.— consequently, adv.— con- 
sequential. I. n. Inference; deduc- 
tion. II. a. 1. Following as a result. 
2. Pretending to importance; pom- 
pous.— consequentially, adv. 

conservative ( kon-ser'va-tiv ). I. a. 
Tending to conserve. II. n. One averse 
to change. 



conservatory (kon-ser'va-to-ri), n. 1, 
Place in which things are put for pre- 
servation. 2. Greenhouse or place in 
which exotic plants are kept. 3. 
School of music, 

conserve (kon-serv'), vt. Keep entire; 
retain; preserve. — conser'ver, n. — 
conser'vant, n. Conserving.— con- 
servation, n.— conser'vatisin, n s 
[L. co, and servo, keep.] 

conserve (kon'serv), n. Something 
preserved, as fruits in sugar. 

consider ( kon-sid'er ), vt. 1. Think, 
deliberate on. 2. Take into account. 
considerable, a. Important; more 
than a little. — consid'erahly, adv. 
— coasid'eraoleness, n. [L.] 

considerate ( kon-sid'er-at ), a. 
Thoughtful of other's; serious; pru- 
dent. — consid'erately, adv. — eon- 
sid'erateness, n. — c onsidera'- 
tion, n. 1. Deliberation. 2. Import- 
ance. 3. Motive or reason. 4. Com- 
pensation; basis of a compact. 
Syn. See circumspect. 

consign (kon-sin'), vt. Transfer, in 
trust for sale or custody.— consign' 
or, n. One who sends goods. — con 
signee', n. One to whom anything is 
sent.-consign'ment, n. l.Act of con 
signing. 2. T hing consigned. 3. Writ 
ing by which anything is made over, 

consist (kon-sisf), vi. 1. Be com 
posed. 2. Exist. 3. Be contained (in) 
4. Be compatible.— consistence(kon 
sis'tens), consistency, n. 1. Degree 
of density. 2. Substance, 3. Agree- 
ment. — consist'ent^ a. Fixed; not 
fluid; agreeing together; uniform.— 
consist'ently, adv. [L. -co, and 
sisto, stand.] 

consistory (kon-sis'to-ri), n. 1. As- 
sembly or council. 2. Ecclesiastical 
court.— consisto'rial, a. 

coaisoSable ( kon-so'la-bl). a. That 
may be comforted. 

consolation (kon-so-la/- 
shun), n. Alleviation of 
misery.— consolatory 
(kon-sol'a-t5-ri), &. 

console ( kon-s51' ), vt. 
Give solace or comfort. 
— conso'ler,%. [L. co, 
and solor, comfort.] 

console (kon-sol'), n. 1. 
Bracket, supporting a 
slab, statuary, etc. 2. 
Full-length mirror with 
bracketed support. Console. 

consolidate (kon-sol'i- 
dat ), vt. and vi. Form into a compact 
mass; unite into one. — consolida- 
tion, n. [Li.] 




fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wglf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



consonance 



117 



contagion 



consonance (kon'son-ans), n. 1. 
Agreement. 2. Agreement of sounds. 

consonant (kon'son-ant ). I. a. Con- 
sistent; suitable. II.' n. Letter that 
can be pronounced only with a vowel. 
[L. co, and sono, sound.] 

consort (kon'sart), n. 1. Partner; 
companion. 2. "Wife or husband. [L. 
co and sors, lot.] 

consort (kon-sarf), vi. Associate. 

conspicuous ( kon-spik'u-us ), a. 
Clearly seen ; prominent.— conspic- 
uously, adv.— conspic'nousness, 
n. [L. co, and specio, look.] 

conspiracy (kon-spir'a-si), n. Band- 
ing together for an evil purpose; plot. 

conspirator ( kon-spir'a-tur ), n. 

Plotter- 
conspire ( kon-spir' ) , vi. Plot or 
scheme together; agree; concur to 
one end. [L. co. and spiro, breathe.] 

constable (kun'sta-bl), n. 1. Peace- 
officer. 2. Officer who serves writs for 
a minor court. — con'stablesbip, n. 

constabulary (kon-stab'u-lar-i). I. a. 
Pertaining to constables. II. n. Body 
of constables. [fidelity. 

eonstaney(kon'stan-si), n. Fixedness, 

constants kon'stant ). I. a. Fixed; 
continual; faithful. 'II. n. That which 
remains unchanged. — constantly, 
adv. [L. co, and sto, stand.J 

constellation ( kon-stel-la'shun ), n. 
Group of stars. [L. co, and stella, star.] 

consternation (kon-ster-na'shun), n. 
Terror, confusion. [Li.—co, in a heap, 
and sterno, throw down.]_ 

constipate (kon'stip-at), vt. Clog, 
esp. the intestine. — constipa'tion, 
n. Costiveness. [L. co, and stipo, pack.] 

constituency ( kon-stit'u-en-si ), n. 
Whole body of voters for one member 
of Congress, orlother elected official. 

constituent ( kon-stit'u-ent ). I. a. 
Constituting; forming; essential. II. 
n. 1. Essential or elemental part. 2. 
One of those who elect a represent- 
ative, or other public official. 

constitute (kon'sti-tut), vt. 1. Estab- 
lish. 2. Form. 3. Appoint. [L. co, 
and statuo, make to stand.] 

constitution (kon-sti-tu'shun), n. 1. 
Natural condition of body or mind. 2. 
System of fundamental lav/ for the 
government of a nation, club. etc. 

constitutional ( kon-sti-tu'shun-al). 
I. a. 1. Inherent' in the nature. 2. 
Conforming to the constitution. 3. 
Limited by a constitution. II. n. 
Walk for the sake of;' one's health.— 
constitutionally, adv. 

constitutive (kon'sti-tu-tiv), a. That 
constitutes or establishes; having 
power to enact, etc. 



constrain ( kon-stran' ), vt. Force.— 
constrainedly ( kon-stra'ned-li ), 
adv. By compulsion. [O. Fr. con- 
straindre—Li. co, and stringo, press.] 

constraint (kon-stran t'), n. 1. Com- 
pulsion. 2. Reservation. 

constrict ( kon-strikf ), vt. Bind or 
press together; contract. — cons- 
triction, n. — constrictor (kon- 
strik'tur), n. That which draws to- 
gether; a serpent. See boa. [L.] 

construct ( kon-strukt' ), vt. Build; 
put together the parts of a thing. — 
construction, n. 1. Building. 2. 
Manner of forming. 3. In gram. Ar- 
rangement of words in a sentence; 
interpretation; meaning. — con* 
struct'ive, a. 1. Fit for building. 2. 
Deduced by construction, but not 
expressed. — constructively, adv. 
[L. co, and struo, build.] 

construe (kon'stro)", vt. Translate; 
explain. [custom, habit 

consuetude (kon'swe-tud), n. Usage ; 

consul ( kon'sul ), n. 1. Among the 
Romans, one of the two chief magis- 
trates of the state. 2. One commis- 
sioned to reside in a foreign country, 
as a representative of a government. 
— con'sular, a. Pertaining to a con- 
sul.— consulate, n. Office, residen- 
ce, or jurisdiction of a consul. — 
consulship (kon'sul-ship), n. Office, 
or term of office, of a consul. [L.] 

consult (kon-sulf), #£. and vi. .1. Con- 
sider together. 2. Have in mind.— con- 
sulta'tion, n. [can be consumed. 

consumable (kon-su'ma-bl), a. That 

cousuaue(kon-sum'), vt. Use up.— con- 
su'aner, n. [L. co, and sumo, take.] 
Syn . Destroy; devour; dissipate; 
absorb; exhaust; spend; expend; lav- 
ish; squander; waste; swallow up; 
engulf. 

consummate (kon-sum'at orkon'-), 
I. vt. Raise to the summit; perfect 
or finish. II. a. Perfect. — cousum'- 
mately, adv. — consummation 
(kon-summa'shun), n. Act of complet- 
ing; perfection; close. [L. consummo , 
perfect— co, and summits, highest.] 

consumption (kon-sum'shun) n. 1. 
Act of using up. 2. Disease destroy- 
ing the lungs; phthisis. 

consumptive (kon-sum'tiv). I. a. 1, 
Destructive. 2. Pertaining to phthisis 
3. Having phthisis. II. n. One affect- 
ed with consumption. — consump'* 
tively, adv. 

contact (kon'takt), n. Touch; meet- 
ing. [L.— co, and tango, touch.] 

contagion (kon-ta'jun), n. Transmis- 
sion of a disease or evil by contact. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolfj 
mute, hut, burn-, oil, owl, then. 



contagious 



118 



contract 



contagions (kon-ta'jus), a. That may 

be communicated.— contagiously, 

adv.-conta'g'innsness, n. [ing. 

Syn. Catching; infectious; spread- 

contagium (kon-ta'ji-um), n. In med- 
icine: That which carries the disease 
from one person to another. 

contain (kon-tan'), vt. 1. Hold. 2. 
Restrain. [L. contineo, — co, and 
teneo, hold.] 

contaminate (kon-tam'i-nat), vt. De- 
file; pollute; infect, -contamina- 
tion, n. [L. contamino — contagmen.] 

contemn (kon-tem'), vt. Despise ; ne- 
glect.— contem'ner, n. [L. contemno.] 

contemplate (kon-tem'pJat or kon'-) 
vt. Consider; intend.— contempl.V> 
tion, n. Study, meditation. — con- 
templative, a. Given to contem- 
plation. [L.] 

contemporaneous (kon-tem-po-ra'- 
ne-us), a. Laving, happening, or being 
at the same time. — contempora- 
neously, adv. — contemporane- 
ousness, n. [L. co, and tempus, time.] 

contemporary (kon-tem'po-rar-i). I. 
a. Contemporaneous. II. n. Ouewho 
lives at the same time. 

contempt (kon-temf), n. 1. Scorn. 
2. Disgrace. 3. In law : Disobedience 
of the rules of a court. [See contemn.] 

contemptible ( kon-tem 'ti-bl), a. 
Despicable. — contempt'ibly, adv. — 
contempt'Ibleness, n. 

contemptuous ( kon-tem'tu-us), a. 
Full of contempt; haughty; scornful. 
contemptuously, adv. 

contend (kon-tend'), vi. Strive; strug- 
gle; debate. [L. co, and tendo, strain.] 
Syn. Emulate; vie; contest; fight; 
argue; oppose; combat; litigate. 

content (kon'tent), n. 1. That which 
is contained. 2. Capacity, extent.— , 
pi. 1. The things contained; list of 
subjects treated of in a book. 

content (kon-tenf). I. a. Satisfi>r|. II 
vt. Satisfy; please. — content 'c*8, a. 
Content. — contentedly, adv. — 
content'edness, n. — content'- 
ment, n. [L. contentus.] 

contention (kon-ten'shun), n. Strife; 
debate.— conten'tious, a. Quarrel- 
some— conten'tiously, a^.-con- 
ten'tiousness, n. 

contest(kon-test'), vt. 1. Call in ques- 
tion. 2. Strive (for).— contestable, 
a. [L. -co, with, and testis, witness.] 

contest (kon'test)', n. Struggle; 
strife; debate. 

context (kon'tekst), n. Parts which 
precede and follow a passage. [L. co, 
and texo, weave ] 

contiguity (kon-ti-gu'i-ti), n. State 
of being in close contact. 



contiguous (kon-tig'u-us), a. Touch- 
ing; adjoining; near.— contiguou- 
sly, adv. — contig'uousness, n. 

[Li. — co, and tango, touch.] 

continence (kon'ti-nens), continen- 
cy (kon'ti-nen-si), n. Restraint im- 
posed by a person upon his desires and 
passions; chastity. 

continent (kon'ti-nent), a. Restrain- 
ing the indulgence of pleasure; tem- 
perate; virtuous; chaste. — con'ti- 
nently, adv. [L.—co, an&teneo, hold.] 

continent (kon'ti-nent), n. 1. Main- 
land of Europe. 2. One of the great 
divisions of the land surface of the 
globe. — continental, a. [L. con- 
tinens, holding together.] 

contingence (kon-tin'j ens), contin- 
gency, n. Accident; combination. 

contingent (kon-tin'jent). I. a. De- 
pendent ; accidental. II. n. 1. Un- 
certain future event. 2. Quota, espec- 
ially of soldiers. — contingently, 
adv. [Li. contingo, touch, happen.] 

continual (kon-tin'u-al), a. Without 
interruption; unceasing. — contin'* 
ually, ado. 

continuance (kon-tin'u-ans), n. Dura- 
tion; uninterrupted succession: stay. 

continuation (kon-tin-u-a'shun), n. 
Constant succession; extension. 

continue (kon-tin'u). I. vt. Prolong; 
extend; persist in. II. vi. Remain. 2. 
Last; persevere.— continued, a.— 
contin'uedly, adv.— continuity, 
n. State of being continuous. — con- 
tinuous, a. — contcai'uously, adv. 

contort (kon-tarf), vt. Twist or turn 
violently; writhe. — contor'tion, n. 
[Li. co, and torqueo, twist.] 

contour (kon-tbr), n. Outline. [Fr.] 

contra-, prefix. Against; opposite; 
contrary. [L.] 

contraband (kon'tra-band). I. a. Pro- 
hibited. II. n. 1. Illegal traffic. 2. 
Prohibited goods. [It. See ban.] 

contract i kon-trakt' ), vt. and vi. 1. 
Draw together; lessen; shorten. 2. 
Acquire; incur. 3. Bargain. 4. Betroth 
[Li.— co, and traho, draw.] 

Syn. Abridge; epitomize; narrow; 
condense; reduce; assume; wrinkle. 

contract (kon'trakt), n. 1. Agree- 
ment on fixed terms. 2. Writing con- 
taining an agreement. — contract'- 
ed, a. Drawn together ; narrow ; 
mean. — contract'edly, adv.— con- 
tract'edness, n. — contract'ible, 
a. Capable of being contracted. — 
contractibil'ity, contract ible- 
ness, n. — contrac'tion, n. 1. Act 
of contracting. 2. Word shortened by 
omission of a part. — contract'or, 
n. 1. One of the parties to a contract. 



fate, fati t&sk, £Sr, SrU, fire, above; mS, met, hgr j mite, mitj u6te, not, mbve, wolf} 
m$te, but, p3rn$ oil, owl, then. 



contradict 



119 



converge 



2. One who executes work or fur- 
nishes supplies at a fixed rate. 

contradict ( kon-tra-dikt' ), vt. Op- 
pose by words; deny. — con tradie'- 
tion, n. 1. Act of contradicting; 
denial. 2. Inconsistency. —eontra- 
dict'ive, contradict'ory, a. 
Affirming the contrary; inconsistent. 
— contradictorily, adv. [L. contra, 
and dico, speak.] 

contradistinction (kon-tra-dis-tink'- 
shun), n. Direct contrast. " [alto. 

contralto ( kon-tral'to ), n. Same as 

contrariety (kon-tra-ri'e-ti), n. Oppo- 
sition; inconsistency. 

contrariwise ( kon'tra-ri-wrz), adv. 
On the other hand. 

contrary (kon'tr;,-ri). I. a. 1. Oppo- 
site. 2. Conflicting. 3. Intractable. 
II. n. Opposite. — contrariness, n. 
con'trarily, adt. [ L. contrarius.] 

contrast (kon-trast.'), vi. dmd.vt. Stand 
or set in oppositic n to. [Fr. — L. con- 
tra, and stare, stard.] 

contrast <, kon'tnist ), n. 1. Opposi- 
tion, unlikeness. 2. Exhibition of 
differences. 

contravene (kon tra-ven'), vt. Con- 
flict with.— conti nveii'tion, n. Vio- 
lation. [L.. contra, and venio, come.] 

contretemps (kong-tr-tang"), n. 
Embarrassing incident. [Fr.] 

contre-clance (kon'tr-dans), n. Qua- 
drille. [Fr.=coun try dance.] 

contribute ( kon-trib'ut ),vt. and vi. 
Give or pay a share; help. — contri- 
bution, h.— contrib'ntive, con- 
tributory, as.— contrib'utor, n. 
[L. co, and tribuo, give.] 

contrite (kon'tnt), a. Broken-hearted 
(for sin) ; penitent.— con'tritely.adw. 
—contrition (kon-trish'un). n. Deep 
remorse. [L. co, and tero, bruise.] 

Syn. Repentance; penitence; com- 
punction; attrition; humiliation. 

contrivance ( kon-tri'vans ), n. 1. 

I Act of contriving. 2. Thing contrived ; 

invention; artifice. 

contrive (kon-trlv'), vt. 
Plan; invent.— contri'- 
ver, n. [Fr. controuver — 
trouver, find.] 

control ( kon-trol' ). I. n. 
(formerly comptroll). 
Restraint; authority; com- 
mand. II. vt. [control'ling; 
controlled'. ]Check; govern. 
-controllable, a. Capa- 
ble of, or subject to, con- 
trol.— con trol'ler, n. One 
who or that which con- 
trols; esp. mechanism by 
which the motornmn con 



fcrols the speed of an electric car. 




Controller 



control'Iership, n. — control'* 

raent, n. Act or power of control- 
ling; state of being controlled. [Fr. 
— contre-role, duplicate register for 
checking the original.] 

controversial ( kon-tro-ver'shal ), a. 
Relating to controversy. — contro- 
versially, adv. — controversia- 
list, n. One given to controversy. 

controversy (kon'tro-ver-si), n. Dis- 
cussion, debate; contest. 

controvert ( kon-tro-vert' ), vt. Op- 
pose; refute. — controvert'ible, a. 
Disputable. — controvert'ibly, 
adv. [Li. contra, and verto,x,-a.m.'\ 

contumacious (kon-tu-ma'shus), a. 
Headstrong; wilfully disobedient. — 
contumaciously, adv. — contu- 
ma'ciousness, n. 

contumacy (kon'tu-ma-si), n. 1. 
Obstinate disobedience. 2. In law, wil- 
ful contempt of authority. _ [L.] 

contumelious (kcn-tu-me'li-us ), a. 
Offensively haughty; insolent.— con- 
tnme'liously, adv. — contume'- 
liousness, n. [lence; iusult._[L.] 

contumely ( kon'tu-me-li ), n. inso- 

contnse (kon-tuz'), vt. Bruise, crush. 
—contusion (kon-tu'zhun), n. 1. Act 
of bruising. 2. Bruise. [L.— co, and 
tundo, beat.] 

conundrum (kon-un'drum). n. Rid- 
dle containing some fanciful resem- 
blance or difference between things. 
[Etymology unknown.] 

convalesce (kon-val-es'). vi. Regain 
health.— convales cence, n. —con- 
valescent (kon-val-es'ent). I. a. Gra- 
dually recovering health. II. n. One 
recovering from sickness. [L.] 

convene (kon-veu'), vi and vt. Assem- 
ble. [L.— co, and venio, come.] 

convenient (kou-ve'ni-ent),a. Timely ; 
handy; suitable. — con ve'nience, 
conve'niency, ns. Suitableness; 
accommodation. — conve'niently, 
adv. [sonable; agreeable. 

Syn. Adapted; commodious; sea- 
convent (kon'vent), n. 1. Assembly. 
2. Community of monks, or nuns. 3. 
Monastery, nunnery. — conventi- 
cle, n. Secret religious meeting. 

convention (kon-ven'shun) :i. 1. As- 
sembly. 2. Temporary treaty. 

conventional ( kon-ven'shun -al ), a. 
Formed by convention orcrjtom. — 
conventionally, adv. — conven- 
tionalism, n. That which is esta- 
blished by tacit agreement, as a mode 
of speech. — conventionality, n. 

converge (kon-verj'), vi. Tend to one 
point.— convergence, conver- 
g-ency, n.— convergent, a. 



fite, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, more, woif; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



conversant 



120 



coot 



conversant ( kon'ver - sant ), a. Ac- 
quainted by study; familiar. 

conversation (kon-ver-sa'shun), n. 
Talk; familiar discourse. — conver- 
sational, adv. — conversation- 
alist, n. One who converses well. 

converse (kon- vers'), vi. 1. Have 
intercourse. 2. Talk familiarly. [Fr. 
— L. conversor, live with.] 

converse (kon' vers), a. Reversed in 
order or relation.— con'versely, adv. 

conversion (kon- ver'shun), n. Change, 
esp. of the heart or mind. 

convert (kon-verf), vt. 1. Change 
from one condition to another; 2. 
Divert from its proper use. — con- 
vertible, a. con vertifoil'ity,n.[L.] 
Syn. Transmute ; turn ; pervert ; 

T appropriate; transform; diversify. 

converter (kon-ver'ter), n. 1. Large 
retort for reducing ores. 2. Device 
for changing an electrical current. 




Convex. 
Convexo-concave. Convexo-convex. 

convex (kon'veks), a. Curved outward, 
opposite of concave. — con'vexly , adv. 
[Li.— co, together, and veho, carry.] 

convey (kon-va'), vt. Transport; trans- 
mit; impart; manage. — convey'- 
able, a. — e onvey 'ance, n. 1. 
Means of conveying; vehicle. 2. In 
law : Act of transferring property. 3. 
Writing which transfers it. — con- 
veyancer, n. One who prepares 
deeds for transferring property. [O. 
Fr. conveier — L. co, and via, way.] 

convict (kon-vikf), vt. Prove guilty. 
— convic'tion, n. 1. Act of convin- 
cing or of convicting. 2. Strong be- 
lief. [From root of convince.] 

convict ( kon'vikt ), n. 1. Convicted. 
2. One condemned to penal servitude. 

convince ( kon-vins' ), vt. Satisfy as 
to truth. — convin'ciMe, a. — con- 
vin'cinffly, adv. [L. co, and vinco, 
conquer.] 

convivial ( kon-viv'i-al) , a. Social; 
jovial. — conviv'ially, adv. — con- 
vivial'ity, n. [L. co, and vivo, live.] 

convocation (kon-vo-ka'shun), n. 1. 
Act of convoking. 2. Assembly. 

convolie (kon-vok'), vt. Call together. 
[L. co, and voco, call.] 

convolute ( kon'vo-iot), con'volu- 
ted, a. Rolled together. [See con- 
volve ] [Twisting; fold. 

convolution (kon-vo-lo'shun), n. 



convolve (kon- vol v' ), vt. Roll to- 
gether. [L. co, and volvo, roll.] 

convolvulus ( kon-vol'vu-lus), n. 
Genus of twining plants; bindweed. 

convoy (kon-voi'), vt. Accompany on 
the way, for protection. [From root of 

CONVEY.] 

convoy ( kon'voi ), n. 1. Act of con- 
voying. 2. Protection. 3. That which 
convoys or is convoyed. 

convulse ( kon-vuls' ), vt. Agitate 
violently; affect by spasms. [L. co, 
and vello, pluck, pull.] 

convulsion (kon-vul'shun ), n. In- 
voluntary contortion of the muscles. 

convulsive (kon-vul'siv), a. Attended 
with muscular spasms. — convul- 
sively, adv.— convul'siveness, n. 

cony, coney (ko'ni), n. Rabbit. [L. 
cuniculus.] 

coo (ko). I. vi. Make a noise as a dove; 
caress fondly. II. n. Noise made in 
cooing. [From the sound.] 

cools (kok). I. vt. Prepare food. II. n. 
One whose business it is to cook. [A. 
S. coc,— L. coguo, cook.] 

cookery (kok'er-i), n. 1. Art of cook- 
ing. 2. Place for cooking. 

cooky (koki), n. Small flat sweet cake. 

cool (kol). I. adj. 1. Slightly cold. 2. 
Calm. 3. Indifferent. 4. Impudent. II. 
vt. Make colder; allay or moderate, 
as passion. III. vi. Grow cold. IV. 
n. Moderate temperature. — cool'ly, 
adv.— cool'ness, n. [A. S. col.] 

coolie (ko'li) , n. East Indian or Chi- 
nese laborer. [Hind, kuli.] 

coon (kon), n. Short for raccoon. 

coop (kop). I. n. Box or cage for 
fowls or small animals. II. vt. Con- 
fine in a coop; shut up. [A. S. cypa, 
basket, akin to Cup.] 

cooper (ko'per), n. One who makes 
tubs, casks, coops, etc. — cooper- 
age, n. 1. Work or workshop of a 
cooper. 2. Sum paid for a cooper's 
work. [ing together. 

co-operant (ko-op'er_-ant), a. Work- 
co-operate (ko-op'er-at), vi. Work to- 
gether. — co-op'erator, n. — co- 
operation, n. 1. Joint operation. 2. 
Association for tho cheaper purchas- 
ing of goods, or for 
carrying on some in- 
dustry. — co-op'er- 
ative, a. 

co-ordinate (ko-ar'- 
din-at,). I. a. Of the 
same order or rank. 
II. vt. Make co-ordi- Coot, 

nate. — e o - o r ' d i- 
nately, adv. — co-ordina'tion, n. 

coot (kot), n. Short-tailed water-fowL 
[W. cwt, short tail.] 




fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, bum; oil, owl, then. 



copal 



121 



corner 



copal (ko'pal), n. Resinous substance 
used in varnishes. [Mexican.] 

copartner ( ko-part'ner ), n. Joint 
partner.— copartnership, n. 

cope (kop). I. n. Cap; cloak; mantle 
worn by priests and bishops over the 
alb. II. vt. Cover with a cope. — co'- 
ping,??.. Highest course of masonry in 
a wall. [A. S. cop, head.] [pen, buy.] 

cope (kop), vi. Vie; fight. [Dut. koo- 

Copernican (ko-per'ni-kan), a. Relat- 
ing to the system of Copernicus. 

copier (kop'i-er), copyist (kop'i-ist), 
n. 1. One who copies. 2. Plagiarist. 

copious (ko'pi-us), a. Plentiful. — 
copiously , adv. — co'piousness, n. 
[L. copia, plenty.] 

copper (kop'er). I. n. 1. Metal of a 
reddish color. 2. Vessel, coin, etc., 
made of copper. II. vt. Cover with 
copper [L. cuprum — cuprium <zs 
Cyprian brass.] 

copperas (kop'er-as), n. Sulphate of 
iron, green vitriol. [Prom L. cupri 
rosa, rose of copper.] 

copperhead (kop'er-hed), n. 1. Small 
venomous North- American moccasin 
snake. 2. Term applied to sympa- 
thiser with the national enemy. 

coppice (kop'is), copse (kops), n. 
Wood of small growth, for cutting. 
[From Fr. couper, cut.] 

Copts (kopts), n. 1. Egyptian race. 2. 
Christian sect in Egypt.— Copt'ic, a. 

copula (kop'u-la), n. In gram. Word 
joining subject' and predicate. 

copulate (kop'u-lat), vt. and vi. Unite 
as a pair. 

c°l>y ( kop'i ). I. n. 1. Reproduction; 
duplicate. 2. Book. 3. Pattern; manu- 
script. II. vt. Imitate; transcribe. 
[Fr. copie—Li. copia, plenty.] 

Syn. Model; example; imitntion; 
original: transcript; counterfeit. 

copyright (kop'i-rit), n. Exclusive 
right of an author or his heirs to 
publish for a term of years copies 
of his intellectual work (books, paint- 
ings, engravings, etc.). 

coquet (ko-kef), vi. [coquet'ting; co- 
quet'ted.] 1. Attempt to excite love, 
from vanity, or to deceive; make 
eyes; flirt. 2. Trifle.— coquetry, 
n. — coquette (ko-kef), n. Trifling 
woman.— coquettish, a. Practicing 
coquetry; befitting a coquette. — co- 
qnet'tishly, adv. — coqttet'tish- 
ness, n. [Fr. coqueter, strut.] 

coral (kor'al), n. Hard calcareous sub- 
stance, composed of the skeletons of 
zoophytes. [G-r. korallion.] 

coralline (kor'al-in), a. 1. Of, like, or 
containing coral. 2. Unimpregnated 
eggs of the lobster. 




corbel (kar'bel), n. Small ornamental 
bracket-iike stone support. [Fr.— 

corbeille, basket.] 
cord (kard). I. n. 1. Chord; thick kind 

of string. 2. Measure of wood = 128 

cubic feet. II. vt. 1. Bind with a cord. 

2. Arrange fire-wood in cords. [See 

CHORD.] 

cordage (kard'aj), n. 
Quantity of " c or d s or 
ropes. 

co rdate (kar'dat), a. 
Heart-shaped. [L. cor, 
heart.] 

cordial (kar'jal). La. 
Hearty ; affectionate. H. 
n. Medicine or drink for in- 
creasing vitality. — cord'- 
ially, adv.— cordiality, 
n. [Fr. — L. cor, heart.] 

cordon (kar'dun), n. 1. Ribbon be- 
stowed as a badge of honor. 2. Row 
of jutting stones. 3. Line of militarj 
posts. [Fr.] 

corduroy ( kar'du-roi ) , n. ThicS 
cotton stuff with corded or ribbed sur 
face.— Corduroy road: Roadway made 
of logs [aid transversely side by side. 

core (kor), n. Heart; inner part of 
fruit. [O. Fr. cor.] 

coriander (kS'ri-an'der), n. Plant 
with aromatic seeds, used as spice 
and in medicine. 

Corinthian ( ko-rin'thi-an ), a. Per- 
taining to Corinth, a city of Greece. 
[See plate of columns, p. 105.] 

cork (kark). I. n. 1. Outer bark of an 
oak found in the south of Europe, etc. 

2. Stopper made of cork. II. vt. Stop 
with a cork; stop up. [Sp. corcho— 
L. cortex, bark.] 

cormorant (kar'mo-rant), n. 1. Genus 
of large, web-footed seabirds, of great 
voracity. 2. Glutton. [Fr. — L. cor- 
vus marinus, sea-crow.] 

corn (karn). I. n. 1. Kernel. 2. Grain. 

3. In "U. S., Indian corn or maize 
only. II. vt. Sprinkle with grains or 
salt; preserve in brine. [A. S.J 

corn (karn), n. Horny excrescence on 
the toe'or foot. [From L. cornu,hom.] 

cornea ( kar'ne-a ), n. Transparent 
horny front part'of the eyeball. 

cornel (kar'nel), n. Cornelian-cherry 
or dogwood-tree, with very hard 
wood. _ [pink stone. 

cornelian (kor-ne'li-an), n . Precious 

corner (kar'ner). I. n. 1. Point where 
two lines hieet. 2. Secret or confined 
place. 3. A clique formed for a partic- 
ular speculation in stocks, provisions, 
etc. II. vt. 1. Drive into a corner; 
place at a disadvantage. 2. Create a 
scarcity of a particular stock or the 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



corner-stone 



122 



corrosive 



like, by obtaining command of the 
supply. [O. Fr. comiere—Li. cornu.~\ 
corner-stone (kar'ner-ston), n. 1. 
Stone at the corner of two walls. 
2. Corner of the foundation of a build- 
ing; foundation. 




Cornet a Pistons. 

cornet (kar'net), n. 1. Horn-shaped 
trumpet." 2. Formerly in the British 
cavalry, sub-lieutenant. [Fr.] 

cornetcy (kar'net-si), n. Commission 
or rank of a cornet. 

eornice (kar'nis), n. Highest molded 
projection" of a wall or entablature 
(which see) [Fr. — Gr. kqronis, curve.] 

cornucopia (kar-nu-ko'pi-a), n 1 
Horn of plenty." 2. Horn-shaped re 
ceptacle. [L.] 

corolla (ko-rol'a), n. Principal part 
of a flower, composed of one or more 
petals. [L. dim. of corona, crown.] 

,orollary (kor'ol-a-ri)), n. Something 
proved or given additionally. [L. = 
wreath — coro lla. ] 

corona ( ko-ro'na ), n. Crown; halo; 
top of the head. — cor'onal, coro- 
nary, a. Pertaining to a crown, or 
to the top of the head. [L.] 

coronation (kor-o-na'shun), u. Act of 
crowning a sovereign. [L.] 

coroner ( kor'o-ner ) , n. Officer who 
inquires into accidental or suspicious 
death. [Fr.=crown official.] 





Coronet of 
an English Duke. 



Coronet of 
the Prince of Wales. 



coronet (kor'o-net) , n. 1. Small or infe- 
rior crown. 2. Ornamental head-dress. 

corporal (kar'po-ral), n. Lowest non- 
commissioned officer in the army. [Fr.] 

corporal (kar'po-ral), a. 1. Belonging 
or relating to the body. 2. Having a 
body. 3. Not spiritual. [ L.— corpus, 
body.] 

corporate (kar'po-rat), a. 1. Legally 
incorporated, to act as an individual. 
2. Belonging to a corporation. 



corporation (kar-po-ra'shun), n. 
Society authorized by law to act as 
one individual. 

corporeal (kar-po're-al) , a. Having a 
body or substance; material. — cor* 
po'really, adv.— corporeality, n. 

corps ( kor ), n. 1. Body of soldiers, 
consisting of two divisions. 2. Organ- 
ized body of co-workers, as hospital 
corps, corps of teachers, etc. 

corpse (karps), n. Dead body of a 
human being. [L. corpus.] 

corpulent ( kar'pu-lent ), a. Flesh v. 

— corpulence, corpulency, ris, 
[Fr.— L. corpus, body.] 

Syn. Fat; obese; stout; bulky. 

corpus (kar'pus), n. Body. 

corpusele"(kar'pus-l),7i. Minute body 

corral ( kor-fal' ). I. vt. [corral'ling; 
corralled'.] Drive into a corral or 
pen. II. n. Enclosure to pen up cattle. 

correct (kor-rekf). I. vt. 1. Make right. 

2. Punish. II. a. Free from fault; true. 
correct'ly, adv. — correctness, n. 

— correction (kor-rek' shun ) , n. 
Amendment; punishment. — correc- 
tional, corrective, a. Tending to 
correct.— corrector ( kor-re k'tur ), n. 
[L. co, and rego, rule.] 

Syn. Accurate; exact; just; fault- 
less; blameless; precise; nice; right. 
correlate (kor'e-lat), vi. Be mutually 
related, as father and son.— correla'- 
tion, w.— correlate ve(kor-rera-tiv'). 

I. a. Mutually or reciprocally related. 

II. n. Person, word or thing related 
to another. — correl'atively, adv. 

correspond (kor-re-spond'), vi. 1. (to) 
Have a similar position or function 
with. 2. Be adapted: agree; answer. 

3. Hold intercourse by letters.— cor- 
respond'ence, correspond'en- 
cy, ns. 1. Suitableness. 2. Letters.— 
correspondent. I. a. Agreeing. 
II. n. One with whom intercourse is 
kept by letters. 

corridor (kor' id or), n. Passageway, 
hall. [It. corridore, runner — L. curro.) 

corroborate (kor-rob'o-rat), vt. Con- 
firm; make more certain. — corrob'* 
orative, a. Tending to confirm.— 
corroboration, n. [L. co, and ro- 
boro, make strong.] 

corrode (kor-rod'), vt. Gnaw or eat 
away by degrees; rust.— corrodent, 

I. a. Having the power of corroding.. 

II. n. That whichcorrodes. [L.] 
corrosion (kor-ro'-zhun), n. Act of 

eating or wasting away. 
corrosive (kor-ro'siv). I. a. Having the 
quality of eating away. H. n. That 
which has the power of corroding. — 
corro'sively, adv. — corro'sive- 
ness, n. J See corrode.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, rait; r>ot», not. mover wait; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



corrugate 



123 



council 



Wrinkle, 
[L. rugo, 




Corrugated Iron. 



corrugate (kor'-o gat), vt . 
fold. — corrugation, n. 
wrinkle.] 

corrupt ( kor- 
rupt'). I.vt.l. Make 
putrid: defile ; de- 
base. 2. Bribe. II. 
vi. Rot; lose puri- 
ity. III. a. Putrid, 
depraved; full of 
errors. — cor- 
ruptible, a. 
Liable to be cor- 
rupted. — co r- 
rnpt'ifoly, adv.— 

corruptibility, n. — corrupt'i- 
bleness, n. — corruption (kor-rup'- 
shun), n Rottenness; impurity; brib- 
ery.— corruptive, a.— corruptly, 
adv.— corruptness, n. — corrupt- 
er, n. [L. —rumpo, break.] 

corsage ( kar'saj ), n. Waist of a 
woman's dress. ' [Fr.] 

corsair (kar-sar'), n. 1. Pirate. 2. 
Pirate's vessel. [Fr. — I*. cursus, run.] 

corse (kars), n. Poetic form of corpse. 

corselet, corslet (kars' let), n. Piece 
of armor covering the body. [Fr.] 

corset ( kar'set ), n. Article of wom- 
an's dress i'aced around the body to 
give shape and support; stays. [Fr.] 

corso (kar'so), n. Parade in carriages. 
[It. Name of a street in Rome.] 

cortege (kar-tazh'). n. Train of at- 
tendants. [It. corteggio—corte, court.] 

cortes (kar'tes), n. Span. Parliament, 

cortex" (kar'teks), n. 1. Bark. 2. 
Covering.— cbr'tical, a. Pertaining 
to bark; external. _ [L.] 

corticate (kar'ti-kat), cor'tieated, 
a 1. Furnished with bark. 2. Resem- 
bling bark. 

corundum (ko-run'dum) , n. Oxide of 
aluminum, substance of sapphire, to- 
paz, ruby, amethyst and emery 
[Hind, kurancl.] 

coruscate (kor us-kat or ko-rus'kat), 
vi. Sparkle; flash. [L.] 

corvette (kar-vef), n. Small ship of 
war, next to "a frigate. [Port, corbeta, 
basket.] 

cosmetic (kcz-met'ik). I. a. Improv- 
ing beauty\espeeially that of the com- 
plexion. 31. n, Preparation used for 
beautifying the complexion. [Fr. eos- 
m&igue—Qv. kosmos, adorn.] 

cosmic (koz'mik), cosmical (koz'- 
mik-al), a. Relating to the universe. 
— coVmieally, adv. [Gr.] 

cosmopolitan ( koz-mo-pol'i-tan ), 
cosmopolite (koz-mop'o-lit). I. n. 
1. Citizen of the world. 2. One free 
from local or national prejudices. II. 
o. Belonging to the whole world. — 



cosmopolitanism, n. [ Gr. kosmo- 

polites — kosmos, and polites, citizen.] 

cosmos ( koz'mos ), n. World as ah 
orderly whole, opposed to chaos. [Gr.] 

cosset (kos'et). I. n. Pet lamb; pet. 
II. vt. Pet; fondle. 

cost (kost). I. vt. Require to be expen- 
ded or suffered. II. n. What is ex- 
pended or suffered. [Fr. eouter— L. 
constare, stand at.] 

costal (kost'al), a. Relating to the 
ribs, or to the side of the body. [Li. 
costa, rib.] 

costermonger (kos'ter-mung-er), n. 
Fruit-pedler. [ From Custard (ap- 
ple) and Monger.] 

costive (kos'tiv), a. Constipated. — 
cos'tively, adv. — cos'tiveness, 
n. [F v.— con stipe.] 

costly (kost'li), a. Of great cost; high- 
priced; valuable.— costliness, n. 

costume (kos-tum'), n. 1. Manner of 
dressing. 2. Dress. [Fr.=custom.] 

cot (kot), n. 1. Cottage. 2. Small 
bed. [A. S. ccte, cot or den.] 

cote (kot), n. Inclosure for sheep, 
doves, etc. [Avariety of Cot.1 

coterie (ko'te-re), n. Clique. [Fr.] 

cotillion, cotillon ( ko-til'yun ), n. 
Dauce; german. [Fr.] 

cottage (kot'aj), n. Hut: small dwell- 
ing. — cottager (kot'a-jer), n, One 
who dwells in a cottage. 

cottolene (kot'o-len), n. Substitute 
for lard made from cotton seed oil. 

cotton (kot'n), n. 1. Soft substance 
like fine wool, attached to the seeds of 
the cotton-plant. 2. Cloth made of it. 

cotton-gin (kot'n- jin), n. Device for 
removing seed from cotton fiber. 

cotyledon (kot-i-le'dun), n. Embryo- 
leaf in seed. [Gr.] 

couch (kowch). I. n. 1. Place for rest 
or sleep; bed. II. vt. 1. Lay down on 
a bed 2. Express. [Fr. coucher—L,. 
co, and locate, place.] 

cougar (kb'gar), n. Mountain lion, 
puma. [Brazilian.] 

cough (kaf) I. n. An effort of th6 
lungs to throw off injurious matter, 
accompanied by a harsh sound. II. vi. 
Make this effort. III. vt. Expel from 
the throat or lungs. [From sound. 1 

could (kod), v. Past tense of can. 
[O. E coudt.] 

coulomb ( ko-lom' ), n. Quantity of 
electricity furnished by a current of 
one ampere in one second. [Named 
from C.A. Coulomb, French physicist."! 

council (kown'sil), n. Assembly called 
together for deliberation or advice. — 
coun'cillor, councilman, n 
Member of a council, [L. concilium — 
co. and calo t call.] 



f*te, fat, ta$k, far, ta.ll, fare, above; me, met, h§r; tnite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, but, buru; oil, owl, th&a. 



counsel 



124 



court 



counsel (kown'sel). I n. 1. Consulta- 
tion; advice. 2. Plan. 3. One who 
gives counsel; lawyer, advocate. II. 
vt. Give advice ; warn.— counsellor, 
n. One who counsels ; lawyer. — conn'- 
sellorship, n. [Fr. conseil—Lt. con- 
silium, advice.] 

count ( kownt ), n. In France, Italy, 
etc., title of nobility equal in rank to 
an English earl.— count'ess, n. fern. 
Wife of a count or earl. [Fr. comte — 
L. comes, companion.] 

count (kownt). I. vt 1. Number; sum 
up. 2. Ascribe; consider. II. vi. 1. 
Increase a number. 2 Depend. HI. 
n. 1. Act of computing. 2. Number 
found by counting. 3. Item in an in- 
dictment. — countless, a. [O. Fr. 
■sunter—Jj. computar ] 

countenance (kown'ten-ans). I. n. 
Feature or ex ression of the face. II. 
vt. Favor, approve. [Fr. cofitenanoe], 

counter (kown'ter), n. 1. He who or 
that which counts. 2. That w hie ft in- 
dicates a number. 3 Table on which 
money is counted or merchandise laid. 

counter (kown'ter). I. adv. Against. 
II. a. Contrary; opposite. [L, contra, 
against.] 

counteract (kown-ter-akf), vt. Act 
in opposition to ; hinder, defeat.— 
counteraction, ».— counteract- 
ive, a. 

counterbalance 
( kown' ter-bal-ans) , 
n. Equal weight 
or agency, work- 
ing in opposition. 

counterfeit 
(kown'ter-fit). I. vt. 
Irai ta te ; copy 
without authority ; 
forge. II. n. Some- 
thing false or copied. III. a. Pretend- 
ed; forged; false. 

countermand ( kown'-ter-mand), n. 
Revocation of a former order. 

countermand (kown-ter-mand'), vt. 
Revoke ; contradict. — counter- 
manct'able, a. [L. contra, and man- 
do, order.] [vi. March back. 

countermarch ( kown-ter-march' ), 

countermarch (kown'ter-march), n. 
1. Marching back. 2. Military evolu- 
tion by which a body of men change 
front, or the front rank. 

countermine (ko wn'ter-mm). I. n. 
Mine made to destroy the mines of an 
enemy. 2. Stratagem to frustrate the 
plans of others. II. vt. Oppose by a 
countermine. [cover; quilt. [Fr.] 

counterpane (kown'ter-pan), n. Bed- 
counterpart (kown' ter-part), n. Oppo- 
site ; duplicate; match; supplement. 




Counterbalance on 
Locomotive wheel. 



counterpoise ( kown'ter-poiz ), u. 
Equal weight in the other scale. 

countersign ( kown'ter-sin ). I. vt. 
Sign in addition to the signature of a 
superior; attest the authenticity of 
a writing. II. n. Word or sign, 
given in order to pass a sentry. 

countersink (kown-ter-singk'). I. vt. 
Drill a conical depression, as for the 
head of a screw. II. n. Tool for such 
d rilling. 

countess. See Count. 

counting-house ( kownt'ing-hows ), 
n. Business office of a mercantile es- 
tablishment. 

country (kun'tri), n. 1. Region. 2. 
Rural region. 3. Territory of a nation 
or people. 4. Land in which one was 
born, or in which one resides. [ Fr. 
contree — L. contra, against, toward.] 

countryman ( kun'tri-man ), n. 1. 
One who lives in the country ; far 
mer. 2. One born in the same country. 

county (kown'ti), n. 1. Province ruled 
by a count. 2. Division of a State in 
U. S., with a chief city, called the 
county-seat. 

coupe (ko-pa'), n. 1. Low four-wheeled 
two-seated close carriage. 2. Small 
compartment in a first-class Euro- 
pean railway carriage. 

couple (kup'l). I. n. Two of a kind; 
pair. II. vt. Join.— coup'ler, n. One 
who or that which couples. — coup'- 
let, n. Two lines of verse that rhyme 
with each other.— coupling, n. That 
which connects. [Fr.— L. copula.] 

coupon (ko'pon), n. 1. Interest warrant 
attached to transferable bonds, cut 
off when presented for payment. 2. 
Stub of ticket. [Fr. couper, cut off.] 

courage (kur'aj), n. Firmness in dan- 
ger. — courageous ( kur-a',ius), a. 
Brave.— coura'geously, adv. [Fr. 
— L. cor, heart.] 

Syn. Bravery; valor; fearlessness; 
fortitude ; gallantry ; daring ; intrepid- 
ity; heroism; boldness; resolution. 

courier (ko'ri-er), n. 1. Messenger. 2. 
Traveling attendant. [Fr.=runner.] 

course (kors). I. n. 1. Act of running. 
2. Road, track. 3. Direction. 4. Reg- 
ular progress from point to point. 5. 
Conduct. 6. Part of a meal served at 
one time. 7. Row. II. vt. and vi Run; • 
chase.— cours'er,^. Runner; hunter; 
swift horse.— cours'ing, n. Hunting 
with greyhounds. [Fv.cours—'L.cursus.] 
Syn. Passage; progress; road; way; 
career; race; route; series; method; 
manner; mode. 

court (kort). I. n. 1. Inclosed space; 
space surrounded by houses. 2. Palace 
or a sovereign. 3. Body of persons 



fite, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, woifj 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



courteous 



125 



cracklin 



who form a sovereign's suite. 4. At- 
tention; civility. 5. Hall of justice. 6. 
Judges and officials who preside there. 
II. vt. 1. Pay attentions to; woo. 2. 
Solicit; seek. — coprt'yard, n. In- 
closure near a house. [Fr. cour — L. 
cohors, inclosuve.] 

courteous (kiJr'te-us), n. Of court-like 
manners , polite. — courteously, 
adv.— conr teousness, n. 

courtesy (kur'te-si). I. n. 1. Civility. 

2. Favor. 3. Formal salutation by a 
woman, bending the knees and bow- 
ing. II. (kurt'si), vi. [court'esying; 
conrt'esied.] Drop a courtesy. 

courtier (kort'yer), n. 1. One who fre- 
quents the court of a sovereign. 2. One 
who courts or flatters. [1 in ess, n. 

courtly (kort'li), a. Elegant.— court'- 

eonrt-martial ( kort-mar'shal ), n. 
Court held by officers of the army or 
navy. — pi. courts-mar'tial. 

court -plaster (kort'plas-ter), n. 
Sticking plaster of silk, orig. used for 
beauty-spors at court. [of wooing. 

courtship (kort'ship), n. Act or time 

cousin (kuz'n), n. Son or daughter of 
an uncle or aunt. — cousin-ger- 
man, n. First cousin. [ Fr.— L. con- 
sobrinus—co, and sorer, sister.] 

cove (kov), n. Small bay; pond. [A. 
S.co/a, chamber.] 

covenant (kuv'e-nant). I. n. 1. 
Agreement. 2. Writing containing the 
agreement. II. vi. Contract, bargain. 
[From L. co, and venio, come.] 

cover (k^.v'er). I. vt. 1. Hide. 2. Clothe, 
shelter. 3. Be sufficient for, as ex- 
pense. II. n. 1. That which covers or 
protects. 2. Retreat of a fox or hare. 

3. Table service for one person. [Fr. 
couvrir— L. co, and operio, cover.] 

coverlet ( kuv'er-let ), n. Bedcover; 
quilt. [Fr.— couvre, cover, and lit, bed.] 

covert (kuv'ert).I. a. Concealed. II. n. 
Place that covers or protects, -cov- 
ertly, adv. 

covet (kuv'et), vt. 1. Desire, wish for 
eagerly. 2. Wish for what is unlaw- 
ful. — cov'etable, a. That may be 
coveted.— cov'etous. a. Inordinately 
desirous. — covetously, adv.— cov- 
etousness, n. [O. Fr. coveiter — L. 
cupio, desire.] 

covey (kuv'i), n. Small flock of birds. 
[Fr. couvie—couver, hatch.] 

cow (kow), n. 1. Female of the genus 
'Bos. 2. Female of some other large 
mammals, as the whale, seal, etc. [A. 
S. cu, from its cry.] 

cow (kow).it Dishearten; intimidate. 
[Icel. Jcuga, subdue.] 

coward (kow'ard). I. n. One without 
courage. II. a. Afraid of danger; 



timid.— cow'ardly, adv.— coward- 
liness, n— cowardice (kow'ard-is), 

n. [O. Fr. couard — It. codardo — L. 

cauda, tail.] [in the Western U.S. 

cowboy ( kow'boi), n. Cattle-herder 
cower (kow'er), vi. Crouch; quau, 

[Icel. kura, lie quiet.] 
cowhide (kow'hid). I. n. 1. The hide 

of a cow. 2. Coarse riding whip. II. 

vt. Whip with a cowhide. 
cowl (kowl), n. Cap, hood. [Icel. kufl.] 
cowpox (kow'poks),?i. Pimples on the 

teats of the cow, the matter from 

which is used for vaccination. 
cowry, cowrie (kow'ri) , 7i. Shell used 

for money by savages. 
cowslip (kow'slip), n. Species of wild 

primrose. [A. S._= cow slop.] 
coxcomb (koks'kom), n. 1. Red cloth 

notched like a cock's comb, on a fool's 

cap. 2. Fool; fop. 3. Plant. 
coxswain. See cockswain. 
coy (koi), a. Modest. — coy'ly, adv. — 

coy'ness, n. [Fr.— L. quietus, quiet.] 

Syn. Bashful; shy; shrinking. 

coyote (ki-yof), n. Prairie-wolf. [Sp.] 

coz (kuz), n. Contraction of cousin. 

cozen (kuz'n), vt. Flatter; beguile; 

cheat.— coz'ener, n. [From Ft. cou- 

siner, call cousin.] 
cozy (ko'zi), a. Snug; comfortable.— 

co'zily, adv. [Sc] 
crab (krab), n. 1. 

Common shell-fish 

having ten legs, the 

front pair termina- 
ting in c 1 a w s . 2. 

(Crab), sign in the 

zodiac. [A. S.] 
crab (krab), n. Small 

tart apple. 
crab (krab), vt. and 

crabbed (krabd).] Irritate; fret.*- 

crabbed (krab'ed), a. Ill-natured. 

peevish; difficult.— crab'bedly, adv. 

— crab'bedness, n. 
crack: (krak). I. vi. 1. Utter a sharp 

sudden sound. 2. Split. 3. Make. II. 

vt. 1. Produce a sudden noise with, as 

a whip. 2. Break; split. III. n. 1. 

Sudden sharp splitting sound. 2. 

Chink; rent. 3. Fib; boast. IV. a. 

Excellent; best. [A. S. cearcian, from 

the sound. ] 
cracker (krak'er),rc. 1. Person or thing 

which cracks. 2. Noisv firework. 3. 

Hard biscuit.— Uracker'-jack, n. Kind 

of sweet, made mostly of popcorn and 

molasses. [frequent cracks. 

crackle (krak'l). vi. Give out slight, 
cracklin (krak'l in), n. Species of 

chinaware ornamented by a network 

of small cracks in all directions. 




[crab'bing ; 



fate, fat, task, far. fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, bum; oil, owl, fften. 



crackling 



126 



create 



crackling- (krak'ling), n. Rind of 
roasted pork. [biscuit. 

cracknel (krak'nel), n. Hard, brittle 

cradle (kra'dl), n. 1. Bed in which 
children are rocked. 2. (fig.) Infancy 
3. Frame. 4. Case of a broken limb. 
5. Implement for reaping grain by 
hand. 6. Gold -washing machine. II. 
vt. 1. Lay or rock in a cradle. 2. Reap 
with a cradle. 3. Wash gold in a 
cradle. [Akin to Crate.] 

craft (kraft),w. 1. Cunning. 2. Dex- 
terity. 3. Art; trade. 4. Ships. — 
craftsman, n. One engaged in a 
craft or trade. — crafty, a. Having 
skill; cunning; deceitful. — craft'ily, 
adv. — craftiness, n. [A. S. craift, 
power.] 

crag (krag), n. 1. Rough, steep rock. 

2. In geol. Bed of gravel mixed with 
shells.— crag'ged, crag'gy, a. Full 
of crags; rough, rugged.— erag'ged- 
ness, n.— crag'giness, n. 

cram (kram), vt. and vi. [cram'ming ; 
crammed (kramd).] Press close;stuff; 
eat greedily ; hurriedly prepare for 
an examination. [A. S. crammian.] 

cramp (kramp). I. n. 1. Painful spas- 
modic contraction of muscles. 2. 
Restraint. 3. Bent piece of iron for 
holding together wood, stone, etc. II. 
vt. 1. Affect with spasms. 2. Confine. 

3. Fasten with a crampiron. [A. S. 
See clamp.] 

cranberry (kran'ber-i), n. Red, sour 
berry much used 
for sauce. [From 

CROWNBERRV.] 

crane (kran), n. 1. 

Large wading 

bird. 2. Bent pipe 

for dr awing li- 
quor out of a cask. 

3. Machine for 

r ais ing heavy 

weights. [A. S. 

cran.] 
cranial (kra'ni-al), 

a. Pertaining 'to 

the cranium or skull. 
craniologist (kra-ni-ol'o-jist), n. One 

skilled in craniqlogy, 
craniology (kra-ni-ol'o-ji), n. Science 

of skulls. — craniolog'ieal, a. 
cranium (kra'ni-um), n. Skull. [L.] 
crank (krangk), n. 1. Bend on an 

axis for communicating motion. 2.. 

Person whose mind is turned from 

the normal; a monomaniac- 
cranky (krang'ki), a. 1. Crotchety. 

2. (Naut.) Liable to be upset. [From 

Due krinkelen, curl, bend.] 
cranny ( kran'i ), n. Fissure, chink. 

[Fr. cran.] 




Crane. 




crape ( krap), n. Thin transparent 
crinkled silk stuff, usually black, used 
in mourning. [Fr. crepe = crisp.} 

craps (kraps), n. Game of chance, 
played with two dice. 

crash (krash). I. n. 1. Noise of things 
breaking. 2. Sudden failure or col- 
lapse. II. vi. Make a noise as of things 
breaking. [From tne sound.] 

crass (kras), a. Gross; thick; coarse. 
[L. crassiis.] 

crate (krat), n. Case made of wicker- 
work, slats or rods. [L. cratis, hurdle.] 

crater (kra'ter), n. Mouth of a volcano. 
[Gr. krater, bowl for mixing wine.] 

cravat ( kra-vat' ), n. Neckcloth. [Fr. 
cravate, a corruption of Croat.] 

crave (krav), vt. 1. Beg earnestly. 2. 
Demand. 3. Long for. [A. S. craftan,.] 

craven (kra'vn). i. n. Coward. II a. 
Spiritless.— cra'venly, adverb. — 
cra'venness, n. 

craving (kra'ving), n. Strong desire. 

craw ( kra ), n. Crop, or first stomach 
of fowls. [Dan. kroe.] 

c r a w fi s h (k-ra'- 
fish )_, crayfish 
(kra'tish). n. 
Fresh-water crab. 
[ Fr. ecrevisse, — 
Ger. krebs.] 

crawl (kral), vi. 
Creep or move on; 
move feebly or slowly. [Icel. iraftu; 
Dan. ki-avle^ Ger. krabbeln, creep.] 

crayon (kra'un), n. 1. Pencil made of 
chalk, pipe-clay, etc., variously color- 
ed, used for drawing. 2. Drawing 
done with crayons. [Fr. craie, chalk.] 

craze (kraz), vt. Break; impair; de- 
range. [ Icel. krasa, crackle, from 
which also is derived Fr. icraser, 
crush, shatter.] 

crazy (kra'zi), a. [cra'zier; cra'ziest.] 
Weak; insane.— era' zily, adv.— 
cra'ziiaess« n. 

creak (krek). I. n. Harsh, grating 
sound. II. vt. Make such a sound. 
[From thesound.] 

cream (krem). I. n. 1. Oily substance 
which forms on milk. 2. Best part. II. 
vt. Take off the cream; work into a 
condition like cream. III. vi. Form 
cream.— creamy, a. Full of or like 
cream. — cream'ihess, n. -cream- 
ery (krem'er-i), n. 1. Dairy farm, 2. 
Establishment where cream is made 
into butteror cheese. [Fr. crime.] 

crease (kres). I. n. Mark made by 
folding. II. vt. Make creases in. [Sc. 
creis, wrinkle.] _ 

create ( kre-at' ), vt. 1. Bring into 
being; form out of nothing. 2. Invest 
with a new form, office, etc. [L. creo. ] 



Crawfish. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



creatin 



127 



crib 



creatin (kre'a-tin), n. Crystallizable 
substance found in the muscular tis- 
sue of animals _ [Gr. kreas, flesh.] 

creation ( kre-a'shun ), n. 1. Act of 
creating, esp. the universe. 2. That 
which is created; world. [L. creatio.] 

creative (kre-a'tiv), a. Having power 
to create; that creates. — crea'tive- 
ly, adv.— crea'tiveness, a. 

creator ( kre-a'tur ), n. 1. He who 
creates ; maker. 2. (cap.) The Supreme 
Being; God. [L.J 

creature(kre ? tur),«.. 1. That which has 
been created, esp. an animated being. 
2. Dependent; tool. [L. creatura.] 

creche ( kresh ), n. Day sanitarium 
for children. [Fr.] 

credence (kre'dens), n. 1. Belief; 
trust. 2. Small sideboard. 

credential ( kre-den'shal )« I. a. 
Giving a title to belief. II. n. That 
which gives title to confidence.— pi. 
esp. letters by wbich one claims confi- 
dence or authority among strangers. 

credible (kred'i-bl), a. That may be 
believed.— credibility, n.— cred'i- 
bleness, n— ered'ibly, adv. 

credit (kred'it). I. n. 1. Belief. 2. 
Esteem; reputation; honor; good 
character. 3. Sale on trust; time 
allowed for payment. 4. Side of an 
account on which payments made are 
entered. II. vt 1. Believe; t*'ust. 2. 
Sell or lend to on trust. 3. Enter on 
the credit side of an account; set to 
the credit of. [L. — credo, believe.] 

creditable (kred'it-a-bl). a. 1 Trust- 
worthy. 2. Bringing honor.— cred'it- 
ableness, n.— creditably, adv. 

creditor (kred'it-ur), n. One to whom 
a debt is due. [tion to believe. 

credulity ( kre-du/li-ti ), n. Disposi- 

credulons ( kred'u-lus ), a. Apt to 
believe without sufficient evidence; 
unsuspecting. — cred'ulously, adv. 
— cred'ulousness, n. 

creed (kred), n. Summary of the ar- 
ticles of religious belief. 

creels (krek), n. Small inlet or stream. 
[A.S. crecca.] [basket. [Gael.] 

creel (krel), n. Basket, esp. an angler's 

creep (krep), vi. [creep'ing; crept.] 1. 
Move on the belly, or on hands and 
knees. 2. Move slowly. 3. Grow along 
the ground or on supports, as a vine. 
4. Flaw. 5. Have a feeling as of in- 
sects creeping. [A. S. creopan.] 

creeper(kre'per), n. 1. Creeping plant. 
2. Genus of small climbing birds. 

creese (kres), n. Malay dagger with 
waved blade. 

cremate (kre'mat),^. Burn to ashes; 
incinerate. [L. cremo, burn.] 



cremation (kre-raa'shun ), n. Act of 
burning, esp. of the dead. 

crematory (kre'ma-to-ri), n. Furnace 
for cremating dead bodies. 

crenate ( kie'nat ), crenated (kre'- 
nat-ed), a. Notched, scalloped. [L, 
crena, notch/] 

Creole ( kre'ol ), n. 1. Native of S. 
America or W. Indies, but of pure 
European blood. 2. One born in trop- 
ical America of ary color, but of a 
race not native to it. [Sp. criollo.\ 

creosote (kre'o-sot), creasote (kre'a- 
sot),re. Oily, colorless, antiseptic liquid 
distilled from woodtar. [Gr. kreas, 
flesh, and soier, preserver.] 

crepitate (krep'i-tat), vi. Crackle as 
salt when suddenly heated. [L.] 

crept (krept). Past tense of creep. 

crescendo (kres-sen'do), adv. With 
an increasing volume of sound; a mu- 
sical term whose sign is < . [Iral.] 

crescent (kres'ent). I. a. Growing. 
II. n. 1. Moon as she increases to- 
wards half moon. 2. Turkish standard. 
3. Turkish power. [L. — cresco. grow.] 

cress (kres), n. Species of plants like 
the watercress, with pungent leaves 
used as a salad. [A. S.j 

cresset (kres'et), n. Open lamp on a 
beacon, light-house, etc. 
[From root of Cruse.] 

crest(krest). I. n. 1. Comb 
or tuft as on the head of a 
cock and other birds. 2. 
Plume or other orna- 
ment on the top of a hel- 
met. 3. Figure placed 
over a coat of arms. II. 
vt. Furnish with. or serve 
for, a crest.— Crest-fallen, 
dejected. [L. crista.] 

cretaceous (kre-ta'shus), a. Composed 
of or like chalk. [E. creta, chalk.] 

cretonne(kre-ton'), n. Printed cotton 
cloth, for curtains, etc. [Fr.] 

crevasse (kre-vas'), n. X. Cleft in a 
glacier. 2. Breach in a dam or levee. 
[Fr. crsver, burst.] 

crevice (krev'is), n. Crack; rent. 
[From Crevasse.] 

crew (kro), n. 1. Company. 2. Ship's 
company. [From Accrue.] 

crew. Past tense of Crow 

crewel ( kro'el ), n. Kind of worsted 
yarn, for embroidery. [From Clew.] 

crib (krib). I. n. 1. Rack or manger 
in a stable; stall for oxen. 2. Child's 
bed. 3. Small cottage. 4. Bin for 
grain. 5. Literal translation of a 
classic author. II. vt. 1. [crib'bing; 
cribbed.] Put away in a crib; confine. 
2. Pilfer. [A. S.] 




fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mGte, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



cribbag-e 



128 



cross 



cribbage (krib'aj), n. Game at cards 
in which the dealer makes up a third 
hand to himself partly by taking 
from his opponent's discard. 

crick (krik), n. Cramp, esp. of the neck. 

cricket (krik'et), n. Insect allied to 
grasshoppers. [From its noise.] 

cricket (krik'et), n. Game with hats, 
a ball, and wickets. — crick'eter, n. 
One who plays at cricket. [Cry. 

cried (krid). Past tense and pa. p. of 

crier (kri'er), n. One who cries or pro- 
claims, [law ; offence ; sin. [L. crimen.] 

crime(krim), n. Violation of criminal 

criminal (krim'in-al). I. a. 1. Relating 
to crime. 2. Guilty of crime. II. n. One 
guilty of crime. — criminally, adv. 
—criminality, n._ 

criminate ( krim'in-at ), vt. Accuse; 
involve. — crim'inatory, a. 

criminology (krim-i-nol'o-ji),w. 
Science of the nature, origin, punish- 
ment, etc., of crime. 

crimp (krimp). I. vt. 1. Wrinkle ; plait ; 
make crisp. 2. Decoy into military or 
naval service. II. n. 1. One who 
crimps. 2. Crimped hair. [Dut. Jcrim- 
pen, shrink.] 

crimson (krim'zn). I. n. 1. Deep red 
color, tinged with blue. 2. Red in 
general. II. a. Of a deep red color. 
III. vt. Dye crimson. IV. vi. Blush. 
[From root of Carmine.] 

cringe (krinj), vi. Crouch with servi- 
lity ; fawn. [A.S. cringan— craft#,weak.] 

crinkle (kring'kl). I. vt. and vi. Form 
in wrinkles or twist. II. n. Wrinkle 
or twist. [Dut.] 

crinoline ( krin'o-lin ), n. 1. Lady's 
stiff petticoat, originally made of 
haircloth. 2. , Stiffening. [Fr. — L. 
crinis, hair, and linum, linen.] 

cripple (krip'l). I. n. Lame person. 
II. a. Lame. III. vt. Make lame; de- 
prive'of the power of exertion. [From 
Creep.] 

crisis (kri'sis),w. Decisive moment.— pi. 
crises (kri'sez). [Gr. krino, separate.] 

crisp (krisp). I. a. Dry and brittle. 
II. vt. Curl; twist. — crisp'ly, adv. 
— crisp'ness, ra.— crispy, a. 
Syn. 'Friable; curling; sparkling. 

criterion (kii-te'ri-un), n. [pi. crite'- 
ria.] Standard, or means of judging. 
[Gv.—krites, judge.] 

critic (krit'ik), n. "I. Judge in liter- 
ature, the fine arts, etc. 2. Fault- 
finder. 

critical (krit'ik-al), a. 1. Relating to 
criticism. 2. Skilled in judging liter- 
ary and other productions. 3. Dis- 
criminating. 4. Captious. 5. Decisive; 
dangerous.— crit'ically, adv.— crit'- 
icalness, n. 




Crocodile. 
[er,?i. [A. S.] 



Criticise ( krit'i-siz ),vt. Pass judg- 
ment on; censure. 

criticism (krit'i-sizm), n. 1. Art of 
judging, esp. in literature or in fine 
arts. 2. Critical judgment or remark. 

critique (kri-tek'), n. Critical exami- 
nation; review. [Fr.] 

croak ( krok ). I. vL 1. Utter a low 
rough sound. 2. Grumble. 3. Fore- 

* bode evil. II. n. Sound of a frog or 
raven.— croak_'er, n. [From sound.] 

cr©chet(kro-sha').I. n. Fancy knitting 
made by means of a small hook. II. 
vt. Make fancy knitting. [See crot- 
chet.] 

crock (krok), n. Earthen vessel oi 
various shapes. — crock'ery, n. 
Earthenware. [A. S. croc. Ger. krug.] 

crock ( krok ), vt. 
Soil, smudge. 

crocodile ( krok'- 
o-dil), n. Large 
amphibious rep- 
tile of Asia and 
Africa. [Gr. kro- 
kodeilos.] 

crocus (kro'kus), 
n. Well-known 
flower. [Gr. kro/cos.] 

croft (kroft), n. Small farm.— croft'- 

croinlecb ( krom'lek ), n. Table-like 
structure of stone slabs. [Gael.] 

crone (kron), n. Old woman. 

crony (kro'ni), n. Old intimate friend. 

crook (krok). I. n. 1. Bend. 2. Staff 
bent at the end. 3. Trick. 4. Profes- 
sional criminal. II. vt. 1. Form into 
a hook. 2. Turn from the straight 
line. III. vi. Bend; be bent. 

crook'ed (krok'ed), a. Bent; deviating 
from rectitude; dishonest. — crook- 
edly, adv.— crook'edness, n. 

crop (krop). I. n. 1. All the produce 
of a field, garden, or farm. 2. Craw of 
a bird. II. vt. [crop'ping; cropped.] 
1. Cut off the ends. 2. Cut short or 
close. 3. Mow, reap, gather. — Crop 
out, appear above the surface ; come to 
light. [A.S._crqp, top, protuberance.] 

croquet (kro-ka'), n. Game in which 
the players drive wooden balls, by 
means of long-handled mallets, 
through a series of arches set in the 
ground. 

crosier (kro'zher),^. Staff with a crook 
carried before a bishop. [O. Fr. croce.~\ 

cross (kras). I. n. 1. Structure of two, 
or more',' pieces, one crossing the 
other. 2. Instrument on which Christ- 
died ; symbol of the Christian religion. 
3. Sufferings of Christ. 4. Anything 
that crosses or thwarts. 5. Adver- 
sity, affliction. 6. Mixing of breeds, 
esp. of cattle. II. vt. 1. Mark with a 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf ; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



129 



crucifix 



cross. 2. Lay one body or one line 
across another. 3. Cancel by drawing 
cross lines. 4. Pass from side to side. 
5. Obstruct; thwart; interfere with. 
[L. crux.] 



A 



X=E=f 



# 




Latin. St. Andrew's. Greek. Patriarchal. 

Jerusalem. Papal. Maltese. 

Various Crosses. 

cross (kras), a. 1. Lying across; trans- 
verse. 2. Adverse, opposed. 3. Ill- 
tempered; peevish.— cross'ly, adv. — 
cross'ness, n. 

crossbill (kras'bil), n. Genus of birds 
with the mandibles of the bill crossing 
each other near the points. 

cross-bones (kras'bonz), n. Symbol 
of death, consisting of two human 
thigh or arm bones, placed crosswise, 
generally below a skull. 

crossbow ( kras'bo ), n. Weapon for 
shooting arrows, formed of a bow 
placed crosswise on a stock. 

-rcrossbun (kras'bun), n. Bun marked 
with the form of a cross, eaten on 
Good-Friday. 

cross-examine ( kras-egz-am'in ), vt. 
Test evidence of a witness by subject- 
ing him to an examination by the op- 
posite party. — cross-examina- 
tion, n. 

cross-g , rained(kras'grand),a. 1, Hav- 
ing the fibres intertwined. 2. Per- 
verse ; untractable. 

crossing- (kras'ing), n. 1. Act of going 
across. 2. "Thwarting. 3. Place for 
passing from one side to another. 

crosslet (kras'let), n. Little cross. 

cross-question (kras'kwes-chun), vt. 
Cross-examine. 

cross-reference ( kras-ref'er-ens ), n. 
Reference from one part of a book 
to another. 

crossroad (kras'r5d), n. Crossway.— 
crossroads, k. Small settlement at 
a place where roads_ cross. 

crosstrees (kras'trez), n. Pieces of 
timber across the upper end of the 
lower-masts and top-masts of a ship. 



crossway (kras'wa), n. Way that 

crosses another. 
crosswise (kras'wiz), adv. 1. In the 

form of a cross. 2. Across, 
crotchet (kroch'et), n. 1. Little hook. 

2. In music, a quarter note. 3. Per- 
verse fancy; whim.— croteh'ety, a. 

Having crotchets; whimsical. 
croton (kro'tun), n. Genus of tropical 

plant, producing a brownish-yellow 

oil, violently purgative. [Gr.] 
crouch ( krowch ), vi. Squat on the 

ground; cringe; fawn. [From root 

of Crook.] 
croup (krbp), n. Disease in the throat 

of children, accompanied by a hoarse 

cough. [A. S., from the sound.] 
croup (krop), n. Rump of a hor«e ; 

place behind the saddle [From Crop.] 
crow (kro). I. n. 1. Large black bird. 

2. Cry of a cock. 3. Boast. II. vi. 1. 

Cry as a cock, in joy or defiance. 2 

Boast; swagger. [A. S. crawan, from 

the sound.] 
crowbar (kro'bar), n. Large iron bar 

with a c law like the beak of a crow. 
crowd ( krowd ). I. n. Multitude ; 

throng. II. vt. Gather into a mass; 

fill. HI. vi. Press; push. [A. S. crudati 

push.] 
crowfoot ( kro'fot ), n. Weed, with a 

flower resembling a crow's foot. 





Crowns. 

Victorian Crown Imperial Crown 

of England. of Austria. 

crown (krown). I. n. 1. Ornamental 
covering for the head. 2. Head-dress 
of a sovereign. 3. Regal power. 4. 
Top. 5. Completion ; accomplish- 
ment. 6. In England, 5-shilling piece! 
stamped with a crown. II. vt. 1. Invest 
with a crown; invest with royal dig- 
nity. 2. Adorn; dignify. 3. Complete 
[From L. corona.] 

crucial (kro'shal), a. 1. Like a cross. 
2. Decisive. 3. Extremely severe. 
[From L. crux, cross.] 

crucible(kro'si-bl), 
n. Earthen pot, for 
melting ores, met- 
als, etc. [L. from 
root of Crock.] 

crucifix (kro'si- 
fiks), n. Figure 
or picture of Christ fixed to the cross. 




Crucibles. 



fate, fat, task. far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



crucifixion 



130 



cubic 



crucifixion (kro-si-fik'shun). n. Death 
on the cross, esp. tbat of Christ. 

cruciform ( kro'si-farm ), a. In the 
form of a cross. 

crucify (kro'si-ii), vt. 1. Put to death 
by nailing to a cross. 2. Subdue 
completely; mortify. [From L. crux, 
cross, and jlgo, fix.] 

crude (krod), a. Raw ; unprepared ; 
unfinished ; immature. — crnde'ly, 
adv.— crude'»ess,re. [L. crudus, raw.] 

crudity (kro'di-ti), n. 1. Rawness; 
unripeness. 2. That which is crude. 

4Jr«eI (kro'el), a. Disposed to inflict 

pain; merciless. — cru'elly, adv. — 

cru'elty, n. [Fr. cruel— L. crudelis.] 

Sy/i. Barbarous; brutal; inhuman; 

savage; bestial. [or condiments. 

cruet (kro'et), n. Small jar for sauces, 




Cruiser Brooklyn U. S. Navy. 

cruise (kroz). I. vi. Sail to and fro. 

II. n. Voyage in various directions.— 

erui'ser, n. Fast warship. [Dut. 

kruisen—kruis, cross.] 
cruller (krul'er), n. Curled or crisped 

cake, boiled in fat. [Dut. krullen, curl.] 
crumb (krum), n. 1. Small morsel of 

bread. 2. Soft part of bread. [A. S. 

cruma ] 
crumble (krum'bl), vt. and vi. Break 

or fall into small pieces; decay. [Dim. 

of crumb.] [beavier than a muffin. 
crumpet (krum'pet), n. Soft cake, 
crumple ( krum'pl ), vt. and vi. Fold 

and wrinkle; deform. 
crunch (kruneh), vt. Crush with the 

teeth. [From the sound.] 
crupper (krup'er), n. Strap of leather 

passing under the horse's tail to keep 

the harness from slipping forward. 

[Fr. croupiere.~] 
crural (kro'ral), a. Belonging to or 

shaped like a leg. [From L. cms, leg.] 
Crusade (kro-sad'). I. n. 1. Military 

expedition under the banner of the 

cross, to recover the Holy Land from 

the Turks. 2. Any vigorous concerted 

actionagainstevil.II.w. Fight.— cru- 

sa'der, n. One engaged in a crusade. 

[Li. crux, cross.] 
urnse (kroz), n. Earthen pot ; bottle. 

[Icel. krus.] 



crush (krush). I. vt. 1. Break and 

bruise; crowd; press. 2. Rumple. II. 
n. Violent squeezing. [Akin to crash.] 

crust (krust). I. n. Hard rind. II. vi. 
and vt. Gather into or cover with a 
hard crust. [O. Fr. — L. crusta.] 

Crustacea (krus-ta'shi-a), n.pl Class 
of animals whose bodies are covered 
with a hard shell, as lobsters.— crus- 
ta'cean ( krus-ta'shi-an ), n. One of 
the Crustacea.— crusta'ceous, a. 

crusty (krust'i), a. 1. Having a hard 
or harsh exterior. 2. Cross; snappy.— 
crust'ily, adv.— crust'iness, n. 

crutch (kruch), n. 1. Staff with a cross- 
piece at the head to place under tbe 
arm of a lame person. 2. Any sup- 
port like a crutch. [Froom root of 
crook ] 

cry (kii), v. [cry'ing; cried.] I. vi. 1. 
Utter a sbrill sound. 2. Weep; bawl. 
II. vt._ Utter loudly; proclaim. III. n. 
1. Loud utterance. 2. Sound uttered 
by an animal. 3. Lamentation, weep- 
ing. 4. Complaint of injustice or op- 
pression. 5. Party call. 6. Pack of 
hounds. 7. Hunting party. — cri'er, 
n. [Fr. crier.] 

crypt (kript), n. Underground cell, 
esp. one used for burial. [Gr. krypto, 
conceal.] 

Cryptogamia ( krip-to-ga'mi-a ), n. 
Class of fiowerless plants. — crypto.' 

f:am'ic, cryptog'amous, a. [Gr. 
ryptos, concealed, and gamas, mar- 
riage.] 

cryptogram (krip'to-gram ), cryp- 
tograph <;krip'to-graf), n. Writing 
in cipher. [Gr. kryptos, concealed, and 
gramma, writing.] 

crystal (kris'tal), n. 1. Superior kind 
of glass. 2. Matter in a definite geo 
metrical form, with plane faces. 3. 
Glass over a watch-face. [Gr. krys 
tallos, ice.] 

crystal (kris'tal), crystalline (ki'is'- 
tal-m or -in), a. Consisting of, or 
like crystal in clearness, etc. _ 

crystal Bization ( kris-tal-i-za'shun), 
n. Act of crystallizing. 

crystallize ( kris'tal-xz), vt. and vi. 
Reduce to, or assume the form of a 
crystal. 

cub (kub), n. Young of certain ani- 
mals, as bears, etc. [Ir. cuib.] 

Cuban ( ku'ban), a. Related or pecu- 
liar to the island of Cuba. 

cube (kub). I. n. 1. Solid body having 
six square faces. 2. Third power of a, 
number, as— 2x2x2=8. II. vt. Raise 
to the third power. [Gr, kybos.] 

cubic (ku'bik), cubical (ku'bi-kal), a. 
Pertaining to, or like a cube.— cubic 
ally, adv. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



cubit 



131 



cupidity 




Cuckoo. 



cubit ( ku'bit ), ft. Ancient measure, 
varying from 18 to 22 .inches. [L. 
cubitum, elbow.] 

cuckoo (kok'o), ft. 
Bird which cries 
"cuckoo," remark- 
able for laying its 
eggs in the nests 
of other birds. 
[From the sound.] 

cucnmber (ku'- 
kum-ber),ft. Creep- 
ing plant whose "unripe fruit is used 
as food. [L. cucumis.] 

cud(kud),ft. The food brought from 
the first stomach of a ruminating 
animal back into the mouth and 
chewed again. 

cuddle (kud'l). I. vt. Lie close; snug- 
gle. II. n. Close embrace. [Etymol- 
ogy doubtful]. [room. 

cuddy (kud'i), ft. Small cabin, cook- 
cudgel (kuj'l). I. n. Heavy staff; club. 
II. vt._ Beat with a club. [W. cogyl.] 

cue (ku), ft. 1. Queue, tail, twist of 
hair at the back of the head. 2. Stick 
used in playing billiards. 3. Catch- 
word ; hint. [Pr. queue.] 

cuff [kuf]. I ft. Stroke. II. vt. Slap. 

cuff (kuf), n. Part of the sleeve near 
the wrist, often detached. 

cuirass (kwe-ras'), n. Defensive ar- 
mor_ for the breast. — cuirassier 
(kwe-ras-er'), ft. Soldier armed with a 
cuirass. [Pr. cuir, leather.] 

cuisine (ksve-zeu'), «. 1. Cooking de- 
partment. 2. Style of cooking. [Pr.] 

cul-de-sac (kol-de-sak'), ft. Passage 
open only at one end. [Fr = bottom 
of a bag.] 

culinary (ku'lin-ar-i), a. Pertaining 
to cookery. [L.— culina, kitchen.] 

cull (kul), vt. Select; pick out. [Pr. 
cueillir, gather.! 

cullender. See colander. 

cullet (kul'et). n. Broken glass refuse 
used for remelting. 

culm (kulm), ft. 1. Hollow stem of 
grasses. 2. Slaty kind of coal. 

culminate (kul'min-at), vi. 1. Reach 
the highest point. 2. In astron. Be 
at the highest point of altitude. — 
culmina'tion, ft. 1. Act of culmi- 
nating. 2. Highest point. 3. In as- 
tron. Transit across the meridian 
or highest point for the day. 

culpability (kul-pa-bil'i-ti), culpa. 
bleness (kul'pa-bl-hes) , ft. Liability 
to blame. 

culpable (kul'pa-bl), a. Faulty, crimi- 
nal.— cul'pably, adv. [From L. culpa, 
fault.] 

culprit (kul'prit ), ft. One culpable, 
criminal. [From L. culpatus, accused.] 



cult (kult), ft. 1. System of worship. 
2. Concerted veneration. [L. cultus.] 

cultivate (kul'ti-vat), vt. 1. Till, pro- 
duce by tillage. 2. Prepare for crops. 
3 Devote attention to. 4. Civilize, 
refine. — cul'tivator, n. — cu It i ra- 
tion, ft. 1. Art or practice of culti- 
vating. 2. Civilization, refinement. 
[Prom L. colo.jUl.] 

culture (kul'tur). I. ft. Cultivation, 
refinement. II. vt. Cultivate; improve. 
[L. cultura.] 

culverin (kul'ver-in), n. Ancient long 
cannon. 

culvert (kul'vert), ft. Arched water- 
course, etc. [Fr. couler, flow.] 

cumber (kum'ber), vt. Burden or hin- 
der with something useless; retard, 
trouble. —cum'bersome, a. Trou- 
blesome. [O. Fr. combrer—Lt. cumulus, 
heap ] [brance. 

cumbrance (kum'brans), n. Encum- 

cumbrous ( kutn'brus ), a. Hindering; 
heavy — cum'brously, adv.— enm- 
brousness, ft. 

cumin, cummin (kum'in), ft. Small 
plant with aromatic seeds. 

cumulate (ku'mu-lat), vt. Heap to- 
gether; accumulate.— cumula'tion, 
ft. — cu'mulative, a. Increasing by 
successive additions. [From L. cu- 
mulus, heapj 

cumulus (ku'mu-lus), n. Heaped-up 
cloud. — pi. cu'muli. [L.] 

c u n e i f © r m 
(ku-ne'i- -__ ><M 

farm), a. J ►¥ +■ ™ _¥ 33 a 
Wedge-shap- 1 ► !**▼•*- i *~* 

ed V,r p * ?i a .5E Nabu—Kudurri— TTzur. 
applied to the 

Old Babylon- Assyrian nnraeofNebu- 

ian and ASSV- <*adnezzar in cuneiform 

rian charac- characters. 

ters. [L. cu- 

neus, wedge, and Form.] 

dinner (kun'er), n. Small brownish- 
blue fish of the Atlantic coast of U. S. 

cunning (kun'ing). I. a. Knowing ; 
artful. II. ft. 1. Skill. 2. Deceit.— cun'- 
ningly, adv. [A. S." cunnan, know.] 
Syn. Crafty; sly; subtle; wily. 

cup (kup). I. ft. 1. Drinking vessel; cup- 
shaped vessel offered as a prize. 2. 
Liquid contained in a cup. 3. Afflic- 
tions ; blessings. II. vi. [cupping ; 
cupped.] Extract blood from the 
body by means of cupping-glasses. 
[A. S. cuppe. Gev.kopf, head.] 

cupboard (kub'urd), n. Closet for 
keeping victuals, dishes, etc. [Cup 
and Board.] [— cupio, desire.] 

Cupid (ku'pid), ft. God of love. [L. 

cupidity (ku-pid'i-ti). n. Eager desire; 
covetousness ; lust. [L. cupiditas.] 



fate, fff.t, task, far fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then.. 



cupola 



132 



custody 



cupola (ku'po-la ), n. 1. Vaulted ceil- 
ing. 2. Small lantern or dome-like 
structure on a roof. 3. Furnace. [It.] 

cupreous ( ku'pre-us ), a. Coppery- 
cur (kur), n. 1. Worthless dog. 2. 
Churlish fellow.— cur'rish, a. [Dan. 
kurre, snarlj [cured.— cur abil'ity,7i. 

curable (kur'a-bl), a. That, may be 

curacy (kur'a-'si), n. Office, employ- 
ment, or benefice of a curate. 

curate (kur'at), n. Assistant clergy- 
man, [cure. 

curative (kur'a-tiv), a. Tending to 

curator ( ku-ra'tur ), n. Superinten- 
dent; guardian appointed by law. 

curb (kurb). I. vt. 1. Bend; subdue; 
restrain, check. 2. Furnish with or 
guide by a curb. II. n. 1. Check, 
hindrance. 2. Chain or strap attached 
to the bit of a bridle for restraining 
the horse. 3. Curbstone. 4. Casing of a 
well. [Fr. courier — Li.jcurvus, crooked.] 

curbstone (kurb'ston), n. Stone or 
row of stones placed on edge against 
earth, esp. bet. roadway and sidewalk. 

curd (lriird), n. Milk coagulated; 
cheese part of milk. [Ir. cruth.] 

curdle (kur'dl), vt. and vi. Turn into 
curd; congeal. 

cure (kur). I. n. 1. Act of healing. 2. 
Remedy. II. vt. 1. Heal. 2. Preserve, 
as by salting. [La. cura, care.] 

cure (ko-ra'), n. Parish priest. [Fr.] 

curfew (kur'fu), n. Evening bell. [Fr. 
couvrefeu, cover up the fire.] 

curiosity (ku-ri-os'i-ti), n. 1. Inqui- 
sitiveness._ 2. Anything rare. 

curious (ku'ri-us),*o. Anxious to learn; 
inquisitive. 2. Skillfully made. 3.. Sin- 
gular; rare. - cu'riously, adv. — 
cu'riousness, n. [Fr. curieucc.] 
Syn. Prying; inquiring; iutrusive. 

curl (kiirl). I. vt. 1. Form into rin- 
glets; coil. 2. Play at the game of 
curling. II. n. Ringlet of hair, or the 
like; wave; twist. [M. E. crull. Ger. 
kroll.] 

curlew (kur'lu), n. 
Wading-bird with 
long slender bill 
and short tail. 
[From its cry.] 

curling(kurl'ing),». 
Hurling heavy 
stones along a 
sheet of ice. [Sc] 

curmudgeon (kur-muj'un), n. Ava- 
ricious, ill-natured fellow. [ From 
corn, and mudge, hoard.] 

currant (kur'ant), n. 1. Small raisin. 
2. Fruit of garden shrub. [ From 
Corinth, in Greece.] 

currency ( kur'en-si ), n. 1. Circula- 
tion. 2. Money of a country. 




current (kur'ent). I. a. 1. Passing 
from person to person; generally re- 
ceived. 2. Now passing; present. II. 
n. Stream, as of water, electricity, 
etc., moving in a certain direction,, 
— cur'rently, adv. [L. currens.} 
Syn. Course; flow; rush; tide. 

curriculuni(kur-rik'u-lum), n. Course 
of study. [ L. ] [tanned leather. 

currier (kur'i-er), n. One who dresses 

curry (kur'i), n. 1. E. Indian mixture 
of spices. 2. Dish prepared with it. 

curry (kur'i), vt. 1. Dress leather. 2. 
Rub down a horse. 3. Beat. — Curry 
favor, seek favor by flattery. [O. Fr. 
corroier. prepare.] 

curse (kurs). l.vt. 1. Invoke evil upon, 
2. Consign to perdition. 11. vi. Swear. 
III. n. 1. Malediction; invocation of 
evil. 2. Great evil; bane. [A. S. curs 
— Li. crux, cross.] 

cursory (kiir'so-ri), a. Hasty; superfi- 
cial.— cur'sorifiy, adv. [L. curro,run.] 

curt (kurt), a. Short.— curt'ly, adv.— 
curt'ness, n. [A. S. kort. Ger. kurz.~\ 
Syn. Concise; compressed; abrupt; 
brief; brusk; tartj gruffish. 

curtail (kur-tal'), vt. Cut short ; 
abridge. [It. cortaldo, bobtail.] 

curtain (kur'tin). I. n. 1. Drapery 
hung as a screen, etc. 2. Part of a 
i-ampart between two bastions. II. vt. 
Furnish with curtains. [O. Fr. cortine, 
root of Court.] 

curtsy (kurt'si). Same as Courtesy. 

curvature ( kur'va-chor or-tur ), n. 
Bending. * 

curve (kurv). I. n. Bent line; arch. 
II. vt. and vi. Bend; form into a cur- 
ve. [L. curvus.] 

curvet (kur 'vet). I. n. Certain leap of a 
horse; frolic. II. vi. Leap in curves; 
frisk. 

curvilinear (kiir-vi-lin'i-ar), curvi- 
lineal (kur-vi-lin'i-al), a. Bounded 
by curved lines. 

cushion (kosh'un). I. n. Bag filled 
with soft, elastic stuff; pillow, II. vt. 
Seat on or furnish with a cushion. 
[Fr. coussm—lj. culcita.] 

cusp (kusp), n. Point; horn; etc.— 
cuspidate ( kus'pi-dat ), a. Having 
a sharp point-. [L. cuspis, spear.] [Pg.] 

cuspidor ( kus'pi-dor ), n. Spittoon. 

cuss (kus). I. vt. and vi. Swear at ; 
curse. II. n. Mean fellow; rascal. 

custard (kus'tard), n. Composition 
of milk, eggs, etc., sweetened, flavor- 
ed, and cooked. [From Crust.] 

custodian (kus-to'di-an), n. One who 
has care of abuilding',animbecile,etc. 

custody (kus'to-di), n. 1. Care. 2. 
Imprisonment. [L. custodia.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



133 



czareviton 



custom (kus'tum), n. 1. Frequent 
repetition of the same act. 2. Regular 
trade. 3. pi. Duties on imports and ex- 
ports. [O. Fr. costume— Ij. consuetudo, 
customs.] [ner; practice. 

Syn. Fashion; habit; usage; man- 
customary (kus'tum-ar-i), a. Accor- 
ding to usage.— customarily, adv. 

customer (kus'tum-er), n. One who 
frequents a place of business; buyer. 

cut (kut). I. vt. [cut'ting; cut.] 
l.Make an incision; cleave or pass 
through. 2. Divide ; separate. 3. 
Wound; hurt. 4. Polish ; grind in 
facets. II. n. 1. Cleaving ; dividing. 
2. Stroke; blow. 3. Incision; wound. 
4. Piece cut off. 5. Engraved block, 
or the picture from it. 6. Manner of 
cutting; fashion. 7. That which re- 
duces or shortens, as a short cut.— Gut 
and dried: Settled in advance. [Gael.] 

cutaneous (ku-ta'ne-us), a. Pertain- 
ing to the skin. [Acute.] 

cute (kut), a. Sharp ; smart. [From 

cuticle (ku'ti-kl), n. 1. Outermost 
layer of the skin. 2. Any similar cov- 
ering or lining. [L. dim. of cutis, skin.] 

cutlas or cutlass (kut'ias) , n. Short 
broad curving sword with one edge. 
[Fr. coutelas, from root of colter.] 

-sutler (kut'ler), n. One who makes, 
sells, or sharpens knives.— cut'lery, 
n. 1. Business of a cutler. 2. Cutting 
instruments in general. (O. Fr. coteler 
—root of COLTER.] 

cutlet (kut'let), n. Slice of mutton, 
lamb or veal, with a rib. [Fr. cotelette, 
dim. of c6te—L,. costa, rib.] 

cutter (kut'er), n. 1. Person or thing 
that cuts. 2. Small swift vessel with 
one mast. 3. Light sleigh. 

cuttle(kut'l), cuttle-fish (kufl-fish), 
n. Kind of mollusk, ejecting an inky 
liquid; devil-fish. [A. S. cudele.] 

cuttlebone (kut'1-bon), n. Bonelike 
plate found in the cuttlefish. 

cyan eons (si-a'ne-us), a. Azure; blue. 
[Gr. kyanos, dark blue.] 

cyanide ( si'a-nid or -nid), n. In cliem. 
Combination of cyanogen with a me- 
tallic base. — Potassium cyanide : 
Strongly poisonous, crystalline solid, 
extensively used in photography. 

cycle (si'kl). I. n. 1. Period of time. 2. 
Imaginary circle or orbit in the 
heavens. 3. Bicycle, tricycle, etc. 
II. vi. 1. Recur in fixed periods of 
time. 2. Ride a bicycle, etc.— cycler 
(si'kler). One who rides a cycle. [Gr. 
kyklos, circle.] 

cyclic (sik'lik), cyclical (sik'lik-al), 
a. Pertaining to, or containing", a 
cycle. [cycle, cycler. 

cyclist (si'klist), n. One who rides a 



cycloid (si'kloid), n. 1. Figure like a 
circle. 2. Curve made by a point in a 
circle, when the circle is rolled along 
a straight line.— eycloid'al, a. [Gr. 
kyklos, and eidos, form.] 

cyclometer ( si-klom'e-ter ), n. Ins- 
trument for registering the revolu- 
tions of a wheel. 

cyclone (si'klon), n. Rotatory storm, 
esp. a destructive tornado. 

cyclopaedia, cyclopedia, (si-klo- 
pe'di a), n. 1. Compass of human 
knowledge. 2. Work containing in- 
formation on every department, or on 
a particular department of know- 
ledge; encyclopedia. — cyclopedic, 
a. [Gr. kyklos, and paideia, learning.] 

Cyclopean (si-klo-pe'an), a. Of or like 
the Cyclopes, a fabled race of giants 
with one circular eye in the middle of 
the forehead. [Gr. —kyklos, circle, and 
ops, eye.] [cygne.] 

cygnet (sig'net), n. Young swan. [Fr. 

cylinder (sil'in-der), n. Solid round 
body, whose ends are equal parallel 
circles. [Gr.— kylindo, roll.] 

cylindric (si-lin'drik), cylindrical, 
a. Resembling a cylinder. 

cymbal (sim'bal), n. Hollow musical 
instrument of 'brass, beaten together 
in pairs. [From Gr. kymbe, hollow.] 

cyme(sim), n. Kind of inflorescence, as 
of the forget-me-not. [Gr. kyma, wave.] 

cynic (sin'ik). I. a. 1. Dog-like; snarl- 
ing. 2. Pertaining to the Cynics. II. 
n. 1. One of an austere sect of Greek 
philosophers. 2. Sneering fault finder. 
— cyn'ical, a.— cyn'icism, n. Con- 
tempt for human nature. [ Gr. kuon, 
dog.] 

cynosure ( sin'o-shor ), n. Center of 
attraction. [Gr.=dog's tail, referring 
to the pole-star in the tail of the con- 
stellation "Little 
Bear."] 

cypress (si'pres), n. 
Evergreen tree, a 
symbol of death. 
[Gr. kyparissos.] 

cyst (sist), n. 
Bag in animal bodies 
containing morbid 
matter. [From root 

of CHEST.] 

Czar (zar), n. Em- 
peror of Russia.— 

Czarina ( za-re'na), 
fern. [Russ. tsare— 
Ger. kaiser.] 

Czarevitcn( za'revitch ), Cesar e- 
vitch (se-za're-vitch, n. Eldest son 
of the czar. — Czarevna ( sa-re v'na ) , 
fern. His consort. [Russ. tsare, and 
vitz, child.] 




Cypress. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare> above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, more, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



134 



danger 



Bd (de), n. Fourth letter of the 
English alphabet. Pronounced 
like t, when substituted for An- 
glo-Saxon t, as in missed, picked, 
lipped. 

dab (dab). I. vt. [ dab'bing ; dabbed.] 
Strike gently. II. n. 1. Gentle blow. 
2. Small lump of anything soft or 
moist. 3. Small flat fish like a floun- 
der, but with a rough back. [Akin 
to tap.] 

dab(dab), n. Expert. [Prob.— Adept.] 

dabble (dab'l). I. vt. Wet by little dabs ; 
spatter. II. vi. Play in water with 
hands or feet; do anything in a trifl- 
ing way. [Prom DAB.] 

dabcbick. (dab'chik), n. Small water 
fowl that dabbles in the water. 

dace (das), n. 
Small Euro- 
pean river 
fish. 

dachshund 

(daks'hont ), Dace. 

n. Small dog 

with long body and short legs. [Ger.] 

dactyl (dak'til), n. In prosody. Foot, 
of three syllables, one long followed 
by two short.— dactyl'ic, a. Relating 
to or consisting chiefly of dactyls. 
[Gr. daMylos, finger.] 

dado (da'do), n. 1. Solid block or cube 
forming the body of a pedestal. 2. 
Wainscoting round the lower part 
of a wall. — pi. da'does. Tit.] 

daffodil (daf'o-dil), 
n. Yellow flower 
of the lily tribe. 
[Gr. asphodelos.] 

daft (daft), a. Fool- 
ish; idiotic. 

dagger (dag'er), 
n. 1. Short sword 
for stabbing. 2. 
Mark of reference 
(t). [W. dagr.] 

daguerreotype 
(da-ger'o-tlp), n. 1 Method of photo- 
graphing ou metal piates. 2. Picture 
thus produced. [From Daguerre the 
inventor, and Type.] 

dahlia (da'li-a), n. Garden plant with 
a large beautiful flower. [From JDahl, 
a Swedish botanist.] 

daily (da'li). I. a. and adv. Of every 
day, II. n. Daily paper. 

dainty (dan'ti). I. a. 1. Pleasant to 
the palate ; delicate. 2. Fastidious. 
II. n. Delicacy. — dain'tily., adv. — 
dain'tiness. n. [Akin to dignity.] 

tiairy (dar'i) n. 1. Place where milk 
is kept, and butter and cheese made. 
2. Establishment for the supply of 
milk. [Icel. deigja, dairymaid.] 




Daggers 



dais (da'is), n. Raised floor, often with 
a seat and canopy. [O. Fr.— L. discus] 

daisy (da'zi), n. Common spring 
flower. [A. S. dodges ege, day's eye.] 

dale (dal), dell (del), n. Low ground 
between hills. [A. S. deal.] 

dalliance (dal'i-ans), n. 1. Idle talk. 
2. Toying; trifling. [A. S.] 

dally (dal'i). vi. "We: trifle; play. 

dalmatic (dal-m^t'ik), n. Ecclesiasti- 
cal loose-fitting garment with wide 
sleeves reaching to or below the knee. 

dam (dam). I. n. Embankment to 
restrain water. II, vt. [damn'ing; 
damned. ] Keep back water by a 
bank or other obstruction, [A. S.] 

dam (dam), n. Mother of quadrupeds. 

damage (dam'aj), I. n. 1. Injury; 
loss. 2. Compensation. II. vt. Harm; 
injure. [From L. damnum, loss.] 

damask (dam'ask). I. n. Figured stuff 
orig. of silk, how of linen, cotton, or 
wool. II. vt. Flower or variegate, as 
cloth. [From Damascus, Syria.] 

dame (dam), n. 1. Mother; matron. 

damn (dam),fl£. 1< Censure, condemn. 
2. Sentence to eternal punishment. 3. 
Swear at. —dam'mable, a. Deserv- 
ing of damnation.— dam'nably, adv. 
-damnation, n. Eternal punish- 
ment.— daun'natory,a. [Fr. damner.] 

damp (damp). I. n. 1. Moist air. 2. 
Lowness of spirits. 3. Dangerous 
vapors in mines. II. vt. 1. Wet slight- 
ly. 2. Discourage; check. III. a. Moist; 
foggy. — damply, adv. — damp- 
ness, n. [E akin to Ger. damp/, 
vapor.] [checks or moderates. 

damper (damp'er), n. That which 

damsel (dam'zei), n. Girl. [Fr. demoi- 
selle.] 

damson (dam'zn], n. Small purple 
plumb. [From Damascene— Damascus.] 

dance (dans). I. vi. and vt. Move with 
measured steps to music. II. n. Move- 
ment of one or more persons with 
measured steps to music. [Fr. danser ] 

dandelion (dan'de-li-un), n. Common 
plant with a yellow flower. [Fr. dent 
de lion, tooth of the lion.] 

dander (dan'der), n. Anger. 

dandify (dan'di-fi), vt. [dan'difying; 
-fled.] Make or form like a dandy. 

dandle (dan'dl), Vt. Play with; fondle, 
toss. [on the head. 

dandruff (dan'druf), n. Scaly scurf 

dandy ( dan'di ), n, 1. One who pays 
much attention to dress. 2." Some- 
thing very neat or fine. 

Dane (dan), n. Native of Denmark. 

danger ( dan'jer ), n. Exposure to 
injury, -dangerous, a. Unsafe. — 
dangerously, adv. [Fr.] 
Syn. Hazard; jeopardy; peril; risk. 



(Eftte, fat, task, far, fan, fare, above; me, met, h§r; mite, mit; note, »ot, move, wolf} 
mute, but, burn, oil, owl, then. 



dangle 



135 



dead 



dangle (dan'gl). I. vi. 1. Swing; hang 
loosely. 2. Follow. II. vt. Make to dan- 
gle. [Icel.dingla, swing.] [mark. 

Danish (da'nish), a. Belonging toDen- 

Danite (dan'If), n. Member of a secret 
society among the Mormons. [From 
Dan. See Gen. xlix. 16.] [to damp.] 

dank (dangk), a. Moist; wet. [Akin 

danseuse (dang-soz'), n. Female 
professional dancer. [Fr.] 

dapper (dap'er), a. 1. Quick. 2. Neat; 
spruce. [Dm. dapper, brave.] 

dapple ( dap'l ). I. a. Marked witb 
spots. II. vt. Variegate with spots. 
[Icel. depill, spot.] 

dare (dar ), v. [dar'ing, durst, or dared]. 
I. vi. Be bold enough; venture. II. 
vt. Challenge; defy. [A. S. dear.} 

daring (dar'ing). I. a. Bold; courage- 
ous; fearless. II. n. Boldness.— dar'- 
ingly, adv. 

dark (dark). I. a. 1. Without light. 2. 
Black or somewhat black. 3. Gloomy. 
t. .Difficult to understand. 5. Unen- 
lightened. 6. Secret. II. n. 1. Absence 
of light. 2. Obscurity. 3. State of 
ignorance. — dark'ly, adv. — dark'- 
ness, n. [A. S. deorc] 
Syn. Dim; obscure; suspicious; vile. 

darken (dark'n), vt. and vi. Make or 
become dark or darker. [gloomy. 

darksome (dark'sum), a. Dark; 

darling- (dar'ling), n. Little dear; 
one dearly beloved, [dear and ling.] 

dam (darn). I. vi. Mend a hole by 
interlacing stitches. II. n. Place darn- 
ed. [Wei. dar. , patch. 

darnel (dar'nel), n. Weed of the rye- 
grass genus. 

dart (dart). I. n. Pointed weapon for 
throwing with the hand ; any similar 
weapon. II. vt. and vi. Hurl suddenly; 
shoot, or start forth rapidly. —dar t'- 
ingly, adv. [A. S. darothJ] 

Darwinism (dar'wiu-izm). n. Theory 
of the origin of species propounded 
by Chas. Darwin.— Darwinian, a. 

dasb (dash). I. vt. 1. Throw violently; 
break by throwing together. 2. De- 
stroy; frustrate. II. vi. Strike, break, 
rush with violence. III. n. 1. Violent 
onset. 2. Vigor. 3. Mark (— ) at a 
break in a sentence. 4. Slight admix- 
ture. [Dan. daske, slap.] 

dastard (das'tard). I. n. Cowardly 
fellow. II. a. Shrinking from danger; 
cowardly.— das'tardly, adv. [From 
Scand. dast, dazed .] 

data (da'ta), n. pi. Facts given, or ad- 
mitted. ilu.pl. of datum, given.] 

date (dat). I. n. 1. Time when a letter is 
written. 2. Time of any event; stipu- 
lated time. II. vt. Affix the date to. III. 
vi. Reckon; begin. [Fr. — L. datum.] 



date (dat), n. Fruit of the date-palm. 
[Fr. datte—Gr. da/ctylos, finger.] 

dative (da'tiv), n. Case of indirect, 
object, or secondary subject, as of 
the receiver in giving. 

datto (dat'o), n. Priestly office among 
the Moros, Philippine Islands. 

datum (da'tum), n. [pi. da'ta]. 1. Fact 
stated. 2. Premise,— Datum line, base 
from which measurements are made 

daub (dab). I. vt. Smear; paint coarse- 
ly. II. n. Coarse painting.— danb'er, 
n. [O. Fr — L. dealbare, whitewash.] 

danghter(da'ter), n. Female child. — 
daughter '-in-law, n. Son's wife. [A. S. 
dohtor.] 

daunt (dant), vt. Frighten; discour- 
age, -dauntless, a. Not to be 
daunted.— d aunt'lessly, adv.— 
daunt'lessness, n. [O. Fr. danter, 
tame.] 

dauphin (da'fin), n. Name formerly 
given to the'eldest son of the king of 
France. — dau'phiness, n. fern. 
Dauphin's wife. [Fr. — L. delphinus, 
dolphin.] 

davit (dav'itor da'vit), 
n. Spar for hoisting the 
anchor clear of the 
vessel.— pi. Pieces of 
timber or iron, project- 
ing over a ship's side or 
stern, having tackle to 
raise a boat by. 

daw (da), n. Bird of the 




crow kind ; jackdaw. 



Davits. 



dawdle(da'dl), vi. Act or move slowly; 
waste time by trifling. — daw'dler, /<,. 

dawn (dan). I. vi. Begin to grow light; 
begin to appear. II. n. Daybreak: 
beginning. [A.S. dagian, become day.] 

day (da), n. 1. Time of light. 2. Time 
from morning till night. 3. Twenty- 
four hours, the time the earth takes 
to make a revolution on her axis. 4. 
The contest of a day. 5. Period of 
time. 6. Appointed or fixed time. 

daybook (da'bok), n. Book in which 
the transactions of every day are en- 
tered, [ance of light. 

daybreak (da'brak), n. First appear- 

daze (daz). I. vt. Render dull or stupid. 
II. n. Stupor. [A. S. dwons, foolish.] 

dazzle (daz'l), vt. Daze or overpower 
with strong light. [Freq. of daze.] 

deacon (de'kn), n. 1. Order of clergy 
below the priests. 2. Principal lay 
official.— dea'coness, n. fern.— dea'-- 
conship. n. — dea'eonry, n. [Gr. 
diakonos, servant.] 

dead (ded), a. 1. Deprived of life, or 
that never had life. 2. Deathlike; 
useless ; dull; cold and cheerless; 
without vegetation. 3. Perfect.— T 'ad 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mife. mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, than. 



dead 



136 



decalogue 



language: Language no longer spoken. 
— Dead letter: Letter undelivered and 
unclaimed at the post-office.— Dead- 
lock: Complete standstill. — Dead- 
march: Solemn music played at 
funeral of soldiers. — Dead reckoning: 
Estimation of a ship's place, simply 
by the log-book.— Dead iveight: Heavy 
or oppressive burden.— dead'ly, adv. 
— dead'ness, n. 

dead(ded), n. 1. Time of greatest still- 
ness. 2. n. pi. Those who have died. 

deaden (ded'n), vt. Make dead; lessen. 

deadhead (ded'hed), n. Passenger or 
spectator who has not paid. 

deadly (ded'li), a. and adv. Deathly; 
fatal; implacable.— dead'liness, n. 

deaf (def), a. 1. Dull of hearing; un- 
able to hear at all. 2. Not willing to 
hear; inattentive.— deaf ly, adv. — 
deafness, n.~ Deaf-mute: One who 
is both deaf and mute. [A. S.] 

deafen (def'n), vt. Make deaf, partly 
or altogether; stun. 

deal (del). I. n. 1. Portion; quantity. 
2. Act of distributing. 3. Business 
transaction. II. vt. [dealing; dealt 
(delt).] Divide; distribute. III. vi. 

1. Transact business; trade; act. 2. 
Distribute cards. [A. S. dcel.] [deel.\ 

deal (del), n._ Board or plank. [Dut. 

dealer (del'er), n. One who deals; 
trader, [others; intercourse of trade. 

dealing- (del'ing), n. Acting towards 

dean (den), n. 1. One who presides over 
the other clergy. 2. Priest who pre- 
sides at local synods. 3. President 
of the faculty in a college. — dean'- 
ship, n. — dean'ery, n. Office of a 
dean; dean's house. [O. Fr. deien— L. 
decanus — decern, ten.] 

dear (der). I. a. 1. High in price; most- 
ly. 2. Highly valued ; beloved. II. n. 
One who is dear or beloved.— dear'ly, 
adv. — dear'ness, n. [A.S. deore.] 

dearth (derth), n. Scarcity. 

death (deth), n. 1. Extinction of life. 

2. Manner or cause of death. 3. Dead- 
ly peril. 4. Mortality. 5. Skeleton, 
as symbol of mortaHcy.— death'bed, 
n. Last illness. [A. S.] 

Syn. Departure; decease; demise. 

deathly (deth'H). I. a. Deadly; mur- 
derous; deathlike. II. adv. As death. 

debar (de-bar'), vt. [debar'ring; debar- 
red'.] Bar out from; exclude; hinder. 
[O. Pr. debarrer.] 

debarfc (de-bark),^, andw. Disembark. 
— debarkation, n. [Pr. debarquer.] 

<* 1 b a s e (de-bas') , vt. Lower; make 
mean or of less value; adulterate.— 
debasement, n. Degradation. — 
debasing, a. Tending to degrade. 
— deba'singly, adv. 



debatable (de-ba'ta-bl), a. Liable to 
be disputed. 

debate ( de-bat' ). I. n. Contention in 
words or argument. II. vt. and vi. Con- 
tend (for) in argument.— deba'ter, 
n. [Pr. de, down, and battre, beat.] 

debauch (de-bach'), vt. 1. Lead away 
from duty and" allegiance. 2. Corrupt 
with lewdness. II. vi. Indulge in 
revelry. III. n. Pit of intemperance 
or debauchery.— debauchee (deb-o- 
.she'), n. Libertine. — debauchery, 
(de-bach'er-i), n. 1. Corruption; se- 
duction. 2. Excessive intemperance. 
[Pr. dibaucher.] 

debenture (de-ben'tur), n. Acknowl- 
edgment of a debt; deed of mortgage. 
[L. debentur, there ai^e due.] 

debilitate _(de-bil'i-tat), vt. Weaken. 
[L.— de = dis-, and habilis, able.] 

debility (de-bil'i-ti), n. Weakness. 

debit (debit). I. n. 1. Debt. 2. Entry 
on the debtor side of an account. II. 
vt. Charge with debt; enter on the 
debtor side of an account. [L.=owes.] 

debonair ( deb-o-nar' )a. Of good ap- 
pearance and manners; elegant; 
courteous. [Fr. de, of, bon, good, and 
air, appearance.] 

debouch ( de-bosh' ), vi. March out 
from a narrow pass or place ; emerge ; 
issue, — debouchure (da-bo-shor'), 
n. Mouth of a river or strait. " [Fr. dS- 
boucher—de, from, and bouche, mouth.] 

debris (de-bre'), n. Broken pieces; 
rubbish; ruin. [Fr.] 

debt (det), n. What one owes to ano- 
ther. [L. debitum.] [debt. [L. debitor.] 

debtor (det'ur), n. One who owes a 

debut (da-bo'), n. 1. Beginning, first 
attempt. 2. First appearance before 
the public. — debutant ( da-bo-tang'), 
n. One who makes a debut. — - debu- 
tante ( da-bo-tangt'), n. fern. [Fr.] 

decade(dek'ad),w. 1. Aggregate of ten. 
2. Period of ten years. [Gr. deka, ten.] 

decadence (de-ka'dens), decadency 
( de-ka'den-si ), n. 
State of decay. [Fr. 
— L. de, down, and 
cado. fall.] 

decagon (dek'a- 
gon), n. Plane fig- 
ure of ten angles 
and sides. [Gr. deka, 
ten, and gonia, 
angle.] 

decahedron (dek- 
•a-he'dron), n. Solid 
figure having ten sides, 
ten, and hedra, seat. 3 

decalogue (dek'a-log), n.The ten com- 
mandments. [Wr. deka, ten, and logos, 
word.] 



:■■: 


( 




S 




\ 



Decahedron. 
[ Gr. deka, 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



decamp 



137 



decorate 



decamp ( de-kamp' ), vi. 1. Shift 
camp. 2. Go away, esp. secretly — 
decampment, n. [Fr. decarnper.] 

decant ( de-kant' ), vt. 1. Pour off, 
leaving sediment. 2.. Pour from one 
vessel into another. — decanter. 
n Ornamental bottle. [Fr. decanter 
-de, from, and cant, edge.] 

decapitate (de-kap'i-tat), vt. Behead. 
— decapita'tion, n. [L. de, off, and 
caput, headj 

decay (de-ka'). I. vi. Fall from a state 
of health or excellence. II. n. Gradual 
deterioration. [O. Fr. decaer — L. de, 
and cadere fall.] 

Syn. Decline; consumption; failure; 
corruption; rottenness. 

decease (de-ses'). I. vi. Cease to live; 
die. II. w.Death.— deceased(de-sest'). 
I. a. Dead. II. n. One who is dead. 
[L. decessus — de, away, and cedo, go.] 

deceit (de-set'), n. Fraud, dishonesty. 

-deceitful, a. Tending to deceive; 

insincere.— deceit'fully, adv.— 

deceit fulness, n. [See deceive.] 

Syn. Cheating; deception; trickery; 

imposition ; duplicity ;double-dealing. 

deceive (de-sev'), vt* Mislead or cause 
to err; cheat; disappoint.— decei'- 
vable, a. — decei'ver, n. [Fr. dece- 
voir—L,. de, and capere, fake.] 

December ( de-sem'ber ), n. Twelfth 
month of the year. [Among the Ro- 
mans, the tenth,— decern, ten.] 

decemvirate (de-sem'ver-at), n. Body 
of ten men in office. [L. decern, ten, 
and vir, man.]_ [ness; modesty. 

decency (de'sen-si) , n. Becoming- 

decent (de'sent), a. 1. Becoming; 
seemly; modest. — de'cently, adv. 
[L. decet, it is becoming.] [L.] 

deception ( de-sep'shun ), n. Fraud. 

deceptive (de-sep'tiv), a. Tending to 
deceive. — decep'tively, adv. — de- 
cep'tiveness, n. 

decide (de-sid'), vt. Determine; end; 
settle. [Fr. decider— L. ccedo, cut.] 

decided (de-si'ded), a. 1. Unmistaka- 
ble. 2. Resolute.— deci'dedlv, adv. 

deciduous (de-sid'u-us), a. Falling off 
iii autumn.— deeid uousness, n. [L. 
—de, down, and cado, fall.] 

decimal (des'i-mal). I. a. Numbered 
or proceeding by tens. II. n. Fraction 
having ten or some power of ten for 
its denominator.— Decimal system, the 
system of weights and measures the 
principle of which is that it multi- 
plies and divides by ten. — decimal- 
ly, adv. [D. — decern, ten.] 

decimate (des'i-mat), vt. Put to death 
every tenth man. — declinator, w. 

decipher (de-si'fer), vt. 1. Read secret 
writing. 2. Make out what is obscure. 



decision (de-sizh'un), n. Determina- 
tion; settlement. 

decisive (de-si'siv), a. Final, positive. 
— decisively, adv. 

deck ( dek ). I. vt. 1. Clothe; adorn. 
2 Furnish with a deck, as a vessel. 
II. n. 1. Floor or covering of a ship. 
2. Pack of cards, [Dut. dekken, cover.] 

declaim (de-klam'), vi. and vt. 1. Re- 
cite a select piece. 2. Speak for rhe- 
torical effect; harangue.— declaim'- 
ant, n— declaim'er, n. [L. de, and 
clamo, cry out.] 

declamation (dek-la-ma'shun), n. 1. 
Recitation in public. 2. Display in 
speaking. 

declamatory (de-klam'a- to-ri), a. 1. 
Appealing to the passions. 2. Noisy 
ana rhetorical. 

declaration (dek-la-ra'shun), n. 1. 
Act of declaring. '2. That which is 
declared. 3. Written affirmation. 

declarative ( de-klar'a-tiv ), declar- 
atory (de-klar'a-tori), a. Explana- 
tory. — declar'atively, adv. — de- 
clar'atorily, adv. 

declare (de-klar'), vt. 1. Make known; 
show plainly. 2. Assert. [L. de, and 
clarus, clair.] 

declension (de-klen'shun), n. In 
gram. Change of termination for the 
oblique cases, as genetive, dative, etc. 

declinable (de-kli'na-bl), a. Having 
inflection for the oblique cases. 

declination ( dek-lin-a'shun ), n. 1. 
Deviation. 2. In astr, Distance from 
the celestial equator. 3. Decay. 

decline (de-klin'), I. vi. and vt. 1. Turn 
away from; deviate 2. Refuse. 3. 
Fail or decay. 4. In gram. Give the 
cnanges of a word in the oblique 
cases. II. n. 1. Deviation. 2. Decay. 
[From L de, down, and clino, bend.] 
Syn. Withdraw; deflect; diverge; 
digress; stray; deny; shun; reject; 
fail; decrease; diminish; lessen. 

declivity (de-kliv'i-ti ), n. Gradual 
descent. [L,.— de, and clivus, sloping.] 

decoction ( de-kok'shun), n. Extract 
made by boiling. [the neck. [Fr.] 

decollete (da-kol-e-ta'), a. Cut low in 

decoloration ( de-kul-ur-a'shun ), n. 
Removal or absence of color. 

decompose (de kum-poz'), vt. Sepa- 
rate the composing parts; resolve 
into original elements. — decompo- 
sition, n. Decay, dissolution. 

decomponnd (de-kom-pownd'). I. a. 
Doubly compounded. II. vt. 1. Com- 
pound doubly. 2. Decompose. 

decorate (dek'o-rat), vt. Ornament, 
beautify. — decorative, a. Adorn- 
ing. — dec'orator, n. One who deco- 
rates. [L.— rOOt Of DECENT.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, mo"e, t^IC: 
mute, hut, bum; oil, owl. thf.n. 



decoration 



188 



defensive 



decoration ( dek-o-ra'shun ), n. Or- 
nament. — Decoration day, day set 
apart in U. S. for decorating graves 
of soldiers and others, May 30. 

decorous (de-ko'rus or dek'o-rus), a. 
Proper; decent.— deco'ronsly, adv, 

decorum ( de-ko'rum ), n. Propriety 
of conduct; decency. [L.] 

decoy (de-koi'). I. vt.. Allure, entice; 
entrap. II. n. Anything intended to 
allure into a snare. [From L. de, and 

COY.] 

decrease (de-kres'). I. vi. Grow ress. II. 
vt. Make less. III. n. Growing less; 
loss. [From L. de, and cresco, grow.] 

decree (de-kre'). I. n. 1. Order by one 
in authority. 2. Established law. 3: 
Predetermined purpose. II. vt. 1. De- 
cide by sentence in law. 2. Appoint. 
[Fr.— L. decretum, decided.] 

decrement (dek're-ment), n. Quan- 
tity lost. [From root of decrease.] 

decrepit (de-krep'it), a. Worn out by 
infirmities of old age'. — decrep'i- 
tnde, n. [L.] 

decry (de-kn') ; vt. [decry'ing; decried'.] 
Cry down; condemn; blame. 

decuple (dek'u-pl). I. a. and n. Ten- 
fold. II. vt. Increase tenfold. [Fr.— 
L. decern, ten, and plico, fold.] 

dedicate (ded'i-kat), vt. 1. Set apart. 
2. Inscribe^— dedication, n. 1. Act 
of dedicating. 2. Address to a patron, 
prefixed to a book.— ded'icatory, a. 
Serving as, or in the nature of, a dedi- 
cation. [L. — de, and dico, declare.] 
Syn. Consecrate; devote; hallow. 

deduce ( de-dus' ), vt. Draw from; 
infer. [L. de, and duco, lead.] 

deduct (de-dukf), vt. Set aside; sub- 
tract.— deduction (de-duk'shun), n. 
1. Tracing out. 2. Derivation. 3. Ne- 
cessary inference. 4 Subtraction. — 
deductive (de-duk'tiv), a. Based on 
inference.— deduct'ivelv, adv. 

deed (ded), I. n. 1. Act; exploit. 2. Le- 
gal transaction; written evidence of 
it. 3. Reality. II vt. Transfer by 
deed. [A. S. deed, from root of do.] 

deem (dem), vt. and vi. Think; believe. 
— deemster, n. Judge (on the Isle 
of Man.) [A. S. deman, judge. Akin 

to DOOM.]_ 

deep (dep) I. a. 
1 Extending far 
down, or far from 
the outside. 2. Dif- 
ficult to under- 
stand. 3. Wise and 
penetrating. 4. In- 
tense 5. Low or 
grave. II. n. That 
which is deep; the 
sea. III. adv. To a great depth; pro 




Axis Detr. 



foundry.— deepen (de'pn), vt. and 
vi. Make or become deeper; increase. 
—deeply, adv. — cleep'ness, n. 

[A. S. deop.] 

deer (der), n. Quadruped of several 
species, as the stag, reindeer, etc.— pi. 
deer. [A. S. deor ] 

deer-stalking (der'stak'ing), n. 
Hunting of deer by stealing upon 
them. 

deface (de-fas'), vt. Disfigure; mar; 
obliterate.— defaee'ment, n. 

de facto (de-fak'to), adv. Actually 
existing. [L.] 

defalcation (def-al-ka'shun). n. De 
ficit in entrusted funds. [From L. de 
and falx, sickle.] [umny; slander 

defamation (def-a-ma'shun), n. Cal 

defamatory ( de-fam'a-to-ri), a. In 
jurious to reputation. 

defame (de-fam'),fl£. Destroy the good 
reputation of ; speak evil of. [Li.de, 
and fama, report.] 

default (de-falf). I. n. 1. Failing; 
failure; defect. 2. Neglect of duty; 
offense. II. vi. Fail in meeting an 
obligation. III. vt. Inlaw: Declare 
in default and enter judgment 
against. [See fault.] 

defaulter ( de-fal'ter). n. One who 
fails to account for money intrusted 
to his care. [be defeated. 

defeasible (de-fe'zi-bl), a. That may 

defeat (de-fef). I. vt. 1. Frustrate. 'J. 
Overcome. II. n. 1. Frustration. 2. 
Overthrow. [Fr. defaite— def aire, undo.} 
Syn. Baffle; repel; fail; thwart. 

defect (de-fekf), n. 1. Want. 2 Im- 
perfection, blemish.— defec'tion, n. 
Falling away from duty; revolt.— 
defective (de-fek tiv ), a. 1. Imper- 
fect. 2. In gram. Lacking some forms 
of inflection. — defectively , adv. — 
defect'iveness, n. [L. de, and facio, 

do ] [FENSE. 

defence (de-fens'), n. Same as de- 

defend (de-fend'), vt. 1. Guard, pro- 
tect; maintain against attack. 2. la 
law: Resist; contest.— defend'able, 
a. That may be defended.— defend'- 
ant, n. In law: Person accused, sued. 
[L. defendo — de, and fendo, strike.] 

defense (de-fens'), defence (de-fens'), 
n. 1. That which defends; protec- 
tion; vindication. 2. In law: De- 
fendant's plea. 

defensible (de-fen'si-bl), a. That may 
be defended.— defensibil'ity, n. 

defensive ( de-fen'siv). I. a. 1. Serv- 
ing to defend. 2. In a state or pos- 
ture of defence. II. n. 1. That which 
defends. 2. Posture of defence. — 
defensively, adv. 



2ate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn-, oil, owl, then. 



defer 



139 



deleterious 



defer(de-fer'),^. [deferring; deferred'.] 
Put off to another time; delay. [L. dif- 
ero — dis, asunder, and fero, carry.] 

drfer (de-fer'). I vi. Yield to another. 
II. vt. Lay before.— deference (def- 
er-ens), n. Yielding ; submission; 
regard.— defeaen tial, a. Expre.-s- 
ing respect. —deferen't a ally, adv. 
[L. defero—de, down, and fero, bear.] 

defiance (de-fi'ans), n. 1. Challenge; 
2. Disregard; contempt. [sing. 

defiant ( de-fi'ant ), a. Boldly oppo- 

deficiency (de-fish'en-si), n, Defect: 
insufficiency ;amount to be made good. 

deficient (de-fish'ent), a. Wanting. 

deficit ( def'i-sit), n. Deficiency. [L. 
= It is wanting.] 

defile (de-fil'). I. vi. March off inline. 
II. n. Long narrow pass. [Fr.] 

defile (de-fil'), vt. Make foul; pollute.— 
defilement (de-fil'ment), n. 1. Act 
of defiling. 2. Foulness.— defi'ler, n. 
[From foul.] [be defined. 

definable (_defi'na-bl ), a. That may 

define (de-fm'), vt.' Fix the limits of; 
determine with precision; fix the 
meaning of. [L. de, and finis, limit.] 

definite (defi-nit), a. Having distinct 
limits; fixed, exact, clear. — defini- 
tely, adv.— def initeness, n. 

definition (def-i-nish'un), n. 1. Des- 
cription of a thing by its properties. 

2. Explanation of the exact meaning. 

3. Quality of showing distinctly. 
deflect ( de-flekt' ), vi. and vt. Turn 

aside; swerve.— deflation, n. [L. 

de, and flecto, bend.] 
deflower (de-flowr'), vt. 1. Deprive of 

flowers. 2. Deprive of original grace 

and beauty; ravish. — deflour'er, n. 

[L. de, andfios, flower.] 
deform ( de-farm'), vt. Disfigure.— 

deformation, n. — deformity, n. 

Ugliness; disfigurement. 
defraud (de-frad'), vt. Cheat; deceive. 
defray (de-fra'"), vt. 1. Pay; pay for. 

2. Appease. — defray'ment, n.-de- 

fray'al, n. [Fr. frais, expense.] 
deft (deft), a. Handy, clever.— deft'ly, 

adv.— deftness, n. [A.S. cto/Y, fitting.] 
defunct (de-fungkf), a. and n. Dead. 

[See function.] 
defy(de-fi'),^. [defy'ing; defied'.] Chal- 
lenge; brave. [Fr. defter— L. diffidare, 
deg (deg\ vt. Sprinkle. [mistrust.] 
degeneracy (de-jen'er-a-si), n. 1. 

Deteriorated condition. 2. ' Decrease 

in quantity. 
degenerate (de-jen'er-at). I. a. and n. 

Deteriorated; become worse. II. vi. 

Fall from a nobler state; grow worse. 

— degen'erately, adv. — d e g e n ' - 

erateness, n. — degeneration, 

n. [From L. de, and genus, kind.] 




deglutition (deg-16-tish'un), n. Act 
or power of swallowing. [L. de, and 
glutio, swallow.] 

degradation (deg-ra-da'shun), n. 1. 
Reducing in rank,' strength, size, 
height, etc. 2. Disgrace. 

degrade (de-grad'), vt. Lower in grade, 
rank, dignity, character or value; 
disgrace. [L. de, and gradus, step.] 

degree ( de-gre' ), n. 1. Grade, step; 
position, rank. 2. Extent. 3. Mark 
of distinction conferred by universi- 
ties. 4. 300th part of circle. 5. Sixty 
geographical miles. [Fr. degre" — L. 
gradus, step.] 

dehiscence ( de-his'- 
ens), n. Opening of 
seed-pod of a plant. [L. 
de, and hisco, gape.] _ 

deification (de-i-fi-ka'- 
shun), n. Act of deify- 
ing. 

deify (de'i-fi),^. Exalt Dehiscence. 
to the rank of a god. 
[ L. deus, god, and facio, make. ] 

deign (dan), vt- 1. Think worthy. 2. 
Permit. 3- Condescend. [Fr. daigner 
— L. dignus, worthy.] 

deism (de'izm), n. Creed of a deist. 

deist (de'ist), n. One who believes in 
the existence of God, but not in re- 
vealed religion. — deist'ical, a. [Fr. 

— L. deus, god.] 

deity (de'i-ti), n 1. God or goddess. 2. 
The Deity, the Supreme Being. [L. 
deitas— dens, god.] 

deject (de-jekt/), vt. Cast down. — de 
jec'tion,_7i. Lowness of spirits. [L.] 

de jure (de-jo're), adv. Byright. [L.] 

delaine ( de-ian' ), n. Kind of light 
dress-goods. [Fr. = of wool.] 

delay (de-la'). I. vt. 1. Put off. 2. Hin- 
der. II. vi. Pause; put Oil time. III. 
n. Deferring; stop; hindrance. [Fr. 

— L. dilatum, put off.] 

Syn. Defer; procrastinate; prolong; 
postpone; retard. \deleo, destroy! 
dele (de'le), vt. Takeout. [L. imp of 
delectable (de-lek'ta-bl),a. Delight- 
ful; pleasing.— dclee tableness, n. 

— delec'tatoly, adv. |"L. delecto, 
delight.] [light. 

delectation (de-lek-ta'shun), n. De- 
delegate ( del'e-gat ). I. vt. 1- Send 
as a representative. 2. Intrust, com- 
mit. II. re. Representative; esp in U 
S., a representative of a Territory. 
— delegation, n. Persons delegated. 
[See LEGATE.] 
delete (de-let'), vt. Blot out; destroy. 

— dele'tion, n. [L.deleo.] 
deleterious ( del-e-te'ri-us), a. Tend- 
ing to destroy; hurtful. — delete'- 
riousness, n. [Gr.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, fften, 



delf 



140 



democratic 



delf (delf), n. Anything made by delv- 
ing. 

»elf, J>elft (delf, deft), n. 1. Dutch 
earthenware, first made jn Delft, 
Holland. 2. Dark blue color. 

deliberate (de-lib'er-at). I. vt. andw. 
Weigh well in one's mind; consider 
the reasons for and against; discuss. 
II. a. 1. Well considered. 2. Slow in 
determining.— delib'erately, adv.— 
delib'erateness, n. — delibera- 
tion, n. 1. Act of deliberating. 2. 
Mature reflection. 3. Calmness. [L. 
—libra, balance.] 

delicacy ( del'i-ka-si ), n. 1. Refined 
pleasantness. 2. Fineness. 3. Dainty 
food. [Fr. delicatesse—Lt. delicatus.] 

delicate (del'i-kat, or -kat), a. 1. 
Pleasing to the senses; dainty. 2. 
Nicely discriminating. 3. Of a fine, 
slight texture or constitution; frail. 
4. Refined, considerate. — del'icate- 
ly, adv.— del'icateness, n. [L.] 

delicatessen ( del-i-ka-tes'en ), n. pi. 
Table dainties. [Ger.] 

delicious (de-lish'us), a. Highly 
pleasing to the senses; affording ex- 
quisite pleasure. — deli'ciousness, 
n.— dcli'ciously, adv. [L.] 

delight (de-lif). I. vt. Please highly. 
II. vi. Take great pleasure. III. n. 
High degree of pleasure. [O. Fr. 
dehter—'L. delectare.] _ 

delineate (de-lin'e-at ), vt. Sketch, 
picture.— delinea'ti on, n. 1. Act of 
delineating. 2. Sketch, description. — 
delisi'eator, n. One who delineates. 
[Tu.—de, and hnea, line.] [Melt. 

deliqnate (del'-i-kwat), vt. and vi. 

delinquency ( de-ling'kwen-si ), n. 
Failure in duty; fault; misdemeanor. 

delinquent (de-ling'kwent). I. jt. 
Failing in duty. II. n. Transgressor. 
[L. — linquo, leave.] 

deliquesce (del-i-kwes'),w. Melt. [L.— 
&&, and liqueo,be fluid.] [ing delirium. 

deliriant (de-lir'i-ant) , n. Poison caus- 

delirious (de-lir'i-us), a. Wandering 
in mind. — delir'iously, adv. — de- 
Hr'iousness, n. [h.—de, away from, 
and lira, furrow, line.] 

delirium (de-lir'i-um), n. 1. State of 
being delirio'us. 2. Wild enthusiasm. 
—Delirium tremens : Nervous disease 
produced by excessive drinking. [L. 
delirium, and tremens, trembling.] 
Syn. Insanity; frenzy; madness. 

deliver (de-liv'er), vt. 1. Liberate; 
rescue. 2. Give up; hand over. 3. 
Pronounce. 4. Give forth, as a blow, 
etc. — deliv'erer, n. [Fr. delivrer — 
L. de, and liber, free.] 

delivery (de-liv'er-i), n. 1. Act of 
delivering; giving up. 2. Act or man- 



ner of speaking in public. 3. Act of 

dell. See dale. [giving birth. 

delta (del'ta), 1. Fourth letter of the 
Greek alphabet, the capital form of 
which is A- 2. Triangular tract of 
land formed by the branching mouths 
of a river. [Gr.] 

delude (de-lod'), vt. Deceive; cheat. 
[Li.—de, and ludo, play.] 

deluge (del'uj). I. n. Flood, esp. the 
inundation in the days of Noah. II. 
vt. Inundate; overwhelm. [ Fr. — L. 
luo = wash.] [False belief; error. 

delusion (de-16'shun), n. 1. Fraud. 2. 
delusive(de-lo'siv), a. Deceptive, -de- 
lusively, adv.— delusiveness, n. 

delve (delv), vt. 1. Dig with a spade. 
2. Work hard. [A. S. delf an.] 

demagogue (dem'a-gog), n. Unprinci- 
pled popular leader. [Gr.— demos, peo- 
ple, and ago, lead.] \n. See domain. 

demain (de-man'), demesne (de-men') 

demand (de-mand'). I. vt. 1. Claim; 
ask earnestly or authoritatively. 2. 
Require; call for. II. n. 1. Asking for 
what is due; claim. 2. Call for; re- 
quirement. [Fr. — L. de, and mando, 
charge.] 

demarcation (de-mar -ka'shun), n. 1. 
Act of setting bounds to. 2. Fixed 
limit. [Fr.] 

demean (de-men), vt. 1. Conduct; be- 
have. 2. Debase. — demean'or, n. 
Behavior ; bearing. [Fr. demener — 
mener, lead.] 

demented (de-men'ted), a. Out of 
one's mind. [L.—de, and mews, mind.] 

demerit (de-mer'it), n. Ill-desert; bad 
conduct. 

demesne. Same as domain. 

deini- (dem'i), prefix. Half, as in demi- 
circle, demigod. [Fr.] 

demijohn (dem'i-jon), n. Large glass 
bottle inclosed in wickerwork. [Fr. 
dame-jeanne—Ar. Damagan, a town in 
Persia.] 

demise (de-mlz'). I. n. 1. Transfer. 2. 
Death (of a so vereign). II. vt. Be- 
queath by will. [Fr.] 

demit (de-mif), vt. Lower. 

demiurge(dem'i-u_rj),?i. Creator. [Gr.] 

demobilize(de-mo'bi-liz), vt. Disband. 

democracy (de-mok'ra-si), n. Govern- 
ment by the people. [Gr.— demos, peo- 
ple, and krateo, rule.] 

democrat ( dem'o-krat ), n. 1. One 
who adheres to, or promotes, demo- 
cracy. 2. Member of the democratic 
party, one of the two great political 
organizations in the U. S. 

democratic (dem-o-krat'ik), demo- 
cratical (dem-o-krat'ik-al), a. Relat- 
ing to democracy. — democratic- 
ally, adv. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, more, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



demolish 



141 



deoxidate 



demolish (de-mol'ish), vt. Reduce to 

a shapeless heap, —demolition, n. 

Act of pulling down. [L. moles, heap.] 

Syn. Destroy dismantle; overturn; 

ruin; raze. 

de mon ( de'rnun), n. Spirit; evil 
spirit; devil. [Or. daimon.] 

demonetize (de-mon'e-tiz), vt. Divest 
of a standard value as a currency. 

demoniac (de-mo'ni-ak), a. and n. 1. 
Pertaining to or like demons ; fiend- 
ish. 2. One possessed. — demoniac- 
al (de-mo-ni'ak-al), a. — demoni'- 
acally, adv. 

demonstrable ( de-mon'stra-bl ), a. 
Capable of being proved. — demon - 
strableness,— demonstrabil'ity, 
n— demonstrably, adv. 

demonstrate (de-mon'strat or 
deni'-), vt. Show clearly; prove witb 
certainty, -demonstration, n. 1. 
Pointing out; exhibition. 2. Proof. 3. 
Expression of tbe feelings by outward 
signs. 4. Feigned movement of troops 
in war. — demonstrative, a. 1. 
Indicating. 2. Proving. 3. Given to 
the manifestation of one's feelings.— 
demonstratively, adv.— demon'* 
strativeness, n.—deni'onstrator, 
n. One who proves or teaches; esp. 
one who teaches anatomy from the 
dissected parts. [I*, monstro, show.] 

demoralization ( de-mor-al-I- 
za'-shun), n. Act of demoralizing; 
corruption or subversion of morals. 

demoralize (de-mor'al-Iz) , vt. 1. 
Corrupt in morals. 2. ' Deprive of 
spirit and confidence. 

demulcent (de-mul'sent). I. a. Sooth- 
,iug. II. n. Soothing medicine. [L.— 
de. and mulceo, stroke, soothe.] 

demur (de-mur'). I.vi. [demurring; 
demurred'.] 1. Hesitate. 2. Object. 
II. n. 1. Stop; hesitation. 2. Scruple. 
[ L. — mora, delay.] 

demure ( de-mur' ), a. 1. Sober; mo- 
dest. 2. Affectedly modest. — de- 
murely, adv. — demure'ness. n. 

demurrage (de-mur'aj), n. Penalty 
for delay in loading or unloading 
vessels or cars. 

den (den), n. 1. Cave; lair of a wild 
beast. 2. Squalid abode. 3. Private 
room. [A. S. denn.] 

denaturalize (de-nat'ur-a-liz), vt. 1. 
Render unnatural. 2. Deprive of 
citizenship. 

dendroid (den'droid), a. Tree-like. 
[Or. — dendron, tree, and eidos, form.] 

denial (de-ni'al ), n. Act of denying; 
contradiction; refusal. 

denizen (den'i-zn), '.i. Citizen. [O. 
Fr. deinzein—dans, witnin.j 



denominate (de-nom'in-at), vt. Call, 
designate.— denomina'tion, n. 1. 

Act of naming. 2. Name, title. 3. 
Sect.— denominator, n. 1. He who 

or that which gives a name. 2. In 
arith. Lower number in a fraction. 
[L. de, from, and nomen, name.] 

denote (de-nof), vt. Signify, mean ; 
ind icate.— denotation, in,. [L. — 
nota, mark.] 

denouement (da-no'mang), n. Issue: 
outcome. [Fr. de, un-, and nouer, tie.] 

denounce (de-no wns'), vt. 1. Inform 
against, accuse publicly. 2. Give 
notice of abrogation, as of a treaty. 
[From L. nuncio, announce.] 

de novo (de no'vo), n. Anew; from the 
beginning. [L.] 

dense (dens), a. Thick; close; com- 
pact.— densely, adv. — dense'ness, 
n. \Li. densus^ thick.] 

density (den'si-ti), n. Proportion of 
mass to bulk or volume. 

dent (dent). I. n. Small hollow made 
by the pressure or blow of a harder 
body on a softer. H. vt. Make a mark 
by means of a blow. 

dental (den'tal). I. a. 1. Belonging 
to the teeth. 2'. Produced by the aid 
of the teeth. II. n. Letter pronounced 
chiefly with the teeth. [L. dens, tooth.] 

dentate (den'tat), den'tated, a. 
Toothed; notched. 

dentifrice (den'ti-fris), n. Substance 
for cleaning the teeth. [L. — dens, 
tooth, and frico, rub.] 

dentist (den'tist), n. One who cures 
diseases of the teeth, or inserts artifi- 
cial teeth. — dentistry, n. Business 
of a dentist. 

dentition ( den-tish'- 
un), n. 1. Growing of 
teeth. 2. Formation 
and arrangement of 
the teeth. [L.— dentio, 
cut teeth.] 

denude (de-nud'), vt. 
Make naked; lay bare. 

denunciation (de-nun-shi-a'shun or 
-si-a'-), n. Act of denouncing; threat. 

denunciator (de-nun'shi-a-tur) , 
n. One who denounces.— denuncia- 
tory, a. Containing a denunciation ; 
threatening. 

deny ( de-ni'), vt. [denying; denied.] 
1. Gainsay; declare not to be true. 2. 
Refuse; disown. [Fr. denier— L. cte,and 
nego, say no.] [odor or smell from. 

deodorize (de-o'dur-iz), vt. Take the 

deoxidate (de-oks'i-dat), deoxidize 
(de-oks'i-diz), vt. Take oxygen from; 
reduce from the state of an oxide. 
deoxida'tion,deoxidiza'tion»7»£. 




fate, fat task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, more, wolf; 
mate, hut, burn; oil. owl, then 



depart 



142 



derelict 



depart (de-parf), vi. and vt. 1. Part 
from; go away; leave. 2. Die. [From 
L. partior, part.] 

department ( de-part'ment ), n. 1. 
Part, portion. 2. Separate part of 
business or duty; esp. in U.S., section 
of the administration (see pages 143 
and 144). 3. Division of a country, 
esp. of France.— departmental, a. 

departure ( de-part'ur), n. 1. Act of 
departing. 2. Deviation. 3. Death. 

depend (de-pend'),m. 1. Hang down. 2. 
Be sustained by, or connected with. 
3. Be conditional. 4. Trust, reiy. — 
dependence, depend'ency, n. 1. 
State of being dependent; connect- 
ion; reliance; trust. 2. Colony. — de- 
pendent. I. n. One who depends. II. 
a. Depending; subordinate.— de- 
pend'ently, adv. [Fr. dipendre—Li. 
pendeo, bang.] 

depict ( de-pikt' ), vt. Picture ; de- 
scribe minutely. [L. — pingo, paint.] 

depilatory ( de-pil'a-to-ri). I. a. 
Taking hair off. II. n. Application for 
taking off hair. [Fr.— L. pilus. hair.] 

deplete (de-plet), vt._ Empty; reduce. 
— depletion (de-ple'shun), n. Empty- 
ing; reduction. [Li.—de, and pleo, fill.] 

deplorable (de-plor'a-bl), a. Lament- 
able; sad.— deplorably, adv. 

deplore(de-plor'j, vt. Feel or express 
deep grief for; lament. — deplor'- 
ingly, adv. [Fr. — L. ploro, weep.] 
Syn. Bemoan; bewail; mourn. 

deploy (de-ploi'), vt. and vi. Unfold ; 
open out, esp. from column into line, 
as a body of troops. [Fr. deployer— 
L. plico. fold.]_ 

depolarize (de-po'lar-iz), vt. Deprive 
of polarity.— depolarization, n. 

deponent (de-po'nent). I. a. In gram. 
Applied to verbs with a passive form 
and active meaning. II. n. One who 
gives written evidence to be used in a 
court of justice. _ [L.] _ 

depopulate ( de-pop'u-lat ), vt. De- 
prive of inhabitants. — depopula- 
tion, n. [Ij.—populus, people.] 

deport(de-port'),^. 1. Transport, exile. 
2. Behave. — deporta'tion, n. Ba- 
nishment. — deportment, n. Con- 
duct. [L.—porto, carry.] 

depose (de-poz'), vt. 1. Put down 
(from a high station). 2. Give written 
testimony; make a statement under 
oath. [Fr. deposer—Lt. deposition.] 

deposit (de-poz'it). I. vt. Put down; 
place; lay up; intrust. II. n. 1. That 
which is deposited or put down. 2. 
Something intrusted to another's 
care, esp. money, put in a bank, or 
paid as a pledge. — depositor, n. 
[L. deposition.] 



depositary (de-poz'i-tar-i), n. Persoa 
with whom anything is deposited. 

deposition (dep-o-zish'un), n. 1. Act 
of deposing. 2. Evidence given by a 
deponent. 3. Sediment. 

depository (de-poz'i-to-ri), n. Place 
where anything is_ deposited. 

depot (de-po' or de'po), n. 1. Place of 
deposit; storehouse. 2. Military sta- 
tion. 3. Railway stathja. 

depravation (dep-ra-va'shun), n. 1. 
Act of depraving. 2. Depraved state. 

deprave (de-prav'), vt. Make bad or 
worse. — depraved', a. Corrupt.— 
deprav'ity, n. Extremely corrupt 
state. [Fr.— L. pravus, crooked.] 
Syn. Degeneracy; wickedness. 

deprecate (dep're-kat), vt. 1. Pray 
against; desire earnestly the removal 
of. 2. Regret deeply. — dep'recat- 
ing-ly, adv. — deprecation, ». En- 
treaty. — dep'recative, depre- 
catory, a. Having the form of pray- 
er; beseeching. [L_.— precor, pray.] 

depreciate (de-pre'shi-at). I. vt. 1 
Lower the worth of. 2. ' Undervalue ; 
disparage. II. vi. Fall in value. — 
depreciation, n.— depre'ciative, 
depre'eiatory, a. [L. — pretium, 
price.] 

depredate (dep're-dat), vt. Plunder; 
lay waste; devour. — depreda'tion, 
n. — dep'redator, n. — dep'reda* 
tory, a. [L.—praeda, booty.] 

depress (de-pres'), vt. 1. Press down. 
2. Lower; humble. 3. Dispirit. — 
depress'ingly, adv. — depression 
(de-presh'un), n. 1. Sinking; hollow. 
2. Abasement; dejection.— depress'- 
ive (de-pres'iv), a.— depress'or, n. 
[Lt.—premo, press.] 

deprivation ( dep-ri-va'shun), n: 1. 
Act of depriving. 2. State of being 
deprived. 3. Loss; bereavement. 

deprive (de-priv'), i;i. Take from; dis- 
possess;rob. [L.— privus, one's own.] 

deptli (depth), n. 1. Deepness. 2. Deep 
place. 3. Middle. [SeeDEBP.] 

deputation (dep-u-ta'shun), n. 1. 
Persons sent_to represent a society. 

depute (de-puf), vt. Appoint or send 
as an agent. [Fr. — L. deputo, cut off. 
select.] [to act for, or assist, another. 

deputy (dejp'u-ti), n. One appointed 

derail (de-ral'), vt. Throw off the rails. 
— derail'ment, n. 

derange (de-rang'), vt. 1. Put out of 
order. 2. Make insane. — derange'- 
inent, n. 1. Disorder. 2. Insanity. 

derelict (der'e-likt). I. a. Abandoned. 
II. n. Anything thrown away or 
abandoned, esp. a ship abandoned at 
sea. — derelic'tion, n. [Li.—linquo, 
leave.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, than. 



PLATE Xl. 




iSii&M 




NORTHERN 
HEMISPHERE 

I.HYDRA2.LE0 v 

3. VIRGO Vs 

4.C0MA BERENICES V> 

5.CANIS VENATORES 

6. BOOTES 

7CANIS MINOR 8.CANCER' 

9. URSA MAJOR 

10. CORONA II.5ERPEN5 

I2.GEMINI I3.URSA MINOR 

14. DRACO I5.HERCULE5 I6.0PHIUCHUS 

I7.0RI0N I8.AURIGA 

19. TAURUS. 20.PERSEUS 

2I.CASSI0PEIA 2?.CEPHEUS > 

23.LYRA 24.CYGNUS 



■M SOUTHERN 
/^HEMISPrtRE 

1. VIRGO 

2. LIBRA 
/y 3. CORVUS 
y 4. CRATER 5. HYDRA 

6.CENTAURUS 

7. LUPUS 8. SCORPIO 

&T 9. OPHIUCHUS 

^^ 10. SERPENS II. NAVIS 

12. CRUX 13. CANIS MAJOR 

I4.M0N0CER0S I5.ARA I6.TRIANGULUM 

^>>^ 17. SAGITTARIUS I8.PAV0 

I9.HYDRUS 20. DORADO 

^^ 2I.C0LUMBA 22. LEPUS 

2 3. OR ION 24.AQU1LA 

25. CAPRICORNUS 

26. PISCIS 

27. GRUS 

28. PHOENIX 

29. ERIDANUS 
30. AQUARIUS 

31. CETUS 



THE NAMES I . 

OFTHEMONTHSVX) 

MARK THE \ z \ 

TIME WHEN 

THE OPPOSITE v?\ 

ZODiACAL \4\ 

C0NSTELLATI0N5\i\ 

CULMINATE AT 

MIDNIGHT A3 IN 

MARCH VIRGO 

AND IN SEPTEMBER 

PISCES 



THE HOUR 

'CIRCLE SHOWS 

THE ANGLE 

OF THE 

MERIDIAN 

AND THE POINT 

TO WHICH THE 

TELESCOPE 

IS DIRECTED 

THE MILKY WAY (A) 

AND NEBULAE ARE 

STIPPLED 



^(yy ^COPYRlGHT I935.BY W?.H LEE 




PLATE XII. 




Copyright, 1905, by Win. H. Lee. 

" " ' 1. Acute angle. 2. Right angle. 3. Obtuse angle. 4. Rectan- 
gular triangle (A hypotenuse). 5. Equilateral triangle. 6. Scalene triangle. 7. Isosceles tri- 
angle. 8. Oval. 9, 10. Circle (A radius, B diameter, C sector, D chord, E segment, T tangent. 
11. Ellipse (A, B foci). 12. Pyramid. 13. Cylinder. 14. Cone. 15, 16. Frustrums. 17. 
Square (A diagonal, B diameter). 18. Rectangle. 19. Rhomb. 20. Rhomboid. 21. Quadri- 
lateral. 22. Trapezium. 23. Pentagon. 24. Conic sections. 25. Hexagon. 26. Octagon. 



deride 



145 



desolate 



deride (de-rid'), vt. Laugh at.— de- 
ri'dingly, adv. [L. video, laugh.] 
Syn.— Mock; ridicule; jeer. 

derision (de-rizh'un), n. 1. Act of de- 
riding; mockery. 2. Laughing-stock. 

derisive ( de-ri'siv ), a. Mocking. — 
deri'sively, adv. [being derived. 

derivable (de-rl'v a-bl), a. Capable of 

derivation (der-i-va'shun), n. 1. Act 
of deriving. 2. Tracing of a word to 
its origin. 3. That which is derived. 

derivative (de-riv'a-tiv). I. a. De- 
rived ; not original. II. n. That which 
is derived; esp. a word formed from 
another word. 

derive (de-riv'), vt. 1. Draw; take 
from a source. 2. Infer. 3. Trace a 
word to its root. [L.— rivus, river.] 

dermatology ( der-ma-tol'o-ji ), n. 
Branch of physiology which treats 
of the skin. _[Gr. derma, skin, and 
logos, science. J 

derogate (der'o-gat), vi. Lessen; de- 
tract.— deroga't ion , n. Taking 
from; detraction; depreciation.— de- 
rogatory, a. Detracting; injurious. 
— derog'atorily, adv. - 
— d e r o g'atorincss, 
n. [L. rogo, ask.] 

derrick (der'ik), n. 
Large crane for lift- 
ing heavy weights. 
[Named after a Lon- 
don hangman] Derringer Pistol. 

derringer (der'm-jer), 
n. Snort : barrelled pistol of large 
caliber. [After the inventor, an 
American gunsmith.] 

dervisn (der'vish) , n. Among Moham- 
medans, one of a class of monks who 
profess extreme poverty, and lead an 
austere life. [Pers. derivesch, poor.] 

descant (des'kant), n. 1. Variation of 
an air. 2. Upper voice. 3. Comment. 
[From L. cantus, song.] 

descant ( des-kant'), vt. Discourse at 
length, comment. 

descend ( de-send' ), vi. Come or go 
down.— descend'ant, n.— descend - 
ent ( de-send'ent }, a. Going down; 
proceeding from an ancestor. [L.— 
de, down, and scando, climb.] 

descension (de-sen'shun), n. Act of 
descending or sinking. 

descent (de-senf), n. 1. Motion down- 
ward. 2. Declivity. 3. Invasion. 4. 
Lineage. [attack; extraction. 

Syn. Degradation; slope; assault; 

describe (de-skrib'), vt. 1. Trace out; 
delineate. 2. Give an account of. 
[L.— scribo, write.] 

description ( de-skrip'shun ), n. 1. 

Describing. 2. Sort; class; kind. 

Syn. Representation ; account. 




descriptive (de-skrip'tiv), a. Contain* 
ing description. — descrip'tively, 
adv. — descrip'tiveness, n. 

descry (de-skrr), vt. [descry'ing; de- 
scried'.] Discover by the eye; espy. 
[O. Fr. descrire — ~L. describo.] 

desecrate (des'e-krat), vt. Divert from 
a sacred purpose ; profane. — dese- 
cra'tion, n. [L.— sacer, sacred.] 

desert (de-zerf), n. 1. Reward, punish- 
ment. 2. Claim to reward; merit. 

desert ( de-zerf ), vt. and vi. Leave; 
forsake, esp. quit a service, as the 
army, without permission. — desert' - 
er, n. — deser'tion, n. [L. — de, ne- 
gative, and sero, bind.] 

desert (dez'ert). I a. Deserted; deso- 
late. II. n. Desolate place; wilder- 
ness; solitude. 

deserve (de-zerv'), vt. and vi. Merit, be 
worthy of reward. — deser'vedly, 
adv. — deser'ving. I. a. Worthy. II. 
n. Desert.— deser'vingly, adv. [L. 
servio, serve.] [careless toilet. [Fr.] 

deshabille (des-a-bil' ), n. Undress; 

desiccant (de-sik'ant), desiccative 
(de-sik'a-tiv). I a'. Having the power 
of drying. II. n. Application that 
tends to dry up sores. 

desiccate (des'i-kat), vt. and vi. Dry 
up.— desicca'tion, n. [L. siccus, dry.] 

desideratum (de-sid-er-a'tum), n. 
Something desired. — pi. Desiderata 
(de-sid-er-a'ta). [L.] 

desig-n (de-zih'). I. vt. 1. Draw. 2. 
Form a plan of; contrive. 3. Intend. 
II. n. 1. Drawing , sketch ; plan. 2. 
Plot, intention. — design'able, a. 
— designer, n. l.One who furnishes 
designs. 2. Plotter.— designing, a. 
Scheming. [Fr. — L. signum, mark.] 
Syn. Purpose; project; pattern. 

designate (des'ig-nat), vt. 1. Make 
known. 2. Show; name.— designa- 
tor, n. — designation ( des-ig-na'- 
shun). n. Name; title. [tionally. 

designedly (de-zi'ned-li), adv. Intent- 
desirable ( de-zi'ra-bl ), a. Worthy of 
desire; pleasing; agreeable. — desi- 
rably, adv.— desi'rableness, n. 

desire (de-zir'). I. vt. 1. Long for; 
wish for. 2. Request; ask. II. n. 1. 
Longing for; eagerness to obtain, g. 
Prayer or request. 3. Object desired. 
[Fr.— L. desidero.] [obtain; eager for. 

desirous ( de-zi'rus), a. Anxious to 

desist ( de-sist' ), vt. Stop; forbear 
[L. de, away, and sisto, cause to stand.] 

desk (desk), n. Table or case for writ- 
ting or reading; pulpit. [A. S. disc— 
L. discus.] 

desolate (des'o-lat). I. vt. Deprive of 
inhabitants; lay waste. II. a. 1. Lone- 
ly ;forsaken, destitute of inhabitants; 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



desolation 



145 



determinate 



laid waste. — des'olately, adv.— 
des'olateness, n._ [L.— solus, alone.] 

desolation (des-o-la'shun),w. 1. Waste; 
destruction. 2. Place desolated. 3. 
Dreariness; affliction ; sadness. 

Syn. Ruin; devastation; depopula- 
tion; melancholy ; gloom; destitution. 

despair (de-spar'). I. vi. Be without 
hope; despond. II. n. Utter hope- 
lessness.— despairingly, adv. [L. 
de privative, and spero, hope.] 

despatch ( de-spach' ). I. vt. 1. Send 
away, hastily, out of the world, etc. 2. 
Dispose of speedily. II. n. 1. Sending 
away. 2. Dismissal. 3. Rapidity. 4. 
Message. 5. Telegram. [O. Fr. despee- 
cher, — L. L. dispedicare, remove obs- 
tacles.] 

desperado (des-per-a'do), n. [pi. des- 
peradoes.] Desperate fellow. [Sp. 
desesparado.] 

desperate (des*per-at), a. I. In a state 
of despair; hopeless. 2. Fearless of 
danger; rash; furious.— des'perate- 
ly, adv.— despera'tion, n. Despair; 
disregard of danger; fury. 

despicable (des'pi-ka-bl), a. Deserv- 
ing contempt.— des'picableness, n. 
Syn. Pitiful; mean; base; low; vile. 

despise (de-sprz'), vt. Look down upon 
with contempt; scorn. [L. de, down, 
and specio, look.] 

despite (de-spif). I. n. Contempt ; 
violent malice or hatred. II. prep. 
In spite of ; notwithstanding. [Fr. 
depit — L. despicio.] 

despoil (de-spoil'), v t. Spoil ; rob. — 
despoil'er, n. — despolia'tion, n. 

despond (de-spond'), vi. Lose hope ox- 
courage; despair. — despond'ence, 
despond'ency, n. Dejection. — de- 
spondent, a. Without courage or 
hope, sad. — despond'ently, de- 
spond'ingly, adv. 

despot (des'put), n. One invested with 
absolute power; tyrant. — despotic 
(des-pot'ik), a. Pertaining to or like 
a despot ; having absolute power; 
tyrannical. — despot'ically, adv.— 
despotism (des'put-izm), n. Abso- 
lute power. [ Gr. despotes, master.] 

dessert (dez-zerf), n. Fruits, confec- 
tions, etc., served as the last course of 
a meal. [Fr. — desservir, clear the 
table.] 

destination (des-ti-na'shun), n. 1. 
Purpose, end, fate. 2. Act of appoint- 
ing. 3. Place to which one is going. 

destine (des'tin), vt. Ordain, appoint, 
design, doom. [L. destino.] 

destiny (des'ti-ni), n. End to which a 
person or thing is destined or appoint- 
ed. 2. Unavoidable fate. 



destitute (des'ti-tiit), a. 1. Deprived. 
2. In want, needy.— destitution, n. 

Poverty. [L. — de and statuo, place.] 

destroy (de-stroi'), itf. Ruin; kill; put 
an end to; pull down. — destroy er, 
n. [L. destruo—de, and striio, build.] 

destructible (de-sti*uk'ti-bl), a. Lia- 
ble to be destroyed.— destructibil'- 
ity, n. 

destruction (de-struk'shun), n. Act of 
destroying; overthrow; ruin; death. 

destructive (de-struk'tiv), a. Causing 
destruction; mischievous ; ruinous; 
deadly. — destructively, adv. 
— destruc'tiveness, n. [L.] 

desuetude ( des'we-tud ), n. Disuse. 

desultory ( des'ul-to-ri), a. Without 
logical connection; rambling; basty; 
loose— desultorily, adv. — des'ul- 
toriness, n. [L.— salio, jump.] 

detach (de-tach'), vt. Unfasten; se- 
parate. — detach'ment, n. 1. State 
of being separate. 2. That which is 
detached, as a body of troops. [Fr. de- 
tacher— de, from, and root of attach.] 

detail ( de-tal' ). I. vt. 1. Relate mi- 
nutely; enumerate. 2. Set apart for 
a particular service. II. n. [de'tal or 
de-tal'.] 1. Small part. 2. Minute and 
particular account. 3. Detachment. 
[Fr. tailler,_eut.] 

detain (de-tan'}, vt. Hold back; stop; 
keep. — detain'er, n. 1. One who 
detains. 2. In law: Holding of what 
belongs to another. [L. teneo, hold.] 

detect (de-tekt' ), vt. Discover; find 
out. — detect'able a. That may be 
detected. — detection,??. Discovery. 
— detect'ive. I. a. Employed in 
detecting. II. n. One employed 
to disoover secrets or obtain special 
information. [L. —de, and tego, cover.] 

detention (de-ten'shun), n. i. Act of 
detaining. 2. State of being detained. 

deter (de-ter'), vt. [deter'ring; deterred'.] 
Frighten; hinder. [L. — terreo, 
frighten.] 

deterge (de-terj'), vt. Wipe off; cleanse 
(as a wound). [L.— tergeo, wipe.] 

deterrence (de-ter'jens), detergen- 
cy (de-ter'jen-si), n. 1 State or qua- 
lity of being detergent. 2. Cleansing 
or purging power. 

detergent(de-ter'jent). La. Cleansing; 
purging. II. n. That which cleanses. 

deteriorate (de-te'ri-o-rat). I. vt. 
Bring down, make worse. II. vi. Grow 
worse. — deteriora'tion, n. [ L. 
deterior, worse.] 

determinable (deter'min-a-bl ), a. 
Capable of being determined, finished. 

determinate ( de-ter'min-at), a. De- 
termined; fixed; decisive. — deter'- 
minately, adv. 



iate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



rolf; 



deter min ation 



147 



diadem 



determination (de-ter-min-a'shun ), 
n. Direction; resolution, purpose. 

determinative (de-ter'min-a-tiv), a. 
That determines ;conclusive;deciding. 

determine (de-ter'min), vt. 1. Limit; 
define; put an end to. 2. Fix or settle 
the form or character of. 3. Influence. 
4. Resolve on. — determined, a. 
Firm in purpose; resolute. — deter'- 
minedly, adv. [deter. 

deterrent (de-ter'ent), a. Serving to 

detest ( de-test'), vt. Hate; dislike 
intensely.— detestable, a. Extreme- 
ly hateful; abominable. — detesta'- 
tion, n. [L. detestor, curse.] 

dethrone (de-thron'), vt. Remove 
from a throne. 

detonate(det'o-nat),m. andvL Explode. 
— detonation, w. [L. detono.~\ [Fr.] 

detour (de-tor'), n. Roundabout way. 

detract (de-trakf), vt. 1. Take away. 
2. Defame; abuse. — detract'er, de- 
tract/or, n.— detract'ingly, adv.— 
detrae'tion, n. Depreciation; slan- 
der. — detractory, a. Tending to 
detract; derogatory. [Li.—traho, draw.] 

detriment (det'ri-ment), n. Damage; 
loss.— detriment' al, a. Injurious. 
[Li.—tero, tritus, rub.] 

de trop ( de-tro' ), adv. Superfluous; 
in the way; not wanted. [Fr ] 

deuce (dus), n. Card or die with two 
spots. [Fr^ deux, two.] 

deuce (dus), n. Evil spirit; devil. 
[Icel. thurs, giant, goblin.] 

devastate (dev'as-tat), vt. Lay waste; 
plunder; ravage; desolate. — devas- 
tation, n. [L. — vasto, lay waste.] 

develop (de-vel'op), vt. smdvi. Change 
or perfect by a process. — develop- 
ment, n. [Fr. divelopper, unwrap.] 
Syn. Unfold ;_ evolve ; produce. 

deviate (de'vi-at), vi. Turn aside; err. 
— deviation, n. [L. de, and via, way.] 

device (de-vis'), n. 1. Contrivance; 
design. 2. Emblem; motto, [Fr. devise.] 

devil (dev'l). I. n. 1. Evil spirit. 2. 
Satan. 3. Very wicked person. 4. 
Printer's apprentice. 5. Fellow, 
rogue. II. vt. Pepper or season highly. 
— devilish, a. Crooked. - devil- 
ishly, adv. — dev'ilishness, n. — 
dev'iltry,w. 1. Extreme wickedness. 
2. Wanton mischief. [A. S. deofol— 
Gr. diabolos, slanderer.] 

devious (de'vi-us), a. Erring. — de'- 
viously, adv. — de'viousness, n. 
Syn. Rambling; wandering; winding. 

devise (de-viz'). I. vt. 1. Scheme; con- 
trive. 2. Give by will; bequeath. II. 
n. 1. Act of bequeathing. 2. Will. 3 
Property bequeathed by will — devi- 
ser ( de-vl'zer ), n. One who contrives. 
—devisor (de-vl'zar), n. One who be- 



queaths by will. [Fr. deviser — L. 
divido, divide.] [from. 

devoid (de-void'), a. Destitute; free 

devoir (dev-war'), n. Duty; service; 
respect. [Fr.]' 

devolve (de-volv'). I. ^.Transfer; de- 
liver. II. vi. Be transferred. [L. volvo.j 

devote ( de>vot' ), vt. 1. Set ar>a.rt: 
doom. 2. Give up wholly.— devo'ted, 
a. Strongly attached : zealous. — de- 
vo'tedly, adv.— devo'tedness, n. — 
devotee (dev-o-te'), n. One devoted, 
esp. to religion; bigot.— devo'tion,n. 
Consecration; prayer; strong attach- 
ment. — devo'tionaB, a. [L«. vovere, 
vow.] [addict; destine; consign. 

Syn. Consecrate; dedicate; apply; 

devour (de-vowr'), vt. Swallow greed- 
ily ; eat ; consume ; destroy. — de- 
vour'er, n. [Fr.— L. voro, swallow.] 

devout (de-vowf), a. Given up to*., iig- 
ion; pious; sincere.— devoutly, adv. 
— devout'ness, n. [See devote.] 
Syn. Reverent; holy; earnest. 

dew ( du ). I. n. Moisture deposited 
from the air in minute drops upon the 
surface of objects. II. vt. Wet with 
dew; moisten. — Dewpoint, n. Temper- 
ature at which dew begins to form.— 
dewy, a. Like dew; moist with 
dew. [A.S. deaw.] [the throat of oxen. 

dewlap (du'lap), n. Loose skin about 

dexter (deks'ier), a. On the right-hand 
side; right. — dexterity (deks-ter'i- 
ti), n. 1. Expertness. 2. Readiness 
and skill; adroitness. — dexterous 
(deks'ter-us), a. Adroit; skillful.— 
dex'terously, adv. — dex'terous- 
ness, n. — dextral (deks'tral), a. 
Right, as opposed to left. [L.] 

dey (da), n. Title of governor of 
Algiers before the French conquest. 
(Turk, dai.) [Gr. dis, twice.] 

di-, prefix. Twice; twofold; double. 

di-, prefix. Signifies division, separa- 
tion, or distribution. Dif is used be- 
fore words beginning with /. [L. dis,, 
apart.] [tween. [Gr.] 

dia-, prefix. Through, thoroughly; be- 

diabolic ( di-a-bol'ik ), diabolical 
(di-a-bol'ik-al), a. Devilish.— diabol- 
ically, adv. [Gr.— diabolos, devil.] 

diaconal (dl-ak'o-nal), a. Pertaining 
to a deacon. [deacon 

diaconate (dl-ak'o-nat), n. Office of a 

diacritic (di-a-krit'ik), diacritical, 
a. Serving to distinguish. [Gr. — dia, 
and krino, distinguish.] 

diactinic (di-ak-tin'ik), a. Capable of 
transmitting the actinic or chemical 
rays of the sun. 

diadem (di'a-dem), n. 1. Ornamental 
head band. 2. Crown. [Gr.— dia, round, 
and deo, bind.] 



£ate, tat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her ; mite, mit $ note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



diaeresis 



148 



die 



diaeresis ( dl-er'e-sis ), n. Mark <( • • ) 
placed over a vowel to show that it is 
to be pronounced separately, as in 
aerial.— pi. diaer'eses. [Gr.— dia, apart, 
and haireo, take.] [nosis of a disease. 

diagnose (di-ag-nos_),«tf. Make a diag- 

diagnosis (di-ag-no'sis), n. 1. Deter- 
mination of the nature of a disease. 
2. Brief description.—?^. Diagno'ses, 
[Gr.— eft, between, and gignosko, know.] 

diagonal ( di-ag'o-nal ). I. a. 1. Ex- 
tending from one angle to another 
not adjacent. 2. Oblique. 3. Marked 
with diagonal lines. II. n. Straight 
line so drawn. — diagonally, adv. 
[Gv.—dia, through, and gonia, corner.] 

diagram _( di'a-gram ), n. Figure, 
drawing.— diagrammatic, a. [Gr.] 

dial (di'al), n. 1. Instru- 
ment for showing the 



time of day by the sun's 
shadow. 2. Face of a 




Sun Dial. 



watch or clock. [LowL 
dialis—dies, day. J 

dialect (di'a-lekt), n. Variety of a 
language peculiar to a district. [Gr. 
—dia, between, and lego, speak.] 

dialectic ( di-a-lek'tik ), dialectical 
( di-a-lek'tik-al ). I. a. 1. Pertaining 
to dialect. 2. Pertaining to dialectics; 
logical. II. n. Same as dialectics.— 
dialec'tically, adv. 

dialectician (di-a-lek-tish'an), n. One 
skilled in dialectics; logician. 

dialectics (dl-a-lek'tiks), n. pi. 1. Art 
of discussing. 2. Branch of logic 
which teaches the rules and modes 
of reasoning. 

dialogue (di'a-log), n. Conversation 
between two people [Gr. dialogos.] 

diameter (di-am'e-ter ), n. Straight 
line passing through the centre of a 
circle, terminated at both ends by the 
circumference. [Gr. — dia, and meirein, 
measure.] 

diametrical (dl-a-met'rik-al), a. Di- 
rect; straight.— diamet'rically,a^v. 

diamond (di'a-mund), n. 1. The most 
precious stone and hardest of all 
substances. 2. Four-sided figure with 
two obtuse and two acute angles. 3. 

This line is set in diamond type. 

One of the smallest kinds of English 

type. [Fr.— Gr. adamas. See adamant.] 
diapason (di-a-pa'zun), n. 1. Entire 

compass of a voice or instrument. 2. 

Fixed standard of pitch. 3. One of 

two principal stops in a pipe-organ. 

[Gr.— dia, and pas, all.] 
diaper ( di'a-per ). I. n. Linen cloth 

woven in figures, used for towels, etc. 

II. vt. Variegate with figures. [From 

root of JASPER.] 



diaphanous (di-af'a-nus), a. Trans- 
parent.— diaph'anously, adv. [Gr. 
—phaino, show.] 

diaphragm (di'a-fram), n. Dividing 
membrane ; esp. the muscular parti- 
tion between chest and abdomen; the 
midriff. [Gr.—phragnymi, fence.] 

diarrhea, diarrhoea ( di-a-re'a ), n. 
Morbid looseness of the bowels. " [Gr. 
—dia, and rheo, flow.] 

diary (di'a-ri), n. Daily record; jour- 
nal. [L. diarium — dies, day.] 

diastole ( di-as'to-le), n. 1. Normal 
dilatation of the heart, alternating 
with contraction, systole. 2. Making 
a short syllable long. . 

diatonic (di-a-ton'ik), a. Using the 
tones of thestandard scales only. 

diatribe ( di'a-trib ), n. 1. Discourse 
or disputation. 2. Invective ha- 
rangue. [Gr. = Wasting time.] 

dibble (dib'l). I. n. Tool used for 
making holes to put seed or plants in. 
II. vi. and vt. Plant with a dibble; 
make holes; dip, as in angling. 

dice (dis). Plural of die. 

dicker (dik'er). I. n. Trade; bar- 
gain. II. vt. and vi. Barter; haggle; 
drive a bargain. 

dictate (dik'tat). I. vt. 1. Tell another 
what to say or write. 2. Command. 
II. n. Order; direction; impulse. — 
dicta'tion, n. Act, art, or practice 
of dictating; order.— d i c t a' t o r ,n. 
One invested for a time with absolute 
authority.— dictatorial, a. 1. Abso- 
lute ; authoritative. 2. Imperious ; over- 
bearing. — dictato'rially, adv. — 
dictatorship, n. Office or term of a 
dictator. 

diction (dik'shun), n. Manner of ex- 
pression; choice of words; style. 
[L. dictio.] 

dictionary (dik'shun-ar-i), n. Book 
containing the words of a language, 
or a branch of it, alphabetically ar- 
ranged, with their meanings, etc. 
[Fr. dictio nnaire.] [dik'ta. [L.] 

dictum ( dik'tum ), n. Saying. — pi. 

did (did). Past tense of do. 

didactic (di-dak'tik), didactical (di- 
dak'tik-al), a. Intended to teach;, ins- 
tructive.— didac'tically, adv. [Gr.] 

die ( di' ), vi. [dy'ing; died (did).] 1. 
Lose life. 2. Vanish. [Ieel. deyja.] 
Syn. Decease; depart; expire; per- 
ish; cease; faint; languish. 

die (di), n. [pi. dice (dis).] 1. Small 
cube thrown from a box, in games. 
2. [pi. dies (diz).] Stamp for impres- 
sing coin, punching holes, forming 
screw threads, etc. 3- Cubical part of 
a pedestal. [Fr.— L. dolus, given, cast.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, he"r; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



diet 



149 



dilly-dally 



diet ( di'et ). I. n. 1. Mode of living, 
with especial reference to food. 2. 
Food prescribed by a physician; al- 
lowance of provision. II. vi. Furnish 
with food. III. vi. 1. Eat. 2. Take 
food according to rule. [Gr. diaita.] 

diet (di-et), n. 1. Assembly of princes 
and delegates. 2. Chief national coun- 
cil in several countries in Europe. 
[L. dies, (set) day] 

dietary (dre-tar-i). I. a. Pertaining 
to diet or the rules of diet. II. n. 
Course of diet; allowance of food. 

dietetic ( dl-e-tet'ik ), dietet'ical, a. 
Pertaining to diet. — dietet'ics, n. 
Rules forregulating diet.— dietet'ic- 
ally, adv. [From Gr. diaitetikos.] 

differ (dif'er), vi. Disagree; be unlike. 
[L. dis, apart, and/ero, bear.] 

difference (dif'er-ens ), n. 1. Distin- 
guishing quality or mark. 2. Excess 
in quantity. 3. Dispute; quarrel. 

Syn. Dissimilarity; variation; disa- 
greement; contention; wrangle. 

different (dif'er-ent), a. Unlike.— 
differently, adv. 

differential ( dif-er-en'shal ), a. 1. 
Creating a difference. 2. In math. Per- 
taining to a quantity or difference in- 
finitely small. 

differentiate (dif-er-en'shi-at),^. and 
vi. 1 . Make or grow different or dis- 
tinct. 2. Specialize. 

difficult (difi-kuiO, a. 1. Hard to do. 

2.Hard to please, -difficultly, adv. 

[Li. —dis, negative, and facilis, easy.] 

Syn. Arduous ; stubborn ; laborious ; 

troublesome; painful; crabbed. 

difficulty (dif'i kul-ti), n. 1. Labori- 
ousness. 2. Obstacle. 3. Embarrass- 
ment of affairs. 4. Trouble; dispute; 
quarrel. [fidence; bashfulness. 

diffidence (dif'i-dens), n. Want of con- 
diffident (dif'i-dent), a. Distrustful of 
one's self; modest, —diffidently, 
adv. [Li.-dis, negative, and fldo, trust.] 

diffuse (dif-f uz'), vt. Scatter. — diffu'- 
ser, n. [L._— dis, and fundo, pour.] 

diffuse (dir-f us'), a. 1. Diffused; widely 
spread. 2. Wordy ; not concise. — dif- 
fusely, adv.— diffuse'ness, n. 

diffusive ( dif-f u'siv ), a. Extending; 
spreading widely. — diffn'sively, 
adv.— diifn siveness, n. 

dig (dig), vt. [dig'ging; dug or digged 
(digd).] Turn up the earth; excavate. 
— dig'ger, n. [A. S. dician.] 

digest (di-jest'), vt. 1. Prepare for 
assimilation; assimilate. 2 Distri- 
bute and arrauge. 3. Receive and 
classify in the mind. 4. Think over. 
— digest' er, n. — digestible, a. — 
digestibility, n. —digestion (di- 

. jes'chun), n. — digestive, a. Pro- 




Digitate Leaf 



moting digestion. [L. digero, carry 
asunder, dissolve.] 

digest (di'jest), n. Body of laws or 
other matter collected and arranged, 
esp. the Justinian code of civil laws. 

dight ( dit ), a. Disposed; adorned. 
[A. S. dihtan, arrange.] 

digit (dij'it), n. 1. Finger or toe. 2. 
Finger's breadth. 3. One of the fig- 
ures 1—9. 4. The twelfth part of the 
diameter of the sun or moon. [L. 
digitus.] 

digitate (dij'i-tat), a. 
Consisting of several fin- 
ger-like sections. 

dignified (dig'ni-fid), a. 
Marked with dignity; 
grave. 

dignify ( dig'ni-fi ), vt. 
[dig'nifying; dig'nified]. 
Invest, with honor ; exalt. 
[Ij. digitus, worthy, and facio, make.] 

dignitary (dig'ni-tar-i), n. One who 
holds a high position. [Fr. dignitaire.] 

dignity (dig'ni-ti), n. 1. State of 
being worthy or dignified. 2. Eleva- 
tion in i ank. [Fr. dignite,] 

digraph (di'graf), n. Two letters ex- 
pressing but one sound, &sph, = L 
[Gr.tfi, twice,and graphe, mark.] 

digress (di-gres'), vi. Depart from the 
main subject; introduce irrelevant 
matter.— digress'ive, a. — digres- 
sion (di-gresh'un), n. [L. dis, aside, 
and gradior, step.] 

dike (dik). I. n. 1. Ditch ; pond. 2. 
Bank of earth. 3. In geol. Wall- 1 ike 
mass of igneous rock in the fissures 
of stratified rocks. II. vt. Surround 
with a dike or bank. [A. S. die] 

dilapidate ( di-lap'i-dat ), vt. and vi. 
Ruin; fall into ruin. [L.. lapis, stone.] 

dilate (di-laf), vt. and vi. 1. Expand, 
opp. of contract; widen. 2. Speak 
at length; enlarge. [L. dis, apart, and 
latus, borne.] [n. Expansion. 

dilation ( di-la'shun ), dilata'tion, 

dilatory (dil'a-to-ri), a. 1. Slow; tar- 
dy. 2. Causing delay. — dil'atorily, 
adv. — dil'atoriness, n. 

dilemma (di-lem'a), n. Difficult 
choice. [Gr.] _ [in arts. [It.] 

dilettante (dil-et-tan'ta), n. Amateur 

diligence (dil'i-jens),re. 1. Industry. 2. 
( de-le-zhongs' ) French stage-coach. 

diligent(dil'i-jent), a. Steady in appli- 
cation.— dil'igently, adv. [Li. diligo, 
love.] [lous. 

Syn. Assiduous; industrious; sedu- 

dill (dil), n. Plant with aromatic seeds 
tised in medicine and cooking. [A. S. 
dile.] [fie ; delay. [From Dally.] 

dilly-dally (dil'i-dal-i), vi. Loiter; tri- 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



dilute 



150 



dipper 



dilate (di-lot'). I. vt. 1. Make thinner 
or more liquid. 2. Diminish in streng- 
th, flavor, etc., by mixing, esp. with 
water. II. a. Diminished in strength. 
— dilution, n. [ L. luo, wash.] 

diluvial { di- 15' vi-al ), dilu'vian, a. 
Pertaining to a flood, esp. that in the 
time of Noah; caused by a deluge. 

diluvium (di-16'vi-um), n. 1. Inun- 
dation; flood. 2. In geol. Deposit of 
sand, gravel, etc., made by the former 
action of the sea. [L. See Deluge.] 

dim (dim). I. a.l. Not bright or dis- 
tinct. 2. Faint; vague; dull. 3. Not 
seeing clearly. II. vt. and vi. [dim'- 
ming; dimmed (dimd).] Make or 
become dark, dull or faint.— dim'ly, 
adv. — dim'ness, n. [A. S.] 

diine(dim), n. U. S. coin=10 cents. [O. 
Fr. disme, tithe, —decima. tenth part.] 

dimension (di-men'shun), n. 1. Meas- 
ure in length, breadth or thickness. 
2. Extent; size. [L.— metior, measure.] 

diminish (di-min'ish), vt. and vi. Make 
or grow less. [From L. diminuo.] 
Syn. Abate; decrease^ lessen. 

diminuendo ( di-min-u-en'do ), adv. 
In mus. Direction to let the sound die 
away, marked >. [It.] 

diminution (dim-i-nu'shun), n. 1. 
Lessening. 2. Degradation. 

diminutive (di-min'u-tiv).I. a. Small; 
contracted. II. n. In gram. Word 
formed from another to express a lit- 
tle one of the kind.— dimin'utively, 
adv. — dimin'utiveness, n. 

dimity (dim'i-ti), n. Stout white cot- 
ton cloth, striped or figured in the 
loom by weaving with two threads. 
[From Gr. di, twice, and mitos, thread.] 

dimorphous (di-mar'fus), a. Existing 
in two forms. 

dimple (dim'pl). I. n. Small natural 
depression on the face. II. vi. and vt. 
Form, or mark with, dimples. [Dim. 
of Dip.] 

dimply (dim'pli), a. Full of dimples. 

din (din). I. n. Confused, harsh noise. 
II. vt. [din'ning; dinned.] 1. Strike 
with a continued, confused noise. 
2. Force with clamor. [A. S. dynian.] 

dine (din). I. vi. Take dinner. II. vt. 
Give a dinner fco. [O. Fr. disner, (Fr. 
diner.)— L. coena, meal.] 

ding (ding), vt. and vi. 1. Strike; 
throw; dash. 2. Urge; keep constant- 
ly repeating. [Sound of metal struck.] 

dingdong (ding'- 
dang), n. 1. Sound 
of bells ringing. 2. 
Monotony. Dinghy. 

dinghy (din'gi), n. 1. 
Small East-Indian sail-boat. 2. U. S. 
Small flat-bottomed boat; dory. 



Native wild dog 
of Australia. ' [soiled. [From dung.] 



dingo (ding'o), 



cungy (din'ji), a. Of a dirty color; 

dinner (din'er), n. Chief meal of day, 

Dinosauria (di-no-sa'ri-a), n. pi. Spe- 
cies of extinct colossal reptiles of 
Mesozoic period, [sing, dinosaurus.] 

dint (dint), n. 1. Mark left by a blow. 
2. Power; means. [A. S. dynt, blow.] 

diocesan (di-os'e-san). I. a. Pertain- 
ing to a diocese. II. n. Bishop as 
regards his diocese. 

diocese (di'5-ses), n. District under a 
bishop's jurisdiction. [Gr. — dioikeo, 
keep house.] 

dionym (di'o-nim), n. Name consist- 
ing of two parts. [Gr.] 

diopter (di-op'ter), n. Index arm of a 
graduated circle; alidade. 

dioptric (di-op'trik ), a. 1. Pertain- 
ing to the science of refracted light. 
2. Refracting. 

diorama (di'o-ra'ma), n. Exhibition 
of pictures viewed through an open- 
ing in the wall of a darkened cham- 
ber. [Gr. — horao, see.] 

dip (dip). I. vt. andfli. [dip'ping; dip- 
ped.] 1. Dive or plunge for a moment. 
2. Bail. 3. Moisten. 4. Wave up and 
down. 5. Incline downwards. II. n. 
Sloping. [A. S. dyppan.] 

diphtheria (dif-the'ri-a or dip-), n. 
Disease in which the air-passages 
become covered with a leather-like 
membrane.— diphtheritic, a. [Gr. 
diphthera, leather.] 

diphthong (dif 'thong), n. Two vow- 
el-sounds pronounced in one syllable. 
[Gr. — di, two, and phthongos, sound.] 

diploma ( di-plo'ma ), n. Document 
conferring some honor or privilege. 
[Gr. diploos, double, folded.] 

diplomacy (di-plo'ma-si), n. 1. Sci- 
ence and arc of international inter- 
course. 2. Art of negotiation; 
shrewdness. [ist. 

diplomat (dip'lo-mat), n. Diplomat- 
diplomatic (dip-16-mat'ik), diplo= 
matical (dip-lo-mat'ik-al), a 1. Per- 
taining to diplomacy. "2. Artful. — 
diplomatically, adv. 

diplomatist (di-plo'ma-tist), n. One 
skilled in diplomacy. 

dipper (dip'er), 
n. 1. One who 
or that which 
dips. 2. Large 
ladle. 3. Cer- 
tain group of 
seven stars in 
Ursa Major 
(Big Dipper), 




Big Dipper. 



and Ursa Minor (Little Dipper). 
Diving bird. 



fpe. tftt, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
route, but, bSrn; oil, owl, ffcen. 



dipsomania 



151 



disciplinable 



dipsomania (dip-po-rna'ni a), n. In- 
satiable craving for alcoholic drink. 
— dipsomaniac, n . One suffering 
from dipsomania. [Gr. dipsa, thirst. 
and mania.] [L. dims, fearful.] 

dire (dir), a. Dreadful; calamitous. 

direct (di-rekf). I. a. 1. Straight. 2. 
Sincere. 3. Plain. 4. In the line of 
descent. II. vt. 1. Point; aim. 2. Point 
out the proper course to; guide. 3. 
Order. 4. Address.— direct'ly, adv.— 
direct' ii ess, n. [J^.—rego, rule.] 

Syn. Lead; manage; conduct; regu- 
late: govern; command. 

direction (di-rek'shun ), n. 1. Line in 
which anything moves. 2. Guidance. 
3. Address. 4. Board of directors. 

Syn. Control; order: management; 
superintendence: government; clew. 

directive (di-rektiv), a. Having power 
or tendency to direct. 

director (di-rek'tur), n. One who or 
that which directs; manager, govern- 
or.— direct'ress, n. fern. — direct- 
orate, directorship, n. Office of 
director. — directorial, a. 1. Per- 
taining to directors. 2. Giving direc- 
tion. — direct'ory. I. a. Containing 
directions; guiding. II. n. 1. Body of 
directors. 2. Guide. 3. Book with the 
names, residences, occupations, etc., 
of the inhabitants of a place. 

direful. Same as dire. 

dirge (derj), n. Funeral song. [From 
dirige,the first word of a Latin funeral 
hymn.] 

dirigible (dir'i-ji-bl), a. That may be 
directed or controlled. [L. dirigo, 
direct.] \_duirc] 

dirk (derk), n. Dagger, poniard. [Ir. 

dirt (dert), re. 1. Filth. 2. Soil or loose 
earth.— dirt'y. I. a. Defiled with dirt; 
filthy; mean. II. vt. [dirt'ying; dirt'- 
ied).] Soil; sully. — dirtily, adv. — 
dirt in ess, n. [Dan. dreet.] 

dis-, prefix. Signifies separation, pri- 
vation or negation. [L. = asunder.] 

disability (dis-a-bil'i-ti), n. Lack of 
ability. [deprive of power. 

disable ( dis-a'bl X vt. Make unable; 

disabuse (dis-a-buz'), vt. Undeceive; 
set right. 

disadvantage (dis-ad- van'taj). I. n. 
What is unfavorable to one's interest ; 
loss; injury. II. vt. Harm. — disadvan- 
tageous, a. 

disaffect (dis-af-fekf), vt. Take away 
the affection of; make discontented — 
disaffect 'ed. Ill-disposed, disloyal.— 
disaffection, n. Disloyalty ; ill-will. 

disagree (dis-a-gre'), vi. Differ, be at 
variance; dissent. — disagree'able, 
a. Not agreeable; unpleasant; offen- 
sive. — disagree'ably, adv. — disa- 



gree'ableness, n. — disagree'* 

in e n t , n. Want of agreement ; dis- 
pute, [deny the authority of ; reject. 

disallow (dis-al-low')^. Not allow; 

disappear ( dis-ap-per' ), vt. Vanish 
from sight. — disappear'ance, n. 
Removal from sight. 

disappoint <dis-ap-point'), vt. 1. Not 
fulfill one's expectation. 2. Frus- 
trate, destroy. — disappoint'ed, a. 
Baffled; dissatisfied, — disappoint' - 
nient, n. 1. Failure of hope or plan. 2. 
Vexation, resulting from suchf ailure. 

disapprobation ( dis-ap-ro-ba'shun ), 
disapproval ( dis -ap- pro'val ), n. 
Censure; dislike. 

disapprove (dis-ap-provO,^. Thiak ill 
of; reject. — disappro'vingly, adv. 

disarm ( dis-arm' ), vt. Deprive of 
arms; render defenceless. — disarm- 
ament, n. 

disarrange (dis-ar-ranj'), vt. Undo 
the arrangement of; disorder. — dis- 
arrangement, n. 

disaster (diz-as'ter), n. Misfortune; 
calamity. [Fr. desastre — L. astrum, 
star.] [— disastrously, adv. 

disastrous (diz-as'trus), a. Ruinous. 

disavow ( dis-a-vow' ), vt. Disclaim; 
disown; deny. — disavow'al, n. Act 
of disavowing; rejection; denial. 

disband (dis-band'), vt. and vi. Break 
up; disperse. [ey) from the bar. 

disbar (dis-bar'), vt. Expel (an attorn- 

dis belief (dis-be-lef), n. Want of 
belief. _ [lief or credit to. 

disbelieve (dis-be-lev), vt. Refuse be- 

disburden (dis-bur'dn), vt. Rid of a 
burden; free. 

disburse (dis-burs'), vt. Pay out. — 
disbursement. ». Paying out; 
that which is paid out. [O. Fr. des- 
bourser— bourse, purse.] 

disc. Same as disk. 

discard(dis-kard'), vt. 1. Throw away 
as useless. 2. Cast off; discharge. [L. 
dis. away, and card.] 

d i s c e r n (diz-zern), vt. Distinguish 
clearly; judge. — discernment, n. 
Power of judging. [L. cerno, sift.] 
Syn. Perceive; recognize; detect. 

discharge(dis-charj'). I. vt.l. Unload. 
2. Set free; acquit; dismiss. 3. Fire, 
as a gun. 4. Let out: emit. II. n. 1. 
Act of discharging. 2. That which is 
discharged; evacuation. 
Syn. Relieve; absolve; annul. 

disciple (dis-si'pl), n. 1. Learner; 
pupil. 2. One who believes in the 
doctrine of another; follower. — dis- 
ci'plesbip, n. [Fr. — L. discipulus—' 
disco, learn.] 

disciplinable (dis'i-plin-a-bl), a. Ca- 
pable of training or instruction. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil. owl, then. 



disciplinarian 



152 



discursive 



disciplinarian (dis-i-plin-a'ri-an), n. 
One who enforces rigid rule. 

disciplinary (disl-plin-ar-i), a. Per- 
taining to or intended for discipline. 

discipline (dis'i-plin). I. n. 1. Train- 
ing. 2. Subjection to control. 3. Sys- 
tem of rules. 4. Punishment. II. vt. 1. 
Train; educate. 2. Bring under con- 
trol. 3. Chastise. [L. disciplina.] 
Syn. Drill; obedience; correction. 

disclaim (dis-klam'), vt. Renounce 
claim to; decline accepting. — dis- 
claimer, n. Denial; disavowal. 
Syn. Disavow £ reject; repudiate. 

disclose (dis-kloz'), vt. 1. Uncover; 
expose. 2. Open; reveal. — disclos- 
ure (dis-klo'zhor), n. 1. Act of dis- 
closing. 2. That which is reA^ealed. 

discolor (dis-kul'er), vt. 1. Takeaway 
color from. 2. Change the natural 
color of.— discolora tion, n. 

discomfit ( dis-kurn'fit ), vt. Discon- 

-(■ert, balk; defeat, rout. — discom'- 

•llture ( dis--kum'fi-tur ), n. Defeat; 
disappointment. [O. Fr. desconjtre — 
L. di, and conficio, prepare.] 

discomfort (dis-kum'furt). I. n. 
Want of comfort; uneasiness; pain. 
II. vt. Deprive of comfort; make un- 
easy; grieve. 

discommode (dis-kom-rnod'), vt. Put 
to inconvenience. 

discompose (dis-kom-poz'), vt. Dis- 
turb; ruffle.— discomposure, n. 1. 
Disorder; agitation. 2. Incongruity. 

disconcert (dis-kon-sertf),tf£. Confuse; 
disturb; defeat. 

disconnect (dis-kon-nekf), vt. Sepa- 
rate; disjoin. — disconnection, n. 

disconsolate (dis-kon'so-lat), a. 
Hopeless ; dejected.— disconsolate- 
ly, adv. — discon'solateness, n. 

discontent (dis-kon-tenf). I. a. Dis- 
satisfied. II. n. "Want of content; un- 
easiness. III. vt. Deprive of content.— 
discontent'ed,a.— discontent'ed- 
ly, adv. — discontent'eduess, n. — 
discontentment, n. 

discontinuance ( dis-kon-tin'u-ans ), 
discontinua'tion, n. Breaking off. 
Syn. Cessation ; interruption ; break. 

discontinue (dis-kon-tin'u), vt. and 
vi. Cease to continue; stop. 

discord (dis'kard), n. 1. Disagree- 
ment, strife. 2. Union of inharmo- 
nious sounds. — discord'ance, dis- 
cord'ancy, n. Disagreement.— dis- 
cord'ant, a. Unharmonious; incon- 
sistent ; jarring. — disco rd'antly, 
adv. [L. dis, and cor, heart.] 

discount (dis'kownt), n. 1. Deduc- 
tion allowed on a purchase or account. 
2. Deduction made for interest in ad- 
vancing money on a bill. 



discount (dis-kownf). L vt. 1. Allow 
discount. 2. Advance money on, de- 
ducting discount. 1 1, vi. Practice 
discounting.— discountable, a. 

discountenance (dis-kown'ten-ans), 
vt. 1. Put out of countenance; abash. 
2. Refuse support to; discourage. 

discourage (dis-kur'aj), vt. Take away 
the courage of; dishearten. — dis- 
cour'ag-ement, n. 

Syn. Deject; dispirit; depress; dis- 
favor; deter; dissuade; obstruct. 

discourse (dis-kors'). I. n. 1. Speed), 
language. 2. Conversation. 3. Treat- 
ise; sermon. II. vi. Talk; converse; 
reason; treat formally. III. vt. Utter; 
give forth. [Fr.— L. dis, to and fro, 
and curro, run.] 

discourteous (dis-kur'te-us), a. Un- 
civil; rude.— discourteously, adv. 
— discourt'eousness, n. 

discourtesy (dis-kur'te-si), n. Want 
of courtesy ; incivility. 

discover (dis-kuv'er), vt. 1. Uncover; 
make known. 2. Find out. 3. Espy. — 
discov'erer, n. — discov'ery, n. 1. 
Act of finding out. 2. Thing discov- 
ered. 3. Revelation. 

dlscredit(dis-kred'it). I. n. Bad credit; 
ill repute; disgrace. II. vt. 1. Refuse 
credit to, or belief in. 2. Deprive of 
credibility or credit; disgrace. — dis- 
creditable, a. Not creditable; dis- 
graceful. — discreditably, adv. 

discreet (dis-kref), a. 1. Wise in 
avoiding mistakes. 2. Careful in 
keeping a secret.— discreetness, n. 
[L. discretus. See discern.] 

discrepancy (dis-krep'an-si), n. Dis- 
agreement; difference. 

discrepant ( dis-krep'ant ), a. Differ- 
ing. [L.— crepo, sound.] 

discrete (dis-kref), a. Distinct; dis- 
junctive. — discretion (dis-kresh'- 
un), n. 1. Quality of being discreet. 
2. Prudence. 3. Judgment, pleasure. 
—discretional, discretionary, 
a. Left to discretion; unrestrained. 

discretive (dis-kre'tiv),a. Separating; 
disjunctive.— disere'tively, adv. 

discriminate (dis-krim'i-nat),^. and 
vi. Distinguish; select. — discrim'i- 
nately, adv. [L.— root of Discern.] 

discrimination (dis-krim-i-na'shun), 
n. 1. Act or power of distinguishing. 
2. Acuteness, judgment. 

discursion (dis-kur'shun), n. 1. De- 
sultory talk. 2. Act of discoursing or 
reasoning. 

discursive (dis-kur'siv), a. 1. Roving; 
desultory. 2. Proceeding regularly 
from premise to conclusion. — dis- 
cursively, adv. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



discuss 



153 



disjunct 



discuss (dis-kus'), vt. Examine in de- 
tail, or by disputation ; debate.— 
discussion (dis-kush'un),ra. Debate. 
£L. discutio,—dis, and quatio, shake.] 

disdain(dis-dan'). I. vt. Despise; scorn. 
II. n. Aversion; contempt. — dis- 
dain'ful, a.— disdain fully, adv.— 
disdain'fulness, n. [O. Fr. desdai- 
gner — L. dignus, worthy.] 

disease (diz-ez'), n. Morbid, distressing 
physical condition.— diseased (diz 
ezd'), a. Affected with disease. 

Syn. Sickness; malady; disorder 
ailment; complaint; illness. 

disembark (dis-em-bark'), vt. and vi 
Land— disembarkation, n. Land 
ing from a ship. 

disembarrass, ( dis-em-bar'as), vt 
Free from embarrassment or perplex 
ity. [vest of body. 2. Disband 

disembody (dis-em-bod'i), vt. 1. Di 

disembowel (dis-em-bow el), vt. De 
prive of the bowels; eviscerate. 

disenchant (dis-en-chanf), vt. Free 
from enchantment, illusion or fasci 
nation, -disenchantment, n. 

disencumber ( dis-en-kum'ber ), vt 
Free from encumbrance ; unburden 
— disencum'brance, n. 

disengage (dis-en-gaj'), vt. Separate; 
free from being engaged; set free. 

disentangle (dis-en-tang'l ). vt. Free 
from entanglement, or disorder. 

disentomb (dis-en-tom'), vt. Take out 
of a tomb. [Awaken from a trance. 

disentrance ( dis-en-trans' ), vt. 

disestablish (dis-es-tab')ish), vt. 1. 
Break up. 2. Deprive of state support. 

disfavor (dis-f a' vur). I. n. 1. Want of 
favor. 2. Disobliging act. II. vt. With- 
hold favor from. 

disfigure ( dis-fig'ur ). vt. Spoil the 
beauty of; deform.— disfiguration, 
disfig'urement, n. 

disfranchise (dis-fran'chiz or -chiz), 
vt. Deprive of a franchise, esp. of the 
right of suffrage. — disfranchise- 
ment, n. 

disgorge (dis-garj'), vt. 1. Vomit. 2. 
Give up; make restitution. 

disgrace (dis-sras'). I. n. 1. Being out 
of favor. 2. Cause of shame. 3. Dis- 
honor. II. vt. 1. Put out of favor. 2. 
Bring shame upon.— disgrace'ful,o. 
Syn. Shame ; disfavor ; opprobrium ; 
ignominy; infamy; reproach. 

disguise fdis-giz'). I. vt. Change the 
guise of; conceal by false show. II. n. 
Dress, or other *device, intended to 
conceal the wearer; false appearance. 

disgust ( dis-gust' ). I. n. Loathing; 
strong dislike. II. vi. Excite repug- 
ance in; offend the taste of. [L. dis, 
negative, and gustus, taste.] 



dish (dish). I. n. 1. Vessel in which 
food is served. 2. Food served. IL vt. 
Put in a dish. [A. S. disc— Gr. diskos. 
See disk.] [age. 

dishearten (dis-har'tn), vt. Discour- 

dishevel (di-shev'el), vt. Cause the 
haii to hang loose. [O. Fr. descheveler 
—des, and chevei, hair.] 

dishonest (dis-on'est), a. Not honest; 
insincere.— dishou'estly, adv.— dis- 
hon'esty, n. Want of honesty or 
integrity ; faithlessness ; disposition 
to cheat. 

dishonor (dis-on'ur). I. n. 1. Want of 
honor; disgrace. 2. Nonpayment by 
drawer of a note. II. vt. 1. Deprive of 
honor; cause shame to. 2. Seduce; 
debauch. 3. Refuse the payment of, 
as a bill.— dishonorable (dis-on'ur- 
a-bl), a. Lacking honor; disgraceful.— 
dishon'orably, adv. 

disillusion ( dis-il-lo'zhun ). L n. 1. 
Process of being freed from illusion. 
2. State of being free from illusion. 
II. vt. Free from an illusion. 

disinclination (dls-ln-kli-na'shun), n. 
Want of inclination] unwillingness. 

disincline ( dis-in-klin' ) , vt. Excite 
the dislike or aversion of. — disin- 
clined', a. Not inclined; averse. 

disinfect (dis-in-fekf), vt. Free from 
contagious matter; purify. -disinfec'- 
tion, n. — disinfectant, n. and a. 

disingenuous (dis-in-jen'u-us), a. 1. 
Not frank or open. 2. Mean, crafty. 
— disingenuously, adv. — disin- 
gen'uousness, n. 

disinherit (dis-in-her'it), vt. Cut off 
from hereditary rights. — disinher- 
itance, n. 

disintegrate (dis-in'te-grat), vt. Sepa- 
rate into integrant parts; break up. — 
disintegration, n. 

disinter (dis-in-ter'), vt. 1. Take out 
of a grave. 2. Bring from obscurity 
into view. — disinter'ment, n. 

disinterested ( dis-in'ter-est-ed ), a. 
Not influenced by private feelings or 
considerations; unselfish; impartial. 
— disinterestedly, adv. disinter- 
estedness, n. 

disjoin (dis-join'), vt. Separate what 
has been joined. 

disjoint (dis -joint'), vt. Put out of 
joint; dislocate; separate; make in- 
coherent.— disjoint edness, n. 

disjunct(dis-jungkt'),<z.Disjoined,esp. 
separated by a deep constriction, as 
the parts of insects' bodies. — dis- 
junctive, a. 1. Tending to separate. 
2. In gram. Uniting sentences but dis- 
joining the sense, as but. II. n. Word 
which disjoins. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, thea. 



disk 



154 



dispose 



Any 
[Gr. 




disk (disk), n. 1. Round plate, 
oiling similar to a round plate 
disJtos, quoit.] 

dislike (dis-lik'). 1- vt. 
Se displeased with; 
have an aversion 
against. II. n. Aver- 
sion; disapproval. 

dislocate ( dis'lo-kat), 
vt. Displace; put out 
of joint. — disloca- 
tion, ft. 1. Dislocated 
joint. 2. Displace- 
ment. 

dislodge (dis-loj'), vt. 
Drive from a lodg- 
ment, or place of rest 
or defence. — dis- 
Io«Sg'meni. n. 

disloyal (dis-loi'al), a. N o t loyal ; 
faiee to one's la w f u 1 superior or 
country etc. — disloyally, adv. — 
disloy'alty, n. 

dismal (diz'mal), a. Gloomy; dreary; 
depressing. — dis'raally, adv. [From 
I*, decimal. Orig. = tithing time. ] 

dismantle (dis-man'tl), vt. Strip of 
dress. 2. Deprive of furniture, guns, 
fortifications, etc. [mast or masts. 

dismast (dis-masf), vt. Deprive of a 

dismay (dis-ma'). I- vt. Terrify; dis- 
courage. II. 7i. Loss of strength and 
courage through fear. [O. F. deamayer 
— des and O. Ger. magan, may.be able.] 

•dismember ( dis-mem'ber), vt. Tear 
member from member; divide.— dis- 
memb'erment, n. 

dismiss (dis-mis'), vt. 1. Send away. 
2. Discard. 3. Remove from office or 
employment. — dismissal, dis- 
mis'sion, n. [L. di, audmiWo, send.] 

dismount (dis-mownf). I. vL Descend 
from a horse. II. vt. 1. Throw or bring 
down from any elevated place. 2. Un- 
hors-9. 3. Take apart. 

disobedient (di*-5-be 7 di-ent), a. Neg- 
lecting or refusing to obey.— disobe'- 
dience, n. 

disobey (dis-d-ba,'), vt. Neglect or re- 
fuse to obey ; violate a command or 
injunction. 

disoblige (dis-o-bllj'), vt. Offend by 
an act of unkindness or incivility. — 
disobliging, «• Not obliging ; un- 
accommodating ; unkind. 

disorder (dis-ar'der). I. n. 1. Want of 
order. 2. Irregularity. 3. Disturbance; 
breach of the peace. 4. Disease. II. vt. 
Disarrange; disturb. —disorderly, 
a, 1. Out of order. 2. Lawless. 3. 
Violating deoenoy. 

disorganize (dls-ar'gan-Iz), vt. Des- 
troy the organio structure of; break 
up. — disorganization, n. 



disown ( diz-oii' ), vt. Refuse to ack- 
nowledge as belonging to one's self. 

disparage (dis-par'aj), vt. Dishonor 

by comparison with what is inferior. 

— disparagement, n. [ O. Fr. des- 

parager— lu. par, equal.] [rate. 

Syn. Undervalue; degrade; under- 

disparity (dis-par'i-ti), n. Inequality. 

dispassionate (dis-pash'uu-at), a. 1. 
Free from passion. 2. Impartial. — 
dispassionately, adv. 

dispatcn. Same as despatch. 

dispel (dis-pel' ), vt. [dispelling; dis- 
pelled'.] Drive away ; cause to disap- 
pear. [J-j.—peUo, drive.] 

dispensable (dis pen'sa-bl), a. That 
may be dispensed with. " 

dispensary ( dis-pen'sa-ri), n. Place 
where medicines are given out, esp. 
to the poor, gratis. 

dispensation (dis-pen-sa'shun), n. 1. 
Distribution. 2. God's system of deal.- , 
ing with his creatures. 3. Permishioi, 
to neglect a rule. 

dispensatory (dis-pen'sa-to-ri), a. 
Granting dispensation. 

dispense (dis-pens'), vt. Deal out 5r 
portions; administer; exempt — /)«• 
pense with, do without.— dispen'ser 
n. [L. dis, asunder, and pendo, weigh.] 

disperse (dis-pers'), vt. and vi. Scatter. 

—dispenser, n. [L. spargo, scatter.] 

Syn. Dispel; distribute; diffuse. 

dispersion (dis-per'shun), n. 1. Scat- 
tering. 2. In med. Removal of inflam- 
mation. 3. In optics. Separation of 
light into its different rays. 

dispirit ( dis-pir'it ), vt. Discourage. 

displace (dis-plas'), vt. 1. Put out of 
place; disarrange. 2. Remove. 3. 
Take the place of.— displace'ment 5 
n. 1. Act of displacing. 2. Quantity 
of water displaced by a ship afloat, 
and whose weight equals that of the 
displacing body. 

display (dis-pla'). I. ztf. Unfold; extend; 
exhibit. II. n. Exhibition. [O. Fr. des- 
ployer—Lt. dis, a,nAplico, fold.] 

Syn. Expand; flaunt; parade; show. 

displease (dis-plez'), vt. Offend. 

displeasure (dis-plezh'or), n. Feel- 
ing of one who is offended ; umbrage. 

disport (dis-porf), vt. 1. Transport. 
2. Cheer, amuse. 3. Display, sport. [O. 
Fr. desporter— L. porto, carry. See 

SPORT.] 

disposable (dis-po'za-bl), a. That may 
be disposed of; not "already engaged* 

disposal (dis-p5'zal), n. 1. Act of dis- 
posing. 2. Order; arrangement. 3, 
Management^ 4. Right of bestowing. 

dispose (dis-ooz'), vt. 1. Arrange; dis- 
tribute. 2. Apply to a particular pur- 
pose. 3. Bestow. 4. incline. — Dis- 



fate, fat, task, f8r, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, mdve, wolf; 
mate, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



dispossess 



155 



dissuasive 



pose of, part with; place in condition. 
— disposition ( dis-po-zisb'un ), n. 
1. Arrangement. 2. Natural tendency. 
3. Temper. 4. Ministration. [Fr. 
disposer, place asunder.] [possession 

dispossess(dis-poz-zes'), vt. Put out of 

disproof (dis-prof), n. Refutation. 

disproportion (dis-pro-por'shun). I. 
n. Want of proportion, symmetry, or 
suitableness of parts; inequality. II. 
vt. Make unsuitable in form or size, 
etc. — dispropor'tional, dispro- 
portionate, a. [false; refute. 

disprove (dis-prqy'), vt. Prove to be 

disputable (dis'pu-ta-bl), a. That may 
be disputed; of doubtful certainty. 

disputant ( dis'pu-tant ), disputer 
(dis-pu'ter), n. 1. One who argues. 2. 
One given to dispute. 

disputation (dis-pu-ta'shun), n. 1. 
Contest. 2. Exercise in debate. 

disputatious ( dis-pu-ta'shus ), dis- 
putative (dis-pu'ta-tiv) a. Inclined 
to dispute, cavil, or controvert. 

dispute (dis-puf). I.vt. and vi. Oppose 
by argument: fight against. II. n. 
Contest; debate. [ L. disputare — dis, 
apart, &nd.puto, think.] 

Syn. Argue; controvert; question; 
doubt; gainsay; deny; impugn. 

disqualify (dis-kwol'i-fi), vt. Deprive 
of the necessary qualities; make un- 
fit; disable. — disqualification, n. 

disquiet (dis-kwi'et). I. n. Uneasiness; 
restlessness. 11. vt. Make uneasy; dis- 
turb.— disquietude, n. 

disquisition ( dis-kwi-zish'un ), n. 
Formal inquiry ; elaborate essay. [L. 
— dis, and quse.ro, seek.] 

disregard ( dis-re-gard' ). I. vt. Pay 
no attention to. II. n. Neglect. 

disrelish ( dis-rel'ish ). I. vt. 1. Dis- 
like. 2. Make nauseous. II. n. 1. 
Dislike.. 2. Distastefulness. 

disreputable (dis-rep'u-ta-bl), a. In 
bad repute; disgraceful. 

disrepute ( dis-re-put' ), n. Ill-char- 
acter ; discredit, [respect ; incivility. 

disrespect (dis-re-spekf), n. Want of 

disrobe (dis-rob'). vt. and vi. Deprive 
of a robe; undress. 

disrupt (dis-rupf). vt. Break, burst.— 
disruption, n. Act of bursting and 
rending; breach. [L,.—rumpo, break] 

dissatisfaction (dis-sat-is-f ak'shun) , 
Discontent; uneasiness; displeasure. 

dissatisfactory (dis-sat-is-f ak'ttir-i), 
a. Causing dissatisfaction. 

dissatisfy (dis-sat'is-fi), vt. Not satis- 
fy; make discontented; displease. 

dissect (dis-sekf), vt. Cut asunder; 
cut into parts; divide and examine.— 
dissection, n.— dissect'or, n.[L,.— 
dis, asunder, in pieces, and seco, cut.] 



dissemble ( dis-sem'bl), vt. and vi. 
Put an untrue appearance upon; dis- 
guise; feign. — dissembler, n. [O. 
Fr. dissembler — L. similis,_ like.] 

disseminate (dis-sem'i-nat). vt. Scat- 
ter; propagate. — dissemina'tion, 
n — dissem'inator, n. [L. semino, 
sow.] [ment; discord. 

dissension (dis-sen'shun). n. disagree- 

dissent (dis-senf ). I. vi. Think dif- 
ferently; disagree. II. n. 1. Act of 
dissenting. 2. Difference of opinion. 
3. Separation from an established 
church.— dissent'er, n. [L. — sentio y 
think.] 

dissertation (dis-er-ta'shun), n. For- 
mal discourse; treatise. [L. — sero t 
connect.] 

dissever (dis-sev'er), vt. Sever. 

dissident (dis'i-dent). I. a. Dissent- 
ing; not agreeing. II. n. Dissenter. 
[Li.— dis, apart, and sedeO, sit.] 

dissimilar ( dis-sim'i-lar ), a. Not 
similar. — dissimilarly, adv. — 
dissimilar'ity, dissimilitude, n. 
Unlikeness; want of resemblance. 

dissimulation (dis-sim-u-la'shun), n. 
1. Act of dissembling. 2. False pre- 
tension; hypocrisy. 

dissipate (dis'i-pat). I. vt. Scatter; 
squander. II. vi. Lead a dissolute life. 
— dissipation, n. 1. Dispersion. 2. 
Dissolute living._ [L.—sipo, throw.] 

dissociate (dis-so'shi-at),«i. Separate: 
disunite. — dissociation, n. 

dissoluble (dis'ol-u bl), a. Dissolv- 
able. — dissolubility, n. 

dissolute (dis'o-lot), a. Loose, f\sp, in 
morals; licentious.— dis'solutely, 
adv.— dissoluteness* n. 
Syn. Abandoned ; profligate; wanton, 

dissolution (dis-so-lu'shum. n. 1. 
Breaking up of an assembly. 2. 
Change from a solid ro a liquid state; 
melting. 3 Separation of a body into 
its original elements. 4. Death. 

dissolvable ( diz-zol'va-bl), adj. Ca- 
pable of being dissolved or melted. 

dissolve (diz-zblv'), vt. and vi. Sep- 
arate; break up; melt. — dissolv- 
ent, (diz-zol'vent). a. Having power 
to dissolve or melt. [L.—solvo. loosen.] 

dissonance (dis'o-naus), n. Disagree- 
ment of sound; disagreement. 

dissonant (dis'o-nant), a. Not agree- 
ing in sound; disagreeing. [L.— sonp. 
sound. 1 «* 

dissuade ( dis-swad' ) , vt. Advise 
against; try to divert by persuasion. 
[L. — suadeo, advise.] 

dissuasion (dis-swa'zhun), n. Act of 
dissuading; advice against anything. 

dissuasive (dis-swa'ziv), a. Tending 
to dissuade. — dissua'sively, adv. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, init; note, not, move, wolfj 
mute, hut, burn; oii, owl, thea. 



dissyllabic 



153 



dive 



dissyllabic ( dis-sil-lab'ik), a. Con- 
sisting of two syllables. 

dissyllable (dis-sil'a-bl), n. Word of 
two syllables. [Gr.' dys, two, aud 
Syllable.] 

distaff (dis'taf), n. Staff wbieh bolds 
the bunch of flax or wool in spinning. 
[A. S. distmf,—diesse, flax, and Stapf.] 

distain (dis-tan'), vt. Stain. [O. Fr. 
desteindre,—Ti. tin go, stain.] 

distance (dis'tans). I. n. 1. Space or 
interval between. 2. Remoteness. 3. 
Reserve of manner. II. vt. 1. Place 
at a distance. 2. Leave behind. 

distant (dis'tant), a. 1. Remote, in 
time, place, or connection. 2. Indis- 
tinct. 3. Reserved in manner. — dis'- 
tantiy, adv. [L.—dis, apart, and 
stans, standing.] [like. 

distaste (dis-tasf), n. Aversion ; dis- 

distemper (dis-tem'per).I.w. 1. Mor- 
bid state of body or mind. 2. Ill-hnmor. 
3. Paint mixed with sizing instead of 
oi). II. vt. Derange. [swell. 

distend (dis-tend'), vt. and vi. Stretch; 

distensible ( dis-ten'si-bl ), a. That 
may be stretched. 

distension (dis-ten'shun). n. 1. Act of 
stretching. 2. State of being stretched. 

3. Breadth. 

distich ( dis'tik), n. Couple of lines 
making complete sense; couplet. [Gr. 
—dys, two, and stichos, line. ] 

distill, distil (dis-tiV). I. vi. 1. Fall 
in drops; flow gently. 2. Use a still. 
II. vt. Cause to fall in drops. 2. Ex- 
tract (spirit or essential oil) by evapo- 
ration and condensation, -distilia'- 
tion, n. 1. Act or process of distilling. 
2. That which is distilled — distil'- 
ler ,?&. One who distils. — disi i rivry 9 
n. Place for distilling. [Fr.— L. stilla, 
drop.] 

distinct (dis-tingkf), a. Separate; dif- 
ferent; well defined; clear. — dis- 
tinctly, adv. — distinctness, n. — 
distinction (dis-tingk'shun ), n. 1. 
Separation, division. 2. That which 
distinguishes; difference. 3. Regard 
to difference. 4. Eminence. — dis- 
tinctive (dis-tingk'tiv), a. Marking 
difference. — distinctively, adv. — 
distinctiveness, n. [L.J 

distinguish (dis-ting'wish), vt. and 
vi. 1. Set apart. 2. Recognize by char- 
acteristic qualities. 3. Make to differ. 

4. Make known.— distinguishable, 
a. [Li. distinguo—stinguo, prick.] 

Syn. Discriminate; discern; differ- 
entiate; characterize; honor. 
distort ( dis-tart'), vt. 1. Force out of 
shape. 2. Turn from the true meaning. 
— distortion, n. [L. torqueo, twist.] 



distract (dis-trakf), vt. Draw away; 
divide; confuse; render erazy. — dis- 
traction, n. State of being distrac- 
ted; perplexity; confusion; madness. 
[Li. traho, draw.] 

distrain (dis-tran'), vt. and vi. Seize, 
esp. goods, for debt; take by distress. 
— distrainer, distrainor, n. One 
who seizes goods for debt. — dis- 
traint', n. Seizure of goods for debt. 
[O. Fr. destraindre,— L. stringo, 
strangle.l 

distraught ( dis-trat'), a. Distracted. 

distress(dis-tres'). T.n.l. Extreme pain. 

2. Calamity. 3. Act of distraining 

goods. II. vt. 1. Afflict with pain; 

harass. 2. Distrain. [See distrain.] 

Syn. Annoy; pain ;_ worry; perplex. 

distribute (dis-trib'ut), vt. 1. Divide 
amongst several. 2. Classify.— dis- 
tributer, n.— distribution, n. — 
distributive, a. [L. tribuo, allot.] 
Syn. Allot; deal out; administer; 
apportion; dispense; assort. 

district (dis'trikt), n. Portion of ter- 
ritory, defined or undefined ; region. 
[L. districtus. See Distrain.] 

distrust (dis-trusf). I. n. Want of 
trust; doubt. II. vt. Disbelieve ; be 
suspicious of.— distrust'ful, a. Sus- 
picious. 

disturb (dis-turb'), vt. 1. Throw into 
confusion ; disquiet ; interrupt. — 
disturbance, n. 1. Disorder ; con- 
fusion; interruption ; tumult. 2. In 
law, hinderance in the lawful enjoy- 
ment of aright. [L. turbo, agitate.] 

disunion (dis-u'ni-un), n. Want of 
union; separation. 

disunite (dis-u-nif). I. vt. and vi. 
Separate; sever; fall asunder; part. 

disusage ( dis-u'zaj), disuse ( dis- 
us'), n. Cessation of use. [practise. 

disuse (dis-uz'), vt. Cease to use or 

ditch (dich). I. n. Trench dug in the 
ground. II. vt. 1. Dig a ditch in or 
around. 2. Throw into a ditch. 

dithyramb (dith'i-ram), n. Wild 
strain; irregular poetry. 

ditto (dit'6). I. n. The same. II. adv. As 
before; in like manner. [It. detto— L. 
dictum, said. [— L. dicto, say often.] 

«8itty (dit'i), n. Little song. [O. Fr. dite 

diurnal (di-ur'nal), a. 1. Daily. 2. 
Relating to day time. 3. Active or 
open by day. [L. diurnus—dies, day.] 

diva (de'va), n. A distinguished .foman 
singer. 

divan (di-van'), n. Turkish council of 
state. 2. Council-chamber. 3. Sofa. 
[Pers : diwan, tribunal.] 

divefdiv). I. vi. 1. Plunge into water. 
2. Go deeply. II. n. 1. Plunge. 2. 
Disreputable resort. [A. S. dufan.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, far p. above; m§, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, but, burn; oil, owl, then. 



diver 



157 



doctrine 




Diver in sub- 
marine armor. 



diver (di'ver), n. 1. One who dives. 2. 
Bird that dives. 

diverge (di-verj'). vi. 
Tend in different direc- 
tions. —divergence, 
divergency, ».— di- 
ver'gent, a. [L. dis, 
asunder, and vergo, 
incline.] 

<Jivers (di'vers), a. 
Sundry; several. 

diverse (di-vers'), a. 
Different; various.— 
diversely, adv. 
[See divert.] 

diversify ( di-ver'si- 
fi), vt. Vary.— diver- 
sification, n. 

diversion (di-ver'- 
shun), n. 1. Act of 
diverting or turning aside. 2. That 
which diverts. 3. Ruse, to turn the 
enemy's attention from the chief 
point of attack. [time; merriment. 
Syn. Amusement; recreation; pas- 

diversity ( di-ver'si-ti ), n. State of 
difference; variety. 

divert (di-verf), vt. Turn aside; turn 
the mind from business or study; 
amuse. — divert'ing, a. — divert' - 
ingly, adv. [L.—verto, turn.] 

divest (di-vesf ), vt. Deprive. [L.— 
vestis, garment.] 

divide ( di-vid' ). I. vt. and vi. Sepa- 
rate into parts; allot. II. n. 1. Divi- 
sion. 2. Watershed. — divi'dfdly, 
adv. [L.— di, between, and video, see.] 
Syn. Sever ; sunder ; detach; disjoin; 
disunite; distribute; part; share. 

dividend (div'i-deud), n. 1. Quantity 
to be divided. 2. Share of profits, etc., 
that falls to each individual. 

divination ( div-i-na'shun), n. 1. Act 
or practice of divining. 2. Prediction. 

divine (di-vin'). I. a. 1. Belonging to 
or proceeding from God. 2. Devoted 
to God; holy. 3. Godlike. II. n. Theolo- 
gian. III. vt. Foresee; foretell; guess. 
— diviue'ly, adv. [ L. divinus — 
deus, god.] 

diving-bell (di'ving-bel), n. Hollow 
vessel, filled with compressed air, 
in which one may work under water. 

divinity (di-vin'1-ti), n. 1. Godhead; 
nature or essence of a god. 2. The 
Divinity. God. 3. Any god. 4. Theology. 

divisible ( di-viz'i-bl), a. Capable of 
being divided or separated. — divisi- 
bility, n — divtslbly, adv. 

division (di-vizh'un), n. 1. Act of 
dividing. 2. State of being divided. 
3. That which divides; partition; bar- 
rier. 4. Portion divided or separated. 
5. Half of an army corps. 6. In arith. 



Process of finding how many times 
one number is contained in another. 

divisional (di-vizh'un-al), a. Pertain- 
ing to or marking a division. 

divisive ( di-vi'ziv ), a. Indicating or 
causing division or discord. 

divisor (di-vi'zer), n. In arith. Number 
by which the dividend is to be divided. 

divorce (di-vors'). I. n. Legal disso- 
lution of a marriage. II. vt. Separate 
by divorce; sever; put away. —di- 
vorcee', n. Person divorced. [Fr.— 
L. divortium. See divert.] 

divnlg-e (di-vulj' ), vt. Make public, 
reveal. [L. — dis, among, and vulvas, 
common people.] 

dizen (diz'n), vt. Dress gaudily. 

dizziness (diz'i-nes), n. Giddiness. 

dizzy (diz'i). L a. Giddy; confused. 
II. vt. Confuse. [A. S. dysig.] 

do (do), v. [do'ing; did; done.] I. vt. 1. 
Bring about; effect. 2. Accomplish ; 
finish. 3. Prepare. 4. Bring into any 
form or state, II. vi. 1. Act; behave. 
2. Suffice. 3. Fare; get on. [A.S. don, 
and from A. S. dugan, worth.] 

do (do), n. In music. First or C note 
in the scale. 

docile (dos'il), a. Teachable; easily 
managed.— docil'ity, ?i. [Li.—doceo, 
teach.] 

dock, (dok), n. Troublesome weed with 
large leaves and a long root. [A.S.] 

dock (dok). I. vt. 1. Cut off; clip. 2. 
Fine by withholding part of wages. 
II. n. Part of a tail left after clipping. 
[Icel. dockr, stumpy 
tail.] 

dock (dok). I. n. 
Artificial basin for 
the reception of 
vessels. 2. Box in 
court where the ac- 
cused stands. II. 
vt. Place in a doek. 
[Dut. dokke.'] 

dockage (dok'aj), 
n. Charge for the 
use of a dock. 

docket (dok'et). I. n. 1. Summary of 
heads or titles. 2. Ticket, label. 3. List 
of cases in court. II. vt. 1. Enter in a 
docket. 2. Label. [Dim. of dock, clip.] 

dockyard (dok'yard), n. Yard where 
ships are built and naval stores kept. 

doctor (dok' tiir). I. n.l. Highest de- 
gree conferred by a faculty. 2. Physi- 
cian. II. vt. 1. Treat as a physician 
does;repair, improve. 2. Tarnperwith, 
adulterate.— doc'torate, n. Doctor's 
degree. [L. = teacher.] 

doctrine (dok'trin), n. 1. Principle 
of belief. 2. Teaching. [See doctor.) 




Dry Dock. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



document 



158 



domesticate 



document (dok'u-ment). I. n. Paper 
containing information or proof. II. 
vt. Prove; furnish with documents.— 
document' al, documentary, a. 

Relating to or found in documents. 

[L. — doceo, teach.] 
dodder (dod'er), n. Genus of leafless 

parasitic plants, found on herbs and 

shrubs. 
dodecagon (d5-dek'a-gon), n. Plane 

figure having twelve equal angles and 

sides. [Gr.— clodeka, twelve, and gonia, 

angle.] 
dodecahedron (do-dek-a-he'dron), n. 

Solid figure, having twelve faces. [Gr. 

dodeka, twelve, and hedra, seat.] 
dodge (doj). I. vt. and vi. 1. Start 

;iside; shift about; evade. 2. Use 

menu tricks; shuffle. II. n. Evasion; 

trick; quibble. 

— dodg'er, n. 

1. One who 
dodges ; trick- 
ster. 2. Kind 
of corn cake. 
3. Sciit)U hand- 
bill. [Etymol. 
doubtful. ]_ 

dodo (do'do), n. 
Large clumsy 
bird, now ex- 
tinct, found in 
Mauritius up 
to 1681. [Port, doudo, silly.] 

doe (do), n. Female of the deer. [A. 
S. da— L. dama.] [of do. 

does (duz). _ Third pers. sing. pres. ind. 

doesfein (do'skin), n, 1. Skin of a doe. 

2. Smooth woolen cloth. 

doff (dof), vt. Takeoff, [do and off.] 

dog- (dog). I. n. 1. Domestic quadru- 
ped. 2. Andiron. 3. Iron hook for 
holding logs of woods. II. vt. [dog'- 
ging; dogged. ] Follow as a dog; 
watch constantly; worry with impor- 
tunity.— dogger, n. [A. S. docga.] 

dog- cart (dog'kart), n. Light one- 
horse carriage. 

dog-days (dog'daz), n. pi. Days when 
the Dogstar rises and sets with the 
sun, from July to September. 

doge (doj), n. Formerly the chief 
magistrate in Venice and Genoa. [It. 
— L. dusc, leader.] 

dogf ish (dog'flsh), n. 1. Species of 
shark. 2. Burbot of Lake Erie. 

dogged (dog'ed), a. Surly; sullen; 
obstinate. — dog'gedly, adv. — 
deg'gedness. n. 

doggerel (dog'er-el). I. n. Worthless 
verses. IL a. Irregular; mean. 
[From dog.] 

dogma ( dog'ma ) , n. 1. Principle, 
tenet. 2. Authoritative doctrine. — 




Dodo. 



dogmat'ic.dogmat'ical.ae. 1. Per- 
taining to a dogma. 2. Overbearing.— 
dogmatically, adv.— dogmat'ics, 

n. Science of theological doctrines.— 
dogmatism, n. Arrogant assertion. 
— dog'matiae, vi.State one's opinion 
arrogantly. [Gr.— dokeo, think.] 
Syn. Doctrine^proposition; dictum. 

dogeared (dog'erd), a. With the corn- 
ers of leaves turned over. 

dogstar (dog'star), n. Sirius, a star 
of the first magnitude, in the constel- 
lation Canis Major, whose rising and 
setting with the sun gave name to the 

doiBy(doi'li),w.Small napkin. Tdogdays. 

doing (do'ing), n. Thing done, event, 
action.— pi. Behavior. 

doit (doit), n. 1. Dutch coin worth a 
quarter of a cent. 2. Thing c-f little 
value. _ [Dut. duit.] 

dole (dol). I. vt. Deal out in small por- 
tions. II. n. Share; small nortion; 
alms. [From root of deal.] 

doleful (dol'fol), a. Full of grief. — 
dole'fully, adv.— dole'fulmess, n. 
[O. Fr. doel (Fr. deuil), mourning.] 
Syn. Melancholy; dismal; rueful. 

doll (dol), n. Puppet, toy for a child. 
[From Dolly, abbrev. of Dorothy.] 

dollar ( doi'ar ), n. Monetarv unit of 
the U. S. ( also of Canada ) worth 100 
cents. [Ger. thaler, short for Joachims- 
thaler, a coin struck in Joachimsthal.] 

dolor ( do'ltir ), n. Pain ; grief. — do'- 
lorous, a. Full of pain; doleful.— 
do'lorously, adv. 
[L.] 

dolphin (dol'fin), n. 

1. Animal of whale 
kind, found in all 
seas, about 8 or 10 Dolphin, 
feet long; porpoise. 

2. Coryphene, a fish about 5 feet in 
length, noted for its change of color 
when taken out of water. [Gr. delphis.] 

dolt (dolt), n. Stupid fellow.— dolt'- 
isn,a. Dull; stupid. -dolt'ishly,acto. 
— dolt'ishness, n. [From dulled.] 

domain (do-man'), n.. 1. What one has 
dominion over. 2. Estate. 3. Terri- 
tory. [Fr. — L. dominium.] 

dome (dom), n. 1. Vaulted roof, usu- 
ally hemispherical; large cupola. 2. 
Building. [L. domus, house.] 

domestic (do-mes'tik). I. a. 1. Belong- 
ing to the house, or family, or one's 
own country. 2. Devoted to home-life. 

3. Tame. II. n. Servant in the house.— 
domes'tically, adv. — domestic'- 
ity, n. [L. domesticus— domus? house.] 

domesticate ( do-mes'ti-kat) I. vt. 
Make domestic. II. vi. 1. Lead a home- 
life. 2. Become a member of a family 
circle.— domestica'tion, n. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then* 



domicile 



159 



aougn 



domicile (dorn'i-sil). I. n. 1. Abode. 
2. Place where a person has his home. 
II. vt. Establish a fixed residence. — 
domiciliary, a. 

domiciliate (dom-i-sil'i-at), vt. Estab- 
lish in a permanent residence.— dom- 
iciliation, n. 

dominant (dom'in-ant). I. a. Prevail- 
ing. II. n. Fifth note of the musical 
scale. [L.—dominor, be master.] 

dominate (dom'iu-at), vt. Prevail 
over.— domina'tiqn, n. Control. 

domineer (dom-in-er'), vi. Rule arbi- 
trarily; command haughtily. 

dominical (do-min'ik-al), a. Belong- 
ing to the Lord, as the Lord's Day. 

Dominican (do-min'i-kan), n. One of 
an order of monks. 

dominie (do'mi-ni), n. 1. Schoolmas- 
ter. 2. Parson. [L. dominus, master.] 

dominion. (do-min'yun), n. 1. Highest 
power and authority ; control. 2. 
Country or persons governed. 

domino (dom'i-no), n. 1. Cape with a 
hood, as worn by a priest. 2. Lone 
cloak with a hood_, used for disguise. 
-dominoes (-noz), n. pi. Game. 

Don (don), n. Spanish title = Sir.— fern. 
donna. [From L. dominus.] 

don (don), vt. [don'niug; donned.] 
Put on. [From DO ON.] 

donate ( do'nat ), vt. Present, give.— 
donation, n.— don'ative. I. n. Gift. 
II. a. Vested or vesting by donation. 
[L. — dono, give.] 

done (dun), .pa. p. of do. 1. Performed. 
2. Completely exhausted. 3. Given; 
executed. 4. Agreed. 5. Through. 

donee (do-ne')» n. Recipient of a gift. 

donkey ( dong'ki ), n. Ass. [From 
dun-ik-ie,_?i double dim. of dun, from 

donor (do'nur), n. Giver, [its color. 

doom(d6m).I.w. 1. Judgment ; condem- 
nation. 2. Destiny. 3. Ruin. II. vt. Sen- 
tence; condemn. [A.S.— root of deem.] 

door (dor), ft. 1. Entrance into a hou.--e 
or room. 2. Swinging or sliding frame 
closing up the entrance. [AS. duru.] 

Doric ( dor'ik ). I. a. 1. Belonging to 
Boris in Greece. 2. Denoting one ol the 
Grecian orders of architecture. (See 
po. 105,106). II. n. Broad dialect of 
the ancient Greek 
language. 

dormant ( dar'mant ), 
n. Sleeping; not in 
actio n.— dorman- 
cy, n [Fr.— L. dor- 
mio, sleep.] 

dormer- window 
(dar'mer), n. Vertical 
window ( e S p . of a Dormer- Window, 
sleeping-room) in a 
sloping roof. [Fr. —dormir, sleep.] 




dormitory (dar'-mito-ri). n. Large 
sleeping-chamber. [L. dormitoriam ] 

dormouse (dar'mows), n. (pi. day- 
mice, dar'mis). Genus of rodent mam- 
malia. "[L. dormio, sleep, and moose.] 

dorp (darp), n. Village. [South-Afri- 
can Dutch.] 

dorsal (dar'sal), n. Pertaining to the 
back. [L. — dorsum, back.] [ermen 

dory(dor'i), n. Small boat usedby fish- 
dose (dos). I. n. 1. Quantity of medi- 
cine taken atone time; portion. 2. 
Any thing disagreeable. 11. vt. 1. Give 
in doses. 2. Give anything nauseous 
to. [Fr. — Gr. dosis.] [of do. 

dost (dust). Second vers. sing, presind. 

dot (dot). I. n. Small round mark. II. 
vt. [dot'ting; dot'ted.] Mark with dots. 
[A. S. From the sonud.] 

dotage (do'taj), n. 1. Childishness of 
old age. 2. Fondness. Lage. 

dotard_(do'tard), n. One weak of old 

dote (dot), vi. . 1. Be weakly affection- 
are. 2. Be silly from age.— do' tin sly, 
ado. [Dut. doten, doze.] [of do. 

doth (<1uth). Third pers. sing. pres. ind. 

double (dub'l). I. a. 1. Twofold; twice 
as much. 2. Two of a sort together; 
in pairs. 3. Acting: two parts, insin- 
cere. II. vt. 1. Multiply by two. 2. 
Fold. 3. Repeat. 4. In mil. Unite two 
ranks or files in one. 5. In naut. Sail 
around. III. vi. 1. Increase to twice 
the quantity. 2. Run back. IV. n. 1. 
Twice as much. 2. Counterpart, d u- 
plicate. 3. Trick; shift.— doubly, 
adv. [Fr.— L. duplus.] 

doublet (dub'let), n. 1. Pair. 2. Inner 
garment. 3. Name given to words 
that are really the same, but vary 
somewhat in spelling and significa- 
tion, as desk, disc and dish, or ward, 
guardimd yard. [O.F. dim. of double. J 

doubloon ( dub-Ion' ), n. Sp. gold 
coin, (double the value of a pistole) = 
$15.60. 

doubt (dowt). I. vt. Waver in opinion; 
hesitate; suspect. II. n. 1. uncer- 
tainty of mind. 2. Suspicion; fear. 3 
Thing doubted. — doubt'er, n. — 
doubt'iiag-ly, adv. — donbt'ful, a. 
Undetermined; not clear. — doubt- 
fully, adv. — doubtfulness, n. — 
doubtless, a. [L. dubito—duo, two.] 
Syn. Suspense; ambiguity; suspi- 
cion; perplexity; skepticism; scru- 
ple; distrust; misgiving; mistrust. 

douceur (do-ser'), n. 1. Sweetness of 
manner. 2. Present; bribe. [Fr.] 

douche (dosh), n. Jet of water directed 
upon a part 2. Syringe. [Fr.— It. 
doccia, water-pipe — L. duco, lead.] 

dough (do), n. Flour moistened and 
kneaded, but not baked. [A. S. dah.] 



fat, task, far, fan, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit, note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, bum; oil, owl, then. 



dooghty 



160 



drain a 



Plunge into water. 




Dove. 



d o n g h t y (dowti), a. Able, brave 

donghy (do'i), a. Like dough. 

do it on a ( do-ina'). Russian assembly. 

douse (dows), vt.l 
2. Slacken sud- 
denly, as a sail. 

dove (duv) , n. Pig- 
eon. [A. S. duva.] 

dovecot(duv'kot), 
dovecote (duv'- 
kot), n. Small 
box in which pig- 
eons breed. 

dovetail (duv'tal). I. n. Fitting pieces 
shaped like a dove's tail spread out, 
into corresponding cavities. II. vt. 
Fit one thing into another. 

dowager (dow'a-jer), n. 1. Widow with 
a dower or jointure. 2. Title given to 
a widow to distinguish her from the 
wife of her busband's heir. [O. Fr. 
douagiire.] [gar taste. [Sc] 

dowdy (dow'di), a. Dressed with vul- 

dowel (dow'el), n. 1. Wooden pin, 
fitting in a hole. 2. Piece of wood 
laid in the wall. 

dower (dow'er), n. Part of the hus- 
band's property which his widow en- 
joys during her life. [Fr. douaire—L. 
dos, dowry?] 

down (down), n. 1. Soft short hair. 
— downy, a 1. Covered with or 
made of down. 2. Like down; soft; 
soothing. [FromGer. daune.] 

down (down), n. Bank of sand thrown 
up by tlie sea. [A. S. dun.] 

down (down). I. a. 1. From a higher 
to a lower position or state. 2. On the 
ground. 3. From earlier to later 
times. II. prep. Along a descent.— 
down' cast, a. Dejected; sad. — 
down tall, n. Ruin. — down'- 
heae-ted. a. Dejected in spirits. — 
rXowoL'hill, a. Descending.— do wn'- 
right. I. a. Plain; artless; unce- 
remonious. II. adv. Truly.— down- 
ward, a. and adv. — down'wards, 
adv. Moving or tending to a lower 
place or state. [From M. E. adune, 
down the hill. ] 

dowry (dow'ri), n. Property which a 
woman brings to her husband at mar- 
riage. [See dower.] 

do xo logy (doks-ol'o-ji), n. Hymn 
praising God. [Gr. doxa, praise, and 
lego, speak.] 

doie (U5z). I. vi. Sleep lightly; behalf 
asleep. II. n. Short light sleep. [A. 
S. See dizzy.] 

dozen (duz'n), n. Collection of twelve. 
[Fr. dottzaine—Lt. duodedm.] 

drab (drab), n. Yellowish gray or dull 
brown color. [Fr. drap, cloth.] [water. 

drabble(drab'l), vt. Soil with mud and 



drachm (dram), n. See dram. 
draft, draught (draft). I. n. 1. 

Drawing. 2. Levy of men for the 
army, navy, etc. 3. Order for the pay- 
ment of money. 4. Lines drawn for 
a plan. 5. Rough sketch. 6. Depth 
to which a vessel sinks in water. 7. 
Act of drinking; gulp. 8. Current of 
air. II. vt. 1. Draw an outline of. 2. 
Compose, write. 3. Draw off. [A. S. 
dragon, draw.] 

drafts (drafts), ra.Game. See draughts. 

draftsman (drafts'man), n. One 
who draws plans or designs. 

drag- (drag). I. vt. [drag'ging: dragged.] 
Draw along the ground; draw slowly.' 
2. Explore with a dragnet. II. vi. 

1. Trail on the ground. 2. Be forcibly 
drawn along. 3. Move slowly and 
heavily. III. n, 1. Net or hook for 
dragging to catch things under water. 

2. Heavy harrow. 3. Low carriage or 
cart. 4. Device to hinder motion; clog; 
obstacle. [A. S. dragan.) 

Syn. Draw; haul; hale; pull; pluck; 
tug; search; retard. 

drag-g-le (drag'l), vt. and vi. Make or 
become wet and dirty by dragging 
along the ground. 

dragoman (drag'o-man), n. Interpre- 
ter.— pi. Drag'omans. [Ar. tarjuman— 
' tardjama, interpret.] 

drag-on (drag'un), n. Fabulous wing- 
ed serpent. [Gr. drakon.] 

dragon-fly (drag'un-fli), n. Insect 
with a long body, large wings and 
enormous eyes. 

dragoon (dra-gon'). I. n. Cavalry- 
man. II. vt. Compel by violent meas- 
ures. [Sp 1 — DRAGON.] 

drain (dran). I. vt. and vi. 1. Draw by 
degrees. 2. Clear of water by drains. 

3. E x h a u s t. II. n. Water-course ; 
ditch sewer. [A.S. — root of draw.] 

drainage (dran'aj). n. 1. Drawing off 
o- water. 2. System of drains in a 
town. 

drake (drak), n. Male of the duck. 
[From Icel. and, duck, and HU, mas- 
ter. Ger. enterich.] 

dram (dram), n. 1. 1-16 of an ounce 
avoirdupois. 2. % of an oz., apothe- 
caries' weight. 3. Potion, drink. [Gr. 
drachme, Tpinch—drassomai, grasp.] 

drama (dra'ma or dra'ma), n. 1. Acted 
representation of events in human 
life. 2. Composition to be represent- 
ed on the stage .-dramatic, dra- 
matical, a. — dramatically , adv. 
—Dramatis persona. Actors in a play. 
[L.]— dramatist, n. Writer of plays. 
—dramatize (dram'a-tiz), vt. Com- 
pose in. or turn into,' the form of a 
play. [Gr.— drao, perform.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fan, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



drank 



161 



dribblet 



drank (drangk). Past tense of drink. 

drape (drap), vt. 1. Cover with cloth. 
2. Arrange in folds.— dra'per, n. One 
who deals in cloth.— dra'pery, n. 1. 

Cloth goods. 2. Hangiugs. 3. In art, 
representation of the dress of human 
figures. [Fr. drap, cloth.] 

drastic (dras'tik). I. a. Quick and vio- 
lent; "powerful. II. n. Violent purge. 
[Gr.— drao, act.] 

draught (draft), n. Same as draft. 

draughts (drafts), n. Checkers. 

draw(dra). I. vt. fdrav/ing : drew; 
drawn.] " 1. Pull; bring .mcibly 
toward one. 2. Attract; en i ice. 3. 
Inhale. 4. Take out. 5. Deduce. 6. 
Lengthen. 7. Make a picture of. 8. 
Require a depth of water foi floating. 
9. Have draught. 10. Move. 11. De- 
mand money by draft. II. vi. 1. Pull. 
2. Practise drawing. 3. Move; ap- 
proach. III. n. 1. Drawing. 2. Un- 
decided contest. 3. Movable part. 
[From drag.] 

drawback (dra'bak), n. 1 
back part of money paid, 
advantage. 

drawbridge 
(dra'brij), n. 
Bridge that can 
be drawn up or 
aside. 

drawee (dra-e'), 
n. Person on 
whom a bill of 
e x change is 
drawn. 

drawer (dra'er), 
n. 1. He who, or 
that which 
draws. 2. Sliding 
box in a case. 3. 
pi. .Under-garment for lower limbs. 

drawing (dra'iug), n. 1. Art of repre- 
senting objects by lines, shading, etc. 
2. Distribution of prizes, as at a 
lottery. 3. Picture made with pencil, 
pen, etc. 

drawing-room ( dra'ing-rom ), n. 
1. Room to which t he "company with- 
draws after dinner. 2. Reception of 
company in it. [From withdrawing 
room.] 

drawl (ilral). I. vi. and vt. Speak in a 
slow, lengthened tone. II. n. Long- 
drawn-out manner of speech. 

dray (dra), n. Low strong cart. [From 

root Of DRAG.] 

dread ( dred ). I. n. Apprehension of 
great evil. II. a. Exciting fear. III. vt. 
Fear much.— dreadful, a.— Terrible. 

drea<l'iully,aeft;.— dread'ffnliness,a. 

Syn. Awe ; dismay ; terror ; horror. 




Drawbridge. 



dream( drem). I. n. 1. Train of fancies 
during sleep. 2. Fancy, vision. II. 
vt. and vi. [dream'ing; dreamed or 
dreamt (dremt).] See things in or as 
in sleep; think idly.- dreamer, n. 

— dream'ingly, ado.— dream'y, a. 
-dreaminess, n. [L. Ger. drom.] 

drear (drer), dreary (drer'i), a. 
Gloomy; cheerless.— drear'ily, adv. 

— drear'iness, n. [A. S. dreorig.] 
dredge (drej). I. n. Instrument for 

gathering by dragging. II. vt. 1. 
Gather with a dredge. 2. Deepen 
with a dredge. [O. Fr. drege. From 
root of DRAG.] 

dredge (drej), vt. Sprinkle (flour,etc.) 
on meat while roasting. [Fr. dragie.) 

dreggy (dreg'i), a. Containing dregs; 
muddy. 

dregs (dregz), n.pl. Impurities in 
liquor that fall to the bottom; refuse; 
lees. [Icel. dregg.] 

dreibund (dri'bont), n. Triple allian- 
ce, esp. that comprising Germany, 
Italy and Austria. [Ger.] 

drench (drench). I. vt. 1. Cause to 
drink. 2. Wet thoroughly. 3. Physic 
by force. II. n. 1. Draft. 2. Dose of 
physic forced down the throat. [A. S. 
drencan] 

dress (dres). I. vt. and vi. [dressing; 
dressed or drest.] 1. Put; prepare; 
trim; cleanse and bandage. 2. Put 
clothes upon. II. n. 1. Covering. 2. 
Lady's gown. 3. Art of dressing. [Fr. 
dresser— L. dirigo, direct.] 

Syn. Array; attire; clothe; adorn; 
rig; apparel; treat. 

dresser (dres'er) 
n. 1. One who 
dresses. 2. Table 
on which meat is 
prepared for use. 
3. Sideboard. 4. 
Low bureau sur- 
mounted by a 
mirror. 

dressing (dres'- 
ing), n. 1. Dress; 
clothes. 2. Man- 
ure given to land. 
3. Matter used to 
give stiffness and 

gloss to cloth. 4. Bandage, etc.. ap- 
plied to a sore. 5. Garnishment of 
meats, salads, etc. [of, dress. 

dressy (dres'i), a. Showy in, or fond 

drew (dr5). Past tense of Draw. 

dribble (drib'l). I. vi. 1. Fall in small 
drops quickly. 2. Slaver. II. vt. Let fall 
in drops. — dribbler, n. [Dim. of 
drip.] [quantity. 

dribblet, driblet (drib'let), n. Small 




fate, fat, task, far, tall, fai 



le, m et, her; mite, mitj note, not, move, wolf j 



mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



drift 



162 



drunk 



drift (drift). I. n. 1. Heap of matter 
driven together, as snow. 2. Direction 
in which a thing is driven; tendency; 
object aimed at. 3. In Dutch South 
Africa, ford. II. vt. and vi. Drive into 
heaps. [See drive.] 

drill (dril). I. vt. Pierce with a revolv- 
ing borer. II. n. Instrument that 
bores. 

drill (dril) . I. vi. Exercise thoroughly, 
as soldiers. II. n. Training. [Fr.] 

drill (dril). I. n. Row or furrow to 
put seed into. II. vt. Sow in rows. 
[Wei. rhill, row.] 

drilling- (dril'ing), n. Coarse linen or 
cotton cloth. [Ger. drillich.] 

drily (drl'li), adv. of dry. 

drink (dringk). I. vt. and vi. [drank; 
drunk.] 1. Swallow, as a liquid. 2. 
Take in through the senses. 3. Take in- 
toxicating liquors to excess. II. n. 
1. Something to be drunk. 2. Intox- 
icating liquor. — drink'er, n. Tip- 
pler. [A.S. drincan.] 

drip (drip). I. vt. and vi. [drip'ping; 
dripped.] 1. Let fall in drops. 2. Pall 
in drops; letfall'drops. II. n. 1. Pall- 
ing in drops. 2. That which falls in 
drops. [A. S. drypan.] 

dripping 1 (drip'ing), n. 1. Palling in 
drops. 2. That which falls in drops, 
as fat from meat in roasting. 

drive (driv). I. vt. and vi. [dri'vina:; 
drove, driv'en.] 1. Force along; hurry- 
on. 2. Guide, as horses drawing a car- 
riage. 3. Convey in a vehicle. II. n. 1. 

■ Excursion in a carriage. 2. Road for 
driving on. 3. Violent motion; hurry. 
— driver, n. [A.S. drifan.] 

drivel ( driv'l ). I. vi. [driveling or 
driv'elling; driv'eled or driv'elled.] 

I. Slaver, like a child. 2. Be foolish. 

II. n. 1. Slaver. 2. Nonsense.— driv'- 
eller, n. Fool. [From dribble.] 

drizzle ( driz'l ) . vi. Rain in small 
drops. — driz'zly, a. [A. S. dreosan.] 

droll (drol). I. a. Odd and amusing. 

II. n. Jester. III. vt. and vi. Banter.— 

drollery, n. [Fr. drdle — Ger. drol- 

lig. funny.] [ridiculous; queer. 

Svn. Laughable ; ludicrous ; comical ; 

dromedary(drum'e-aar-i), n. Arabian 
camel, with one hump on its back. 
[From Gr. dromas, running.] 

drone (dron). I. n. 1 Male of the 
honey-bee. 2. One who lives on the 
labor of others. [A.S. dran.] 

droop (drop). I. vt. and vi. 1. Sink or 
hang down. 2. Grow weak or faint; 
decline. II. n. Act of drooping. 2. 
Drooping position or state. [From 

DROP ] 

drop (drop). I. n. 1. Small round mass 
of liquid which falls at one time. 2. 



Very small quantity of liquid. 3. Any- 
thing hanging like a drop. 4. Any- 
thing arranged to drop. 5. Fall. II. * 
vt. and vi. [drop'ping; dropped.] Pall; 
let fall. [A. S. dropa.] 
dropsical (drop'si-kal), a. Pertaining 

to, or affected with dropsy. 
dropsy (drop'si), n. Unnatural col- 
lection of water in the body. [Corr. 
from hydropsy— Gr. hydor, water.] 
drosky(dros'ki), n. Russian low four- 
wheeled open carriage. [Russ. drojki.l 
dross (dros), n. Scum on melting me- 
tal; refuse. [A.S. dros— dreosan. fall.] 
drought (drowt), drouth (drowth), 
n. Want, of rain or water; thirst.— 
droughty, a. [A. S. drugoth, dry- 
drove (drqv), imp. of drive, [ness. 
drove (drov), n. Number of cattle, or 
other animals, driven. [buys cattle. 
drover (dro'ver), n. One who drives or 
drown (drown). I. vt. 1. Sink in water. 

2. Kill by placing under water; over- 
power; extinguish. II. vi. Be su [lo- 
cated in water. [A. S. druncnian.] 

drowse (drowz),m. Nod; doze.— 
drow'sy, a. Sleepy; dull.— droxy'- 
sily 9 adv. — drow'siness, n. [A. 3. 
drusian.] 

drub (drub). I. vt. [drub'bing; drub- 
bed.] Strike; beat. II. n. Blow. [A.S. 
drepan, hit.] 

drudge (druj). I. vi. Work hard; do 
mean work. II. n. One who works 
hard.— drudgery, n. [Ir. drugaire.} 
Syn. Toil; labor; travail. 

drug(drug).!. n. 1. Any substance used 
in medicine,in dyeing or chemistry. II. 
vt. [drug'ging ; drugged.] 1. Mix; 
poison. 2. Dose to excess ; make un- 
conscious. [Pr. drogue — Dut. droog, 
dry (herbs).] 

drugget (drug'et), n. Coarse woollen 
cloth, used as a protection for carpets. 
[Fr. droguet, trash— drogue.'] 

druggist (drug'ist), n. One who deals 
in drugs. [cient Celts. [Gael.] 

druid (dro'id), n. Priest among the an- 

drum (drum). I. n. 1. Cylindrical 
musical instrument having heads of 
vellum. 2. Anything shaped like a 
drum. 3. Tympanum or middle por- 
tion of the ear. 4. Revolving cylinder. 
II. vt. and vi. [drum'ming ;drummed .] 1. 
Beat a drum. 2. Beat with the fingers. 

3. Expel. 

drum-major ( drum'ma'jer ) n. 1. 

Chief drummer of a regiment. 2. 

Marching leader of a military band. 
drummer (drum'er), n. 1. One who 

drums. 2. - One who solicits custom. 
drumstick (drum'stik), n. Stick with 

which the drum is beaten. 
drunk (drungk), Pa. p. of drink. 



fate, tat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



drunk 



163 



dumpish 



drunk, (drungk), a. Intoxicated.— 
drnnk'en, a. — drnnk'cnncss, n. 

drunkard (drunkard), n. One who is 
frequently drunk. 

drupe (drop), n. Fleshy fruit contain- 
ing a stone, as the plum. [Fr.— Gr. 
druppa, L over-ripe olive.] 

dry (dvi), a. [dri'er; dri'est.] 1. Free 
from moisture. 2. Not giving milk. 3. 
Thirsty. 4. Uninteresting. 5. Quaint, 
sharp. 6. Not sweet. — dryly or 
dri'ly, adv. — dry'ness, n. — Dry- 
goods, n. pi. Textile goods, etc., as 
distinguished from groceries. — Dry- 
rot, n. Decay of timber, caused by 
fungi. _ [A. S. dryge.] 

dry (dri), vt. and vi. [dry'ing; dried.] 

1. Free from water or moisture. 2. 
Exhaust. 3. Become dry- 4. Evapo- 
rate entirely. . [Qr.—drys, tree.] 

♦Sryad (dri'ad), n. Nymph of the woods. 
dryer (dri'er), n. One who dries. 
dual (dual), a. Consisting of two.— 
dualism, n. 1. State of being two. 

2. System founded on a dual princi- 
ple, as good and evil. — du'aiist, n. 
Believer in dualism. — duality, n. 
Doubleness. [lu.—duo, two.] 

dub (dub), vt. [dubb'ing; dubbed.] 1. 
Strike. 2. Confer knighthood upon. 

3. Confer any dignity upon, call. [A. 
S. dubban, strike.] 

dubious (du'bi-us), a. I. Doubtful. 2. 

Causing doubt. — du'biously, adv. 

-dubiousness, n. [L. dubius, from 

duo, two.] Tduke. 

ducal ( du'kal ), a. Pertaining to a, 
ducat (duk'at), n. Gold coin, worth 

$2.30. [From It. ducato, duchy.] 
duchess (duch'es), n. Fem. of Duke. 
duchy (duch'i), n. Territory of a duke, 

dukedom. [Fr. duche.] 
duck (duk), n. Kind of coarse cloth 

for small sails, sacking, etc. [Dut. 

doelz, linen cloth.] 
duck (duk). I. vt. 

and vi. 1. Dip for 

a moment in water 

2. Lower the head 

suddenly. II. n. 

1. Water-fowl. 2. 

Dipping of the 

head. 3. Pet; dar- 
ling. [Dut. duiken.] 
duckling (duk'ling), n. Young duck. 
duct (dukt), n. Tube,canal. [L. ductus.'] 
ductile (duk'tii), a. 1. E a s i 1 y led; 

yielding. 2. Capable of being drawn 

out into wires or threads. — ductil- 
ity, n. TL. duco, lead.] 
dud '(dud)', n. Rag ; garment. 
di\de(dud), n. Dandy; fop.— du'dish,a. 
dudgeon (duj'un), n. Resentment; 

anger. [Wei. dygen, anger.] 




Wild Duck. 




due (du). I. a. 1. That ought to be 
paid or done. 2. Appointed or expect- 
ed to arrive. 3. Justly claimed ;proper. 
4. Owing. II. adv. Exactly. 111. n. 
Object of claim; right; perquisite; 
fee; tribute. [Fr. du, owed.] 

duel (du'el). I. n. Combat between two 
persons. II. vi. Fight in single Com- 
bat.— du'elist, %. [It. duello.] 

duenna (du-en'a), n. Chief lady in 
waiting on the Queen of Spain. 2. 
Chaperon. 3. Governess. [Sp.] 

duet(du-et'), n. Piece of music for two. 

dug(dug), n. Nipple, teat. [It. duetto.] 

dug-. Past tense and .-^3 
pa. p. of dig. 

dngong (du'gong) 
n. Kind of whale, siprte 
from 8 to 20 feet :> - 
long, found in In- 
dian seas. [Malay, 
duyong.] 

dug-out (dug'owt), n. 1. Canoe formed 
of a log. 2. Dwelling cut in the side 
of a bank or hill. 

duke ( diik ), n. 1. Highest order of 
English nobility. 2. On the continent, 
sovereign prince less than a king. 
— duke'doni n. Title, rank or territo- 
ry of a duke. (Fr. due— la, dux, leader.] 

dulcet (dul'set), a. Melodious, sweet. 
[From L. dulcis, sweet.] 

dulciener ( dul'si-mer ), 11. Ancient 
musical instrument, the wires of 
which are beaten with light hammers. 

dull (dul). I. a. 1. Slow of hearing, 
learning, or understanding. 2. Slow 
of action. 3. Not bright or clear. 4. 
Blunt. 5. Unfeeling. II. vt. and vi. 
Make or become dull.— dullard, n. 
Stupid person; dnnce.— dul'Iy, adv. 
— dullness, dul'ness, us. [A. S. 
dwal, foolish.] [uninteresting. 

ySty/i.JBluggish; stupid; dim; inert"; 

duly(du'li), adv. 1. Properly. 2. At the 
proper time. 

dumb (dum), a. 1. Without the power 
of speech. 2. Silent.— dunib'ness, n. 
— dumb'-bells,7i. pi. Weights swung 
in the hands for exercise. [A. S.l 

dumbfound (durn'fownd), vt. Strike 
dumb; confuse greatly. 

dummy (dum'i), n. 1. One who is dumb. 
2. Sham; lay figure; effigy. 3. Loco- 
motive with condensiug engines 
without the noise of escaping steam. 

dump (dump). I. vt. and vi. Unload, 
as a cart, by tilting it. II. n. 1. Place 
where matter is dumped. 2. Car 01 
boat for dumping. »«,^ 

dumpish (dum 'pish), a. Given to 
dumps; moping.— duuap'ishly, adv. 
— dump'ishness, h. 



Jtate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



dumpling* 



164 



dynamometer 



dumpling 1 (dump'ling), n. Thick pud- 
ding, mass of paste. [hurnor. 
dumps (dumps ), n. Gloominess; ill- 
do mpy (dum'pi), a. Short and thick. 
dun (dun), a. Dark brown. [A. S.] 
dun (dun). I. vt. [dun'ning; dunned] 
Uige for payment. II. n. 1. One who 
duns. 2. Demand for payment. [A. S. 
dynnan, clamor, din.] 
dusice(duns), n. Stupid person. [From 
Duns Scotus, who opposed classical 
studiesj ~ [shore. [A. S.] 
dune (dun), n. Sand hill on the sea- 
dung(dung), n. Excrement of animals. 
[A. S.] [ground. 
dungeon (dun'jun), n. Prison under 
duo (du'o). n. Song in two parts. 
duodecimal (du-o-des'i-mal), a. Com- 
puted by twelves. — pi. ' Numerical 
system in which the denominations 
rise by twelve. [L. duo, two, and 
decern, ten.] 
duodecimo (du-o-des'i-mo). I. a. Hav- 
ing twelve leaves to a sheet. II. n. 
Book of such sheets, (12mo). 
duodenum (du-o-de'num), n. The first 
portion of the small intestines, about 
twelve fingers' breadth in length. — 
duodelial, a. 
dupe (dup). I. n. 1. One easily cheated. 
2. One who is deceived. II. vt. Trick; 
mislead. [Fr.] 
duplicate (du'pll-kat). I. a. Double; 
twofold. II. n. Another thing of the 
same kind; copy; transcript. III. vt. 
Double; copy; furnish one like.— du- 
plication, n. [Li.— duplex.] 
duplicity (du-plis'i-ti), n. Insincerity; 
deceit. [L. duplicitas.] [enduring. 
durability ^dur-a-bil'it-i), n. Power of 
durable (dur'a-bl), a. Able to last; 
permanent.— dur'ably, adv. — dur'- 
ableness, n. [L. duro^ last.] 
dura mater (du'ra ma'tgr), n. Outer 
membrane of the brain and spinal 
column. [L.=hard mother.] 
durance (dur'ans), n. 1. Continuance. 
2. Imprisonment; duress. [L. durans, 
pr.p. of duro. last.] [ance. 
duration ( du-ra'shun ), n. Continu- 
duress (dur'es or du-res'), n. 1. Con- 
straint. 2. Imprisonment. [ O. Fr. 
Ions 



.] [of; as long as. 

during (dur'ing), prep. In the course 
durst (durst). Past tense of Dare. 
dusk (dusk). I. a. Darkish. II. n. 

Twilight ;partial darkness.— dusk'y, 

(dusk'i), «.-dnsk'ily, adv. — 

duskiness, n. 
dust (dust). I. n. 1. Fine particles; 

powder. 2. Earthy remains. 3. 

Grave. II. vt. 1. Free from dust. 2. 

Sprinkle with dust. — dust'er, n. 1. 

Cloth or brush for removing dust. 2. 



Light over-garment to protect from 

dust. — dust'y, a. 1. Covered or 

sprinkled with dust. 2. Like dust. — 

dustiness, n. 
Dntch (ducli). I. a. 1. Originally, 

German. 2. Hollandish. II. n. 1. 

Language of Holland. 2. pi. People 

ofHolland._ [Ger. deutsch.] 
duteous (du'te us), a. 1. Dutiful. 2. 

Obedient. — du'teousiy, adv.— du'« 

teousness 2 n. [an import tax. 

dutiable (du'ti-a-bl), a. Subject to 
dutiful (du'ti-fo ), a. Attentive to 

duty; respectful. — du'tifully, adv. 

— du'tifuluess, n. 
duty(du'ti), n. 1. What one is bound to 

do; service. 2. Respect; regard. 3. Tax 
on goods or imports. [From Due.] 

dwarf (dwarf). I. n. Animal or plant 
much below ordinary size. II. a. 
Diminutive. III. vt. 1. Make appear 
small. 2. Stunt. — dwarfish, a. 
Like a dwarf ; very small. — dwarf - 
islily, adv. — dwarf'ishness, n. 
[A. S. dweorg.] 

dwell (dwel), vi. [dwelling; dwelled 
or dwelt]. 1. Abide; inhabit. 2. Rest 
the attention; continue long. — 
dwell'er, n. — dwelling, n. 1. 
Habitation. 2. Continuance. [A. S. 
dwelan.] [S. dwinan.] 

dwindle (dwin'dl), vi. Grow less. [A. 

dye (di). I. vt. Stain; color. II. n. 1. Col- 
or. 2. Coloring material.— dyeing, 
n. Art or trade of coloring cloth, etc. 

— dyer (di'er), n. One whose trade 
is to dye cloth, etc. — dye'stuff, n. 
Material used in dyeing. [A.S. deagan.] 

dying (di'ing). I Pr. p. of Die. II. a. 1. 
Pertaining to death. 2. Occurring at 
the time of death. 

dyke. Same as Dike. 

dynamic (di-nam'ik), dynamical, 
a. Relating to dynamics. — dynam- 
ically, adv.— dynamics, n. Science 
of force. [Gr. dynamis, power.] 

dynamite (di'na-mit), n. Explosive 
agent, made of 'nitro-glycerine. [Gr. 



dynamo (dl'- 
na-mo), n. Dy- 
namo-electric 
machine. 

dynamo-elec- 
tric (di'na-mo- 
e-lek'trik), a. 
Producing e- 
lectricity by 
means of me- 
chanical power, 

dynamometer 




Alternating Current 
Dynamo. 



(di-na-mom'e-ter), n. Instrument for 
measuring power. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her- mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute. hut. burn; oil, owl, then. 



dynasty 



165 



eat, 



dynasty (dl'nas-ti), n. Succession of 
sovereigns of the same iarnily.— dy- 
nas'tic, adj. Relating to a dynasty. 
[Gr. dynastes, lord— dynamai, be able.] 

dysentery (dis'en-ter-i), n Disease of 
the bowels.with a discharge of mucus 
and blood. — dysenter'ic, a. [Gr. 
—dys, ill, and entera, entrails. ] 



dyspepsia (dis-pep'si-a >, dyspepsy 
( dis-pep'si ), n. Indigestion. [Gr. — 
dys, ill, andpepso, digest.] 

dyspeptic (dis-pep'tic). I. a. Afflicted 
with, pertaining to, or arising from 
indigestion. II. n. Person afflicted 
with dyspepsy. Jin breathing. [Gr.l 

dyspnoea (disp-ne'a), n. Difficulty 



1 




Golden Eagle. 



e (e), n. Fifth letter of the En- 
glish alphabet. 
each (ech), a. Everyone of a 
stated number. [A. S. celc = 
alike.] 

eager (e'ger), a. Very desirous; earn- 
est. — ea'gerly, adv. — eagerness, 
n. [Fr.aigre~Li.acer, 
sharp.] 

eagle (e'gl), n. 1. Large 
bird of prey. 2. Figure 
of an eagle on stand- 
ards, etc., used as an 
emblem. 3. U. S. Gold 
coin worth $10. [Fr. 
aigle—L,. aquila.] 

eaglet(e'glet), n. Young 
or small eagle. 

ear (er). I. n. Spike, as 
of grain. II. vi. Put forth ears. [A. S.] 

ear (er), n. 1. Organ of hearing. 2. 
Power of hearing and of distinguish- 
ing sounds. 3. Anything like an ear. 
[See labyrinth.] — ear drum, n. 
Middle cavity of the ear. [See tym- 
pantjm.]— earmark, n. 1. Mark cut 
on a sheep's ear. 2. Any mark of 
identification. [A. S. eare.] 

earl (erl), n. British title of nobility, 
below a marquis, and above a vis- 
count. — earldom, n. Dominion or 
dignity of an earl. [A.S. eorl.] 

early ( er'li ), a. and adv. 1. In good 
season. 2. At or near the beginning. 
3. Soon.— ear'liness, n. [A.S. cerlice 
—cer, ere.] [earnian.] 

earn (em), vt. Gain by labor. [A. S. 

earnest Cer'nest). I. a. Serious. II. n. 
Seriousness. — ear'nestly, adv. — 
earnestness, n. [A. S.] 

Syn. Eager; intent; ardent; keen; 
intense; fervent; impassioned; zeal- 
ous; vehement; hearty; urgent. 

earnest(er'nest),7i. Pledge. [L. arra.] 

earnings (er'ningz), n. pi. What one 
has earned ; wages. 

earshot (er'shot), n. Hearing-distance. 

earth (erth). I. n. 1. Matter on the 
surface of the globe; soil. 2. Dry land. 

3. Globe, or planet, on which we live. 

4. Wordly things. II. vt. and vi. Hide in 
the earth; bury; burrow. [A.S. eorthe.] 



earthen (erth'en), a. Made of earth or 
clay.— earthenware, n. Coarse 
crockery. [the earth. 

earthling (erth'ling), n. Dweller on 

earthly (erth'li), a. 1. Belonging to 
the earth; worldly. 2. Possible. — 
earth'liness, n. 

earthquake (erth'kwak), n. Shaking 
of the earth. [angle worm. 

earthworm (erth'wurm), n. Common 

earthy (erth'i), a. 1. Consisting of, 
relating to, or resembling earth. 2. 
Gross ; coarse. — earth'iness, n. 

earwig (er'wig), n. In- 
sect, incorrectly suppos- 
ed to creep into the ear. 
[A. S._ eorwicga.] 

ease (ez). I. n. 1. Free- 
dom from pain, efiort,or 
disturbance. II. vt. Re- 
lieve ; calm. — ease'- 
ment (ez'ment), n. Re- 
lief; accommodation. 

easel (e'zl) n. Frame to 
support pictures.charts, 
etc. [Ger. esel, ass.] 

east (est). I. n. 1. Part 
of the heavens where the 
sunrises. 2. (The East), 
the orient. II. a. To- 
ward the rising sun. [AS.] 

Easter (es'ter), n. Christ- 
ian festival commemo- 
rating the resurrection 
of Christ,held on the first ' 
Sunday after the full 
moon that happens on or 
next follows March 21. 
Eastre, goddess of spring.] 

easterly (es'ter-li), a. and adv. 1. 
Coming from the eastward. 2. Look- 
ing toward the east. 

eastern ( es'tern ), a. 1. Going east- 
ward. 2. Of_the east; oriental, [east. 

eastward (est'ward), adv. Toward the 

easy ( e'zi ), a. 1'. At ease. 2. Giving 
ease. 3. Not difficult. 4. Yielding. 5. 
Not straitened.— ea'sily, adv.— ea'- 
siness, n. .4. 

eat(et), vt. and vi. [eat'ing; ate; eat'en.] 
1. Chew and swallow. 2. Consume. 3. 
Corrode.— eat'er, n. [A.S. etan.] 




Easel. 
[A. S.- 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



eatable 



166 



edentate 



eatable (et'a-bl). I. a. Fit to be eaten. 
II. n. Something used as food. 

eaves (evz), n. pi. Edge of the roof 
projecting over the wail. [A.S. efese, 
clipped edge of thatch.] 

eavesdrop (evz'drop), vi. Stand un- 
der the eaves or near the windows of a 
house to listen; listen secretly to a 
conversation.— eavesdropper, n. 

ebb (eb). I. n. 1. Receding of the tide. 
2. Decline, decay. II. vi. Flow back; 
sink. [A. S. ebba.] [Black as ebony. 

ebon (eb'un), a. 1. Made of ebony. 2. 

ebony (eb'un-i), n. Kind of heavy and 
hard black wood, admitting of a fine 
polish. [Gr, ebe/ios— Heb. eben, stone.] 

ebriety (e-bn'e-ti), n. Drunkenness. 
[Fr. — Li. ebrius, drunk.] 

ebullition (eb-ul-lish'un), n. 1. Boil- 
ing; agitation of a liquor rapidly con- 
verted to vapor. 2. Display of feel- 
ing [L. —bulla, bubble.] 

ejccentric(ek-sen'trik),eccen'tric»l, 
a. 1. Departing from ttie center 2. 
Not having the same center. 3. Not 
conforming to rules; odd — eecen'- 
trically, adv.— eccentric'ity, n. 1 
Distance of the center of a planet's 
orbit from the center of the sun 2. 
Singularity of con- 
duet; odduess. 

eccentric (ek-sen'- 
trik). n. 1. Circle 
not having the 
same center as an- Eccentric, 

other. 2. Wheel 
having its axis out of the center, 

ecclesiastic { ek-kle-zi-as'tik ). I. a. 
Belonging to the church. II. n. Clergy- 
man. — ecclesias'tical, a. [Gr. ekk- 
lesia. church— ek, out, and kaleo, call.] 

echo (ek'o). I. n. Reflection of a sound. 
— pi. Echoes (ek'oz). II. vt. and vi. 
Send back the sound of; repeat. [Gr.] 

eclair (e-klar'), n. Cake filled with a 
cream and frosted. [Fr.] 

eclat (e-kla'), n. Striking effect; sen- 
sation. [Fr. = outburst.] 

eclectic ( ek-lek'tik). I. a. Electing, 
choosing. 11. n. One who selects parts 
of different systems.— eclec'tically, 
adv.— eclecticism, n. [Gr.— ek, out, 
and lego, choose.] 




Sua Earth Moon 

Eclipse of the Moon. 

eclipse (e-klips'). I. vt. Darken; hide; 
put in the shade. II. n. In astro n. 



Obscuration of the light of the sun, 
moon, or other luminous body, by the 
intervention of some other body. [Gr. 
— ek, out, and leipo, leave ] 




Sun Moon Earth 

Eclipse of the Sun. 

ecliptic (e-klip'tik). I. n. 1. Ceiesbi I 

circle in which eclipses tike ) i;i 
the apparent path of the sun roun I 
the earth. 2. Circle on tlie globe cor- 
responding to the celestial ecliptic. 
II. a. Pertaining to the ecliptic. 

eclog-we (_ek']og ), n Pastoral poem, 

ecology (ekol'o-ji), n. The relations 
of animals and plants to the outer 
world and to one another. 

economic (eiv-o-ii>>in'ik)._ econom'ie. 
al, a. 1. Pertaining to ecouomy. Jl 
Frugal.— economically, adv 

economics ( ■ k-o-nom'iks), n. 1. 
Science of household management. 
2. Political economy. 

economist (ek-on'o-mist), n. 1. One 
who is economical. 2. One versed in 
political economy. 

economize ( ek-on'o-miz ) , vt. and vi. 
Manage with economy; be saving. 

economy ( ek-on'o-mi ), n. 1. Manage- 
ment of household affairs, esp. finan- 
cial. 2. Frugal use of means. [Gr 
—oikos, house, and nomos, rule.] 

ecstasy (ek'sta-si), n. Supreme joy; 
rapture, —ecstatic (ek-stat'ik), ec- 
statical, a. — ecstatically, adv. 
[Gr. = being beside oneself — ek, out, 
and histemi, place.] 

ecumenic ( ek-u-men'ik ), ecumen'* 
ical, a. Belonging to the whole in- 
habited world; general. 

eczema (ek'ze-ma), n. Eruptive disease 
of the skin; salt rheum, tetter. [Gr. 
— ek, out, and zeo, boil.] 

Edda (ed'a), n. Book of Scandinavian 
mythology. 

eddy (ed'i). I. rt,. 1. Current of water 
or air running contrary to the main 
stream. 2. Whirlpool; whirlwind. 
II. vt. [edd'ying; edd'ied. ] Move in 
whirls. [Icel.— id, back.] 

Eden (e'den), n. Garden where Adam 
and Eve lived; paradise. [ Heb. = 
pleasure.] 

edentate (e-den'tat), eclen'tated, a. 
1. Without teeth. 2. Wanting front 
teeth. [L.— e, out, and dens, tooth.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



edge 



167 



egregious 



edge (e3). I. n. 1. Border; brink. 2. 
Cutting sicie of an instrument 3 
Keenness. II. vt. 1. Sharpen 2 Place 
a border on. 3. Urge on. 4. Move by 
little and little. III. vi. 1. Move side- 
ways. 2. Sail close to the wind. — 
edge'wise, a.— edg'ing, n.\. Border. 
2. Making edge. [A S. ecg. Ger. ecke.} 

edict (e'dikt), n. Public decree; com- 
mand. [L. — e, out, and dico, speak.] 
Syn. Proclamation; order; statute. 

edification (ed-i-fi-ka'sbun), n. 1. Ins- 
truction. 2. Development, esp. reli- 
ed 'lice (ed'i-tis), n. Building, [gious. 

edify (ed'i-fi), vt. [ed'ifying; ed'ified.] 
1. Buildup. 2. Improve; tench.— ed'- 
ifyer, n.— ed'ifying, a. [Fr. edifier 
— L. cedes, bouse, and facio, make.] 

edit (ed'it), vt Superintend the publi- 
cation of, prepare for publication.— 
edition (e-dish'un), n. 1. Publication 
of a book. 2. Number of copies of a 
book printed at a time. [L.-— e, out. 
and do, give.] 

editor (ed'i-tur), n. One who edits a 
book or journal. — editorial (ed-i-to'- 
ri-al). I. a. II. n. Article written by 
the editor.— edito'rially, adv.— ed"- 
itorship, n. 

educate (ed'u-kat ), vt. Cultivate.— 

ed'ucator, n.— education, n. [L. 

=bring out.] [bring up ; discipline. 

Syn. Develop ; form : instruct ; train ; 

educe (e-dus'), vt. Extract; cause to 
appear. 

eel (el), n. Snake- 
like, edible fish. 
[A. S. cele. Ger. 
aal.] 

e'en (en). Con- 
traction of even. 

e'er ( ar ). Con- 
traction of EVER._ 

eerie, eery ^'ri), a, 
Timid. [S_c] 

efface (ef-fas'), vt. 1. Destroy. 2. Blot 
or rub out.— efface'ment, n. [Fr.— 
L.- ex, out, and fades, face.] 

effect (ef-fekf). I. n. 1. That which is 
produced by a cause. 2 Force; vali- 
dity. 3. Gist or substance. 4. (pi.) 
Goods; movables; personal estate. — 
For effect: with the design of creating 
an impression ; ostentatiously.— Give 
effect to: Make valid; carry out in 
practice. II. vt. Produce; accomplish. 
[Li. ex. out, and facio, make.] 

effective ( ef-fek'tiv ), a. Powerful; 
serviceable. — effectively, adv. — 
effectiveness, n. 

effectual (ef-fek'tu-al), a. Producing 
desired results.— effec'tually, adv. 

effectuate (ef-fek'tu-at), vt. Accom- 
plish. 




Eel. 



1. Wild. 



effeminacy (ef-fem'in-a-si), n. 1. Soft 
ness or weakness, unbecoming a man. 
2. Indulgence in unmanly pleasures 

effeminate (ef-fem'in-at). I. a. Wo- 
manish; unmanly: weak. l\.vt. Un- 
man; weaken.— effeminately, adv. 

— effem'inateness, n. [L. ex, but r 
and. femina, woman.] 

effervesce (ef-fer-ves'), vi. Boil up ; 

bubble and hiss; froth up. — effer' 

ves'cent, a. — effervescence, n. 

[Li.— ex, out, and ferveo. boil.] 
effete (ef-fef), a. Worn out with age; 

sterile. [L.] 
efficacy (ef'i-ka-si), n. Virtue, energy. 

— efficacious (ef-ti-ka'shus), a. Ef- 
fectual. — efficaciously, adv. — ef- 
fica'ciousness, n. [L. efficax.] 

efficient (ef-tish'ent). I. a. Effective. II. 
n. Cause; prime mover.— effi'cient- 
ly, adv.— efR'cience, efficiency, 
n. Power to produce desired results. 
Syn. Efficacy; energy; virtue; force; 
potency; effectualness. 

effigy (efi-jil, n. Likeness or figure of 
a person. [L. fingo, form.] 

effloresce (ef-flo-res'), vi. 1. Blossom 
forth. 2. Form a whitish crust. [L.] 

effort (ef'urt), n. Application of ener- 
gy; exertion of force. [L. ex, out, 
lorth. and/orfcs, strong!'] 

effrontery (ef frunt'er-i), n. Shame- 
lessness; boldness; impudence. [Fr. 
— L ex, forth, and frons, forehead.] 

effulgence (ef-ful'.iens), n. Brightness; 
flood of light. 

effulgent (ef-furjent ). a .Shining 
forth; splendid. — efful'gently, adv. 
[Li.— ex, forth, andfulgeo, shine.] 

effuse ( ef-fuz' ). vt. Pour forth, as 
words. — effusion ( ef-fu'zhun ), n. 
Pouring out. — effusive (ef-fn'ziv), 
a. Gusning. — effu'sively, adv. — 
effu'siveness, n. [efete.] 

eft (eft), n. Small lizard; newt. "LA. S. 

egg (eg ) , n. l. Body laid by female 
birds, etc. 2. Cell in which an em 
bryo develops. [A. S.&g.] [edge.] 

egg (eg), vt. (with on). Instigate. [From 

egis, aegis (e'jis), n. Shield. [Gr.] 

ego (e'go or eg'o), n. Self-conscious 
subject, as contrasted with tne non- 
ego, or object. [L.] 

egoism ( e'go-izm ), n. 1. Selfishness. 
2. Subjective idealism. — e goist, n. 
— e'goistic, a. 

egotism ( e'go-tizm n T eg'- ), n. Fre- 
quent use of the pronoun 1; self-exal- 
tation. — egotist, n. — egotis'tic. 
egotis'tical, a 1 

egregious (e gre'ji-us), a. Prominent 
(in a bad sense). — egre'giously, 
adv. — egre'giousness, n. [L. — e. 
out of, and— grex, flock.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



egress 



168 



electrocute 




Eider-Duck. 



egress (e'gres), n. Going out; depart- 
ure. [L.— e L out, and gradior, go.] 
Egyptian (e-jip'shan). I. a. Belonging 

to Egypt. II. n. Native of Egypt. 
Egyptology (e-jip-tol'o-ji), n. Science 

of Egyptian antiquities.— Egyptol'- 

ogist, n. [slight surprise. 

eft (a or e), interj. Expresses inquiry or 
eider • duck ( l'der 

duk), n. Kind of 

sea duck, in north 

ern regions, sought 

after for its fine 

down. [leel. cedr.] 
eight (at). I. a. 

Twice four. II. n. 

Figure (8). [A. S. 

eaht.] _ [ten. 

eighteen (a'ten), a. and n. Eight and 
eighty (a'ti), a. and n. Eight times ten ; 

four-score. [A. S. eahta, and tig, ten.] 
either {e'ther or l'ther). I. a. a.ndpron. 

The one or the other; one of two. 

II. conj. Introduces an alternative, as 

in either now or never. [A. S.— roots of 

EACH and WHETHER.] 

ejaculate (e-jak'u-lat), vt. Utter with 
suddenness .— ejaculation, n — 
ejac'ulatory, a. [L. — e, out, and 
jacio, throw.] 

eject(e-jekt'), ttf.Cast out; dispossess.— 

ejection, ejectment, ns.— eject'- 

or, n. [Li.— e, out, andjoao, throw.] 

Syn. Drive out; expel; evict; oust. 

eke (ek), vt, Lengthen. [A. S. ecan.] 

elaborate (e-lab'or-at). I. vt. 1. Pro- 
duce with labor. 2. Improve by suc- 
cessive operations. II. a. Wrought 
with labor; highly finished. — elab- 
orately, adv. — elaborateness, 
n. — elabora'tion, n. 

elapse (e-laps'), vi. Slip away; pass 
silently, as time. [See Lapse.] 

elastic (e-ias'tik). I. a. Having a ten- 
dency to recover the original form; 
springy II. n. Fabric, containing 
rubber. — elas' tic ally 9 adv. — elast ic- 
ity (e-las-tis'i-ti), n. Springiness ; 
power to recover from depression. 
[From Gr. elao, drive.] 

elate (e-laf). I. a. Lifted up; exultant. 
II. vt. Exalt; make proud.— elation, 
n. Pride. [L.— latus, borne.] 

Syn. Delighted; exalted; overjoyed; 
puffed up; haughty; transported. 

elbow (el'bo). I n 1. Joint where the 
arm bends. 2. Sharp turn or bend. 
II. vt. Push with the elbow; jostle. 
[A. S. elboga.] 

eld (eld),, n. Old age, antiquity. [A. S, 
add, from eald, old.] 

elder (el'der), n. Small tree with a 
spongy pith bearing useful purple 
berries- [A S ellern.] 



elder (el'der). I. a. Older ; prior in 
origin. II. n. 1. One who is older; an 
ancestor; one advanced to office on 
account of age. 2. One of the officers 
in the Presbyterian Church. [A. S. 
yldra, comp. of eald, old. 

elderly (el'der-li), a. Somewhat old; 
bordering on old age. 

eldorado(el-do-ra'do),/i. 1. Region rich 
in gold, gems, etc. 2. Dreamland of 
wealth. [Sp. eZ,the,andd0rad0,golden.] 

elect (e-lekf). I. vt. Choose; select; 
select by vote. II. a. 1. Chosen. 2. 
Chosen for an office but not yet in it. 
III. n. One chosen or set apart. [L. — 
ex, out, and lego, choose.] 

election (e- lek's hun), n. 1. Act of 
choosing. 2. Pu blic choice of a per- 
son for office. 3. Freewill. 4. In theol. 
Predetermination as object of divine 
mercy. 

electioneer (e-lek-shun-er'), vi. Can- 
vass for votes. — electioneering,??,. 

elective (e-lekt'iv), a. Pertaining to< 
dependent on, or exerting the power 
of choice. — elect'ively, adv. 

elector (e-lek'tur),w. 1. One who elects. 

2. One who has a vote at an election. 

3. U. S. One elected by popular vote 
to elect the President and Vice-Presi- 
dent. 4. Formerly, one of seven Ger- 
man princes, who elected the Em- 
peror. 

electoral (e-lek'tur-al), a. Pertaining 
to elections or to electors; consisting 
of electors. [territory of an elector. 

electorate(e-lek'tur-at), n. Dignity or 

electric ( e-lek'trik ), electrical, a. 
Having the properties of, pertaining 
to, or produced by electricity.— elec'- 
trically, adv. [From Gr. elektron, 
amber, in which electricity was first 
observed.] 

electrician ( e-lek-trish'yan )," n. 1. 
One versed in the science of electric- 
ity. 2. Electrical mechanic. 

electricity (e-lek-tris'i-ti), n. 1. Sub- 
tile force, manifesting itself in vari- 
ous forms of energy, such as magnet- 
ism, light, heat, chemical decomposi- 
tion, Qlc— Statical electricity, produced 
by friction, and at rest. — Current 
electricity, produced by battery or 
dynamo, and dynamical in nature. 
2. Science which investigates the 
phenomena and laws of this force. 

electrify (e-lek'tri-fi), vt 1. Communi- 
cate electricity to. 2. Excite sudden- 
ly. — electrification, n. [L. elec- 
trum, and facio, make.] 

electrocute (e-lek'tro-kut), vt. Inflict 
capital punishment by means of elec- 
tricity; kill by electrification. [Cont. 

from ELECTRO -EXECUTE.] 



fate, fat, task, far, iall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn, oil, Oivl, then. 



electrocution 



169 



elk 



electrocution (e-lek-tro-ku'shun), n. 
Act of electrocuting. 

electrode (e-lek'trod), n. Either of 
the two poles (anode and cathode) at 
the end of an electric current. 

electrodynamics (e-lek-tro-dl-nam'- 
iks), n. Science of the mutual action 
of electric cm-rents and of such cur- 
rents and magnets. 

electrolysis (e-lek-trol'i-sis), n. Pro- 
cess of cnemical decomposition by 
electricity. [Gr.— lyo, dissolve.] 

electro-magnet (e-1 e k'tro-mag'- 
net), n. Horse-shoe shaped bar of 
soft iron, magnetized by a current of 
electricity in an insulated wire wound 
around it. — electro-niag'netism, 
n. 1. Magnetism developed by a cur- 
rent of electricity. 2. Science of de- 
veloping and using it. — electrom'e- 
ter, n. Instrument for measuring 
electricity.- electromotor, n. Ma- 
chine for producing motion by electri- 
city. — electroplate, vt. Plate with 
gold, etc., by electrolysis.— electro- 
scope (e-lek'tro-sk5p), n. Instrument 
to test the presence, nature and in- 
tensity of the electric force. [Gr. 
electron (see electric), and skopein, 
view] — electrostatics (e-lek'tro- 
stat'iks), n. Science of electricity in 
equilibrium. — elec'trotype. I. n. 
Facsimile plate for printing, made 
by electroplating. II. vt. Make such 
plates. 

eleemosynary ( el-e-mos'i-nar-i ), a. 
Relating to charity or almsgiving. 
[Gr. eleemosyne, alms— eleos, pity.] 

elegant ( el'e-gant ), a. Graceful and 

refined; richly ornamental. — el'e- 

g-antly, adv.— elegance (el'e-gans), 

el'eganey, n. [Fr.— L. eligo, choose.] 

Syn. Graceful; choice; polished. 

elegiac (e-le'ji-ak), a. 1. Mournful. 2. 
Used in elegies. — eleglacal (el-e-ji'- 
a-kal), a. 

elegy (el'e-ji), n. 1. Poem of mourning. 
2. Funeral song. [Gr. elegos, lament.] 

element (el'e-ment), n. 1. One of the 
essential parts of anything ; ingre- 
dient. 2. In chem. One of the simple 
bodies that have not been decompos- 
ed. 3. pi. Rudiments of anything; 
formerly, fire, water, air and earth; 
forces of nature. 4. Proper sphere of 
i, thing or being. 5. Bread and wine 
used at the Communion.— element- 
al, a.— elementally, adv. [L.] 

elementary (el-e-men'ta-ri), a. 1. Of 
a single element; primary; uncom- 
pounded. 2. Pertaining to the ele- 
ments; treating of first principles. 

elephant (el'e-fant), n. Largest quad- 
ruped, having a very thick skin, a 




East Indian Elephant. 



trunk, and two ivory tusks. — ele- 
phantiasis (el-e-f an-ti' a-sis), a. 
Disease in which 
the legs become 
thick. — ele- 
phantine (ei-e- 
fan'tin),a. 1. Per- 
taining to the 
elephant. 2. Like 
an eleph ant; 
very large. [Gr. 
eleph as — Heb. 
aleph, ox.] 

elevate ( el'e-vat ), vt. Raise; place 
higher. [L.— ex, out, and levis, light.] 
Syn. Lift; hoist; elate; cheer; exalt; 
promote; animate; dignify. 

elevation (el-e-va'shun), n. Act of 
raisins, or state of being raised; exal- 
tation. 2. Height. 3. In arch. Geomet 
rical view of the side of a building. 
4. Raising elements of Eucharist 
after consecration. 

elevator ( el'e-va-tur ), n. 1. Person 
or thing that lifts up. 2. Contrivance 
for raising or lowering, persons or 
goods to or from different floors or 
levels. 3. Muscle raising apart of the 
body. 4. Building designed for eleva 
ting, storing, and loading grain 

eleven (e-lev'n). I a. Ten and one. 
II. n. Figure (11). [A.S en(d)luf-on~ 
Goth, ain lif '=one left (over ten).] 

elf (elf), n. Wood spirit ; a dwarf. — 
pi. Elves (elvz). — elfin,- a. Of or 
relating to elves.— elf ish, a. Elflike. 
[A. S. ail/.] [light. [L. elicio. entice. 

elicit (e-lis'it), vt. Draw out; bring to 

elide (e-lid'), vt. Cut out; omit, as a. 
syllable. [L.— ex, out, and laido, strike.] 

eligible (el'i-ji-bl), a. Fit or worthy 
to be chosen, legally qualified.— el'- 
igibleness, eligibil'ity, n. — el'- 
igibly, adv. [See elect.] 

eliminate (e-lim'in-at), vt. 1. Expel; 
discharge, throw off. 2. In alg. Cause 
a quantity or quantities to disappear 
from an equation [L.—ex, out, and 
limen, threshold.] 

elision (e-lizh'un), 
n. Suppression of 
a vowelor syllable. 

elite(a-let'),7i. Select 
body; best part. 
[See Elect.] 

elixir (e-liks'er), n. 
1. Quintessence. 2. 
Substance which 
invigorates, and 
changes a base 
metal into a precious one; philosoph- 
er's stone. 3. Compound tincture. [Ar.] 

elk (elk), n. Largest existing species 
of the deer family. [A. S. elch.] 




Elk. 



b, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, thtn. 



ell 



170 



embitter 



ell (el), n. Cloth measure, = 1% yards. 
[A. S. eln. See Elbow.] 

ellipse (el-lips'), n. Figure produced 
by the section of a cone by a plane 
passing through it obliquely. [Gi\] 

ellipsis(el-lip'sis), n. Figure of syntax 
by which a word or words are left out 
and implied.— pi. Ellipses (el-iip'sez.) 
[Gr. ex, out, and leipo, leave.} 

elliptic (el-lip'tik ), elliptical, a. 
4. Pertaining to an ellipse; oval. 2. 
Pertaining to ellipsis; having a part 
understood. — ellip'tically, adv. 

elm (elm), n. Genus of hardy shade- 
trees, furnishing very tough wood. [A. 
S.— L. ulmus.] **. 

Elmo's Are ( el'moz fir ), n. Electric 
ball of light, observed about ^he rig- 
ging of ships; corposant. 

elocution (el-o-ku'shun), n. A.rt of 
properly using voice and gestures 
in delivery. — elocu'tionary, adv. — 
elocutionist, n. 1. One versed in 
elocution. 2. Teacher of elocution. 
[Fr.— L. e, out, and loquor, speak.] 

elog-e (a-16zh'), n. Praise; panegyric. 
[Fr.] 

Elohim (el'o-him), n. A Hebrew name 
of God, frequently found in certain 
parts of the Old Testament, which for 
this reason are called Elohistic. 

elongate (e-lang'at), vt. Make lon- 
ger; extend.—' elongation, n. 

elope (e-lop'), vi. Run away; said esp. 
of a woman who runs away with a 
lover. — elope'ment, ft. [Dut. ont- 
loopen—Ger. entlaufen.] 

eloquence(el'o-k\vens),w. 1. Art of fine 
speaking 2. Persuasive speech. 

eloquent ( el'o-kwent ), a. Speaking 
with fluency, elegance, and power, 
persuasive. — el'oquently, adv. [L. 
eloquens. See elocution.] 

else(els), adv. Further; besides.— else- 
where (els'hwar), ado. In another 
place; in other places^ [A. S. elles.] 

elucidate (e-lo'si-dat), vt. Throw 
light upon; explain; illustrate. — elu- 
cidation, n.— elu'eidator, n. 

elude (e-16d'), vt. Avoid by stratagem; 
baffle. [Li.— e, out, and Zwdo,play.] 
Syn. Evade; foil; frustrate; escape. 

elusion (e-16'zhun), n. Act of eluding; 
escape by artifice; evasion. 

elusive (e-lo'siv), a. Practicing elu- 
sion; deceptive.— elu'sively, adv. 

el usury (e-lo'sur-i), a. Tending to 
elude or cheat, evasive; deceitful. 

Elysian (e-lizh'i-an), a Pertaining to 
Elysium, exceedingly delightful. 

Elysium ( e-lizh'i-um ), n. In myth. 
Abode of the blessed after death; de- 
lightful place. [Gr elysion {pedion), 
Elysian (plain).] 



emaciate (e-ma'shi-at ), vt. Deprive 
of flesh; waste. — emaciation, n. 
[Li.— -macho, make lean.] 

emanate (em'a-nat), vi. Issue.— ema- 
nation, n. [L.— e, and mano, flow.] 
Syn. Arise; originate; proceed. 

emancipate ( e-man'si-pat ), vt. Set 
free from servitude; free from res- 
traint or bondage.— emancipator, 
n. — emancipation ( e-man-si-pa'- 
shun), n. 1. Act of setting free. 2. 
State of being set free. _ [L.] 

emasculate (e-mas'ku-lat ), vt. De- 
prive of masculine vigor. — emascu- 
lation, n. 

embalm (em-bam'), vt. 1. Preserve 
from decay by aromatic drugs. 2. 
Perfume. — embalm'cr. embalm'- 
iiiS'» n - [Fr. See balm.] 

embank (em-bangk' ), vt. Inclose or 
defend with a bank or dike. — em- 
bank'ment, n. 1. Act of embank- 
ing. 2. Bank or mound. [tion. 

embarcation. Same as embarka- 

embarg-o (em-bar'go). I. n. 1. Prohv 
bition of ships to leave port. 2. Stop- 
page of trade for a time by authority. 
3. Restraint, prohibition.— pJ. Einbar'- 
goes. 11. vt. Lay an embargo on. [Sp.] 

embark (em-bark ; ), vi. and vt. Go or 
put on board a bark or ship; engage 
in any affair. — embarka'tion, n. 
[Fr. barque, barge.] 

embarrass (em-bar'as), vt. 1. Involve 
fn difficulty. 2. Perplex.— embar- 
rassment, n. 1. Perplexity, con- 
fusion. 2. Difficulties in money-mat- 
ters. [Fr. —embarrasser. Akin to bar.] 

em barren ( em-bar'en ), vt. Make 
barren. 

embassy (em'bas-i), n. 1. Charge or 
function of an ambassador. 2. Person 
or persons sent on an embassy. 3. 
Official residence of an ambassador. 
|"L. ambactus—du Gallic word meaning 

embed. Same as Imbed. [servant] 

embelllsn(em-berish),i^. Make beau- 
tiful; decorate. — embellishes-, n 
— embellishment, n. 

ember (em'ber), n. Bed-hot coal. — 
pi. Cinders ; ashes. [A. S. emyrian.] 

ember-days (em'ber-daz), n. pi. Three 
fast-days in each quarter. ( Wed., 
Fri., and Sat., after the first Sunday 
in Lent, after Whit-Sunday, after 
Sept. 14, and after Dec. 13.) [From 
A. S. ymb-ryne, circuit.] 

embezzle (em-bez'l), vt. 1. Weaken 
2. Appropriate fraudulently what has 
been intrusted.— embezzler, n. 
— embezzlement, n. [ From Im- 
becile] 

embitter (em-bit'er), vt. 1. Make bit- 
ter or more bitter. 2. Exasperate. 



fate, fat, task, far, fftll, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; n5te, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, bQrn; oil, owl, then. 



emblazon 



171 



emolument 



emblazon (em-bia'zn), vt. 1. Deck ia 
blazing colors. 2. In her. Blazon or 
adorn with figures. — emblazon- 
ment, n. — emblazonry, n. 1. Art 

of emblazoning. 2. Devices on 
shields. 
emblem (ern'blem), n. Picture sug- 

f;estive of something different from 
tself.— emblematic, emblemat'- 
ical, as. Representing. — emblem- 
atically, adv. [Gv. emblema, inlaid 
work,-- en, in, and ballo, lay. cast.] 

Syn. Sign; symbol; type; attribute; 
token; summary; representation. 

embody (em-bodi), vt. and vi. Form 
into a body ; make corporeal or tan- 
gible.— embodiment, n. 1. Bodily 
presentation. 2. Formal expression. 
3. Collection into an aggregate body. 

embolden (em-bol'dn), vt. Make bold. 

embolism(«->rn'bo-lizm), n. In med. Pre- 
sence of obstructing clots in a vessel. 

emborder ( em-bai"der ), vt. Border. 

embosom (em-boz'um), vt. 1. Re- 
ceive into the affections. 2. Inclose; 
surround. 

emboss (em-bos'), vt. Form bosses or 
protuberances upon; ornament with 
raised-work. — emboss'er, n. — em- 
boss' ment, n. Prominence like a 
boss; raised-work. 

embouchure ( em-bo-shor' ), n. 1. 
Mouth of a river, cannon, etc. 2. 
Mouth-hole of a wind musical instru- 
ment. 3. Adjustment of the player's 
mouth to the mouth-hole of the ins- 
trument. [Fr. bouche, mouth] 

embowel ( em-bow'el ). vt. 1. Bury; 
embed. 2. Disembowel. 

embrace(em-bras'). I. vt l.Take in the 
arms. 2. Take willingly; accept. 3. 
Encircle. II. vi. Join in an embrace. III. 
n. Fond pressure in the arms. [O. Fr. 
embracer — L. in, and brachium. arm.] 
Syn. Clasp; hug; receive; welcome; 
encompass^ include.; Comprise. 

embrasure (em bra'zhor ), n. 1. In- 
side enlargement of an opening in a 
wall. 2. Opening in a wall for can- 
non. [O. Fr. embraser. chamfer.] 

embrocate (em'bro-kat), vt. Moisten 
and rub, as a sore with a lotion.— em- 
broca'tion, n. 1. Act of embrocat- 
ing. 2. Lotion. [Gr.—en, and brecho, 
wet.] 

embroider (em-broi'der), vt. 1. Orna- 
ment with designs in needle-work. 2. 
Work ornaments in needle-work. — 
einbroi'derer, n. — einbroi'Uery, 
n. [O. Fr. —broder, border.] 

embroil (em-broil'), vt. Involve in 
strife ; entangle. — embroil'ment, 
n. [Fr. embrouiller—br duller, trouble.] 



embryo ( em'bri-o ),n. 1. Young of an 
animal in its earliest stages of devel- 
opment. 2. Part of a seed which forms 
the future plant. 3. Beginning of any- 
thing.— pi. Em'bryos.— embryonic, 
a. In an imperfect state; rudiment- 
ary. [Gr.=growing in.] 

emendation (em-en-da'shun). n. Re- 
moval of an error or fault; correc- 
tion. [See Amend.] 

emerald (em'er-ald), n. 1. Green pre- 
cious stone. 2. Small printing-type 
not used in U. S. [O. Fr. esmeralde— 
Gr. smaragdos.] 

emerge (e-merj'), vi. Rise out of ; is- 
sue or come forth. — emergence 
(e-mer'jens), emer'gency, n.l. A.ct 
of emerging: sudden appearance, a 
Something not calculated upon. 3. 
Pressing necessity. — emergent, a. 
Emergiug; arising unexpectedly; ur- 
gent. — emer'gently, adv. [L. ex, 
out of, and mergo, plunge.] 

emeritus (e mer'i-tus), a. Discharged 
with honor. [L.] [emerging. 

emersion ( e-mer'shun ), n. Act of 

emery (em'er-i), n.Very hard mineral, 
used for polishing, etc, [O Fr. emeril, 
— Gr. smeris.] 

emetic (e-met'ik). I. a. Causing vom- 
iting. II. n. Medicine that causes vom- 
iting. LGr.] 

emigrant (em'i-grant). I. a. Emigrat- 
ing or having emigrated. II. n. One 
who emigrates. 

emigrate (em'i-grat). vi. Remove 
trom one's native country to another 
— emigration, n. [L. — e, from, and 
migro, wander.] 

eminent (em'i-nent), a. Rising above 
others. — eminently, adv. -emi- 
nence, n. 1. Height. 2. Distinction 
3. Title of a cardinal. [L. e, out, and 
mineo, project.] [tinguished ; famous 
Syn._ Lofty; conspicious; high; dis 

emir(e'mir), n. Turkish title given 
esp. to descendants of Mohammed. 
[Ar. See Ameer.] 

emissary (em'is-sar-i),». One sent on 
a missiou; spy. [See emit.] 

emission (e-mish'un), n Act of emit- 
ting; what is issued at one time. 

emissory ( e-mis'or-i ), a. In anat 
Conveying excretions from the bouy. 

emit (e"-mit'), vt [emit'tinj;; emit'ied.l 
Send out: throw or give out. [L. e, 
out, aud mitto, send.] 

emmet (etn'et), n. Ant. [A. S. cemete.] 

emollient (e-mol'yent). I. a. Soften 
ing, making supple. II. n. In med. 
Remedy used to soften the tissues. [L.] 

emolument(e-moru-ment), n. Profits 
arising from employment , as salary, 
fees and perquisites. [L. molior, toil.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mitj note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



emotion 



172 



enchant 



emotion (e-mo'shun), n. Excited con- 
dition of the feelings.— emo'tional, 
a. Characterized by, or appealing to, 
emotion. [L. - - e, forth, and moveo, 
move.] 

Syn. Agitation; feeling; sentimen- 
tality; excitement; passion. 

empale. See Impale. 

emperor (em'per-ur), n. One ruling 
an empire. — empress, fern. [Fr. 
ertvpereiir—Li. imperator, commander.] 

emphasis (em'fa-sis), n. Stress of the 
voice on particular words or syllables ; 
impressiveness ; force; weight of 
thought, —emphasize (em'fa-siz), 
vt Make emphatic. [Gr.= showing.] 

emphatic (em-fat'ik), emphat'ical, 
a. Uttered with emphasis; forcible; 
impressive. — emphatically, adv. 

empire (em'pir), n. 1. Supreme do- 
minion. 2. Aggregate of territories 
under the dominion of an emperor. 
[Fr.— L. imperium, command.] 

empiric (em-nir'ik). I. a. Resting on 
experiment; known only by experi- 
ence. II. n. 1. One who makes experi- 
ments. 2. One whose knowledge is 
gained from experience only; quack. 

— empirically, adv. [Gr. — en, in, 
and peira, trial.] 

empiricism (em-pir'i-sizm), n. 1. In 
phil. System which, rejecting all spe- 
culation and a priori knowledge, rests 
solely on experience and induction. 
2. Dependence oFa physician on his 
experience alone, without a regular 
medical education; quackery. 

employ (em-ploi'). I. vt. 1. Give occu- 
pation to. 2. Occupy the time or atten- 
tion of. 3. Use. II. n. Employment. 

— employ'er, n. — employe (3m- 
ploi-a'), employee ( em-ploi-e' ), n. 
One who works for an employer. — 
employment ( em-ploi'-ment ), n. 
1. Act of employing. 2. Occupation. 

emporium (ern-po'ri-um), n. Place of 
trade; great mart. [Gr. en, in, and 
poros, way.] [to. 

empower (em-pow'er), vt. Give power 

empress(em'pres), n. Fern, of emperor. 

emptiness ( em'ti-nes ), n. State of 
being empty; want of substance; un- 
satisfactorin«ss. 

empty (em'ti). I. a. l.Having nothing 
in it. 2. Without effect; unsatisfac- 
tory. 3. Wanting substance. II. vt. 
[emp'tying; emp'tied.] Deprive of con- 
tents. III. vi. Become empty; dis- 
charge the con tents. [A.S. cemtig.] 

empyreal (em-pir'e-al), a. 1. Pertain- 
ing to the empyrean. 2. Formed of 
pure fire or light. [Gr.— en, in, cindpyr, 
fire.] [heaven. 

empyrean (em-pi-re'an), n. Highest 




Emu. 



emu (e'mu), n._ Australian ostrich. 
emulate (em'u-lat), 

vt. Strive to equal 

or excel; imitate; 

rival.— emulator, 

re.— emulation, n. 

1. Emulating. 2. 
Rivalry; contest.— 
emulative, a. — 
em'ulous, a. Eager 
to emulate; engaged 
in competition or 
rivalry. — em'ulously, adv. [ Li. 
eemulor.] 

emulsion(e-mul'shun), n. 1. Mixture 
of liquids where one is insolubly sus- 
pended in the other, as butter in 
milk. 2. Mixture where solid pans 
are insolubly suspended in a liquid. 
[Fr.— L. e, and mulgeo, milk.] 

emulsive (e-mui'siv), a. 1. Softening. 

2. Yielding oil by pressure. 3. Yield- 
ing a milk-like substance. 

en-, prefix. Represents the Greek en, 
or the Latin in, both signifying put 
ting irr, changing to, etc. 

enable (en-a'bl), vt. Make able. 

enact (en-akf), vt. 1. Perform. 2. Act 
the part of. 3. Establish as a law.— 
enact'ment, n. 1. Passing of a bill 
into law. 2. That which is enacted. 

enallage (en-ar>-je), n. In gram. Sub- 
stitution of one case, mood, tense or 
part of speech for another, as you for 
thou. fGr.— alios, another.] 

enamel (en-am'el). I. n. Substance 
like glass, serving as a smooth, hard 
coating. II. vt. Coat with enamel.— 
enam'eler, n. JFrom root of melt.] 

enamor (en-am'ur), vt. Inflame with 
love. [nascent. 

enascent (e^nas'ent), a. Incipient ; 

encag-e (en-kaj'), vt. Shut up in a cage. 

enate (e'nat), a. Growing out. 

en bloc (ong blok), adv. In a lump; 
as a whole. [Fr.] 

encamp (en-kamp'), vt. and vi. Form 
or go into camp. — encamp'ment, 
n. 1. Act of encamping. 2. Place 
where an army or company is en- 
camped; a camp. 3. In U. S., meeting 
of veterans or certain fraternal or- 
ganizations. 

encaustic (en-kas'tik), n. Method 
of painting with pigments contain- 
ing wax. [Gr. en, and kaio, burn.] 

enchain (en-chan'), vt. 1. Putin 
chains; hold fast. 2. Link together. 
— encnain'ment, n. 

enchant (en-chant), vt. 1. Act on by 
sorcery. 2. Charm; delight in a high 
degree. — enchanter, n.— enchant- 
ress, n . fern. — enchantment, n. 
[Fr. enchanter— l^. in, and canto, sing.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; m§, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf} 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



encircle 



173 



engage 



encircle (en-ser'kl), vt.l. Inclose in a 
circle; embrace. 2. Pass around. 

enclose (eu-kloz'). Same as inclose. 

encomiast (en-ko'mi-ast), n. Praiser. 

enconiiuni ( en-ko'mi-um ), n. High 
praise.— pi. Enco'miums. [Gr.= song 
of praise— en, in, and /comos, festivity.] 

encompass (en-kum'pas), vt. Inclose; 
surround. — encom'nfftssnient, n. 

encore (ang-kor'). I. adv. Again; once 
more. II. vt. Call for a repetition of. 
III. n. Call for a repetition. [Fr.] 

encounter (en-kown'ter). I. vt. Meet; 
oppose. II. n. Meeting; fight [O. Pr. 
encontrer—~L.in, and contra, against.] 

encourage(en-kur'aj), vt. Inspire with 
firmness or hope". — eneourage- 
ment, n. 

Syn . Animate; embolden; endorse; 
cheer ; support; strengthen; promote; 
help; incite; instigate; stimulate. 

encroach (en-kroch'), vi. Seize on the 
rights of others; intrude; trespass.— 
encroach'er, n. — encroaching- 
ly, adv.— encroachment, n. [Fr. 
en, in, and croc, hook.] 

encumber(3n-kum'ber), vt. 1. Impede 
the action of; embarrass. 2. Load 
with debts. — encumbrance, n. 1. 
That which encumbers or hinders. 2. 
Legal claim on an estate. 

encyclical (en-sik'li-kal), a. Sent 
round to many persons or places; 
general. [Qr.—en, in, and kyklos, circle.] 

encyclopaedia, encyclopedia (en- 
si-klo-pe'di-a), n. See cyclopaedia. 

encysted (eh-sis'ted), a. Inclosed in 
a cyst or bag. {En, in, and cyst.] 

encyst men t (en-sist'ment), n. Pro- 
cess by which internal parasites or 
infusorians become enclosed in bags. 

end (end) I. n. 1. Last point or portion; 
termination; close. 2. Death. 3. Ob- 
ject aimed at. 4. Remnant. II. vt. 
and vi. Finish. _ [A. S.] [danger. 

endanger (en-dan'jer), vt. Place in 

endear (en-der')i vt. Make dear or 
more dear.— endearment, n. 

endeavor(en-dev'ur).I. vt. and vi. Stri- 
ve to accomplish; attempt, try. II. n. 
Exertion; attempt. — endeav'orer, 
[Fr.— era, and devoir, duty.] 

endemic (en-dem'ik). I. a. Peculiar 
to a people or district, as a disease or 
a plant. II. n. Disease of an endemic 
character. [Gr. — en, in, and demos, 
people, district.] 

endive (en'div), n. Herb used for 
salad. [Fr.— L. intibus.] 

endocarp (en'do-karp), n. Inner layer 
of a ripe ovary, as the stony shell of a 
cherry seed. [Gr.] 

endoderm(en'do-derm), n. Inner layer 
of the skin. [Gr.] 



endogen (en'do-jen), n. Plant that 
grows from within, or by additions to 
the inside of the stem, as the palm, 
grasses, etc.— endogenous, a. 

endorse (en-dars'). Same as indorse. 

endow (en-dow'), vt. 1. Give a dowry 
to; settle an income on. 2. Enrich.— 
endow'er, n. — endowment, n. 1. 
Act of endowing. 2. That which is 
settled on a person or institution. 3. 
Gift, talent. [Fr. endouer.] 

endurable (en-dur'a-bl), a. That can 
be endured or borne. — endur'ably, 
adv. — endur'ableness, n. 

endurance (en-dur'ans), n. 1. State 
of enduring or bearing. 2. Contin- 
uance. 3. Suffering patiently without 
sinking; patience. 

endure (en-durO. I. vt. Remain firm 
under; bear. II. vi. 1. Remain firm. 
2. Last. [Fr.— L. duro, last.] 
Syn. Continue^ hold out; brook. 

endwise ( end'wiz ),adv. 1. End ways; 
on end ; upright. 2. With the end 
forward. 

enema (e-ne'maor en'e-ma), n. Injec- 
tion. [Gr.— £7i,'in, and hiemi x send.] 

enemy (en'e-mi), n. Antagonist; foe. 
[O. Fr. enemi—Ia. inimicus.] 

energetic ( en-er-jet'ik ), energet'- 
ical, a. Showing energy ; active; 
forcible. — energetically, adv. 

energize (eu'er-jiz). I. vi. Act with 
vigor. II. vt. Give energy to. 

energy (en'er-ji).?i. 1. Inherent power; 
power of operating. 2. Force of expres- 
sion. [Gr. en, and ergon, work.] 

Syn. Efficiency; potency; capacity; 
spirit; resolurionj determination. 

enervate (en'er-vat or e-ner'vat), vt. 
Deprive of strength, or courage. — 
enervation (en-er-va'shun), n. 

enfeeble (en-fe'bl), vt. Make feeble; 
weaken. — enfee'blement, n. 

enfilade (en-fi-lad'). I. n. Line; 
straight passage. II. vt. Rake with 
shot the whole length of a line, as a 
trench. [Fr.— ere, and fit, thread.] 

enforce (en-fors'), vt. 1. Execute vig- 
orously. 2. Gain by force. 3. Give 
force to. — enforcement, n. 

enfranchise (en-fran'chiz). vt. Give 
a franchise or political privileges to. 
— enfranchisement, n. 

engage (en-gaj') , vt. and vi. 1. Ren- 
der or become liable; pledge one's 
word. 2. Gain for service; enlist. 3. 
Gain over; win. 4. Occupy. 5. Enter 
into contest with. — engagement. 
n. 1. Act of engaging. 2. State of 
being engaged. 3. That which en- 
gages; promise; employment; fight. 
— engaging, a. Winning; aitrac- 
tive.— enga'gingly, adv. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, rait; n5te, not, move, vroXf- 
mute, hut, buru; oil, owl, then. 



engender 



174 



ensue 




Tandem Compound Engine. 



engender (en-jen'der ),?>£. and vi. Be- 
get; breed; produce. [Fr. engendrer— 
L. in, and genero, generate.] 

engine (en'- 
jin),n. 1. De- 
vice; agent; 
instrument. 
2. Compli- 
cated ma- 
chine. [Fr. 
engin — L. ingenium, skill.] 

engineer (en-jin-er').I. n. 1, Engine- 
maker or manager. 2. One who di- 
rects military works and engines. 3. 
One who manages a railway engine 
or the machinery on a steam- vessel. 
4. Manager.— Civil-engineer: One who 
superintends the construction of pub- 
lic works. II. vt. 1. Direct as an en- 
gineer. 2. Guide or manage by in- 
genuity and tact. — engineering, 
n. 1. Art or profession of an engineer. 
2. Management of a complicated and 
difficult scheme. 

English (ing'lish). I. a. Of, derived 
from or belonging to England or its 
inhabitants. II. n. .Language or the 
people of the English race. [A. S. 
Bnglisc— Angle, the Angles who settled 
in Britain.] 

engrave (en-grav'), vt. 1. Cut out in 
wood, steel, etc. 2. Imprint; impress 
deeply. — engra'ver, R-engra'- 
ving, n. 1. Cutting out. 2. Plate with 
incisions. 3. Print from such plate. 

engross (en-gros'), vt. 1. Occupy 
wholly, monopolize. 2. Make a fair 
copy of .— engross'er, n. [Fr. en gros, 
in large.] [absorb. 

e n g u 1 f ( en-gulf ) , vt. Swallow up, 

enhance (en-hans'), »i. Raise; height- 
en; increase; aggravate. — enhan- 
cement, n. [O. Fr. en, in, and hauser, 
raise.] 

enigma (en-ig'ma), n. Hidden mean- 
ing to be guessed; riddle. [G.—ainos, 
tale.] 

enigmatic (en-ig-mat'ik), enigmat- 
ical, a. Obscure ; puzzling. — en- 
igmatically, adv. 

enjoin (en-join'), vt. Lay upon, as an 
order or injunction; direct with au- 
thority. [Fr. enjoindre — L. injungo.] 

enjoy ( en-joi' ), vt. 1. Delight in. 2. 
Possess or use with joy. — enjoy'- 
inent, n. [on fire; rouse. 

enkindle (en-kin'dl), vt. Kindle, set 

enlarge (en-larj'), vt. and vi. 1. Make 
or grow larger. 2. Amplify or spread 
out discourse. — enlarge'ment, n. 
1. Act of enlarging. 2. State of being 
enlarged. 3. Increase; extension. 4. 
Diffuseness of speech or writing. 5. 
Setting at large; release. 



enlighten (en-li'tn), vt. 1. Shed light 
on; make clear to the mind. 2. Im- 
part knowledge to. — enliaht'ener, 
n.— enlight'enment, n, 

enlist (en-list'), vt. and vi. 1. Enroil, 
engage in public service. 2. Employ 
or engage (in advancing an object).— 
enlistment, n. 

enliven (en-li'vn), vt. Put life into; 
make active or cheerful; animate. 
Syn. Encourage; rouse; quicken. 

enmity (en'mi-ti), n. Unfriendliness: 
ill-will; hostility. {Fv.inimitii.'] 

ennoble (en-no'bl), vt. 1. Make noble; 
elevate. 2. Raise to nobility. 

ennui (ang-we'), n. Weariness; disgust 
from satiety, etc. [Fr. See annoy.] 

enormity (e-nar'mi-ti), n. 1. Sf.ateor 
quality of being enormous. 2. That 
which is enormous. 3. Great crime. 

enormous (e-nar'mus),a. 1. Extreme- 
ly large. 2. Atrocious.— enor'mons- 
ly, adv. [Li.—e, and norma, rule.] 

Syn. Excessive; huge; immoderate; 
inordinate; abnormal; monstrous. 

enough (e-nuf). I. a. Sufficient. II. 
adv. Sufficiently. L A. S. ge-nog.] 

enquire. See inquire. [furious. 

enrage (en-raj'), vt. _Make angry or 

enrapture ( en-rap' tur ), vt. Putin 
rapture; transport with pleasure. 

enrich (en-rich'), vt. 1. Make rich. 2. 
Fertilize. 3. Adorn. — enrichment, 
n. 1. Act of enriching. 2. That which 
enriches. 

enroll (en-rol'), vt. Insert in a roll or 
register; enlist;record; leave in writ- 
ing.— enroll'ment, enrol'meiit,^. 

en route (ang rot'). On the road or 
way. [Fr.] [tect. 

ensconce (en-skons'), vt. Cover; pro- 
enshrine (en-shrin'), vt. Inclose in or 
as in a shrine; preserve with affection. 

enshroud (en-shrowd'), vt. Cover with 
a shroud; cover up. 

eusiform (en'si-farm), a. Shaped like 
a sword. [L.— ensis, sword. 1 

ensign (en'sin), n. 1. Special flag dis- 
tinguishing a nation, a regiment* etc 
2. Junior subaltern rank of commis- 
sioned officers in the U. S. Navy. [Fr. 
enseigne — la. in, on, and s£g7itm,mark.] 

ensile (en'sil), vi. Preserve in a silo. 
—ensilage (en'sil-aj), n. Mode of 
storing green fodder, vegetables, etc., 
in pits (silos), tanks, etc. [Fr.— Sp. 
silo, pit.] 

enslave (en-slav'), vt. Make a slave of; 
subject to the influence of.— en- 
slavement, n. 

ensnare. See Insnare. 

ensue (en-su'), vi. Follow; succeed; 
result from. [O. Fr. ensuir— L. in, and 
sequor, follow.] 



Cate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; mS, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, more, wolf j 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



ensure 



175 



envelope 



2. 1 

3. 

i 

j j I 1 , 



Entablature. 



ensnre (en-shor'), vt. Make sure. 
entablature 

(en-tab'la-tur), 
n. Inarch. That 
part of an or- 
der which lies 
above the aba- 
cus of the col- 
umn. [From L. 
tabula, board.] 
entail (en-tal'). 

1. vt. 1. Cut off 
an estate from 
the heirs-gene- 
ral, and settle 

it on a particular heir or series of 
heirs. 2. Bring on as an inevitable 
consequence. II. n. 1. Estate entailed. 

2. Rule of descent of an estate.— en- 
tailment, n. [Fr. — en, into, and 
tattler, cut.] 

entangle (en-tang'l), vt. 1. Twist so 
as not to he easily separated. 2. In- 
volve in complications; perplex; in- 
snare. — entanglement, n. 

enter(en'ter), vt. and vi. 1. Go or come 
in; penetrate. 2. Engage in. 3. Form 
a part of. 4. Begin. 5. Put into. 6. 
Enroll; record. [Fr. entrer — L. in- 
trare.] [ the intestines. [Gr.] 

enterie (en-ter'ik), a. Belonging to 

enteritis (en-te-ri'tis), n. Inflamma- 
tion of the Intestines. 

enterprise (en' ter-prlz), n. 1. Under- 
taking. 2. Adventure. 3. Bold spirit. 
en'terprising, a. Bold in under- 
taking; adventurous ; aggressive. — 
enterprisingly, _adv. 

entertain (en-ter-tan') vt. 1. Receive 
and treat hospitably. 2. Hold the 
attention of and amuse. 3. Receive 
and take into consideration. 4. Keep 
or hold in the mind. — entertain- 
er, n. — entertaining, a. Amus- 
ing; diverting. — entertainingly. 
adv. — entertain'ment, n. 1. Act 
of entertainment. 2. That which en- 
tertains. 3. Social; amusement. 

enthrall (en-thral'), vt. Enslave; sub- 
jugate, captivaie._ 

enthrone (en-throu'), vt. Place on a 
throne. — entbrone'meut, n. 

enthnse (en-thuz'), vt. and vi. Make 
or become enthusiastic. — enthu- 
siasm, ri. Ecstasy of mind. — en- 
thu'siast,n. One whose mind is filled 
with zeal .— enthusiastic, enthu- 
siastlcal, a. Ze al ous ; ardent.— 
enthusiastically, adv. [Gr. — en, 
and theos, god.] 

entice (en-tis'), vt. Tempt; lead as- 
tray.— enti'ceable, a.— enti'cer, n. 
— enticingly , adv.— enticement, 
n. [O. Fr. enticer.] 



entire (en-tir'), a. Whole; complete; 
unbroken. — entirely, adv. — en« 
tire'ness, n. — entirety (en-tir'ti), 
n. Completeness; whole. [Fr. entier 
— L. integer, intact.] 

entitle (en-ti'tl). vt. 1. Give a title to; 
style. 2. Give a claim or right to. 

entity (en'ti-ti), n. Being; existence; 
real substance. [L ens, ent-, being.] 

entomb (en-torn'), vt. Place in a tomb; 
bury.— entombment, n. Burial. 

entomologist ( en-to-mol'o-jist ), n. 
One learned in entomology. 

entomology (en-to-mol'o-ji), n. 
Science of insects. — entomologlc, 
a. [Gr. — entoma, insects, ( — temno, 
cut), and logos, discourse.] 

Entozoa (en.-io-zo'&),{sing. Entozo'on) 
n. pi. Animals that live inside of 
other animals. [Gr. — entos, within, 
and zoon, animal J 

entrails (en'tralz), n. pi. Bowels. 
[Fr. entrailles—J. inter, within.] 

entrain (en-tran ). I. vt. 1. Draw or 
bring on. 2. Put on board a railway 
train. II. vi. Go on board a train. 

entrance (en' trans), n. 1. Act of en 
teting. 2. Power or right to enter. 3. 
Place for entering; door. 4. Beginning. 

entrance (en-trans'), vt. 1. Put into a 
trance. 2. Fill with rapture. — en- 
trance' ment,n. [insnare; entangle. 

entrap (en-trap'), vt. Catch in a trap; 

entreat (en-tret'), vt. Ask earnestly. 
— entreat'y, n. 1. Act of entreating. 
2. Earnest prayer. [From treat.] 

entree (ang-tra') , n . 1. Entry : freedom 
of access. 2. Subordinate dish served 
between principal courses. [Fr.] 

entrench. See intrench. 

entrust. See intrust. 

entry (en'tri), n. 1. Entering. 2. Pas- 
sage into. 3. Item entered or written. 

ent wine(en-twin') , ai.Twine ; wreathe. 

entwist ( en-twist' ), vt._ Twist round. 

enumerate (e-nu'mer-at), vt. Count; 
name, -enumeration, w. [L.— e, 
out. and numero, number.] 

Syn. Number ; reckon ; recapitulate ; 
calculate; compute; detail; rehearse. 

enunciate (e-nun'si-at or -shi-at), vi. 
1. State formally 2. Pronounce dis- 
tinctly. — enun'ciator, n. — enun- 
ciation, n. — enun'eiative, 
enun'ciatory, a. Containing enun- 
ciation; declarative. [L..— e, out, and 
nuncio, tell.] 

envelop ( en-vel'up ), vt. Roll or fold 
in; cover by wrapping; surround en- 
tirely; hide. — envelopment, n. 
[Fr. envelopper.] 

envelope (en'vel-5p or ong'vel-op), n. 
That which envelops or covers, esp, 
the cover of a letter. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met. her; mite, mit; note, not ; move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



envenom 



176 



epsom-salt 



envenom (en-ven'um), vt. Poison; 
taint with bitterness or malice. 

enviable ( en'vi-a-bl ), a. Capable of 
exciting envy.— en'viably, adv. 

envious (en'vi-us), a. 1. Feeling envy. 
2. Directed or prompted by envy.— 
en'viously, adv.— en'viousness, n. 

environ (en-vl'run), vt. Surround. — 
environment, n. Surroundings. 
[Pr.— root of veer.] 

environs (en'vi-runz or en-vi'-), n. jJ. 
Outskirts of a city; neighborhood. 

envoy (en'voi), n. 1. Messenger. 2. Mi- 
nister to a foreign government. [Pr. 
envoye, sent.] 

envy'(eh'vi). I. vt. [en'vying; en'vied.] 
1. Look upon longingly, and often 
grudgingly. 2. Hate on account of 
prosperity. II. n. 1. Pain at the sight 
of another's good fortune. 2. Wicked 
desire to supplant one. [Pr. envie — L. 
in, on, and video, look.] 

Eolian (e-6'li-au), Eolic (e-ol'ik), a. 

1. Belonging to JEolia, in Asia Minor. 

2. Pertaining to JEolus, god of the 
winds. 3. Played upon by the wind. 

eon (e'on), n. Immeasurable period of 
time; age. [Gr. aion.] 

epaulet (ep'al-et), n. Fringed shoulder- 
piece worn" by a military or naval 
officer. [Pr.— epaule, shoulder.] 

ephemera (ef-em'er-a), n. 1. Genus 
of short-lived insects; mayfly. 2. A 
fever of one day's continuance only. 
— ephem'eral, a. Existing only for 
a day; daily; short-lived.— ephem'- 
erid, n. Insect of the family Ephem- 
eridae; dayfly. [Gr. — epi, for, and 
hemera, a day.] 

ephod (ef'od), n. Linen surplice of 
Jewish priests. [Heb.— aphad, put on.] 

epic (ep'ik). I. a. Narrating a great 
event in an elevated style. II. n. 
Heroic poem. J[Gr.— epos, word.] 

epicarp (ep'i-karp), n. Outer skin of a 
fruit, as the plum. [Gr. Jcarpos, fruit.] 

epicene ( ep'i-sen ), a. and n. 1. Com- 
mon to both sexes. 2. In gram. Of 
either gender. [Gr. epikoinos—epi, and 
Tcoinos, common.] 

epicure (ep'i-kur), n. 1. Follower of 
Epicurus, a Greek philosopher, who 
taught that pleasure was the chief 
good. 2. One devoted to the luxuries 
of tbe table.— epicure'an, a. 

epidemic (ep-i-dem'ik). I. a. Affect- 
ting a whole people; general. II. n. 
Disease falling on great numbers.— 
epidemically, adv . [Gr. — epi, 
among, and demos, people.] 

epidermis (ep-i-der'mis), n. Cuticle; 
outer skin. — epider'mi c, epi- 
dermal, a. [Gr. — epi, upon, and 
derma, skin.] 



epiglottis (ep-i-glot'is ), n. Cartilag- 
inous appendage at the root of the 
tongue that closes the glottis (open- 
ing of the larynx) when food or drink 
is swallowed. 

epigram (ep'i-gram), n. 1. Short witty 
poem on a subject. 2. Any concise, 
pointed, sarcastic saying. — epi- 
girammat'ic, epig-rammat'ical, 
«. 1. Relating to epigrams. 2. Like an 
epigram; concise and pointed. [Gr] 

epilepsy (ep'i-lep-si), n. Disease of 
the brain attended bv convulsions and 
unconsciousness; falling sickness. — 
epileptic, a. [Gr. epilepsia, seizure.] 

epilogue (ep'i-log), n. Speech or short 
poem at the end of a play. [Gr. epilo- 
, gos, conclusion.] 

Epiphany ( e-pif'a-ni ), n. Christian 

festival, celebrated on Jan. 6, in com- 

\ memoration of the appearance of 

\ Christ to the gentiles (the wise men of 

the East). [Gr. epi, and phaino, show.] 

episeopacy(e-pis'ko-pa-si),7i. 1. Gov- 
ernment of the church by bishops. 2. 
Rank or office of a bishop. [See bishop] 

episcopal (e-pis'ko-pal), a. 1. Govern- 
ed by bishops; pertaining to bishops. 
2. [EJ.] Anglican. — Episcopalian, 
I. n. One who belongs to the Epis- 
copal Church. II. a. Pertaining to 
the Episcopal Church. — epis'co- 
pally, adv. 

episcopate (e-pis'ko-pat). n. 1. Bishop- 
ric. 2. Office of a bishop. 3. Order of 
bishops. 

episode (ep'i-sod), n. Story introduced 
into a narrative or poem to give va- 
riety ; interesting incident. [Gr.— 
epi, upon, eis, into, and hodos, way.] 

epistle (e-pis'l).w. 1. Letter. 2. Euchar- 
Istic lesson, generally from New Tes- 
tament epistles, read before the gospel 

epistolary (e-pis'to-lar-i), a. 1. Per- 
taining to or consisting of letters. 2 
Suitable to an epistle. 3. In letters. 

epitaph (ep'i-taf), n. Inscription upon 
a tomb. [Gr. taphos, tomb.] 

epithet (ep'i-thet), n. Adjective ex- 
pressing some quality. [Gr. epi, on, 
and tithemi, place.] 

epitome (e-pit'o-me), n. Short sum- 
mary. [Gr. epi, and temno. cur.] 

epitomize (e-pit'o-miz), vt. Make an 
epitome of; shorten. 

epizootic ( ep-i-zo-ot'ik ), epizoo&y 
(ep-i-zo'o-ti) , n. Epidemic among ani- 
mals. [Gr. epi, on, and zoa, animals] 

epoch (ep'ok or e'-), n. Period or point 
of time made remarkable by some 
great event. [Gr. epoche, stop.] 
Syn. Age; era; division; time. 

epsom-salt (ep'sum-salt). n. Sul- 
phate of magnesia, a cathartic. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, t/iea. 



equable 



177 



erosion 



equable (e'kwa-bl), a. Equal and uni- 
form ; not variable.— equably, adv. 
— equability, n. [L. cequabilis.] 

equal (e'kwal). I. a. 1. Alike; agreeing. 
2. Adequate; competent. 3. Just. 4. 
Uniform.II.n.Onenotinferior or supe- 
rior. III. vt. Make equal to.— equal- 
ly, adv. — equality (e-kwol'i-ti), n. 
[L. cequatis.] 

Syn. Corresponding; even; propor- 
tionate; invariable; equable; equita- 
ble; fair; impartial; indifferent. 

equalize (e'kwal-iz), vt. Make equal.— 
equalization, n._ 

equanimity (e-kwa-nim'i-ti), n. 
Evenness of mind or temper. [L. — 
aiquus, equal, and animus, mind.] 

equation (e-kwa'shun), n. 1. In alg. 
Statement of the equality of two 
quantities. 2. Reduction to a mean 
proportion. 

equator (e-kwa'tur), n. In geog. Circle 
passing round the middle of the globe, 
and dividing it into two equal parts. 
2. In astr. Equinoctial. — equato- 
rial, a. 

equery, equerry (ek'we-ri), n. One 
who has the charge of horses. [From 
Fr. ecurie, stable.] 

equestrian (e-kwes'tri-an). I. a. Per- 
taining to horses or horsemanship; 
on horseback. II. n. One who rides on 
horseback. [Having equal angles. 

equiangular (e-kwi-ang'u-lar), a. 

equidistant ( e-kwi-dis'tant ), a. 
Equally distant (from.) — equiais- 
tantly, adv. _ Ting all the sides equal. 

equilateral (e-kwi-lat'er-al), a. Hav- 

eqnilibrium ( e-kwl-lib'ri-um ), n. 
Equipoise ; equality of weight or 
force; state of rest produced by the 
counteraction of equal forces. [L. 
— equus, equal, and libra, balance.] 

equine (e'kwm). I. a. Pertaining to a 
horse or horses. II. n. Horse. [L. 
equinus— equus. ] 

equinoctial (e-kwi-nok'shal), I. a. Per- 
taining to the equinoxes, the time of 
the equinoxes, or to the regions about 
the equator. II. n. Circle in the heav- 
ens corresponding to equator of the 
earth, so called because when the sun 
crosses it, days and nights are equal. 

equinox (e'kwi-noks), n. 1. Time 
when the sun enters one of the equi- 
noctial points, (first point of Aries, 
March 21, and the first point of Libra, 
September 23) , making day and night 
of equal length. 2. Equinoctial gale. 
[L.— wquus, equal, and nox, night.] 

equip (e-kwip'), vt. [equip'ping ; 
equipped']. Fit out. — equipage 
(ek'wi-paj), n. 1. Furnishings requir- 
ed for a servicers armor of a soldier, 



etc. 2. Carriage and attendants. — 
equipment, n. 1. Act of equipping. 
2. State of being equipped. 3. Things 
used in equipping. [Fr. iquiper,— root 
of Ship.] [weight or force; balance. 

equipoise(e'kwi-poiz). n. Equality of 

equitable (ek'wi-ta-bl), a. 1. Posses- 
sing or exhibiting equity. 2. Held or 
exercised in equity. — eq'uitably, 
adv. — - eq'uitableness, n. 

equity (ek'wi-ti), n. Impartiality; de- 
sire to give to each man his due. 2. 
System of jurisprudence supplement- 
al of common law. [Fr. equity.] 

equivalent (e-kvviv'a-lent), 1. a. Equal 
in value, meaning, etc. II. n. Thing 
equal in value, etc.— equiv'alently, 
adv. — equivalence, n. 

equivocal (e-kwiv'o-kal), a. Meaning 
two or more things; of doubtful mean- 
ing ; ambiguous. — equivocally, aeft). 
— equiv'ocalness, n. [L. cequus, 
equal, and vox, voice, word.] 
Syn. Suspicious. See ambiguous. 

equivocate ( e-kwiv'o-kat ), vi. Use 
equivocal or doubtful words in order 
to mislead.— equivoca'tion, n. 

Syn. Ambiguity; evasion; prevari- 
cation; quibbling; subterfuge; shift. 

era (e'ra), n. Period of time marked by 
a new order of things_. [Late L. rera.] 

eradicate ( e-rad'i-kat ), vt. Pull up 
by the roots ; destroy.-eradica'tion, 
n. [L. radix, root.T 

erase (e-ras' ), vt. Rub or scrape out. 
efface. — era'sable, a. — eraser, n. 
[L.—e, out, and rado, scrape.] 

erasure (e-ra'zhor), n. 1. Act of eras- 
ing. 2. Place where something writ- 
tenhas been rubbed out. [A.S. cer.] 

ere(ar), adv., prep, and conj. Before. 

erect(e-rekt'). I.vt. Set upright; raise; 
build. II. a. Upright. — erectly, 
adv.— erect'ness, n. — erec'tion, n. 
1. Act of erecting or raising. 2. State 
of being erected ; exaltation. 3. Any- 
thing erected; building. [L. erectus— 
e. and rego, rule.] 

eremite (er'e-mlt), n. Hermit. [Gr. 
eremites— eremos, lonely.] [L.] 

ergo ( er'go ). adv. Therefore; hence. 

ergot (er'got), n. 1. Fungus infecting 
wheat, rye, etc. 2. Poisonous medicine 
made from the spawn of the fungus, 

ermine (er'min), n. 
1. Northern ani- 
mal of the weasel 
tribe, valued for 
its fur. 2. Its white 
fur, much used for 
lining of state 
robes. [Ger. hermelin.] 

erosion (e-ro'zhun), n. Act or opera- 
tion of eating or wearing away. [L.] 




fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



erotic 



178 



essence 



erotic (erot'ik), erotical, a. Per- 
taining to love. [Gr.] 

err (er), vi. 1. Wander from the right 
way; go astray. 2. Sin. [Fr. errer— 
L. erro.\ [mission. [A.S. oerende.] 

errand (er'and), n. Message; eom- 

crrant (er'aht), a. Wandering; rov- 
itig. [L. err'ans.] 

erratic (er-rat'ik), errat'iCtti, a. 1. 
Wandering; having no certain course^ 
•j. Eccentric. 3. Irregular. 

erinium (er-ra'iuni), n. Error in writ- 
ing or printing.— pi. Errata (er-ra'ta). 

erroneous ( er-ro'ne-us ), a. Wrong; 
mistaken. — ei'ro'neortslji adv. — 
erro'neousness, n. 

OB-r«»f (pr'ur). n. 1. Inaccuracy. 2. 

Deviation from the truth. 3. Moral 

offense. 4. Mistake in writing, etc. [L.] 

Syn. Falsity; fallacy; wrong; sin; 

blunder; erratum. 

erst (ersi), adv. First; at first; form- 
erly. — erstwhile, adv.. Formerly. 
[ A.S. cerest, snperl. of cer. See ere.] 

eructation ( e-ruk-ta'shun ), n. Bel- 
ching; throwing out. 

erudite ( er'5-dit ), a. Learned; well 
read. — erudition (-dish'un), n. [L 
erudio, free from rudeness; instruct.] 

ernpt(e-rupt'),i>£. and vi. 1. Breakout. 
2. Throw out, as lava from a volcano. 
— erup'tion,n. 1. Breaking or burst- 
ing forth. 2. Breaking out of spots 
on the skin. — erttpt'lye, a. [Li. — 
rumpo, break.] 

erysipelas (er-i-sip'e-las), n. Inflam- 
matory disease, generally in the face. 
[Gr. —erythros, red\ andpe^a, skin.] 

escalade ( es-ka-lad' or es'- ). I. n. 
Scaling of the walls of a fortress by 
means of ladders. II. vt. Scale. [Fr.] 

escalator (es'ca-lii-tar), n. Moving 
stairway. 

escalop (es-kol'up). Same as scallop,. 

escapade (es-ka-pad'), n. 1. Fling or 
capering of a horse. 2. Wild prank. 

escape ( es-k&p'). 1. vt. and vi. Flee 
from; pass unobserved; leak out; 
evade; become safe from danger; re- 
main unharmed. II. n. 1. Flight. 2. 
Preservation. 3. Meaus of flight. [O. 
Fv.escaper—Li. excappa.] 

escapement (es-kap'- 
ment), n. Part of a 
time-piece connecting 
the wheelwork with the 
pendulum or balance, 
and allowing a tooth 
to escape at each vi- 
bration. 

escnatolog , y(es-ka-toro-ji),«.. In theol. 
Doctrine of conditions after death. 

esChew(es-cho'), vt. Shun; avoid. [O.F. 
eschever, cog. with Ger. scheu, shy.] 



Escapement. 



escort (es'kart), n. Guard; protec- 
tion. [Fr. escorte.] [accompany. 

escort (es-karf), vt. Attend as a guard; 

escritoire ('es-kri-twar'), n. Writing- 
desk. [O. Fr. escriptoire — L. scribo, 
write.] 

esculent (es'kii-leut), a. Eatable ; 
toothsome. [Li.—esca, food— edo, eat.] 

escutcheon ( es-kuch'un), n. Shield 
On which a coat of arms is represent- 
ed; family shield. [O. Fr. escusson— 
Li. scutum, shield.] 

Eskimo, Esquimau (es'ki-mo), n.~ 
pi. Eskimos, Esquimaux, (es'ki-inoz). 
One of a tribe inhabiting Greenland 
and Arctic America. 

esophagus (e-sof'a-gus), n. Passage 
through which food is carried to the 
stomach; gullet. [Gr. — oiso, carry, 
and phago, eat.] 

esoteric (es-o-ter'ik), a. Taught to a 
select few; secret. —Opposed to exo- 
teric. — esOter'iCally, adv. [Gr. — 
eso, within.] 

espalier (es-pal'yer), n. 1. Lattice- 
work of wood on which to train fruit- 
trees. 2. Row of trees so trained. [Fr.] 

especial ( es-pesk'al ), a. 1. Special, 
particular. 2. Principal; distinguish- 
ed.— especially, adv. 

espionage (es'pi-un-a-j), n. Practice or 
employment of spies; .secret watch- 
ing; spying. [Fr.] 

esplanade (es-pla-nad'), n. Open level 
space for public walks or drives. [Fr. 
— L. planus, level.] 

espousal (es-pow'zal) ? n. 1. Act of 
espousing or betrothing. 2. Formal 
contract Or celebration of marriage; 
frequently used in the plural. 3. Tak- 
ing up or adoption. [O. Fr. espousailtes.] 

eSpouSe (es-pouz'), vt. 1. Give in mar- 
riage: betroth. 2. Take in marriage, 
wed. 3. Embrace; adopt— eSpoit'- 
sag-e, n. [O. Fr. espouser— L. spoils-.— 
vowed.] [cover. [O. Fr. espier.] 

espy (es-pi'), vt. Catch sight of; dis- 

Esquimau (es'ki-mo). See Eskimo. 

es q n i re ( es-kwir' ), n. 1. Grig. 
Squire or shield-bearer; attendantou 
a knight. 2. Title of younger sons of 
noblemen. 3. General title of respect. 
[O. Fr. escuyer — L. scutum, shield.] 

essay (es'a). 1. n. 1. Trial; experiment. 
2. Written composition; short disqui- 
sition. II. vt. (es-sa'). Try; attempt. 
— essayist (es'a-ist), n. Writer of 
essays. [Fr. essai—Li. ex, and ago, lead.] 

essence (es'ens), n. 1. Inner distinct- 
ive nature; true substance. 2. Char- 
acteristic quality or contents. 3. Ex- 
tracted Virtues of a drug, 4. Solution 
of a volatile or essential oil in alcohol. 

i 5. Perfume. [Fr.— L. essentia.'] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, init; note, not, move, wolf; 
mate, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



essential 



179 



euphemism 



essential ( es-sen'shal ). I. a. 1. Re- 
lating to or containing the essence. 

2. Necessary to the existence of a 
thing; indispensable. 3. Highly recti- 
fied ; pure. II. n. 1. Something neces- 
sary. 2. Fundamental principal. — 
essentially, adv. 

establish (es-tab'lisb), vt. Settle, fix; 
ordain: found; set up (in business).— 
estah'lisher, n.— establishment, 
n. 1. Act of establishing. 2. That 
which is established. [O. Fr. establir 
— L. stabilis, firm.] 

estate (es-iaf), n. 1. Fixed or estab- 
lished condition. 2. Rank; quality. 

3. Property, esp. in land. 4. Property 
left at death.— The fourth estate: the 
press. [O. Fr. estat—L,. status.] 

esteem (es-tem'). I. vt. 1. Value. 2. Set 
a high value on. II. n. 1. Estimation. 2. 
Favorable regard. [Fr. estime—cesti?no.[ 
Syn. Appraise; appreciate; calcu- 
late; estimate; prize; rate; weigh. 

esthetic. See esthetic. 

estimable (es'tim-a-bl ), a. 1. That 
can be estimated. 2. Worthy of es- 
teem. — es'timably, adv. 

estimate (es'tini-ag. I. vt. Judge of 
the worth of, from imperfect data ; 
calculate. II. n. Valuing in the mind 
without actual measuring or figur- 
ing. ["Li. cestirno.] 

estimation (es-tim-a'shun), n. 1. Es- 
timating. 2- Reckoning of value; 
opinion. 3. Esteem; honor. 

estop (es-top'), vt. Bar by estoppel.— 
estoppel, n. Undeniable admission. 

estrange (es-tranj'), vt. 1. Make 
strange, alienate. 2. Divert from its 
original use or possessor. — es- 
trangement, n. [O. Fr. estranger, 
from root of strange.] 

estray (es-tra'), n. Stray or unclaimed 
domestic animal. [Fr. estraie.] 

estuary (es'tu-ar-i), n. Passage where 
the tide meets the current, as in the 
mouth of a tidal river. [L. cestuo, boil 
up, suree.] 

gtagere (a-ta-zhar'), n. Case of shelves; 
what-not. [Ft— Stage, story.] 

et cetera ( et sefe-ra ). And other 
tilings; and so forth.' [L.] 

etch (ech), vt. and vi. Make designs 
on metal, glass, etc., by eating out 
lines with acid.— etching, n. 1. En- 
graving by acid. 'I. Design produced 
by acid. 3. Impression from an 
etched plate. [Ger. atzen—essen, eat.] 

eternal (e-ter'nal). I. a. Without begin : 

ning or end. II. n. £cap.) God.— eter'- 

nally, adv. [Fr. eterhel—L,. ceternus.] 

Syn. Everlasting; endless; infinite; 

interminable; perpetual; immortal. 



eternity ( e-ter'ni-ti ), n. 1. Eternal 

duration. 2. State of time after death. 

ether (e'ther), n. 1. Clear, upper air. 
2. Subtile medium supposed to fill all 
space. 3. Light, volatile, inflamma- 
ble fluid, used as an anesthetic and as 
a solvent of fats. [Gr.] 

ethereal ( S-the're-al ), a. Consisting 
of etuer; heavenly; extremely deli- 
cate ; over-refined. — ethe'really, 
adv.— ethe realize, vt. 1. Convert 
into ether. 2. Render spirit-like. 

etherize(e'ther-Iz), vt. 1. Convert into 
ether. 2. Make insensible by ether. 

ethic (eth'ik), ethical (eth'ik-al), a. 
Relating to morals or duty. — eth'- 
ically, adv. [Gr.— ethos, custom.] 

ethics (eth'iks), n._ Science of duty. 

Ethiopian (e-thi-o'pi-an ), Ethiopic 
(e-thi-op'ik), a. ' Pertaining to Ethio- 
pia, countries south or Egypt. [Gr. 
Aithiopos, sunburnt — aitho, burn, and 
ops, face.] 

ethnic (eth'nik), eth'nical, a. Relat- 
ing to races or nations. [Gr. ethos, 
nation.] [of races. 

ethnology (eth-nol'o-ji), n. Science 

eti<|uette(et-i-ket'), n. Forms of cere- 
mony or decorum. [Fr. See ticket.] 

etymon (et'i-mon), n. 1. Original ele- 
ment, root of a word. 2. Original 
meaning of a word. [Gr.] 

etymology (et-i-mol'o-ji), n. 1. Sci- 
ence of the origin and history of 
words. 2. History of a word. 3. Part 
of grammar x*elating to inflection.— 
etymoJog'ical, a. — etymolog'ie- 
ally, adv._ [Gr.] 

eucharist (u'ka-rist), n. 1. Sacrament 
of the Lord's Supper. 2. Consecrated 
elements of it. — e uchar i st' i c, 
eucharist ical, a. [Gr. eucharistia, 
thanksgiving.] 

euchre(u'ker). I. n. 1. Gameatcards. 2. 
Act of euchring. II. vt. 1. Make three 
tricks against the trump-hand in 
eucnre. 2_. Get the advantage of. 

eulogist (u'lo-jist), n. One wno extols 
another. — eulogist'ic, a. Fuil of 
praise. — eulogist'ically, adv. 

eulogium (u-lo'ji-um), eulogy (u'lo- 
ji), n. Speech or writing in praise. 
[Gr. eu, well, and logos, speaking.] 

Syn. Commendation; praise; pane- 
gyric; encomium; honor; applause. 

eulogize (u'lo-jiz), vt. Speak well of. 

eunuch (u'nuk), n. Oriental chamber- 
lain. [Gr. eunouchos—eune, couch, and 
echo, have charge of.] 

euphemism (u'le-mizm), n. Figure in 
which a delicate wora or expression 
is subsiituted for an offensive one.— 
enphemis'tic, a. [Gr. — eu, weli. 
and i>hemi, speak.] 



i»tc, :*t, task, far, tall, fare, above; rnfe 
mute. hut. b~- 



inic ; note, not, caovo, wq]£; 



euphonic 



180 



est 



euphonic (u-fon'ik), euphonious, 

(u-fo'ni-us), a. Pertaining to euphony ; 
agreeable in sound. - euphonious- 
ly, adv. 

euphony (u'fo-ni), n. 1. Agreeable 
sound. 2. Pleasing, easy pronuncia- 
tion. [Gr. eu_, well, and phone, sound.] 

eureka (u-re'ka), interj. Expression 
of triumph at a discovery. [Gr. = I 
have found (it).] 

European (ii-ro-pe'an). I. a. Belong- 
ing to Europe. II. n. Native or 
inhabitants of Europe. 

euthanasia (u-tha-na'zi-a), n. Easy, 
tranquil or painless death. [Gr.] 

evacuate (e-vaK'u-at), vt. 1. Empty; 
discharge. 2. Withdraw from. — eva- 
cuation, n. [Li.— vacuo, empty.] 

evade(e-vad'),«£. Escape artfully; avoid 
cunningly. [L.— e, out, and v ado, go.] 

evanescent (ev-a-nes'ent ), a. Fleet- 
ing ; imperceptibie.-evanes'cently , 
adw.-evanes'cenee, n. [See vanish.] 

evangel ( e-van'jel ), n. Good news, 
esp. the gospei. — evangelic, evan- 
gelical, a. 1. Contained in the gos- 
pels, or four first books of the New 
Testament. 2. According to the gos- 
pel. 3. Fervent and devout.— evan'- 
gelist, n. 1. One of the four writers 
of the gospels. 2. Itinerant reviva- 
list. [Gr.— eu and angello.] 

evaporate (e-vap'o-rat). I. vi. Fly off 
in vapor; pass into an invisible state. 
II. vt. Convert into steam or gas.— 
evaporation, n. 

evasion (e-va'zhun), n. 1. Attempt to 
escape the force of an argument or 
accusation. 2. Excuse. 

evasive ( e-va'siv), a. That seeks to 
evade; not straightforward ;shuffling. 
— ev_a'sively,a^. — eva'siveness.a. 

eve (ev), even (e'vn), n. 1. Evening. 
2. Night before a day of note. 3. 
Time just preceding a great event. 
[A. S. eefen.] 

even (e'vn). I. a. 1. Equal; level; uni- 
form; parallel; equal on both sides. 
2. Not odd; able to be divided by 2 
without a remainder. II. adv. Expres- 
ses that something is contrary to ex- 
pectation, or greater than one would 
think, etc. — e'venly, adv. — e'ven- 
ness, n. Ill, vt. Make alike, level or 
smooth. [A. S. efen.] 

evening- ( ev'ning ), n. Close of the 
daytime. [A. S. cefenung.] 

event(e- vent'), n. That which happens. — 
svent'ful, a. [L.—e. and venio, come.] 
Syn. Incident; occurrence; circum- 
stance; consequence; result; issue. 

eventide (e'vn-tid), n. Evening. 

eventual (e-vent'u-al), a. 1. Happen- 
ing as a consequence; ultimate, final. 



2. Contingent upon a future event; 
possible. — e ven t'ually, adv.— 
eventuality, n. That which eventu- 
ates or happens; contingent result. 

ever (ev'er), adv. 1. Always; eternally; 
2. At any time; in any degree. [A.S.] 

evergreen (ev'er-gren). I. a. Always 
green. II. n. Evergreen plant. 

everlasting ( ev-er-las'ting ), a. End- 
less; eternal.— everlastingly, adv, 
— everlast'ingness, n. 

Syn. Incessant; continual; unceas- 
ing. See ETERNAL. . 

evermore (ev-er-mor'), adv. Eternally. 

every (ev'er-i), a. 1. Each one of a 
number; all taken separately. 2. Each 
possible. [A. S. oifre, ever, and ale, 
each.] [every place, 

everywhere ( ev'er-i-hwar ), adv. In 

evict (e-vikf), vt. Dispossess bylaw; 
expel from. — evic'tion, n. [L. — 
evinco, overcome.] 

evidence (ev'i-dens). I. n. That which 
makes evident; proof; testimony. II. 
vt. Render evident; prove, 

evident (ev'i-dent), a. That can be 
seen ; clear to the mind ; obvious. — 
ev'idently, adv. [L. e, out, and video, 
see.] 

evidential (ev-1-den'shal), a. Furnish- 
ing evidence; tending to prove. — ev- 
identially, adv. 

evil (e'vl), 1. a. Wicked; mischievous; 
unfortunate. II. adv. In an evil man- 
ner; badly. III. n. That which pro- 
duces unhappiness or calamity; mis- 
fortune; harm; wickedness; deprav- 
ity. [A. S. yfel.] 

evil-eye (e'vl-i), n. Supposed power 
to do harm by the look of the eye. 

evince (e-vins'), vt. Prove beyond 
doubt; show clearly; show. [L. e, out, 
and vinco, overcome.] 

eviscerate (e-vis'er-at), vt. Tear out 
the bowels. — eviscera'tion, n. — 
[L.— e, out, and viscera, bowels.] 

evoke (e-vok'), •itf.Call out; draw forth; 
bring forth. [L. e, out, and voco, call.] 

evolution (ev-o-16'shun) n. 1. Act of 
unfolding or unrolling ; development. 
2. Doctrine of derivation, as opposed 
to creation. [Fr. See evolve.] 

evolve (e-volv'), vt. and vi. Unroll; 
disclose; develop. [L. e, out, and volvo, 
roll.] 

ewe (u), n. Female sheep. [A. S. eowu.] 

ewer (u'er), n. Large jug to hold 
water. [O. Fr. euivier — L. aquarium.] 

ex (eks). Prefix. Out of; out; proceed- 
ing from; off; beyond. Ex- prefixed 
to names of office denotes that a per- 
son has held, but no longer holds.that 
office; as, ex-minister. [L. and Gr.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



exact 



1R1 



exclusive 



exact (egz-akf). I. a. Precise; careful; 
punctual ; true; demonstrable. II. 
vt. Compel full payment of ; demand 
urgently.— exacting, p. and a. De- 
manding too much.— exaction, n. 
—exactly, adv.— exactness, n. [L. 
—exigo, carry out. measure.] 

Syn. Accurate; correct; just; nice; 
particular; reliable; methodical. 

exaggerate (egz-aj'er-at).^. Magnify 
unduly; overstat e. — exaggera- 
tion, n. [L,.— agger, boa p.] 

exalt(egz-aii')> vt. 1. Raise high. 2. Elate 
with the "joy of success. 3. Praise. 4. 
In chern. Refine; subtilize, exafita'- 
tioia, n. [Li. — ex, and alius, high.] 

examine (egz-am'in), vt. Inspect care- 
fully; question.— examination, n. 
[Li. exagmen, tongue of a balance.] 

Syn. Exploration; inquiry; inquisi- 
tion; inspection; interrogation; test; 
investigation ; search ; research ; prob- 
ing; scrutiny; trial; assay. 

example (egz-am'pl), n. 1. Specimen; 
illustration of a rule, etc. 2. Person 
or thing to be imitated or avoided; 
pattern. 3. Warning. 4. Precedent. 
[Fr.— L. exemplum — ex, out, and emo, 
take.] 

exasperate (egz-as'per-at), vt. Make 
very angry.— exasperation, n. [D. 
asper, rough.] 

excavate (eks'ka-vat), vt. Hollow or 
scoop out. — excava'tioxt, n. — ex'- 
cavator. n. 

exceed (ek-sed'), vt. Go beyond the 
limit or measure of; surpass, excel.— 
exceedingly, adv. Very much; 
greatly. [L. ex, beyond, and cedo, go.] 

excel (ek-sel'). I. vt. Surpass, II. vi. 
[excelling; excelled.] Have good 
qualities m a high degree ; perform 
very meritorious actions; be superior. 
— ex'cellenee, ex'cellency, n. 1. 
Great merit; excellent quality; great- 
ness. 2. Title of honor given to per- 
sons high in rank or office, —excel- 
lent (ek'sel-ent), a. Of great virtue 
or work; superior. — ex'cellently, 
adv. [L.— ex, out, and cello, urge.] 

excelsior (ek-sel'si-ur). I. a. Highar; 
loftier. II. n. Kind of packing; wood- 
wool. [Li.] 

except (ek-sepf). I. -vt. Take or leave 
out; exclude. II. vi. Object. III. prep. 
Leaving out; excluding; but. — ex- 
ception, n. — exceptionable, a. 
Objectionable. — exceptional (ek- 
sep'shun-al). a. Forming an excep- 
tion; uncommon; superior; peculiar. 
[Li.— ex, and capio, take.] 

excerpt (ek-serpf), n. Passage copied 
from a book ; extract. [Li.—ex, and 
carpo, pick.] 



excess (ek-ses'), n. 1. Going beyond 
what is usual or proper; intemper 
ance. 2. That which exceeds. 3. De- 
gree by which one thing exceeds an- 
other. —excessive, a. Immoderate; 
violent.— excessively, adv. — ex- 
cesslveness, n. 

exchange (eks-chanj'). I. vt. 1. Give, 
in return for some equivalent or sub- 
stitute. 2. Give and receive recipro- 
cally; interchange. II. n. 1. Act oi 
giving one thing for another; barter. 
2. Thing given in return for some- 
thing received. 3. Receiving or |pay- 
ing of money in one place, for an 
equal sum in another, by order, draft, 
or bill of exchange. 4. Bill drawn for 
money; bill of exchange. 5- Place 
where merchants, brokers, and bank- 
ers meet to transact business (often 
contracted into 'Change ).— ex- 
changeable ( eks-chanj'a-bl ), a.— 
exchangeability, n. [See change.] 

exchequer (eks-chek'er), n. 1. In En- 
gland, superior court of law. 2. 
Treasury; finances. [O.Fr.=checkered 
(cloth).] 

excise (ek-siz'). I. n. Tax on certain 
home commodities and on licenses for 
certain trades; specifically, liquor tax. 
II. vt. 1. Subject to excise duty. 2. 
Cutout; cutoff. [L.— ex and co&do, cut.] 

excision ( ek-siztr'tm ), n. 1. Cutting 
out or on; extirpation. 2. Excom- 
munication. 

excitable (elc-si''a-bl), a. Capable of 
b-ing excited.— excitability, n. 

excitant (ek-sitant L ), n. Stimulant. 

excitation (eu-si-ta'shun), n. Act of 
exciting; piitting in motion. 

excite (ek-sif), vt. Call into activity; 
stir up; rouse; irritate.— exci'ter, n. 

— excite'ment, n. [L. ex, out, and 
cito, rouse.] 

exclaim (eks-klam'), vi. and vt. Cry 
out; utter or speak vehemently. [L.. 

— ex, out, and clamo, shout.] 
exclamation (eks-kla-ma'»hun), n. 1. 

Vehement uttei'ance; outcry. 2. Ut- 
tered expression of surprise, and the 
like. 3. Mark expressing this (!) 

exclamatory ( eks-klam'a-to-rl)» «. 
Containing, expressing exclamation. 

exclude (eks-klod'), vt. Shut out; 
thrust out; hinder from entrance or 
participation; except. [L. — ex, and 
claudo, shut.] 

exclusion (eks-klo'zhun), n. Shutting 
or putting out; ejection; exception. 

exclusive (eks-klo'siv), a. 1. Abie or 
tending to exclude. 2. Excluding 
from consideration.— exclusively, 
adv.— exclu'siveness, n. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mQte, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



excommunicate 



182 



exhibit 



excommunicate ( eks-kommu'ni- 
kat), vt. Expel from the communion 
of the church. — excoimuunica'- 
tion, n. 

excoriate (eks-ko'ri-at), vt. Strip the 
skin from. [L. — corium, skin.] 

excrement (eks'kre-meiit), n. Matter 
discharged from the animal system; 
dung. [h.—excerno, separate.] 

excrescence (eks-kreb'eiis), n. That 
whien grows out unnaturally; wart, 
tumor; superfluous part. — excres- 
cent (eks-kres'ent), a. [L. — cresco.] 

excrete (eks-kret'), v t. Discharge ; 
eject. — excre'tioh, n. 1. Act of ex- 
creting. 2. That which is excreted. 

excruciate (eks-kro'shi-at), vt. Tor- 
ture; rack.— excruciation, n. [L. 
—crux, cross.] 

exculpate ( eks-kul'pat ) , vt. Clear 
from a charge; acquit. — exculpa'- 
tion, n. — exculpatory, a. [L.. — 
culpa, guilt.] 

excursion (eks-kur'shun),ft. 1. Trip 
for pleasure or health. 2. Wandering 
from the main subject. — excur- 
sionist, n. — excursive, a. Ram- 
bling. — excursively, adv. — ex- 
cur'siveness, n. [L. — curro, run.] 

excusatory (eks-ku'za-to-ri), a. Mak- 
ing or containing excuse. 

excuse (eks-kuz'). I. vt. 1. Free from 
blame, guilt or obligation. 2. Make an 
apology, or ask pardon, for. II. n. 
(eks-kus') 1. Plea offered in extenu- 
ation of a fault. 2. Reason for being 
excused. [L. —ex, and causor, plead.] 
Syn. Forgive; pardon; justify; tol- 
erate; overlook. See exonerate. 

execrable (eks'e-kra-bl), a. Deserving 
execration; detestable; accursed. — 
ex'ecrably, adv. _ 

execrate (eks'e-krat), vt. Curse ; de- 
nounce evil against; detest utterly. — 
execra'tion, n. 1. Act of execrating. 
2. Curse. 3. That which is execrated. 
[L. — ex, and sacer, sacred.] 

execute (eks'e-kut), vt. 1. Perform; 
give effect to. 2. Sign and deliver, as 

" a lease. 3. Put to death by law. — 
ex'ecuter, n. [Fr. executer — Lt. ex, 
and sequor, follow.]_ 

execution (eks-e-ku'shun), n. 1. Ex- 
ecuting ; accomplishment; completion. 
2. Carrying into effect the sentence of 
a court of law. 4. Putting to death by 
law; destruction. 5. Warrant for so 
doing. — executioner ( eks-e-ku'- 
shun-er), n. One who inflicts capital 
punishment. 

executive (egz-ek'ii-tiv), I. a. Having 
the quality or function of executing. 
II. n. Officer or body, charged with 
the execution of the laws. 



executor ( egz-ek'u-tur ), n. 1. One 
who executes or performs ; doer. 2. 
Person appointed by a testator to ex- 
ecute his will. — exec'utory, a. 1. 
Executing official duties. 2. Designed 
to be carried into effect. 

executrix ( egz-ek'u-triks ), execu- 
tress ( egz-ek'u-tres ), n. Female ex- 
ecutor. 

exeg-esis (eks-e-je'sis), n. Science of 
interpretation, esp. of the scriptures. 
[Or.] 

exeg-etic (eks-e-jet'ik), exeg-et'ical, 
a. Pertaining to exegesis; explana- 
tory.— exeg-et'ically, adv. 

exemplar ( egz-em'plar), n. Model; 
original; pattern to be copied or imi- 
tated.— exem'plary, a. Worthy of 
imitation; commendable. 

exemplify (egz-em'pli-fi), vt. 1. Illus- 
trate by example. 2. Make an attest- 
ed copy of. 3. Prove by an attested 
copy.— exemplifica'tion, n. [D.— 
exemplum, and facio, make.] 

exempt (egz-emf). I. vt. Free; grant 
immunity from. II. a. Taken out,; 
not liable to; released. — exemp'- 
tion, n. [Fr. — L. ecc ± and emo, take.] 

exequatur (eks-e-kwa'tur), n. 1. Offi- 
cial recognition of a consul by the for- 
eign government. 2. Official approval. 

exequies (eks'e-kwiz), n. pi. Funeral 
procession; ceremonies of burial. [L..] 

exercise(eks'er-siz). I. n. 1. Putting in 
practice. 2. Exertion for health or 
amusement. 3. Performance of a 
ceremony or formal service. 4. Dis- 
cipline. 5. Lesson, task. II. vt. 1. Traiu 
by use; improve by practice. 2. Af- 
flict. III. vi. Take exercise; practice. 
[L.— ex, and arceo, drive.] 

exert (egz-ert'),i;<. 1. Bring into active 
operation. 2. Do, perform. — exer'- 
tion, n. [Li.-ex, and sero, put together.] 

exeunt (eks'e-unt). They go out. [L.l 

exhalation ('eks - ha - la'shun ), n. 1- 
Act or process of exhaling. 2. That 
which is exhaled ; vapor; steam. 

exhale (eks-hal')^ vt. Emit or send 
out as vapor; evaporate. [Fr. ex- 
Tialer — L. ex, out, and halo, breathe.] 

exhaust (egz-asf), vt. 1. Draw out 
the whole of." 2. Use the whole 
strength of; tire out. 3. Treat of or 
develop completely. — exhaus'tion, 
n. 1. Act of exhausting or consum- 
ing. 2. State of being exhausted; 
extreme fatigue. — exhaustive, a. 
Tending to exhaust; bringing out all 
the points. — exhaust'less, a. That 
cannot be exhausted. [L. ex, ot*t, 
and haurio, draw.] 

exhibit (egz-ib'it), vt. Show; present 
to view. — exhib'iter, exhib'itor. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf ; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



exhilarant 



183 



expedite 



». — exhibition (eks-hi-bish'un), n. 

1. Presentation to view; display. 2. 
Public show, esp. of works of art, 
manufactures, etc. 3. That which is 
exhibited. [L. ex, out, and habeo, hold.] 

gxhilarant (egz-il'a-rant), a. Exhil- 
arating; exciting mirth or pleasure. 

exhilarate ( egz-il'a-rat ), vt. Make 
merry; enliven; cheer — exhilara- 
tion, n. [L. hilaris, cheerful.] 

exhort (egz-arf), vt. Urge strongly 
to good deeds, esp. by words or ad- 
vice.— exhorta'tion, n. [L. ex, and 
hortor, urge.] 

exhume (eks-hum'), vt. Disinter.— 
exhumation, n. [L. ex, and humus, 
ground.] 

exigent ( eks'i-jent ), a. Demanding 
immediate attention or action.— exi- 
gence (eks'i-jens), ex'tg^ncy, ns. 
Pressing necessity. [L.— ex, and ago, 
drive.] [crisis; urgency; pressure. 
Syn. Distress; emergency; demand; 

exiguous (eg-zig'u-us), a. Small, 
slender. [L.=measured.] 

exile (eks'il ). I. n. 1. Banishment; 
state of being expelled from one's 
native country. 2. Separation from 
one's country and friends by distress 
or necessity. 3. Person banished or 
separated from his country. II. vt. 
Banish from a country. [L.— ex, and 
solum, soil.] 

exist (egz-isf), vi. Have an actual 
being; live; continue to be. — exist'- 
ence, n. 1. State of being; contin- 
ued being; life. 2. Anything that 
exists; a being. — exist 'en t, a. 
Having existence, [lu.—ex, and sisto, 
stand.] 

exit (eks'it), n. 1. Leaving the stage. 

2. Any departure; death. 3. Passage 
out. [L. = goes out.] 

exodus (eks'o-dus), n. Going out; de- 
parture, esp. of the Israelites from 
Egypt. [Gr.] [of the office. [L.] 

ex officio ( eks-of-fisb'i-o ). By virtue 

exogen(eks'o-jen), n. Plant increasing 
by layers growing on the outside of 
the wood. — exogenous, a. [Gr.] 

exonerate (egz-on'er-at), vt. Relieve 
of, as a charge or responsibility.— ex- 
oneration, n.— exonerative, a. 
[L.— ex, and onero, load.] [absolve. 
Syn. Exculpate; acquit; vindicate; 

exorbitant (egz-ar'bi-tant), a. Going 
beyond t tie usual limit; excessive.— 
exorbitantly, a d v. — exorbi- 
tance, n. [Fi'.— L. ex, and orbis, circle.] 

ex'orcise (eks'ar-siz), vt. 1. Cast out 
a devil by conjuration, 2. Deliver 
from the influence of an evil spirit. 
ex'orciscr, n. — exorcism (eks'ar- 
sizm), ii. [Gr. — ex, andhorkos, oatii.] 



exordium ( egz-ar'di-um ), n. Intro- 
ductory part of a discourse or compo- 
sition. [L.— ex, and ordior, begin.] 

exoteric (eks-q-ter'ik), exoler'ical, 
a. External; public— Opposed to eso- 
teric. [Gr.] 

exotic ( egz-ot'ik ). I. a. Introduced 
from a foreign country.— Opposite of 
indigenous. IL n. Anything of foreign 
origin. [Gv.—exo, outward.] 

expand (eks-pand'). I. vt. Spread out, 
open or lay open ; enlarge in bulk or 
surface. II. vi. Become opened; en- 
large. [L.— ex, and pando, spread.] 

expanse ( eks-pans' ), n. 1. Wide ex- 
tent. 2. Firmament. 

expansible (eks pan'si-bl), a. Capa- 
ble of being extended.— expansibil- 
ity, n.— expau'sibly, aav. 

expansion (eks-pan'shun), n. 1. En- 
largement. 2. That which is expand- 
ed. 3. Immensity. 

expansive ( eks-pan'siv ), a. Widely 
extended.— expan'sively,acfa.— ex- 
pan'si veness, n. 

ex p ar t e (eks-par'te). Proceeding 
only from one part or side of a matter 
in question; one-sided ;_ partial. [L.] 

expatiate (eks-pa'shi -at), vi. Range 
at large; enlarge ;descant.-expatia'- 
tion, n. [L. — ex, and spatium, space.] 

expatriate ( eks-pa'tri-at ), vt. Send 
out of one's native country; bauish; 
exile. — expatriation, n. [L.— ex, 
and patria, fatherland.] 

expect (eks-pekf), ^i. Look for; 
look forward to something about to 
happen; anticipate; hope.— expect' - 
ance, expect'ancy, n. — expect- 
ant, a. Looking or waiting for.— 
expectation, n. 1. Act of looking 
forward to an event as about to hap- 
pen. 2. That which is expected. 3. 
Prospect of future good, as of posses- 
sions, wealth, and the like— usually in 
the plural. [L. ex, and specto, look.] 

expectorant (eks-pek'to-r an t) , n. 
Medicine inducing expectoration. 

expectorate (eks-pek'to-rat), vt. and 
m. Expel from the breast or lungs, 
by coughing, etc. ; spit forth. — ex- 
pectora'tion, n. [L.— ex, and pectus, 
breast.] 

expedience (eks-pe'di-ens), expe'» 
diency, n. Fitness; desirableness. 

expedient (eks-pe'di-ent). I. a. Suit- 
able; advisable. II. n. That which 
serves to promote; means suitable to 
an end; contrivance. — expe'dient« 
ly, ach). [L. See expedite.] 

expedite (eks'pe-dit), vt. Free from 
impediments; hasten; send forth. [L, 
— ex, and^es, foot.] 



fate, fat, task, tar, tall, fare, above; me, met, h§r; mite, mit; note, not, m5ve, wolf; 
mQte, nut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



expedition 



184 



expositor 



expedition ( eks-pe-dish'un ), n. 1. 
Setting out upon a voyage, or similar 
undertaking, by a number of persons. 
2. Those who form an expedition. 3. 
Promptness; despatch. 

expeditious(eks-pe-dish'us), a. Char- 
acterized .by rapidity and efficiency, 
quick. — expeditiously, adv. 

expel (eks-pel') vt. [expelling ; expel- 
led'.] Drive out from a society; ban- 
ish. [Li. ex, and pello, drive.] 

expend (eks-pend'), vt. Lay out; spend. 
— expenditure, n. Disbursement; 
expense. [L. — ex, a,ndpendo, weigh.] 

expense (eks-pens'), n. Outlay; cost; 
enarge.— expen'sive, a. Causing or 
requiring much expense. — ezpen'- 
sively* adv. — expen'siveness, n. 

experience(eks-pe'ri-ens). I. n. 1. Per- 
sonal observation or trial. 2. Knowl- 
edge gained from life. II. vt. Become 
practically acauainted with; prove; 
try; test; feel; go through; train by 
practice. [Lt.—ex, and per 1 through.] 

experienced ( eks-pe'ri-enst ), a. 
Taught by experience; skillful; wise. 

experiential ( eks-pe-ri-en'shal ), a. 
Derived from experience ; empirical. 

experiment (eks-per'i-ment). I. n. 
Something done to prove some theory 
or to discovei something unknown ; 
trial; practical test. II. vi. Make a 
trial ; search by trial.— experiment- 
al, a. — experimentally, adv. 

expert (eks-perf), a. Experienced ; 
taught by practice ; skillful. — ex- 
pertly, adv. — expert'ness, n. 
Syn. Adroit; dexterous; ready. 

expert (eks-perf or eks'pert), n. One 
eminently proficient in his branch. 

expiate (eks'pi-at), vt. Atone for; 
make reparation for. — expia'tion, 
n. — expiatory, a. [L,.—ex, and 
plus, pious.] 

expiration ( eks-pi-ra'shun ), n. 1. 
Breathing out; death. 2. Cessation; 
close; termination. 

expiratory (eks-pi'ra-to-ri) , a. Per- 
taining to expiration. 

expire (eks-pir'). I. vt. Breathe out; 
emit from the lungs. II. vi. Breathe 
out the breath of life; die ; come to an 
end. [L. ex, and spiro, breathe.] 

expiry (eks'pir-i_), n. Expiration. 

explain ( eks-plan' ), vt. Make plain; 
unfold the meaning of.— explaina- 
ble, a. [L. — ex, and planus, plain.) 
Syn. Elucidate; clear up; expound. 

explanation (eks-pla-na'shun), n. 1. 
Act off explaining or clearing from 
obscurity. 2. That which explains or 
clears up. 3. Meaning or sense given 
to anything. 4. Mutual clearing up of 
misunderstandings. 



explanatory (eks-plan'a-to-ri), a. Ser- 
ving to explain; containing explana- 
tions. 

expletive (eks'ple-tiv). I. a. Added to 
fill a vacancy; superfluous. II. n. 
Word in a foreign language, for which 
the English has no equivalent and 
which may be disregarded in transla- 
ting. [Fr.— L. pleo, fill.] 

explicate (eks'pli-kat), vt. Explain. 
— explication, n.~ ex'plicative, 
ex'plicatory, a. [L.— ex,plico, fold.] 

explicit (eks-plis'it), a. Not obscure 
or ambiguous ; distinctly stated.— ex- 
plicitly, adv. — explic'itness, n. 
Syn. Clear; express; unreserved. 

explode (eks-plod'), vt. and vi. 1. 
Burst with a loud report. 2. Cause to 
burst. 3. Disprove; bring into disre- 
pute. [L. explodo, drive out (by clap- 
ping).] 

exploit (eks-ploif). I. n. Heroic act; 
great achievement. II. vt. Make use 
of; work up; utilize for one's own 
profit.— exploita'tion, n. [Fr.] 

explore (eks-plor'), vt. Search through 
for the purpose of discovery ; examine 
thoroughly.— explora'tion, n.— ex- 
plorer (eks-plor'er), n. [L.— ex, and 
ploro, cry, call.] 

explosion (eks-pl5'zhun ), n. 1. Act 
of exploding. 2. Sudden violent burst 
with a loud report. 

explosive (eks-plo'siv). I. a. Liable 
to or causing explosion. 2. Bursting 
out with violence and noise. II. n. 1. 
Explosive substance, as dynamite. 2. 
Sound of an exploding nature, as#, t, 
k.— explo'sively, adv. 

exponent (eks-po'nent), n. 1. He who, 
or that which points out,or represents. 
2. In alg. Figure which shows how 
often a quantity is to be multiplied by 
itself, as in a 3 - [L.— ex, and pono, 
place.] 

export (eks-pdrf) , vt. Carry or send 
out of a country, as goods in com- 
merce.— export'er, n. [L. — ex, and 
porto, carry.] 

export (eks'port), n. 1. Act of ex- 
porting. 2. That which is exported. 

expose (eks-poz'), vt. 1. Place or lay 
forth to view. 2. Deprive of cover, 
protection, or shelter; make bare; 
disclose. 3. Make liable to. [Fr. ex- 
poser — L. ex, and posit-,la,id..] 

expose (eks-po-za'), n. Exposure, 
[formal disclosure. [Fr.] 

exposition ( eks-p5-zish'un ), n. 1. 
Public exhibition. 2. Act of expound- 
ing; explanation. 

expositor ( eks-poz'i-tur ), n. Inter- 
preter.— expository, a. Serving to 
expound; explanatory. 



fat, task, far, fail, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



ex post facto 



185 



extinguish 



ex post facto ( eks-post-fak'to ), adv. 
By or from an after act. 

expostulate (eks-pos'tulat), vi. Rea- 
son earnestly; remonstrate.— ex - 
post'ulator, n. — expostulation, 
n.— expost'ulatory, a. [L.— ex, and 
p&stulo, demand.] 

exposure (eks-po'zhor), n. 1. Act of 
exposing. 2. State of being laid open 
or bare. 3. Openness to danger. 

expound (eks-pownd'^, vt. Lay open 
the meaning of; explain. --exponnd'- 
er, n, \JL.—ex, and pono. place.] 
, express (eks-pres'). I. vt. 1. Press ox- 
force out. 2. Represent or make 
known by a likeness or by words. 3. 
Declare. 4. Send by special oppor- 
tunity, as an express company. II. 
a. 1. Directly stated; explicit; clear. 
2. Intended or sent for a particular 
purpose. III. n. 1. Messenger or con- 
veyance sent on a special errand. 2. 
Regular and quick conveyance. — ex- 
press'tble, a. — express'ly, adv. 
[L. ex, out, and press.] 

expression (eks-presh'un), n. 1. Act 
of expressing or forcing out. 2. Act 
of representing or giving utterance 
to. 3. Faithful and vivid representa- 
tion by language, art, the features, 
etc. 4. That which is expressed; 
look; language; picture, etc. 5. Man- 
ner in which anything is expressed. 
6. Tone of voice or sound in music— 
express'ionless, a. 

expressive (eks-pres'iv), a. 1. Serv- 
ing to express, utter, or represent. 
2. Full of expression; vividly repre- 
senting the meaning or feeling inten- 
ded to be conveyed ; emphatical. — 
express'ively, adv.— expressive- 
ness, n. 

expressly (eks-pres'li), adv. In an ex- 
press, direct, or pointed manner; of 
set purpose; indirect terms; plainly. 

expulsion (eks-pul'shun), n. Banish- 
ment. [L. See EXPEL.] 

expulsive ( eks-pul'siv ), a. Able or 
serving to expel. 

expunge (eks-punj'). M- Wipe out; 
efface. [L. ex, andpungo, prick.] 
Syn. Blot out; erase; obliterate. 

expurgate (eks-pur'gat or eks'ptir-), 
vt. Purify from anything noxious or 
erroneous.— expurga'tion, n. [L. 
— ex, and purqo, purge,— purus, pure.] 

exquisite (eks'kwi-zit), a. 1. Choice; 
select; nice; exact; excellent. 2. Of 
keen or delicate perception ; of great 
discrimination. 3. Pleasurable o r 
painful in the highest, degree; exceed- 
ing; extreme; keen; poignant. [L.= 



carefully sought out. 



extant (eks'tant), a. Still existing. [L. 
— ex, and starts, standing.] 

extemporaneous (eks-tem-po-ra'ne- 
us), extemporary (eks-tem'po- 
rar-i), a. D o n e on the spur of the 
moment or without preparation; off- 
hand. — extempora'neously, adv 

extempore(eks-tem'po-re),ad«. With- 
out preparation. [L.=of the moment.] 

extemporize (eks-tem'po-riz), vt. and 
vi. 1. Speak or perform without pre- 
paration. 2. Prepare hastily or with 
poor material. 

extend (eks-tend'). I. vt. 1. Stretch 
out ; prolong in any direction ; enlarge ; 
widen. 2. Hold out. 3. Bestow; im- 
part. 11. vi. Stretch ; reach. [L. ex, 
and tendo, stretch.] 

extensible (eks-ten'sibl), extensile 
(eks-ten'sil), a. That may be extended. 
— extensibility, n. 

extension (eks-ten'shun), n. 1. Ex- 
tending; stretching ;enlargement; ad- 
dition; expansion. 2. Property of a 
body by which it occupies a portion 
of space. 3. Pulling a broken bone to 
reset the fractured parts. 4. Time- 
allowance to a debtor. 

extensive ( eks - ten'siv ), a. Large; 
comprehensive.— ex ten'sively, adv. 
— exten'siveness, n. 

extensor (eks-ten'sur), n. Muscle 
that serves to straighten; — opp. to 
flexor. 

extent (eks-tenf), n. Space or degree 
to which a thing is extended; size; 
proportion. 

extenuate (eks-ten'u-at), vt. 1. Make 
thin; diminish. 2. Weaken the forc-ooi. 
— extenua'tion, n. [L. tenuis, thin.] 
Syn. Mitigate; palliate; cloak. 

exterior (eks-te'ri-ur). I. a. Outward; 
on or from the outside; foreign. II. n. 
Outward part or surface ; outward 
form or deportment; appearance. [L. 
comp. of exier — ex, out.] 

exterminate (eks-ter'min-at), vt. De- 
stroy utterly; drive away; extirpate. 
extermina'tion, n.— extermina- 
tor, n. [L. ex, and terminus, limit.] 

external (eks-ter'nal) , a. 1. Exterior; 
outward. 2. Not innate; not intrin- 
sic. 3. Foreign.— exter'nally, adv. 
— externals, n. pi. 1. Ouiward 
parts. 2,Outward forms or ceremonies. 

extinct (eks-tingkf), a. Put out; no 
longer existing; dead.— extinction, 
n. Quenching; destroying; destruc- 
tion. [See EXTINGUISH.] 

extinguish (eks-ting'wish), vt. 1. 
Quench ; destroy. 'Z. Eclipse. — ex- 
ting'uishable, a. — exting'uish- 
er, n. [L. — ex, and stinguo, quench.] 



fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, hSr; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



extirpate 



186 



eyry 



extirpate (eks'ter-pat), vt. Root out; 
destroy totally; exterminate. — ex'- 
tirpator, n. [L. ex, and stirps, root.] 

extol (eks-tol)'), vt. [extol'ling; ex- 
tolled']. Praise. [L. ex, and tollo,liit.] 

extort (eks-tarf), vt. Obtain by force, 
menace, torture, or illegal means. — 
extort'er, n — extor'tion n. 1. Ex- 
torting. 2. That which, is extorted. 3. 
Gross overcharge. — extor'tionate, 
a.— exter'tiouer, n. One who prac- 
tices extortion. [L. See Torture.] 

extra (eks'tra). I. a. More than need- 
ed or usual. ' II. n. Additional thing, 
esp. an edition of a newspaper at an 
unusual hour. [L. = outside.] 

extract (eks-trakf), vt. 1. Draw out. 
2. Select; quote. — extract'ible, a. 
— extrac'tion, n. 1. Drawing out; 

2. Derivation from a stock or family. 

3. That which is extracted. — ex- 
tractive. I. a. Tending or serving 
to extract. II. n. Extract.— extract'- 
or, n. [Li.—ex, and traho, draw.] 

extract (eks'trakt), n. 1. Anything 
drawn from a substance by heat, di- 
stillation, etc., as an essence. 2. Pas- 
sage taken from a book or writing. 

extradite (eks'tra-dit), vt. Deliver or 
give up, as a criminal to another gov- 
ernment. — extradi'tion, n. [L. — 
ex, and trado, hand over.] 

extraneous (eks-tra'ne-us), adj. For- 
eign; not belonging to a thing.— ex- 
tra'neously, adv. [L — extra.] 

extraordinary (eks-trar'di-uar-i). I. 
a. Beyond the ordinary;" not usual or 
regular ; wonderful ; special II. n. 
That which is out of the ordinary. — 
extraordinarily, adv. 

extravagance (eks-trav'a-gans ), n. 
Irregularity ; excess; wiidness; la- 
vish expenditure. 

extravagant (eks-trav'a-gant), a. 1. 
Unrestrained. 2. Wasteful.— extrav'- 
agantly, adv. [L. —extra, beyond, 
and vagor, wander.] [igal. 

Syn. Excessive; immoderate; prod- 
extravaganza (eks-trav-a-gan'za), n. 
1. Wild and irregular composition. 2. 
Wild flight of the imagination. [It.] 

extreme (eks-trem'), a. 1. Outermost; 
utmost; furthest; at the utmost point, 
edge, or border. 2. Worst or best that 
can exist or be supposed. 3. Greatest ; 
most violent or urgent; utmost, 4. 
Last; beyond which there is none. 5. 
Holding the strongest possible views; 
ultra. II. n. 1. That which terminates 
a body; extremity. 2. Utmost possible 
limit or degree; either of two states 
or feelings as different from each 
other as possible. 3. In math. Either 
of two terms begining and ending a 



series. — extremely, adv. — ex- 
tre'mist, n. One who holds extreme 
views. [L. extremus. superl.— extra.} 

extremity ( eks-trem'i-ti), n. 1. Ut- 
most point or portion. 2. Highest 
degree. 3. Greatest necessity or periL 

extricate (eks'tri-kat), vt. Free from 
hindrances.— extrica'tion, n. [L.— 
ex, and tricae, hindrances.] 

Syn. Disengage; disentangle; disem- 
barrass; relieve; liberate. 

extrinsic (eks-trin'sik), extrin'sic- 
al, a. Foreign ; not essential.— Opp. of 
intrinsic. — extrin'sically, adv. 

exuberant (eks-u'ber-ant), a. Plen- 
teous ; overflowing.— exuberantly, 
adv.— exu'berance, exuberancy, 
n. [Li.— ex, and liber, rich, abundant.] 

exude (eks-ud'). I. vt. Discharge 
through pores or incisions, as sweat, 
moisture, etc. II. vi. Flow out of a 
body, as through the pores. — exuda'- 
tion, n. [L.—ex, andswdo, sweat.] 

exult (egz-ulf), vi. Rejoice exceed- 
ingly; triumph.— exultant, a.— ex- 
ultation, n. — exult'iugly, adv. 
[L. — ex, and salio, leap.] 

exuviae (egz-u'vi-e), ~n. pi. Skins, 
shells, or other coverings of animals. 
[Li.—exuo, take off.] 

eye (l). I. n. 1. Organ of sight or vi- 
sion. 2. Power of seeing; sight. 3. 
Regard; aim; observation. 4. Any- 
thing resembling an eye, as the hole 
of a needle, loop for a hook, etc. II. 
vt. [ey'ing or eye'ing; eyed (id).] Look 
at; observe narrowly. — eyeball, n. 
Globe, or apple of the eye. — eye- 
brow (i'brow), n. Hairy arch above 
the eye.— eyeglass, n. 1. Glass lense 
to improve sight. 2. Eyepiece of an 
optical instrument, telescope, etc. 3. 

,. Glass cup used in treating an eye. — 
eye'hole, n. Eyelet; opening to re- 
ceive a thread, hook, etc.— eyelash, 
n. 1. Line of hairs that edges the eye- 
lid. 2. One of these hairs. — eye'less, 
a. Without eyes or sight. — eye'let, 
n. Eye hole. — eye'lid, n. Cover of 
the eye. — eye'service, n. Attend- 
ance to duty only when watched.— 
eye'sigbt, n. Power of seeing. — 
eye'sore, n. Something offensive to 
the eye.— eye'stone, n. Small calca- 
reous body (the operculum of small 
Turbinidae), which being put in the 
inner corner of the eye, works its way 
out at the outer corner, bringing with 
it any foreign substance.-eye'tootn, 
n. Tooth in the upper jaw next the 
grinders.— eye'-witness, n. One who 
sees a thing done. [A. S. eage.] 

eyry? eyrie (e'ri or a'ri), n. Same 

as ^ERIE. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf} 
mute, hut, burn: oil, owl, then. 



187 



fag 



Hf (ef), n. Sixth letter of the En- 
glish alphabet. It has two 
sounds: one as in for, the 
other as in of <ov). 
fa (fa), n. In mus. Fourth or F 
note in the scale. 

fable (fa'bl). I. n. 1. Invented story 
intended to instruct or amuse. 2. 
Plot of a poem. 3. Falsehood. II. vt. 
Feign; invent. [L. fabula—fari, speak.] 

fabric (fab'rik), n. 1. Workmanship; 
texture. 2. Anything framed by art 
and labor; building. 3. Manufactured 
cloth. [L. fabrica.] _ 

fabricate (fab'ri-kat), vt. 1. Put to- 
gether; manufacture. 2. Produce. 3. 
Devise falsely.— fabrica'tion, n. 1. 
Construction; manufacture. 2. That 
which is fabricated or invented. 3. 
Falsehood.— fabricator, n. [fables. 

fabulist(fab'u-list), n. One who invents 

fabulous (fab'u-lus), a. 1. Fictitious; 
invented. 2. Exceeding the bounds of 
probability or reason. 

facade (fa-sad'), n. Face or front of a 
building. [Fr.—L,. fades, face.] 

face (fas). I. n. 1. Visible forepart of 
the head. 2. Outside appearance; 
front; surf ace ; plane. 3. Cast of 
features; look. 4. Boldness; presence. 
5. Exact amount stated in a note, bill, . 
etc. II. vt. 1. Meet in the front; 
stand opposite to; resist. 2. Put an 
additional face or edge on. 3. Cover 
in front. 4. Smooth the surface of. 
III. vi. Turn the face. [Fr. face — L. 
fades— facio, make.] 

facet (fas'et), n. 1. Small surface, as 
of a diamond. 2. One of the parts com- 
posing the surface of an insect's eye, 
as of the fly. [Fr. facette. dim. of face.] 

facetiae (fa-se'shi-e), n. pi. Witty 
sayings or writings. [L.] 

facetious (fa-se'shus), a. Witty, hu- 
morous, jocose, —facetiously, adv. 
— face' tious- 
ness, n. 

facial (fa'shi- 
al), a. Pertain- 
ing to the face. 
—Facial angle, 
n. Angle of two 
lines, one from 
the prominent 
point of the 
forehead to the 
front edge of 




Facial Angle. 



the upper jaw bone, the other from 
the latter point through the center of 
the ear-opening. 
facile (fas'il) , a. 1. Easily persuaded ; 
yielding. 2. Easy of access; court- 
eous. 3. Easy. 4. Ready; quick. [L. 
facilis, easy.] 



facilitate (fa-sil'i-tat), vt. M;:ke easy. 

facility (fa-sil'i-ti), n. [pi. facilities. 1 ; . 
Absence of difficulties. 2.Skill. 3. Read- 
iness to be persuaded or approached. 
4. Advantage; mean. 

Syn. Ease; dexterity; complaisance, 
expertness; pliancy; affability; con- 
descension, [ornament or protection. 

facing_(fa'sing), rc.Coveringin front for 

fac-simile (fak-sim'i-le), n. Exact 
copy. [L. = make like.] 

fact (fakt), n. 1. Deed, thing done. 2. 
Reality; truth. [L. factum. J 

faction ( fak'shun ), n. 1. Clique, in 
opposition to the party or govern- 
ment. 2. Party dissension. [L./ actio.] 

factious ( fak'skus ), a Turbulent; 
disloyal ; seditious. — fac'tiously, 
adv.— fac'tiousness, n. [Li.factiosus.] 

factitious (fak-tish'us), a. Matte by 
art; artificial. — factitiously, adv. 
[L. factitius.] 

factor(fak'tur). I. n. 1. One who buys 
and sells goods for others. 2. One of 
two or more quantities, which, multi- 
plied together, form a product. 3. One 
of the circumstances or causes that 
produce a result. II. vt. Resolve (a pro- 
duct) into its factors. [L. = doer.] 

factory (fak'tur-i), n. 1. Manufactory; 
building for manufacturing. 2. Busi- 
ness place of a factor, esp. in eastern 
countries. 

factotum (fak-to'tum), n. Person em- 
ployed to do all kinds of work. [L.= 
do all.] 

faculae (fak'u-le), n. pi. In astron. Cer- 
tain spots sometimes seen on the sun's 
disc, which appear brighter than the 
rest of his surface. [L. f acuta, dim. of 
fax, torch.] 

faculty (fak'ul-ti), n. 1. Facility or 
power to act. 2. Power of the mind; 
personal quality or endowment. 3. 
Privilege; license. 4. Body of men 
to whom a privilege is granted; mem- 
bers of a profession. 5. Body of teach- 
ers. [L. facultas—faciUs, easy.] 

fad (fad), n. Weak hobby; popular 
whim._[Fr./a<&?, insipid.] 

fade (fad). I. vi. 1. Lose strength, 
freshness, or color. 2. Grow less; 
vanish. II. (fad), a. Insipid; dull; 
withered, —fadeless, adj. [Fr.] 

faeces, feces (fe'sez), n. pi. Grounds; 
sediment; excrement. [L. pi. off&x.] 

fag- (fag). I. vi. [fag'ging; fagged]. Be- 
come weary or tired out; work as a 
drudge. II. n. 1. One who labors like 
a drudge ; school-boy forced to do 
menial offices for one older. 2. Fatigu- 
ing piece of work. — Fag-end, n. Re- 
fuse; meaner part of a thing. [Ety- 
mology doubtful.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



fagot 



188 



fallow 



fagot (fag'ut), n. Bundle of sticks 
used for fuel. [Fr.] 

Fahrenheit (fa'ren-hlt), n. Thermo- 
meter so graduated, that the freezing 
point is marked 32 e , and the boiling 
212°. [After Gabriel Daniel Fahren- 
heit, a native of Dantsic, Germany, 
who made the first quicksilver-ther- 
mometer in 1720.] 

faience (f a-i-angs') , n. Sort of fine 
earthenware glazed and painted. [Fr. 
—Faenza, a city in Italy.] 

fail (fal), vt. and vi. 1. Fall short or 
be wanting. 2. Fall away ; decay. 
3. Disappoint; not suffice. 4. Be un- 
able to pay one's debts; become bank- 
rupt. [Fv.faillir— L. /alio, deceive.] 

failing ( faring ), n. 1. Fault, weak- 
ness. 2. Bankruptcy. 

failure (fal'ur), n. 1. Falling short; 
cessation. 2. Omission. 3. Decay. 4. 
Want of success; bankruptcy. 

fain (fan). I. a. 1. Glad; joyful. 2. 
Inclined; content, compelled. II. adv. 
Gladly. [A.S.fcegen.] 

faint (fant). I. a. 1. Wanting in 
strength; lacking distinctness. 2. 
Weak in spirit; lacking courage. 3. 
Done in a feeble way. II. vi. 1. Be- 
come weak; lose strength, color, etc. 
2. Swoon, —faintly, adv. — faint- 
ness, n. [Fv. feint— feindre, hesitate.] 

fair (far). I. a. 1. Bright; clear; free 
from blemish; pure. 2. Pleasing to 
the eye; beautiful. 3. Free from a 
dark hue; light. 4. Free from clouds 
or rain. 5. Favorable. 6. Unobstruct- 
ed; open. 7. Prosperous. 8. Frank; 
just; impartial. 9. Moderate. II. n. 
Fair woman. — the fair, pi. The 
female sex. — fairly, adv. — fair- 
ness, n. [A. S. faeger.] 

fair (far), n. 1 Market. 2. Festival with 
sale of wares, exhibition of products, 
etc. [L. f trial, holidays, vacation.] 

fairy (far'i), n. Imaginary being, said 
to assume a human form, and to in- 
fluence the fate of man. [From Fay.] 

faith (fath). I. n. 1. Trust confidence; 
belief in moral truth. 2. Belief in the 
truth of revealed religion. 3. That 
wbich is believed; system; belief. 4. 
Fidelity to promise; honesty. 5. Word 
or honor pledged. II. inter. Upon my 
word ; honesty. [O. Fr. feid—L,. fides.) 

faithful (fath'fol), a. 1. Believing. 2. 
Firm in adherence to promise, duty, 
etc.; loyal. 3. Conformable to truth; 
worthy of belief.— faithfully, adv. 
— faithfulness, n.— faithless, a. 
1. Without faith; not believing. 2. 
Not adhering to promises or allegi- 
ance.— faithlessly, adv. — faith- 
lessness, n. 



fake (fak), I. vt. 1, Lay a rope so as 
to avoid a tangle, when running out. 
2. Swindle. II n. 1. Rope laid so as 
to run out easily. 2. Trick ; swindle. 
— fa'ker, n. 1. One who fakes. 2. 
Street vender. 

fakir (fa'ker), n. Reli- 
gious mendicant in 
India. [Ar. fakhar, 
poor.] 

falchion (fal'shun), 
Short crooked sword. 



[Lt.falx, sickle.] 
nil 




falcon (fa'kn), n. Bird 
of pi'ey, "formerly 
used for hunting. — 
falconer (fa'kn-er), 
n. One who sports 
with, or who breeds 
and trains falcons or 
hawks for taking Falcon, 
wild fowls.— falcon- 
ry (fa'kn-ri), n. Art of training or 
hunting with falcons. [O. Fr. falcon.] 

fall (fal). I. vi. [falling; fell; fall'en.] 
1. Drop down; descend by the force of 
gravity ; become prostrate. 2. Sink 
as if dead; vanish; die away. 3. Lose 
strength; decline in power, wealth, 
value, or reputation. 4. Sink into sin ; 

. depart from the faith. 5 Pass into 
another state, as sleep, love, etc. 6. 
Befall. 7. Issue. 8. Enter upon with 
haste or vehemence: rush. II. n. 1. 
Act of falling. 2. Slope; declivity. 3. 
Descent of water; cascade, usually in 
pi. 4. Time when the leaves fall; 
autumn. 5. Length of a fall. 6, That 
which falls, as snow. 7. Lapse from 
innocent state, esp. of Adam and Eve. 
8. Part of a tackle to which power is 
applied. [A. S. feallan.] 

fallacy (fal'a-si), n.l. Deceptive appear- 
ance. 2. Illogical argument.— falla- 
cious ( fal-la'shus ), a. Deceptive. — 
fallaciously, adv. — fallacious- 
ness, n. [Lt.—fallo, deceive.] 

Syn. Deceptiveness ; deceitfulness; 
sophistry; delusion; error; sophism. 

fallible (fal'i-bl), a. Liable to error 
or mistake. — fallibly, adv. — fal- 
libility, n. 

fallow (fal'o). I. a. 1. Pale red or palo 
yellow." 2. Left to rest after tillage; 
uncultivated: neglected. II. n.l. 
Land that has lain a year or more un- 
tilled or unseeded. 2. Land ploughed 
without being sowed. Ill.vt. Plough, 
harrow, and break land without seed- 
ing it, for the purpose of destroying 
weeds and insects and rendering it 
mellow. [A. S. fealo, pale red, pale 
yellow.] 



t.%1ft, f*fy t§s?£, ify, fall, fare, above; me, met, hgrj mite, mitj note, apt, move, wolfi 
mate, but, bijrn} ojl, owl, thw> 



fallow-deer 



189 



farad 



fallow-deer (fal'o-der), n. Species of 
deer smaller than the red-deer, with 
broad flat antlers, and of a yellowish- 
brown color. 

false (tals), a. 1. Deceptive or deceiv- 
ing; untruthful 2. Unfaithful to obli- 
gations. 3. Not genuine or real ; un- 
true. — falsehood, n. State or qua- 
lity of being false; want of truth; 
want of honesty ; deceitfulness; un- 
true statement; lie. — false'ly, adv. 

— falseness, n. [A. S. / a I s, un- 
truth.] 

falsetto (fal-set'o), n. False or artifi- 
cial voice; range of voice beyond the 
natural compass. Tit.] 

falsify (fa 'si-fi), vt. [falsifying: fal'- 
sified]. 1. Forge; counterfeit. 2. Prove 
untrustworthy. 3. Break by falsehood. 

— fal'sifier, n. — falsification, n. 
falsity (fal'si-ti), n. 1. Quality of being 

false. 2. False assertion. [L. falsitas.] 

falter (fal'ter). I. vi. 1. Stutter. 2. 
Tremble; be irresolute. II. n. Unstead- 
iness; quavering. — fal'teriugly, 
adv. [From root of fault.] 

fame ( fam ), n. 1. Public report. 2. 
Public opinion, good or bad.— famed 
( famd ), d. Renowned. [L. jama — 
fan, speak.] 

Syn. Rumor; hearsay; reputation; 
credit; notoriety; celebrity; renown. 

familiar (fa-mil'yar). I. a. Well ac- 
quainted; intimate. 2. After the 
manner of an intimate; free. 3. 
Having a thorough knowledge of. 4. 
Well known or understood. II. n. 
1. One well or long acquainted. 2. 
Demon supposed to atteud at call.— 
famii'iarly,acZy — familiarity, n. 
Intimate acquaintanceship; freedom 
from constraint.— pi. Actions of one 
person towards another unwarranted 
by their relative position; liberties.— 
familiarize (fa-mil'yar-Iz), vt. 1. 
Make thoroughly' acquainted; accus- 
tom. 2. Make skilled by practice or 
study. [L. familia, family.] 

family (fam'i-li), n. 1. All those who 
live in one house under one head. 2. 
Descendants of one common progeni- 
tor; race. Honorable or noble des- 
cent. 4. Group of animals, plants, 
languages, etc., (larger than a genus). 
[L. familia— famulus, servant.] 

famine ( fam'in ), n. General scarcity 
of food. [Fi\— L. fames, huuger.] 

famish (fam'ish), vt. and vi. Suffer 
from hunger; kill by deprivation. 

famous (fa'mus), a. Having fame.— 
famously, adv. [L,.famosus.] 

Syn. Celebrated; renowned; noted; 
distinguished; eminent; illustrious; 
conspicuous; signal; remarkable. 




Electric fan. 



fan (fan). I. n. Instrument for excit- 
ting a current of air by the agita- 
tion of a broad sur- 
face. II. vt. Blow; 
cool; excite; stim- 
ulate ; w inn o w. 
[A.S. fann—Li. van- 

7IUS.] 

fanatic (fa-nat'ik). 

1. a. Wildly enthu- 
siastic; extra va- 
gautinopiuion.il. 
n.Oiie overzealous. 
— fanatical, a — 
fanaticism, n. 
[ L. fanaticus, in- 
spired — fanum, 
temple. See fane.] 

fancier (fan'si-er),rc. l.One who fancies 
or is ruled by fancy. 2. One who is 
specially interested in birds, or dogs. 

fanciful (fan'si-fol), a. Guided or 
created by faucy; curious; imagina- 
tive; whimsical; wild.— fancifully, 
adv .— fan cifuluess, n. 

fancy (fan'si). I. n. 1. Faculty of 
the mind by which it recalls, rep- 
resents, or forms images. 2. Image 
or representation thus formed in the 
mind. 3. Unreasonable or capricious 
opinion; whim. 4. Capricious incli- 
nation or liking. H. a. 1. Pleasing. 

2. Guided by fancy or caprice. III. vt. 
[fan'cying; fan'cied.] 1. Portray in 
the mind; imagine. 2. Have a fancy 
or liking for ; be pleased with. [Con- 
tracted from fantasy— Fr. fantasie— 
Gr. phantasia—phaino, show.] 

fandango (fan-dang'o), n. Old Span- 
ish dance. [Sp.] 

fane (fan), n. Temple. [L. fanum, 
temple— fari, speak, dedicate.] 

fanfaronade ( f a n - f a r - o n - a d '), n. 
Swaggering; bluster; blast. [Sp.] 

fang* (fang), n. 1. Long, pointed tooth 
of a ravenous beast. 2. Claw or talon. 

3. Root of a tooth.— fang-ed (fangd), 
a. Having fangs. [A. S. — fon, seize] 

fantastic (fan-tas'tik), fantas'tical, 
a. Fanciful; not real; capricious; 
whimsical; wild.— fantastically, 

fantasia. See Phantasm. [adv. 

fantasy (fan'ta-si), n. 1. Fancy ; vagary. 
2. Fantastic design. 

far (far). I. a. 1. Remote: more distant 
of two. 2. Remote from or contrary 
to purpose or design. II. adv. 1. To a 
great distance in time, space, or pro- 
portion. 2. Considerably or in great 
part; very much. [A. S. feo?\] 

farad (far ad), n. Unit or quantity in 
electrometry; the quantity of electri- 
city with which an electro-motive 
force of one volt would flow through 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



farce 



190 



rate 



the resistance of one megohm (=a 
million ohms) in one second. [In honor 
of Prof. Faraday.] 

farce (fars), n. 1. Style of comedy, 
stuffed with low humor and extrava- 
gant wit. 2. Ridiculous or empty 
show. — far'cical, a. [Fr.] 

fare (far). I. vi. 1. Get on; succeed. 2. 
Feed. 3. impers. Happen well or ill 
to; feed. II. n. 1. Price of passage. 2. 
Passenger carried for pay. 3. Food. 
[A. S. far 'an, travel.] 

farewell (far-wel'). I. int. May you 
fare well. II. n. 1. Well-wishing at 
parting. 2. Act of departure. III. a. 
Parting; final. [unnatural. 

far-fetclied_ (far'fecht), a. Forced; 

farina (fa-re'na), n. 1. In a general 
sense, meal, flour. 2. Powder, obtain- 
ed by trituration of the seeds of cereal 
and leguminous plants, and of some 
roots, as the potato, and consisting of 
gluten, starch, and mucilage. — fari- 
naceous (far-i-na'shus), a. Consist- 
ing of meal or flour. 2. Containing or 
yielding farina or flour. 3. Mealy. 
CL.— far, spelt.] 

farm (farm). I. n. Land used for culti- 
vation or pasturage, with the neces- 
sary buildings. II. vt. 1. Let or lease, 
as lands to a tenant. 2. Take on lease. 
3. Grant certain rights in return for 
a portion of what they yield, as to 
farm the taxes. 4. Cultivate, as land. — 
farmer (farin'er), n. One who farms; 
agriculturist; husbandman. [From 
L. ^rma,_rent.] 

faro (far'o), n. Gama of chance played 
with cards. [Said to be so called be- 

1 cause king Pharaoh was formerly 
represented on one of the cards.] 

farrago (far-ra'go), n. Confused mass. 
[L.=mixed fodder.] 

farrier (far'i-er), n. 1. One who shoes 
horses. 2. One who cures the diseases 
of horses.— farriery (f ar'i-er-i) . n. 1. 
Art of shoeing horses. 2. Place for 
shoeing horses. 3. Art of curing the 
diseases of cattle. [O. Fr.ferrie?'— L. 
ferr urn, iron.] ' [S.fearh, pig.] 

farrow (far'o), n. Litter of pigs. [A. 

farther ( farmer ). I. a. 1. More dis- 
tant. 2. Tending to a greater d istance ; 
longer; additional. II. adv. 1. At or 
to a great distance; more remotely; 
beyond. 2. Moreover. [Comp. of far.] 

farthest (far'Zftest). I. a. Most distant. 
II. adv. At or to the greatest distan- 
ce. [Superl. of FAR.] 

farthing (farming), n. Fourth part of 
a penny. [A.S.feorthing, fourth part.] 

fascinate(fas'i-nat), vt. Charm; allure 
irresistibly.— fascination, n. [L.] 
Syn. Captivate. See charm. 



fascine (fas-sen'), n. Fagot or bundle 
of rods, used in fortification, to raise 
batteries, fill ditches, etc. [Fr. — L. 
fascina fastis, bundle.] 

fashion (fash'un). I. n. 1. Make or cat 
of a thing; form; pattern. 2. Pre- 
vailing style, esp. of dress. 3. Custom; 
manner. 4. Genteel society. II. vt. 1. 
Make; mold. 2. Suit; adapt.— fash'- 
ioner, n. [Fr. facon — L. f actio — 
facio, make.] 

fashionable (fash'un-a-bl), a. 1. 
Made according to prevailing fashion. 
2. Prevailing or in use. 3. Observant 
of the fashion in dress or living. 4. 
Belonging to high society. --fash'ion- 
ably, adv. — fash'ionableness, n. 

fast (fast), a. and adv. 1. Firm; strong; 
steadfast ;permanent ; sound. 2. S wit t ; 
rapid. 3. Dissolute, dissipated. [A. S. 
fast; Ger. fest, akin tofassen, seize.] 

fast (fast). I. vi. Abstain from food, 
wholly or in part. II. n. 1. Abstinence 
from food. 2. Special abstinence en- 
joined by the church. 3. Day or time 
of fasting. — fasting, n. Religious 
abstinence. — fast'-day, ,n. Day of 
religious fasting. [A. S. faistan, 
strengthen.] 

fasten (fas'n). I. vt. Make fast or tight ; 
fix securely; attach firmly. II. vi. Fix 
itself; cling. — fastener, n. — fas'- 
tening-, n. That which fastens. 

fastidious (fas-tid'i-us), a. Affecting 
superior taste; difficult to please. — 
fastidiously, adv. — fastidious- 
ness, n. [L. —fastidium, loathing.] 
Syn. Overnice; squeamish; critical. 

fastness (fast'nes), n. 1. Firmness; 
fixedness. 2. Stronghold, fortress, 
castle. 3. Swiftness. 

fat (fat). I. a. 1. Plump; fleshy; cor- 
pulent. 2. Greasy/ rich. 3. Fertile. 
4. Rich; lucrative. 5. Gross. II. n. 
Oily substance in animal tissue. 2. 
Richest part. III. vt. [fatt'ing; fatt'ed.] 
Make fat. IV. vi. Grow fat. [A.S.fcett.] 

fatal (fa'tal), a. 1. Belonging to or 
appointed' by fate. 2. Causing ruin or 
death; calamitous.— fa'tally, adv. 

fatalism (fa'tal-izm), n. Doctrine that 
all events are'subject to fate, and hap- 
pen by unavoidable necessity.— 
fa'talist, n. Believer in fatalism. 

fatality (fa-taFi-tf), n. 1. Stateof 
being fatal of unavoidable; decree of 
fate. 2. Fixed tendency to disaster 
or death. 3. Fatal event. 

fate (fat), n. Inevitable destiny or ne- 
cessity; appointed lot. 2. Ill-fortune; 
doom. 3. Final issue. —Fates, pi. 
Three goddesses, Clotho, Lachesis, 
and A-tropos, who were supposed to 
determine the birth, life and death of 



t&te, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



father 



191 



feast 



men.— fa' ted, a. Doomed ; destined. 
— fateful, a. 1. Followed by import- 
ant consequences; serving fate. 2. 
Ominous. [L. fatum, prediction.] 

fatber (f&'ther). I. n. 1. Male parent. 
2. Ancestor or forefather. 3. Contriv- 
er, originator. 4. Title of respect for 
a priest. 5. Ecclesiastical writer 
of the early centuries. 6. (F) God; 
first Person of the Trinity. 7. Eldest 
member of profession or body. 
II. vt. 1. Adopt as one's child. 2. 
Shoulder the responsibility for a 
statement, etc. — fa'therhood, n. 
State of being a father; fatherly au: 
thority.— fa'ther-in-law, n. Father 
of one's husband or wife. — fa'ther- 
land, n. Land of one's fathers.— 
fatherless, a. Destitute of a living 
father; without a known author. — 
fa'therly, a. Like a father in affec- 
tion and care; paternal. — fa'tberli- 
ness, n. [A. S. feeder.] 

fathom (f&th'um ), n. Distance be- 
tween the extremities of both arms 
extended; nautical measure = 6 feet. 
II. vt. Try the depth of; comprehend; 
get to the bottom of.— fathomable, 
a.— fathomless, a. [ A. S. faetkm, 
stretch.] 

fatigue (fa- teg')- !• n. 1. Weariness 
from labor of body or of mind. 2. 
Toil. 3. Military work, distinct from 
the use of arms. II. vt. Weary; ex- 
haust. \Wr.-~Li.fatigo, weary.] 

fatling- ( f at'ling ), n. Young animal 
fattened for slaughter. 

fatness ( fat'nes ), n. 1. Quality or 
state of being fat; fullness of flesh. 2. 
Richness; fertility. 3.Thatwhich 
makes fertile, [fat, fleshy or fertile.] 

fatten (fat'n), vt. and at. Make or grow 

fatty (fat'i), a. Containing fat or having 
the qualities of f at.— fai'tiness, n. 

fatuity (fa-tu'i-ti), n. Being feeble in 
intellect; imbecility. 

fatuous (fat'u-us), a. 1. Silly; feeble- 
minded. 2, Without reality; decep- 
tive, like the ignis-fatuus. [L. fatuus.] 

faueal (fa'kal), a. Pertaining to the 
fauces. 

fauces (fa'sez), n. pi. 1. Narrow pas- 
sage from mouth to pharynx. 2. Any 
similar narrow passage. [L.= throat.] 

faucet (fa'set), n. Pipe inserted in a 
barrel to draw liquid. [Fr. fausset— 
fausser, falsify, pierce.] [disgust. 

faugh (fa), int. Signifies contempt or 

fault (fait), n. 1. Defect; imperfection. 
2. Displacement of strata. — fault'- 
less, a. Perfect. — faultlessly, 
adv.— fault'lessness, n. — faulty, 
a. Imperfect; blamable. — fault'ily , 




Faun. 



adv.— fault'iness, n. [Wr.faute—lj. 
/alio, deceive.] 

Syn. Failing; offense; error; foible; 
mistake; weakness. See blemish. 

faun ( f a. n ) , n. Rural 
deity among the Ro- 
mans -the protectox of 
shepherds and agricul- 
ture. [L. faunus—javeo, 
favor.] 

fauna(fa'na),^. The ani- 
mals native to any re- 
gion or epoch. [L. So 
called because protect- 
ed by the Fauns.] 

favor(fa'vur).I. n. 1. Kind- 
ly regard ; good-will. 2. State of favor- 
ing or being favored. 3. Kind deed ; 
act of grace or lenity. 4. Partiality. 
5. Permission. 6. Small gift at a 
german, etc. II. vt. Regard with good 
will; be on the side of; treat indul- 
gently; afford advantage to.— fa'vor- 
er, n.— fa'vorable, a. Friendly ; pro- 
pitious; conducive to; advantageous. 

— fa'vorably, adv. — fa'vorable- 
ness, n — favorite (fa'viir-it). I. n. 
One regarded with favor; one unduly 
loved. II. a. Esteemed, beloved, pre- 
ferred.— favoritism, n. Practice of 
favoring or showing partiality. [L.] 

fawn (fan). I. n. Young deer. II. a. 
Resembling a fawn in color. III. vi. 
Bring forth a fawn. [Fr. faon.] 

fawn (fan). I. vi. (upon). Cringe; flatter 
in a servile way. II. n. Servile cringe; 
mean flattery. [O. E. fawner, flatter— 
A. S._fcegen, glad.] [Akin to fair.] 

fay (fa), vi. Fit closely. [A. S. faeger. 

fay (fa), n. Fairy. [Fr. fee— L. fata. 
Akin to fate.] 

fealty (fe'al-ti). n. Fidelity; loyalty. 
[O. WY 1 fedlte—lu.fidelitas.] 

fear (fer). I. n. 1. Painful emotion, 
excited by danger; apprehension of 
danger or pain; alarm. 2. Object of 
fear. 3. Deep reverence; piety. II. 
vt. 1. Regard with fear; expect with 
alarm. 2. Stand in awe of; venerate. 
III. vi. Be afraid. — fearful, a. 1. 
Afraid ; timorous. 2. Showing, or 
caused by fear. 3. Terrible. — fear'- 
fully, adv. — fear'fuiness, n. — 
fear'less, a. Without fear ; dar- 
ing; brave. — fearlessly, adv. — 
fearlessness, n. [A. S. fair, fear. 
Ger. gefahr, danger.] 

feasible (fe'zi-bl), a. Practicable; capa- 
ble of being effected.— fea'sibly. ad-o. 

— fea'sibleness, n. — feasibility, 
n. [Fr.faisable.'] 

feast (fest). I. n. 1. Day of solemnity 
or joy. 2. Rich and abundant repast. 
3. Rich enjoyment for the mind or 



fate, £at, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, tften. 



feat 



192 



fellow 



heart. II. vi. 1. Hold a feast; eat 
sumptuously. 2. Receive intense 
delight. III. vt. Entertain lavishly. 
[O. Fr. feste — L.. festus, festal.] 

feat (fet), n. Deed of strength, skill, 
or courage [Fr. fait— ~L.factum, done.] 

featber ( feth'er ), n. 1. One of the 
growths which form the covering of a 
bird. 2 Feather-like growth, part or 
ornament. II. vt. Furnish or adorn 
with feathers.— feath'ery, a. 

feature (fe'tur), n. 1. Mark by which 
anything is recognized : prominent 
trait; marked characteristic. 2. Cast 
of the face — pi. Countenance. [Fr. 
failure, — L. factura—facio, make. ] 

febrifuge (feb'ri-fuj), n. Medicine for 
removing fever. [lu.febris, andfugo, 
put to flight.) 

febrile (fe'bril or feb'ril), a Pertain- 
ingto fever; feverish. [Fr.— lu.febris.} 

February (feb'r6-ar-i), n. Second 
month of the year. [L. Februarius 
(mensis) =montn of expiation — februa, 
festival of expiation.] 

feces. See faeces. 

fee ul a (fek'ii-la), n. — pi. feculse ( fek'- 
u-le> Powder obtained by grinding 
a part of a plant; flour. 

fecund (fek'und), a. Fertile:- prolific. 
— fecundation, n. Act of impreg- 
nating; state of being impregnated.— 
fecund' ity, n. Fruitf illness. [L..] 

fed (fed). Past tense and pa. p. of feed. 

federal (fed'er-al), a. 1. Pertaining to 
a treaty, or a federation, like the TJ. 
S. 2. Founded upon mutual agree- 
ment. [Fr.— L. foedus, treaty.] 

federate (fed'er-at), a. United by lea- 
gue; confederate. — federative, a. 
Uniting in league. 

fee (fe). I. n. 1. Price paid for services, 
as to a lawyer. 2. Property; owner- 
ship. II. vt. 1. Pay a fee to. 2. Hire. 
[A. S. feoh. cattle, property.] 

feeble (fe'bl), a. Weak; wanting in 
strength; showing incapacity; faint; 
dull. — fee'bleness, n. — fee'bly, 
adv. [O. Fr. foible, — L. Jlebilis, lam- 
entable,— fleo, weep.] 

feed (fed). I. vt. [ feed'ing; fed.] 
Give food to; nourish; furnish with 
material; foster. II. vi. Take food; 
nourish one's self by eating. III. n. 
Food; meal; supply. [A. S. fedan.] 

feel (fel). I vt. [feel'ing; felt] 1. Per- 
ceive by touch. 2. Handle. 3. Be con- 
scious of. 4. Be sensible of. 5. Have 
an inward persuasion of. II. vi. 1. 
Know by touch. 2. Have the emo- 
tions excited. 3. Perceive one's self 
to be, as cold. 4. Produce a certain 
sensation when touched, as hard or 
rough. [A. S. felan, feel.] 



feeler (fe'ler), n. 1. Device io sound 
the opinions of others. 2.— pi. Jointed 
parts on the heads of insects, etc., 
possessed of a delicate sense of touch; 
antennas. 

feeling(fe'ling).I.w. 1. Sense of touch; 
perception oi objects by touch. 2. 
Consciousness of pleasure or pain. 3. 
Tenderness. 4. Emotion. — pi. Affec- 
tions; passions. II. a. 1. Expressive 
of sensibility or tenderness. 2. Easily 
affected. — feel'ingly, adv. 

feet (fet), plural of foot. 

feign (fan) vt. 1. Invent; imagine. 
2. M a k e a show or pretence of. — 
feign'edly, adv.— feign'edness, n. 
[Fr. feindre—Jj. Jingo, form.] 

feint(fant). l.n. 1. False appearance; 
pretence. 2. Pretended attack at one 
point when another is intended to be 
struck, in order to throw an antagon- 
ist off his guard. II. vi. Make a feint. 
YFr.—feindre. See feign.] 

feldspar (feld'spar), feldspath (feld'- 
spath), 71. Crystalline mineral found 
in granite, etc. [Ger.= field-spar.] 

felicitate (fe-iis'i-tat), vt. 1. Congra- 
tulate. 2. Make happy. — felicita'- 
tion, 7i. [Li.—felix, happy.] 

felicitous (fe-lis'i-tus), a. 1. Delight- 
fully appropriate. 2. Happy; pros- 
Serous.— felicitously, adv. 
icity (fe-lis'i-ti), n. 1. Happiness. 2. 
Source of happiness. 3.Happy faculty ; 
happy turn; appropriateness. [L. 
felicitas.] [ness. 

Syn. Bliss ; blessedness ; adroit- 
feline (fe'lm), a. Pertaining to the 
cat; like a cat. [L. felinus—fdis, cat.] 

fell (fel), n. 1. Barren or stony hill. 
2. Moor. [Icel.] 

fell (fel). Past tense of fall. 

fell (fel), vt. Cause to fall; cut down. 
fell'er, n. Cutter of wood. [A. S. 
fellan, causal form of feallan, fall.] 

fell (fel), vt. Flatten and sew (a seam) 
level with the cloth. [Gael. Jill, fold.] 

fell (fel), n. Skin; pelt. [A. S.feL] 

fell (fel), a. Cruel; fierce; bloody. 
[A. S. = felling.] [Ai\] 

fellah (fel'a), n. Egyptian peasant. 

felloe. See felly. 

fellow ( fel'6 ), 7i. 1. Associate; com- 
panion and equal. 2. One of a pair; 
mate. 3. Member of a university who 
enjoys a fellowship. 4. Member of a 
scientific or other society. 5. Worth- 
less or ill-bred person. -fel'low-feel'- 
ing> n. Feeling between fellows or 
equals; sympathy.— fellowship, n. 
1. State of a fellow or partner. 2. 
Friendly intercourse; communion. 3. 
Association. 4. Endowment in a uni- 
versity for %he support of graduates 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, w^lfj 
mate, hut, burn; oil, owl. *hexx. 



felly 



193 



fertile 



jailed fellows. 5. Position and in- 
come of a fellow. 6. Proportional 
division of profit and loss among 
partners. [Icel. felagi, partner in 
goods— roots of fee and law.] 

felly (fel'i), felloe (fel'o), n. One of 
Lhe curved pieces forming the cir- 
cumference of a wheel. [A. S. felgu.] 

f e 1 o n ( fel'un ), I. n 1, In law. Person 
who has committed a felony. 2. Whit- 
low. II. a. Malignant; malicious; 
treacherous.— felonious(fe-15'ni-us), 
a. Malignant; perfidious. — felo'- 
niously, adv. With the deliberate 
attention to commit a crime. [Fr. 
fdlon, traitor.] 

Syn. Malefactor; criminal; outlaw. 

felony (fel'un-i), n. Heinous crime 
punishable by imprisonment or death. 

felspar. Same as feldspar, [feel. 

felt (felt). Past tense and pa.p. of 

felt(felt).I. n. Cloth made of woohhair, 
etc. without weaving.II. vt. Make into 
felt; cover with felt. — felt'ing, n. 
1. Art or process of making felt. 2. 
Material for making felt. 3. Felt. 
[A. S] 

felucca (fe-luk'a'*, 
n. Boat with oars 
and lateen (three- 
cornered) sails, 
used in the Medi- 
terranean. [It. fe- 
luca — Ar. fu I k , 
ship.] 

female (fe'mal). I. Felucca. 

a. 1. Of the sex 

that produces young or fruit. 2. Per- 
taining to females. II. n. One of the 
female sex. [Fr. femelle— li.femella.] 

feminine (fem'i-nin), a. 1. Pertain- 
ing to women; womanly; tender, de- 
licate. 2. " In gram. Or the gender 
denoting females. — fem'infnely,aefa;. 

femur (ze'muv), n.— pi. femora (fem'- 
o-ra), n. Thigh bone. [L.] 

femoral ( f em'o-ral) , a. Belonging to 
the thigh. [L,.— femur.] 

fen (fen), n. Low marshy land. [A.S.] 

fence (fens). I. n. 1. Wall or hedge 
for inclosing or protecting. 2. Art of 
fencing; defense. 3. Receiver of stolen 
goods. II. vt. Inclose with a fence; 
fortify. III. vi. Practice fencing. — 
fen'cer, n. One who practices fen- 
cing with a sword. — fen'ciiig 1 , 
n. 1. Act of erecting a f e n c e. 2. 
Material for making fences. 3. Art of 
attack and defence with a sword or 
other weapon. [Abbrev. of defence.] 

fend (fend) vt. Ward off; shut out.— 
fend'er, n. 1. Metal guard before the 
tire to confine the ashes. 2. Protec- 
tion for a ship side. 3. Device in front 




of electric cars to protect people from 
getting under the wheels. [Abbrev. 

Of DEFEND J 

Fenian ( fe'ni-an ), n. Member of a 
brotherhood founded in N. Y. (1857) 
to secure independence for Ireland.— 
Fe'nianisin, n. [From finna, an an- 
cient Irish militia.] 

fennel (fen'el), n. Fragrant plant with 
yellow flowers. [A. S. flnol—L,. foetii- 
culu?n.] 

ferment (fer'ment), n. 1. What excite;.' 
fermentation, as yeast, leaven. 2. In- 
ternal motion among the parts of a 
fluid. 3. Agitation; tumult. [L. — 
ferveo, boil.] 

ferment (fer-menf). I. vt. Excite fer- 
mentation; inflame. II. vi. 1. Rise and 
swell by the action of fermentation; 
work. 2. Be in excited action; be stir- 
red with anger.— fermentable, a.— 
fermentabil'ity, n. — fermenta- 
tion, n. I. Chemical conversion of 
an organic substance into new com- 
pounds in presence of a ferment. 2. 
State of high commotion; 
excitement. 

fern (fern), n. Plant with 
feather-like leaves. — 
fern'y, a. Full of, or 
overgrown with, ferns. 
[A. S. /earn.] 

ferocious ( f e-r5'shus ) , a. 
Savage; fierce; cruel. — 
fero'ciously, adv. — fe- 
ro'ciousness, n. [L. Fern. 
feroxA 

ferocity (fe-ros'i-ti), n. Savage cruelty 
of disposition; untamed fierceness. 

ferret (fer'et). I. n. Tame animal of 
the weasel kind employed in unearth- 
ing rabbits and killing rats. II. vt. 

1. Drive out of a hiding place. 2. 
Search out carefully and shrewdly. 
[Fr. furet— Li. fur, thief.] 

ferriage (fer'i-aj), n. Toll paid at a 
ferry. [2. Containing iron. 

ferric (fer'ik), a. 1. Pertaining to iron. 

ferruginous (fer-ro'jin-us), a. 1. Of 
the color of iron-rust. 2. Impreg- 
nated with iron. [L. ferrugineus — 
ferrugo, iron-rust— /em/wi.] 

ferrule(fer'ol), n. Metal ring on a staff, 
etc., to keep it from splitting. [Fr. vi- 
role— Li. viriola, bracelet— viere, bind.] 

ferry (fer'i). I. vt. [ferr'ying; ferried.] 
Carry or convey over a water in a 
boat. II. n. 1. Place where one may 
be conveyed across a water. 2. Ferry' 
boat. [A. S.ferian, convey.] 

fertile (fer'til), a. 1. Able to produce. 

2. Inventive.— fertilely, adv.— fer- 
tility, n. [h.—fero, bear.] 

Syn. Productive; fruitful; prolific 




late, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf$ 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



fertilize 



194 



fiction 



fertilize (fer'til-iz), vt. Make fertile 
or fruitful; enrich. — fertilizer, n. 

1. One that fertilizes. 2. Manure, as 
guano, phosphate of lime, etc. 

ferule (fer'ol), n. Rod used for striking 
children in punishment. [L. ferula, 
—ferio, strike.] • 
fervency (fer'ven-si), n. State of be- 
ing fervent j eagerness; warmth of 
devotion. 
fervent (fer'vent), a. Ardent; zeal- 
ous; warm in feeling. — fer'vently, 
adv. [L,.—ferveo, boil.] 
fervid (fer'vid), a. Very hot; boiling; 
glowing with desire or emotion; zeal- 
ous.— fer'vidly, adv.— fer'vidness, 
n. [L. fervidus.] [ing; glowing zeal. 
fervor (fer'vur), n. Heat; intense feel- 
festal (fes'tal), a. Pertaining to a feast 
or holiday;' joyous. — fes'tally, adv. 
fester (fes'ter). I. vi. Suppurate; be- 
come malignant. II. t)«. Cause to 
fester. III. n. Wound discharging 
corrupt matter. [Etymol. doubtful.] 
festival (fes'ti-val), n. Joyful celebra- 
tion; feast. 
festive (fes'tiv), a. Festal; mirthful; 
gay.— festively, adv. — festiv'ity, 
n. 1. Social mirth at a feast; gaiety. 

2. Festival. [L. festivus—festus.] 
festoon (fes- ton'). I. n. Garland sus- 
pended between two points; sculptur- 
ed ornament like a wreath of flowers, 
etc. II. vt. Adorn with festoons. [Fr. 
feston—Jj. festum.] 

fetch (fech), vt. 1. Bring; go and get; 
2. Obtain as its price. 3. Accomplish 
in any way; reach or attain. [A. S. 
fetian, fetch. Ger. f assert.] 

fetch (fech), n. Trick. [From fetch, 
vt., the meaning being, something 
one goes to find, thing contrived.] 

fete (fat). I. n. Festival or feast; holi- 
day. II. vt. Entertain at a feast. [Fr. 
—Li. festum.'] 

fetich (fe'tish), n. 1. Image or object 
considered as possessing divine power 
and worshipped. 2. Object of exclu- 
sive and inordinate devotion. — fe'- 
tichism, n. 

fetid (fet'id), a. Having a strong of- 
fensive odor. — fetidness, n. [L. 
fcetidus—foeteo, smell foul.] 

fetish (fe'tish). n. Same as fetich. 

fetlock (fet'lok), n. 1. Tuft of hair that 
grows behind on horses' feet. 2. Part 
where this hair grows. [From roots 
of foot and lock.] 

fetter (fet'er). I. n. 1. Chain or shackle 
for the feet. 2. Anything that re- 
strains; used chiefly \npt.~ II. vt. Put 
fetters on; restrain. [A. S. fetor— fet, 
feet.] [the egg or in the womb. [L.] 

fetus, foetus (fe'tus), n. Young in 




feud (fud), n. Deadly quarrel between 
tribes or families; bloody strife. [A. 
S. fcehadh—fah, hostile.] 

feud (fud), n. Land held on condition 
of service, fief.— feud'al, a. Pertain- 
ing to feuds or fiefs; belonging to 
feudalism. — feudalism, n. System, 
during the middle ages s by which vas- 
sals held lands from lords-superior on 
condition of military service.— feud'- 
atory, a. Holding lands or power by 
feudal tenure. [Low L. feudum, from 
root Of FEE.] 

fever (fe'ver), I. n. 1. Disease marked 
by great bodily heat and quickening 
of pulse. 2. Extreme excitement. 3. 
Painful degree of anxiety. II. vt. Put 
into a fever. III. vi. Become or be 
fevered. — feverish ( fe'ver-ish ), a. 
Slightly fevered ; indicating fever; 
hot; excited. — fe'verishly, adv.— 
fe'verishness, n. 

few (fu), a. Small in number; not 
many. — fewness, n- [A. $>.fea,pl. 
feave.] 

fcr (fez), n. Red cap 
of felt or cloth, 
with a tassel o f 
blue silk or wool at 
the crown, much 
worn in Turkey, 
etc. [From Fez, 
town in Morocco.] 

fiance (fe-ang-sa'), 
n. One that isaffianced or betrothed. 
— fiancee (fe-ang-sa'), n.fem. 

fiasco (fi-as'ko), n. Failure. [It.] 

fiat (fi'at), n. Formal or solemn com- 
mand; decree. [L.=let it be done.] 

fib (fib). I. n. Lie; falsehood; storv. 
II. vi. [fib'bing; fibbed.] Tell a lie; 
prevaricate. [Prom fable.] 

fiber, fibre (fi'ber), n. 1. One of the 
small threads composing the parts of 
animals or vegetables. 2. Thread- 
like substance. [Fr.— L. fibra, thread.] 

fibril (fi'bril), n. 1. Small fiber. 2. 
Minute thread composing an animal 
fiber. [Low Li.fibrilla, dim. of 1L. fibra.] 

fibrin (fi'brin), n. Organic compound, 
composed of thready fibers. 

fibrous ( fi'brus ), a. Composed of or 
containing fibres.— fi'brousuess, n. 

fickle (fik'l), a. Inconstant; change- 
able.— fickleness, n. [A. S. ficol.] 
Syn. Capricious; variable; mutable; 
vacillating; wavering; shifting. 

fictile (flk'til), a. Used or fashioned by 
the potter. [L. Jingo, form.] 

fiction (fik'shun) , n. 1. Invention. 2. 
Feigned or false story; romance; no- 
vel. 3. Fictitious literature. 4. Legal 
assumption as a fact. [Fr.— L. fictio, 
—flctus, pa. p. of Jingo.] 



Fez. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mate, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



fictitious 



195 



filch 



fictitious (fik-tish'us), a. Imaginary; 
not real; forged.— fictitiously, acta. 

fiddle (fid'i). I. n. Stringed instru- 
ment of music; violin. II. vt. andm. 
Play on a fiddle.— fid'dler, n. 1. One 
who plays a fiddle. 2. Small burrow- 
ing crab. [A. S.fithele.] 

fidelity (fi-del'i-ti), n. Faithful perfor- 
mance of duty; firm adherence. [L. 
fidelitas. ] 

fidget (fij'et). I. vi. Move uneasily. II. 
n. Irregular motion ; restlessness.— 
pi. General nervous restlessness. — 
fidg'ety, a. Restless; uneasy.— 
fidgetiness, n. [From A. S. fican, 
move to and fro.] 

fiducial (fi-du'sbi-al), a. 1. Showing 
reliance. 2. Of the nature of a trust.— 
fidu'cially, adv. \L>.—fido, trust.] 

fiduciary (fi-du'shi-ar-i). I. a. 1. Con- 
fident; unwavering. 2. Held in trust. 
II. n. Cue who holds in trust. |„L. fidu- 
ciarius.) [gust. [Ger.pfui/'F'v.fi/] 

fie (fi)_, int. Signifies contempt or dis- 

fief (fef), n. Land held of a superior 
in fee or on condition of military ser- 
vice; feud. [Fr.— L. feudu?n.] 

field (feld). I. n. 1. Open country. 2. 
Piece of ground inclosed for til- 
lage or pasture. 3. Locality of a 
battle ; the battle itself. 4. Room for 
action or space covered. 5. Wide ex- 
panse. 6. Competitors in a contest. 7. 
In baseball. Place for players out- 
side the diamond. II. vi. and vt. 1. 
Take to the field. In base-ball. Catch, 
stop, throw the ball, etc.— field-day, 
n. Day when troops are drawn out for 
instruction in field exercises; day for 
athletic out-do>>r sports; gala day. 
— field-glass, n. Binocular telescope 
or opera-glass for looking at objects 
at a considerable distance. — field- 
gun, n. Light cannon for use on the 
flelii of battle; finldpiece. — field- 
mar'shul, n. Officer of the highest 
rank ii European armies. — field- 
officer, n. Military officer above the 
rank of captain, and below that of a 
general. 

fiend (fend), n. 1. One actuated by in- 
tense wickedness or hate. 2. Devil. — 
fiend'ish.a. [A.S. feond—feon, bate.] 

fierce ( leis ). u. Ferocious; violent; 
angry. — fiercely, adv. — fierce'- 
U4-«*s, n. [O. Fr. fers—L,. ferns, wild.] 
Hyn. Savage; cruel; vehement. 

fiery (fir'i), a. 1. Consisting of, or 
containing, fire. 2. Hot. ardent; im- 
petuous; irritable.— fier'iness, n. 

fife (fif). I. n. Small pipe used for 
military music, an octave hieher than 
the flute. II. vi. Play on the fife. [Fr. 
fif re— Li. pipare, chirp.] 




fifteen (fif'ten), a. and n. Five and ten. 
[A.S.fiftyne.] 

fifth (fifth). I. a. Next after the fourth. 
II. n. One of five equal parts. [A. S. 
fifta.] 

fiftieth (fif 'tl-eth). I. a. Ordinal of fifty. 
II. n. Fiftieth part. 

fifty (fif'ti), a. and n. 
Five times ten. fA.S. 
—fif, five, and #0, leu.] 

fig (fig), n. 1. Fig- 
tree or its fruit, grow- 
ing in warm climates. 

2. Thing of little con- 
sequence. [Fr. figue — 
Li.ficus, fig.] 

fight(fit). I. vi. [fighf- 
ing; fought (fat).] 
Contend for victory. 
II. vt. Engage in conflict with. III. n. 

1. Struggle; battle. X. Pugnacity; 
courage.— fight'er, 7i. [A.S. feohtan.] 

Syn. Fray; affray. See battle. 

figment (fig'ment), n. Fabrication; 
invention. [L,.— Jingo, form.] 

figuration (fig-u-ra'shun), n. 1. Act 
of giving figure or form. 2. In music, 
mixture of chords and discords. 

figurative ( fig'ti-ra-tiv), a. Repre- 
senting by, containing, or abounding 
in, figures; metaphorical; flowery; 
typical.— fig'uratively, adv. 

figure (fig'ur). I. n. 1. Form of any- 
thing; outline. 2. Representation in 
drawing, etc; design. 3. Statue. 4. 
Appearance. 5. Character denoting a 
number. 6. Value, price. 7. In rhet. 
Use of words outside of their literal 
or common signification. 8. Steps in 
a dance. 9. Type, emblem. II. vt. 1. 
Form, shape. 2. Make an image of. 

3. Mark with figures or designs. 4. 
Imagine. 5. Symbolize. 6. Foreshow; 
note by figures; calculate. III. vi. 1. 
Make figures. 2. Appear as a dis- 
tinguished person.— Figure on: Esti- 
mate; calculate; expect. — figured 
(fie'urd), a. Marked or adorned with 
figures. [L. figura— fingo, form.] 

figurehead (fig'ur-hed) , n. 1. Figure 
or bust on the head or prow of a ship. 

2. One who holds a responsible posi- 
tion in name only. 

filament (fil'a-ment), n. Slender, 
thread-like object; fiber; part of 
stamen supporting the anther. — 
filamentous, a. Thread-like. 

filbert (fil'bert), n. Fruit or nut of 
the cultivated hazel. [From St. Phili- 
berfs day, Aug. 22, old style.] 

filch (filch), vt. Steal; pilfer.— filch'- 
er, n. Thief. [Etymol. doubtful.] 



fate, fat, task, far, tall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



file 



196 



fine 



tile (fll). I.n. 1. Line or wire on which 
papers are placed in order. 2. Papers 
so placed. 3. Roll or list. 4. Line of 
soldiers ranged behind one another. 
II. vt. 1. Put upon a file. 2. Arrange 
in an orderly manner. 3. Put among 
the records of a court. III. vi. March 
in a file. [Pr.— L. filum, thread. ] 

file (fil). I. n. Steel instrument with 
sharp-edged furrows for smoothing 
or abrading metals, etc. II. vt. Cut or 
smooth with a file. [A. S.feol.] 

filial (fil'yal), a. 1. Pertaining to or 
becoming a son or daughter. 2. Bear- 
ing the relation of a child.— finally, 
adv. [L. filius, son, filia, daughter.] 

filiate (fil'i-at), vt. Same as affiliate. 

filibuster (fll'i-bus-ter). I. n. Lawless 
military or piratical adventurer, as in 
W. Indies ; buccaneer. II. vi. 1. Act as 
a freebooter or buccaneer, 2. Resort 
to irregular means to impede or de- 
feat legislation. [Sp.] 

filigree (fil'i-gre), n. 1. Ornamental 
work of gold and silver wire. 2. Pine 
network, containing beads. 3. Any 
ornamental open work. [ Sp. fili- 
grana—Li. fllum, thread, and granmn, 
grain, bead.] [a flle. 

filing- (filing), n_. Particle cut off with 

Filipino (nl-i-pe'no), n. Native of the 
Philippine Islands. 

fill (fll). I. vt. 1. Make full; put into 
until all the space is occupied. 2. 
Supply abundantly; satisfy; glut. 3. 
Hold and perform the duties of. 4. 
Supply a vacant office. II. vi. Become 
full; become satiated. III. n. As much 
as fills or satisfies; full supply. — 
fill'er, n. [A.S. fyllan.] 

fillet (fil'et), n. 1. Band to tie about 
the hair of the head. 2. Muscle; large 
piece of meat without bones, esp. of 
the loin. 3. Narrow molding gener- 
ally rectangular in section. [Pr. filet, 
— L. fllum, thread.] 

filling* (firing), n. Material used for 
occupying some vacant space, or 
completing some structure, stopping 
up a hole, or the like; sometimes ap- 
plied to the weft of a web; woof. 

fillip (fil'ip). I. vt. Strike with the 
nail of the finger, forced from the 
ball of the thumb with a sudden jerk. 
II. n. Jerk of the finger suddenly let 
go from the thumb. [Prom flip.] 

filly (fill), n. Young mare. [Dim. of 
Foal.] 

film (film). I. n. Thin skin, membrane 
or coating. II. vt. Cover with a film 
or thin skin. III. vi. Be or become 
covered as if by a film. — filmy, a. 
Composed of film or membranes. — 
film'iness, n. [A. S.fell, skin.] 



filter (fil'ter). I. n. Strainer; piece of 
woolen cloth, paper or ofcner substan- 
ce, through which liquors are passed 
for separating from them all matter- 
mechanically suspended in them. IL 
vt. and vi. Pass through a filter. 

filth (filth), n. 1. Foul matter. 2. That 
which defiles, physically or morally. 
— filth'y, a. Foul; unclean; impure. 
— filthily, adv. — filth'iness, n. 

fA. S. fyldh. See foul.] 
irate (fil'trat), vt. Filter or per- 
colate. — filtra'tion, n. [ed. [L.'J 

fimbriated (tLn'bri-at-ed), a. Fring- 

fin (fin), n. Organ bv which ;i fish bal 
ances itself and swims. [A. S. ftnn— 
L. pinnaA 

finable (fi'na bl), a. Liable to a fine. 

final (fi'nal), a. Respecting the end or 
motive; last; decisive.— finality, n. 
State of being final, or of being vet- 
tied.— finally, adv. At the end; ulr.i- 
mately; lastly. [L.finalis— finis, tw&.] 
Syn. Terminating; ultimate; con- 
clusive; eventual; ulterior. 

finale (fi-na'la), n. End; last passage 
in a piece of music; concluding piece 
in a concert, exhibition, etc. [Ii .*] 

finance (fi-nans'), n. 1. System or 
science of public revenue and expen- 
diture. 2. pi. Revenue; funds in the 
public treasury, or accruing to it; 
public resources of money. 3. Income 
or resources of individuals. II. vt. 
Manage financially; furnish with 
money. — financial (fi-nan'shal), a. 
Pertaining to finance. — financial- 
ly, adv. — financier (fi-nan-ser'). I. 
n. 1. One skilled in finauce. 2. Officer 
who administers the public revenue. 
II. vi. Conduct financial operations. 
[Fr.— L. finare, pay a fine, settle.] 

finch (finch), n. One of several species 
of birds, many of them excellent sin- 
gers. [A. S. fine] 

find (find). I. vt. [find'ing; found.] 1. 
Come upon; meet with. 2. Discover; 
arrive at. 3. Perceive ; experience. 
4. Supply. II. n. Rich discovery; 
anything found. — find'er, n.— find'- 
ing, n. 1. Anything found.— pi. Tools, 
trimmings, etc., which a shoemaker 
must furnish. 2. Provision; supply. 
3. Verdict. [A. S. findan.] 

fine (fin), a. 1. Excellent ; beautiful. 
2. Not coarse or heavy. 3. Subtile; 
thin; slender. 4. Exquisite; adorned 
with every grace and accomplish- 
ment. 5. Nice, delicate. 6. Overdone. 
7. Showy; splendid.— The Fine Arts, 
as painting and music, are those in 
which the love of the beautiful and 
fineness of taste are chiefly concern- 
ed; opp. to the useful or industrial 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, more, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



fine 



197 



flsc 



arts. II. vt. Make fine; refine; purify. 

— finely, adv. - fineness, n. [Fr. 
— L. finitus, finished.] 

fine (tin). I. n. 1. Sum of money impo- 
sed as a punishment. 2. Conclusion, 
end. II. vt. Impose a fine on; punish 
by fine. [L. finis, final settlement.] 

finery (fi'ner-i), n. Fine or showy 
things. 

finesse (fi-nes'). I. n. Subtilety of con- 
trivance; cunning; trickery. II. vi. 
Use artifice. [Fr.] 

finger (fing'er). I. n. 1. One of the 
five extreme parts of the hand; digit. 
2. Breadth of a finger. 3. Skill in the 
use of the hand or fingers. II. vt. 
Handle or perform with the fingers. 
III. vi. Use the fingers on a musical 
instrument. [A. S. Akin to Fang.] 

finical (fin'i-kal), a. Affected; fine or 
precise in trifles; over-nice; foppish. 
— fin'ically, adv. [L.] 

finis (fi'nis), n. End; conclusion. 

finish (fin'ish). I. vt. End; complete 
the making of; perfect; give the last 
touches to. II. n. That which finishes 
or completes; last touch: last coat of 
plaster to a wall.— finisher, n. [Fr. 
flnir.] 

finite (fi'nit), a. Having an end or limit, 

— opp. to infinite. — fi'nitely, adv. — 
fi'niteness, n. [Li. finitus, hnished.] 

finny (fin'i), a. Furnished with fins. 

fiord ( fyard), n. Long, narrow, rock- 
bound strait or inlet. 
[Norw.] 

fir (fer), n. One of sev- 
eral species of cone- 
bearing, resinous 
trees, valuable for 
their timber. [A. S. 
furh. ] 

fire (fir). I. n. 1. Heat 
and light caused by 
burning; flame. 2. 
Anything burning, as 
fuel in a grate, etc . 3. 
Conflagration. 4. Torture by burn- 
ing; severe trial. 5. Ardor; vigor. 6. 
Brightness of fancy; enthusiasm. 7. 
Splendor; glow. 8. Discharge of fii'e- 
arms. II. vt. 1. Set on fire. 2. In- 
flame; irritate. 3. Animate. 4. Cause 
the explosion of; discharge. 5. Bake. 
III. vi. 1. Take fire. 2. Be or become 
irritated or inflamed. 3. Discharge 
firearms.— fire' arm, n. Weapon 
which is discharged by an explosive, 
as gunpowder. — firebrand, n. 1. 
Piece of wood on fire. 2. One who in- 
flames the passions of others. — fire- 
brick., n. Brick that resists the ac- 
tion of fire.— fire'clay, n. Kind of 
clay used in making firebricks.— fire'- 




Fir-tree. 



cracker, n. Kind of explosive fire- 
works.— firedamp, n. Gas (carbu- 
retted hydrogen) in coal-mines, apt to 
take fire.— fire-engine, n. Engine 
or forcing-pump used to extinguish 
fires with water. — fire-escape, n. 
Contrivance to enable people to es- 
cape from fires. — fire'fly, n. Insect 
which emits a bright light. — fire'- 
man, n. 1. Man whose business it is to 
assist in extinguishing fires. 2. Man 
who tends the fires; stoker. — fire'- 
place, n. Place in a house appro- 
priated to the fire; hearth. — fire- 
proof, a. Proof against fire; incom- 
bustible.— fire'ship, n. Vessel filled 
with combustibles, to set an enemy's 
vessels on fire.— fire'sicle, n. Side of 
a fireplace; hearth; home. — fire'- 
works, n. pi. Preparations of gun- 
powder, sulphur, ecc, to De fired, 
chiefiy for display or amusement. 
[A.S. fyr.] 

firkin (fer'kiu), n. 1. Fourth part of a 
barrel. 2. Small wooden cask, used for 
butter, tallow, etc. [O. Dut. rierkin.] 

firm (fgrm),a. 1. Fixed ; compact. 2 
Not easily moved or disturbed. — 
firmly, adv.— firmness, n. 

Syn. Stable; solid: stanch; dense; 
substantial; resolute; constant. 

firm (fern).), n. Title under which a 
company transacts business; busi- 
ness house. [It. firma, signature.] 

firmament (fer'ma-ment), n. Region 
of the air; sky; heavens. — firma- 
mental, a. [L] 

firman (fer'man), n. Decree of the 
Turkish government. [Pers.] 

first fferstj. I. a. Foremost; preceding 
all others in place, time, or degree; 
most eminent; chief. II. adv. Before 
anything else in time, space, rank, 
etc. — first'ly, adv. In the first place. 
— first-floor, n. 1. In England, floor 
above the ground-floor. 2. In United 
States, ground-floor. — firstling-. 
n. First produce or offspring, esp. of 
animals, [first and suffix ling ] — 
first-rate, a. Of the first, or highest 
rate or excellence; pre-eminent in 
quality, size, estimation. — first- 
water, n. First or highest quality; 
purest lustre. [A. S. fyrst, superl. of 
fore.] 

firth (ferth), n. Arm of the sea; frith. 

fisc (fisk), fiscus (fis'kus), n. State 
treasury.— fisc'al. I. a. Pertaining 
to the public treasury or revenue. — 
fiscal year, period at the end of which 
the accounts of a public office or 
business house are balanced. II. 
n. 1. Treasurer. 2. State attorney, 
[Fr. Use — Li. fiscus, basket, purse.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf j 
mute", but, burn; oil, owl, then. 



flsb 



198 



flageolet 



fish (fish). I. n. 1. Animal that lives 
in water, and breathes through gills. 

2. In general, animal living in water. 

3. Flesh of fish.— pi. fish (collectively) 
and fishes- II. vt. 1. Try to catch fish. 
2. Seek to obtain by artifice.— fish- 
er, fish'erman, n. One who fishes, 
or whose occupation it is to catch fish. 

— fish'ery, n. 1. Business of catch- 
ing fish. 2. Place for breeding or 
catching fish.— fish'ing. I. a. Used in 
fishery II. n. Art or practice of catch- 
ing fish. — fish-monger (fish'mung- 
ger), n. Dealer in fish. [A. S. fisc ] 

fishy (fish'i), a. 1. Consisting offish; 
like a fish, abounding in fish. 2. Ex- 
travagant; suspicious; foul. — fish'- 
iness, n. 

fissile (fis'il), a. That may be split in 
the direction of the grain. [L.— findo, 
cleave.] 

fission (fish'un), n. Act of cleaving, 
splitting or breaking up into parts. 
[L. fissio.] [cleft. [Fr.— L. fissura.] 

fissure (fish'or), n. Narrow opening; 

fist (fist), n. 1. Closed or clenched 
hand, 2. Mark ($W) used to direct 
special attention. [A. S. fyst.] 

fistula (fis'tu-la), n. Deep, narrow, 
pipe-like, chronic ulcer. — fis'lular, 
a. [L. fistula, reed, pipe.] 

fit (fit). I. a. Adapted to an end or stand- 
ard; qualified. II. vt. [fitt'ing; fitt'ed.] 

I. Suit one thing to another. 2. Be 
adapted to. 3. Qualify. III. vi. Be 
suitable. IV. n. Adjustment; adapta- 
tion. — fitly, adv. — fitness, n. — 
fit'ter, n. [Ice\. fitja, knit together.] 

Syn. Adapted; adequate; apt; con- 
venient; proper; meet; becoming. 

fit (fit), n. 1. Sudden attack by con- 
vulsions, as apoplexy, epilepsy, etc. ; 
convulsion; paroxysm. 2. Temporary 
attack as laughter, etc.; sudden ef- 
fort or motion; passing humor. [A. 
S. fit, foot, step, verse, bout.] 

fitful (fit'fol), a. Marked by sudden 
impulse; spasmodic.— fit'fu'lly, adv. 

— fit'fulness, n. 

fitting (fifing). I. a. Fit; appropriate. 

II. n. Anvthing used in fitting up, esp. 
in pi.— fittingly, adv. [A. S. fif.] 

five (fiv), a. and n. Four and one. 

fivefold (flv'fold), a. Five times folded 
or repeated; in fives. 

fix (fiks). I. vt. Make stable, firm, fast 
or solid; set or place permanently; 
establish firmly or immovably. 2. 
Fasten; attach firmly. 3. Direct 
steadily, as the eye, the mind, the at- 
tention-, etc. 4. (U. S. colloq). Put in 
order; punisb; prepare; repair. II. 
vi. 1. Rest; settle or remain perma- 
nently. 2 Become firm, so as to resist 



volatilization; cease to flow or be 
fluid; congeal. III. n. Condition; pre- 
dicament; difficulty.— fixation, n. 

1. Act of fixing or state of being fixed 

2. Steadiness; firmness. 3. State in 
which a body does not evaporate.— 
fixed (fikst), a. Established; stable. 
— fixedly, adv. Firmly; in a settled 
manner; steadfastly. — fixedness, 
fix'ity, n. [Fj. fixer— Lt.figo, fasten.] 

fixture (fiks'tur), n. What is fixed to 

anything, as to land or to a house. 
fizz (fiz). I. vi. Hiss. II. n. 1. Hiss. 2. 

Beverage that fizzes, as champagne or 

selters. [From the sound.] 
fizzle (fiz'l). I. vi. Hiss; splutter. 2. 

Fail ridiculously. II. n. Pretentious, 

unsuccessful effort. [Dim. of fizz.] 
fjord, n. See fiord, [found; bewilder. 
flabbergast (flab'er-gast), vt. Con- 
flabby (flab'i), a. Easily moved; soft 

and yielding; hanging loose.— flab'- 

biness, n. [From flap.] 
flabellum (fla-bel'um), n. 1. Fan. 2- 

Fanlike appendage. [L.] 
flaccid (flak'sid), a. Flabby; easily 

yielding to pressure: soft and weak. 

— f lae'eidly, adv. — f lae'eidness, 

flaccid'iiy, n. Laxuess; want of 

firmness. 
flag (flag), vi. [fljg'ging: 

flagged.] Grow la lgiUd; 

droop. [Icel. flaka, flap. 

A. S. flacor, flutter.] 
flag (flag), n. Water- 

plant. [So called 

from its waving in^ 

the wind.] 
flag (flag). I. 

n. Cloth, many 

colored or 

bearing devi- 
ces, usually 

mounted on 

a staff and 

serving to 

show nation- 
ality, party, 

etc., or f o r 

signalling; 

ensign; banner; the colors; standard. 

II. vt. Give a signal to with a flag. [A. 

S. flacor, flutter.] 
flag (flag), flagstone, n. Large flat 

stone used for paving. [Icel. flaga, 

slab.] 
flagellant (flaj'el-ant). I. n. One who 

scourges himself in religious disci- 
pline. II. a. Given to whipping. 
flagellate (flaj'el-at), vt. Whip or 

scourge .— flagellation, n. [L.fia- 

gello.] [instrument like a flute. [Fr.] 
flageolet (flaj'o-let), n. Small wind 




American Flag. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf j 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



£T5®Sjflll^fiS^3TQN^s 




UNITED STATES 




m 

■ i or pi a 



T^PARAGUA^^ 





BULCARIA 




BRITISH EMPIRE 



II 

GUATEMALA 




FsF 



AUSTRALIA 




ARGENTINE 




B 

l| " 1 NICARAGUA 





E 




BILC1UM 




DENMARK 



11 NETHERLANDS 





Ism 

■* MONTENEGRO 




COLOMBIA 



G 



COPYRIGHT BY W.H.LEE IS03 

United States, 45 stars (35 more than shown above). China, merchant. Corea, state. Liberia, 
state. Paraguay, state. Brazil, state. Bulgaria, state. Austria, state. British Empire, 
merchant. Guatemala, state. Australia, state. Germany, navy. Argentine, state. Honduras, 
state. Bolivia, state. Nicaragua, state. Hayti, state. France, merchant. Ecuador, state. 
Chile, merchant Belgium, merchant. Denmark, navy. Netherlands, merchant. Greece, 
navy. Spain, navy. Montenegro, state. Colombia, merchant. Egypt, stare. 




COSTA RICA 



SAN SALVADOR 



1^^^ ITALY 





MEXICO 




I 



aS.NAVAL DISPATCH 




SECY US NAVY 



II US LIGHTHOUSE 



II SERVIA 



I' ROUMANIA 




US REVENUE 



[ 

II TURKEY 




US-PRESIDENT 



URUCUAY 



I PI NORWAY 






CUBA 



I 



SWITZERLAND 




SAN DOdlNCO 



I 

1 MOROCCO 



COPVRICMT BY WH. LEE 1903 

navy. San Salvador, merchant. 



Costa Rica, navy. Peru, navy. San Salvador, merchant. Italy, navy. Russia, state 
Mexico, navy. Portugal, navy. Japan, navy. Siam, state. Burma, state. Tunisia, state 
Servia, state. Roumania, state. Turkey, state. Uruguay, state. Norway, navy. Persia 
state. Sweden, navy. Cuba, state. Switzerland, state. San Domingo, navy. Morocce 
state. The special use of the five U. S. flags shown on this page, is indicated by the name 
below each one. 



flagitious 



199 



flatulence 



flagitious (fla-jish'us), a. Grossly 
wicked.— flagitiously, adv. — fla- 
gi'tiousness, n. [L. flagitiosus.] 
Syn. Villainous; heinous: atrocious. 

flagon (flag'un), n. "Long-necked decan- 
ter with handle. [Fr.— root of flask.] 

flagrant (fia'grant), a. 1. Glaring. 2. 
Enormous. 3. Actually in execution. 
— f la'grantly, adv.— f la'grancy, 
n. [L —Jlagro, flame.] 

flagship (flag'ship), n. Ship in which 
an admiral sails, and flying his flag. 

flail (flal), n. Instrument for thresh- 
ing. [From L. flagellum, whip.] 

flake (flak). I. n. Loose, filmy or 
scale-like mass; small flat particle. 
II. vt. and vi. Form or break into 
flakes or layers.— fla'ky, a. Consist- 
ing of flakes; lying in flakes. [Norw. 
flak, slice.] 

flambeau (flam'bo), n. Flaming to^jh. 
—pi. flam'beaux (-bo). [Fr.] 

flamboyant ( flan- boi'ant ), a. 1. 
Flaming; wavy. 2. In arch. With 
waving or flame-like tracery. [Fr.] 

flame (flam). I. n. 1. Gleam or blaze 
of afire. 2. Rage; ardor of temper. 
3. Vigor of thought. 4 Warmth of 
affection; Jove. II. vi. 1. Burn as 
flame. 2. Break out 
in passion. — flame'- 
less, a. [Fr. Jiamme.] 

flamingo (fla-ming'- 
5), n. Bird of a red 
£olor, with very long 
neck and legs, web- 
bed feet and a beak 
bent as If broken. 
[Port flamenco = 
flaming red.] 

flange (flanj), n. A 
raised edge or rib, 
as on the rim of a car- 
wheel. [From 

FLANK.] 

flank (flangk). I. n. 1. 
Side of an animal 
from the ribs to the 
thigh. 2. Side of any- 
thing, esp. of an army or fleet. II. vt. 

I. Stand at the side of ; attack.or pass 
round, the side of.2. Guard the side of. 
UI. vi. Be posted on the side; border. 
[O. H. G. hlanc, loin.] 

flannel (flan'el), n. Soft woollen cloth 
of loose texture. — f lan'neled, adv. 
[Orig. flannen—W gwlanen, wool.] 

f lap(flap). I. n. 1. Anything broad a'ld 
flexible that hangs lo^se or is attacn- 
ed by one end or side and easily mov- 
ed. 2. Motion or sound of anything 
broad and loose, or a stroke with it. 

II. vt. Beat with or as with a flap; 
move; drop. — flapjack, n. Sort 




Flamingo. 



of broad flat pancake. — f lap'i 
mouthed, a. Having loose hanging- 
lips.— flap'per, n. [From the sound.] 

flare (flar). I. vi. Burn with a glaring", 
unsteady light; glitter; flash. II. n. . 
1. Unsteady, offensive light. 2. Ex- 
tension outward. [Norw. flara.] 

flash (flash). I. n. 1. Momentary 
gleam of light. 2. Sudden burst, as 
of merriment. 3. Short transient state. 
4. Rogues' slang. II. vi. 1. Break 
forth, as a sudden light. 2. Burst out 
into violence. IH. vt. Cause to flash. 
IV. a. 1. Vulgarly showy; gaudy. 2. 
Counterfeit.— flash-light, n. Light 
of momentary brilliancy.— flash'y, 
a. Dazzling for a moment; showy but 
empty. — f lash'ily, adv. — flash- 
iness, n. [Swed. Jiasa, blaze.] 

flask (flask), n. 1. Narrow-necked 
bottle of glass or metal. 2. Box use'"! 
in foundries to contain the sand em- 
ployed in molding. [A. S. Jlasc.] 

f lat(flat).I.a. Having an w ven and hori- 
zontal surface; level. 2. Prostrate. 
3. In the fine arts, wanting relief or 
prominence of the figures. 4. Taste- 
less; stale; vapid; insipid; dead. 5. 
Dull; unanimated; without point or 
spirit. 6. Peremptory ; absolute ; 
positive; downright. 7. In music, be- 
low the natural or the true pitch. 8. 
Not sharp or shrill; not acute. II. n. 

1. Surface without relief or prominen- 
ces; level or extended plain; low tract 
of land. 2. In music, mark of depres- 
sion in sound. 3. Floor of a house, 
forming a residence by itself. 4. 
House with several floors thus fitted 
up. III. vt. and vi. 1. Level; lay, or 
lie, smooth or even; flatten. 2. Make 
or become vapid or tasteless, dull or 
unanimated- 3. In music, reduce or 
fall below the true pitch. [Icel.^a^.] 

flatten (flat'n) I. vt. 1. Make flat; 
reduce to an equal or even surface; 
level; lay flat. 2. Bring to the ground; 
prostrate. 3. Make vapid or insipid ; 
render stale. 4. Depress; deject; di- 
spirit. 5. In music, lower in pitch; 
render less acute or sharp. II. vi. 1. 
Grow or become even on the surface. 

2. Become dead, stale, vapid, tasteless. 

3. Become dull or spiritless. 4. In mu- 
sic, depress the voice; render a sound 
less sharp; drop below the true pitch. 

flatter (Safer), vt. Soothe with praise 
and servile attentions; please wiih 
false hopes. — f lat'terer, n.— f lat - 
tery (flat'er-i), n. Insincere praise, 
[Fr. flatter.] 

flatulence (flat'ii-lens) flatulency, 
n. Windiness; air generated in the 
Stomach. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



flatulent 



200 



flier 



flatulent (flat'u-lent), a. Affected 
with air in the stomach ; apt to gen- 
erate wind in the stomach; empty; 
vain. — f lat'ulently, adv. [Fi\— L. 
flo, flat-, blow.] 

flatus (fla'tus), n. 1. Puff of wind. 2. 
Air generated in the stomach or any 
cavity of the body. [L.] 

flaunt (flant). I. vt. and vi. 1. Fly or 
wave in the wind. 2. Move ostenta- 
tiously. 3. Carry a saucy appearance. 
II. n. Anything displayed for show. 
[A. S. fieon, fly.] 

flavor (fla'vur). I. n. Quality which 
affeets the smell or the palate. II. vt. 
Impart flavor to. [Fr. flairer—L,. fra- 
gro, smell.] 

flaw (fla). I. n. Break; crack; defect. 
II. vt. Crack; break.— flawless, a. 
— flawy, a. 
Syn. Breach; fissure. See fault. 

flax ( flaks ), n. 1. Plant yielding 
thread for linen, etc. 2. Fibrous part 
of the bark of the plant. — flaxen 
(flaks'n), a. 1. Made of or resembling 
flax. 2. Fair, long, and flowing. — 
f lax'seed, n. Linseed. 

flay (fla), vt. Strip off the skin of . — 
t'lay'er,w.. [A.S.flean,— root of flake. 

flea (fle), n. Wingless insect of the 
genus Pulex, whose bite is poisonous. 
[A. S. flea—fleon, fly, flee.] 

fleam Iflera'), n. Instrument for lan- 
cing or bleeding. [O. Fv.flieme — Gr. 
phlebotomon, vein-cutter.] 

fleck (flek). I. n. Spot; little bit. II. vt. 
Spot; speckle; streak. [Icel. flekkr.] 

flection. Same as flexion. [flee. 

fled (fled). Past tense and pa. p. of 

fledge (flej),?;£. Furnish with feathers 
or wings. [A. S.— root of fly.] 

fledg'ling(flej'ling),w. Young bird just 
fledged. 

flee (fle), vt. and vi. [flee'ing; fled.] 
Run away, as from danger; keep at a 
distance from. [A.S. fleon, fly.] 

fleece (fles). I. n. 1. Coat of wool 
shorn from a sheep at one time. 2 . 
Loose and thin sheet of cotton or 
wool coming from the breaking-card 
in the process of manufacture. II. 
vt. 1. Clip wool from. 2. Plunder. 3. 
Cover, as with wool.— fleeced (flest), 
a. 1. Having a fleece. 2 Plundered. 
-fleecer, n. One who strips or 
plunders.— fleecy, a. Covered with 
wool ; woolly. [A. S. fleos and flys.] 

fleer (fler). I. vt. or vi. Make wry 
faces in contempt; mock; jeer. II. 
n. Mockery. [Norw.^m, titter.] 

fleet (flet), n. Number of ships in 
company, esp. ships of war; division 
of the navy, commanded by an admi- 
ral. [A. S. fleot, flota, ship.] 



fleet (Set). I. vi. Pass swiftly. II. vt. 

1. Hasten over. 2. Slip (a cable) on 
a windlass. III. a. Swift; nimble; 
fleeting; transient.— f leet'ly, adv.— 
fleet'ness, n— f leet'iug-, a. Pass- 
ing quickly ; temporary. — f leet'- 
ingly, adv. [A. S.fleotan, float.] 

Fleming (flem'ing), n. Native of Flan- 
ders. 

Flemish (fiem'ish). I. a. Pertaining to 
Flanders. II. n. 1. Language of the 
Flemings. 2. pi. People of Flanders. 

flesh (flesh). I. n. 3. Soft substance 
which covers the bones of animals. 2. 
Animal food; meat. 3. Body, not the 
soul; animal nature; bodily appetites. 

4. Present life. 5. Mankind; hum m 
race. 6. Race ; kindred. 7. Edible 
part of a fruit. II. vt. L Train to an 
appetite for flesh,as dogs for hunting. 

2. Use upon flesh, as a sword, esp. for 
the first time. 3. Accustom; glut. - 
fleshed (flesh t), a. Having flesh; 
fat. — f lesh'less, a. Without flesh ; 
lean. — fleshly, a. Corporeal; car- 
nal; not spiritual. — f lesh'liness, 
n. — f lesh'y, a. Fat; pulpy; plump. 
f lesh'ily, adv.— fleshiness, n. [A. 

5. flcesc] 
fleur-de-lis 

( flor-de-le' ), n. 
1. Flower of the 
iris, or flower- 
de-luce. 2. Con- 
ventional d e - 
sign derived 
from the lily. — 
pi. Fleurs-de- 
lis'. [Fr.] 

flew (flo). Past 
tense of Fly. 

flexibility 
(fleks-i-bil'i-ti), 
n. Pliancy ; 
easiness to be persuaded. 

flexible (fleks'i-bl), flexile (fleks'il), 
a. Easily bent ; pliant; docile.— flex- 
ibleness, n. — f lex'ihly, adv. [L. 
flexibilis—jlecto, bend.] 

flexion (flek'shun), n. Bend ; fold. 

flexor (fleks'ur), n. Muscle which 
• bends a joint. 

flexure (flek'shor), n. 1. Bend or turn- 
ing. 2. In math. Curving of a line or 
surface. 3. Bending -of loaded beams. 
[L.flexura. See Flexible.] 

flicker (flik'er). I. vi. 1. Flutter and 
move the wing?,, as a bird. 2. Burn 
unsteadily,as a flame. II. n. Flutter, 
short movement. [A. S.flicerian.] 

flier, flyer (fli'er), n. One who or 
that which flies or flees. 2. Fly- 
wheel. 3. Race horse. 4. Fast ex- 
press train. 




Lily. 



Fleur-de-lis. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note. not. move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



flight 



201 



florescence 



I light (flit), n. 1. Passing through the 
air; soaring; excursion ; sally. 2. Act 
of fleeing; hasty removal. 3. Series 
of steps. 4. Flock of birds flying to- 
gether. 5. Birds produced in the .same 
season. 6. V o 1 1 e y or shower. — 
flight'y, a. Fanciful: changeable; 
giddy. — f light'Uy, adv. — f light- 
iuess, n. [A. S. fly/d—fleogan.] 

flimflam (flim'fiam), n. Trick; sub- 
stitution of one thing for another. 

flimsy ( flim'zi ), a. Thin; without 

solidity, strength or reason; weak. — 

flim'siness. n. [W. llymsi, naked.] 

Syn. Limp; shallow; feeble; vain. 

f linen (flinch), vi. Shrink back; wince. 
— flinch'ingly, adv. [Fr. flMdr—L,. 
fleciere,bend.] [ment. [Novw.flindra.] 

flintier (fiiu'der), n. Splinter; frag- 

fling (flmg). I. vt. 1. Cast, send, or 
throw from the hand; hurl. 2. Send 
forth or emit with violence. 3. Scatter. 
4. Prostrate; baffle; defeat. II. vL 1. 
Flounce; fly into violent and irregu- 
lar motions; throw out the legs vio- 
lently. 2. Utter harsh or abusive 
language; sneer. 3. Rush away an- 
grily. III. n. 1. Throw; cast from the 
hand. 2. Gibe; sneer; sarcasm; se- 
vere or contemptuous remark. 3. 
Entire freedom of action; wild dash 
into pleasures. 4. Kind of dance in 
which there is much exertion of the 
limbs. [A. S. fligan, make to fly.] 

flint (flint), n Very hard stone, form- 
erly used for striking fire.— f lint'y, 
a. Consisting of or like flint; hard; 
cruel. — f liut'iness, n. 

flip (flip). I. n. Sudden fling; fillip. 
II. vt. and vi. 1. Fillip or snap with 
the fingers. 2. Toss; flap. [From flap.] 

flip (flip), n. 1. Hot drink of beer or 
cider, spiced and sweetened. 2. Cold 
drink of wine, spiced, etc. 

flippant (flip'aut), a. 1. Having a 
voluble tongue;" talkative. 2. Speak- 
ing fluently and confidently, but 
without knowledge or consideration; 
heedlessly pert. 3. Shallow. — 
flip'pan'cy*. n. [Icei. fleipra, prattle.] 

ISirt (flert). I. vt. 1. Fling; toss. 2. 
Wave, jerk. II. vi. 1. Flit. 2. Act -with 
levity. 3. Make love as a pastime; 
ogle; coquet. III. n. 1. Jerk; fling. 
2. Person who coquets. — f lirta'- 
tion. n. [A. S. fleardian, trifle.] 

/lit (flit), vi. (flit'tin-: flit'ted.] Re- 
move quickly from place to place; fly. 
[Akin to fleet.] 

flitch, (flich), n. Side of a hog salted 
and cured. [A. S-flicce.] 

float (flot). I. vi. 1. Rest on the sur- 
face of a fluid; swim; be buoyed up. 
2. Glide without effort or impulse on 



the surface of a fluid ; move as if sup- 
ported by a fluid; move gently and 
easily through the air. II. vt. 1. Cause 
to rest or be conveyed on the surface 
of a fluid. 2. Flood; irrigate. 3. Bring 
prominently before public notice-; 
raise funds, as by the sale of shares, 
for carrying on an undertaking. 
III. n. That which floats, as a rait, 
cork, hollow ball, etc. — f loatage, 
flotage (flo'taj), n. Things found 
floating on rivers or on the sea. — 
floating (no' ting), a. Swimming: 
not fixed; circulating.— float'ingly, 
adv. [A. S.fleotan.] 

flocculent (flok'u-lent), a. Adhering 
in locks or flakes.— floc'culence, il. 
[See flock, lock of wool.] 

flock, (flok). I. n. 1. Company of ani- 
mals, as sheep, game birds, etc. 2. 
Company. 3. Christian congregation. 
II. vi. Gather in flocks or in crowds. 
[A. S. Jlocc] 

flock (flok), n. Lock of wool. [O. Fr. 
fioc — L. floccus.] [Dan. iisflage.] 

floe (flo), n. Field of floating ice. 

flog (flog), vt. [flog'ging; flogged.] 
Beat; strike; lash; chastise with 
blows. [Etymol. doubtful.] 

flood (flud). I. n. 1. Great flow of 
water. 2. Inundation; deluge. 3. Rise 
of the tide. 4. Auy great quantity. II. 
vt. Overflow; inundate.— floodgate, 
n. Gate for letting water flow through. 
— f lood'mark, n. Mark or line to 
which the tide rises. [A. S. Jlod.] 

floor (flor). I. n. 1. Part of a build- 
ing or room on which we walk. 2. 
Platform of boards or planks laid 
on timbers, as in a bridge ; any similar 
platform. 3. Story in a building. 4. 
In legislative assemblies, the part of 
the house assigned to the members. 
— Have or get the floor, have or obtain 
an opportunity of taking part in a 
debate at a particular time to the ex- 
clusion of others. (U. S.) II. vt. 1. 
Cover with a floor; furnish with a 
floor. 2. Strike down or lay level with 
the floor; beat; conquer. [A.S. flo?'.] 

flooring (flor'ing), n. 1. Material for 
floors. 2. Platform; pavement; floor. 

Flora (flo'ra), n. 1. Roman deity, pro- 
tectress of flowers and spring. 2. 
Whole of the plants of a particular 
country. 3. Catalogue of plants.— 
flo'ral, a. [L. — flos, floris, flower.] 

Florentine (flor'en-tin). I. n. Native 
or inhabitant of Florence. II. a. From 
Florence, or originally made there. 

florescence (flo-res'ens), n. 1. Burst- 
ing into flower. 2. Time when plants 
flower. [Li.—flos, flower.] 



lite, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



floret 



202 



flung 



floret (flS'ret), n. 1. Little flower. 2. 
Separate little flower, as part of an 
aggregate flower. 

floriculture (flo'ri-kul-tur), n. Cul- 
tivation of flowers. 

florid (flor'id), a. 1. Bright in color; 
flushed with red. 2. Containing flowers 
of rhetoric, richly ornamental. — 
f lor'idness, n. [L.floridus—flos.] 

floriferous (flo-rif'er us), a. Bearing 
or producing flowers. [L. flos, floris, 
and fero, b«ar. ] 

florin (flor'in) , n. Coin of gold or sil- 
ver, of a value varying between 40 and 
50 cents in different countries of 
Europe. [Fr.— It. ftorino.] [ers. 

florist (flor'ist), n. Cultivator of flow- 
floss (flos), n. Small stream of water. 
[Engl. Akin to Ger. fluss.] 

floss (flos), n. 1. Loose downy or silky 
substance in the husks of certain 
plants, as the bean. 2. Untwisted 
thread. — f loss'y, adv.— floss-silk 
(flos'silk), n. Inferior kind of silk 
made from floss, or raveled fragments 
of fiber. [It. Jioscio—Ij. fluxus, loose.] 

flotage. Same as Floatage. 

flotilla (flo-til'a), n. Fleet of small 
ships. [Sp., dim. of flota, fleet.] 

flotsam (flot'sam), n. Goods lost by 
shipwreck, and floating on the sea. 
[See Jetsam.] 

flounce (flowns). I. vi. Move the body 
or the limbs abruptly or impatiently; 
plunge and struggle. II. n. Impatient 
gesture. [O. Sw. flunsa:] 

flounce (flowns). I. n. Plaited strip 
or border sewed to the skirt of a dress. 
II. vt. Furnish with flounces. [M. E. 
frounce— root of Frown.] 

flounde r 
(flown'der),tf£. 
Struggle with 
violent motion 
[I>ut.floderen.] 

flounde r 
(flown'der), n. 
Small flatfish, 

generally found in the sea near the 
mouths of rivers. [Ger. flunder.] 

flour (flowr). I. n. 1. Finely-ground 
meal of grain. 2. Fine soft powder of 
any substance, vt. Reduce to or 
sprinkle with flour. — floury, a. 1. 
Like flour. 2. Covered with flour. 
[Fr.— fleur de far ine, flower of meal.] 

flourish (flur'isb). I. vi. 1. Thrive 
luxuriantly ; be prosperous. 2. Use 
copious and flowery language. 3. Make 
ornamental strokes with the pen. II. 
vt. 1. Adorn with flourishes or orna- 
ments. 2. Swing about by way of 
show or triumph. II. n. 1. Decora- 
tion ; showy splendor. 2. Figure made 




Flounder. 



by a bold stroke of the pen. 3. Wav- 
ing of a weapon or other thing.4. Par- 
ade of words. 5. Musical prelude or 
call, fanfare. [L. florescere, blossom.] 

flout(flowt). I. vt. and vi. Jeer;mock; 
treat with contempt. II. n. Mock ; 
insult. [O. Dut. fluyten, whistle, jeer.] 

flow (flo). I. vi. 1. Run, as water. 2. 
Rise, as the tide. 3. Move in a stream, 
as air. 4. Glide smoothly. 5. Abound. 
6. Hang loose and waving.II. vt. Cover 
with water; flood. III. n. 1. Stream; 
current. 2. Setting in of the tide from 
the ocean. 3. Abundance ; copious- 
ness. [A S. flowan.] 

flower (flow'er). I. n. 1. Blossom of 
a plant. 2. Best of anything. 3. Prime 
of life. 4. Person or thing most dis- 
tinguished. 5. Figui'e of speech. II. 
vt. Adorn with figures of flowers. III. 
vi. Blossom; flourish.— flower-de- 
luce, n. Iris. — flowery (flow'er-i), 
a. 1. Full of or adorned with flowers. 
2. Highly embellished with figurative 
style, florid. — flow'eriness, n. 

flown (flon), pa. p. of fly. 

fluctuate (fluk'tu-at), vi. 1. Float 

backward and forward, up and down. 

2. Be irresolute.— fluctuation, n, 

[L. fluctus, wave.] 

Syn. Waver; vacillate; oscillate. 

flue (flo), n. Passage for smoke, air 
etc., as a chimney. [O. Fr.] 

fluent (flo'ent), a. Ready in the uso 
of words; voluble. — flu'ency, n.- 
f lu'ently, adv. [L. fluens, flowing.] 

fluff (fluf), n. Light down, such asi 
rises from beds, cotton, etc., when 
shaken.— fluff 'y, a. [From fly.] 

fluid (flo'id). I. a. Capable of flowing; 
liquid or gaseous. II. n. Liquid or 
gas.— fluid'ity, n. State or quality 
of being fluid, opposed to solidity.- - 
f lu'idness, n. [L. ftuidus—fluo, flow. ] 

fluke (flok), n. Flounder. [A.S. floe.) 

fluke (flok), n. 1. Part of an anchor 
which fastens in the ground. 2.Half 
of a whale's tail fin. 3. Lucky chance; 
accidentally successful stroke in bil- 
liards. [Low Ger. flunk, wing.] 

f lumadiddle(flum'a-did-l). n. l.Cape 
Cod dish of potatoes, salt pork and 
molasses. 2. Silly talk. [U. S.] 

flume (flom), n. Channel for the water 
that drives a mill-wheel. [A. S. flum 
— L. flumen, river.] 

flummery ( flum'er-i ), n. 1. Acid 
jelly made from the husks of oats, the 
Scotch sowens.. 2. Light kind of des- 
sert, made of flour, eggs, etc. 3. Non> 
sense; anything insipid; empty com- 
pliment. [W. llymry, acid.] [fling 

flung- (flung). Past tense and pa. p. of 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; n5te, not, move, woif; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



flank 



203 



fly-wheel 



flunk (flungk). I. vi. 1. Fail, as in a 
lesson. 2. Retire through fear; back 
out. II. n. Failure ; backing out. 
[From funk.] 

flunkey, flunky (fiung'ki ), n. 1. 
Male servant in livery. 2. Low flat- 
terer and servile iinita'tor of the aris- 
tocracy; toady. — flunkeydom, 
flunkydom (aung'ki-duui), n. The 
flunkeys collectively. 2. Grade or con- 
dition of flunkeys. — f lunkeyisin, 
f lunkyism (flung'ki-izm), n. Char- 
acter or quality of a flunkey; servil- 
ity; toadyism. [Etymol. doubtful.] 

f luor ( flo'ur ), tis'orite, n. Beauti- 
ful mineral, often crystallized, and 
usually called flu'or-spar. — fluor- 
ine (fio'ur-in), n. Pungent, color- 
less, corrosive gas, allied to chlorine, 
obtained chiefly fromfluor. [L. fluo.] 

fluorescence (fld-or-es'ens), n. Qua- 
lity of some substances of assuming 
a peculiar luminous appearance when 
exposed to the sunlight or the x-rays. 

flurry (flur'i). I. n. 1. Blast. 2. Light 
fall. 3. Agitation. II. vt. [flurr'ying; 
flurried.] Agitate. [Akin to el,y.] 

flush ( flush ). I. vi. 1. Flow and 
spread suddenly; rush. 2. Start; fly 
out suddenly, as a bird disturbed. 3. 
Become suffused or red; glow. 4. 
Be gay, splendid or beautiful. II. vt. 1. 
Cause to blush; redden suddenly. 2. 
Elate; elevate. 3. Animate. 4. Wash 
out by flooding. 5. Cause to start up; 
stir up. III. a. 1. Fresh; full of vigor; 
glowing; bright. 2. Rich in blossom; 
exuberant; well supplied with money. 

3. Having the surface even or level 
with the adjacent surface. 4. Consist- 
ing of cards of the same suit. IV. n. 
1. Sudden flow of blood to the face. 2. 
Redness of face from an afflux of 
blood; warm coloring or glow. 3. 
Sudden impulse or thrill of feelings. 

4. Bloom; growth; abundance. 5. 
Run of cards of the same suit. 6. Flock 
of Turds suddenly started. V. adv. In 
a manner so as to be even or level. 
[Cf . Dut. fluysen, flow. The word blush 
may have influenced the meaning.] 

fluster (fius'ter). I. n. Hurrying; con- 
fusion; heat. II. vi. Bustle; be agita- 
ted. III. vt. Make hot and confused. 
[Perh. from Scand. flaustr, hurry.] 

flustrated (flus'trat-ed), a. Excited, 
especially as if by drink. 



flute(flot). I. n. 1. Musical instrument 
„ with finger-holes and keys, sounded 



by blowing. 2. Channel, as on a pillar, 
or in plaited cloth. II. vt. Form flutes 
or channels in. [Fr.— L. Jlo, blow.] 

flutter (flut'er). I. vi. 1. Move or flap 
the wings rapidly, without flying or 
with short flights. 2. Move about with 
bustle. 3. Vibrate; be in agitation. 
II. vt. Throw into disorder. HI. n. 1. 
Quick, irregular motion. 2. Agitation; 
hurry. [A. S. flotorian, float about.] 

fluvial (flo'vi-al), f luviat'ic, a. 1. 
Of or belonging to rivers. 2. Growing 
or living in streams. [L. fluvius, river 
—fiuo, flow.] 

flux (fluks). I. n. 1. Act of flowing; 
motion of a fluid. 2. Flow; quick suc- 
cession. 3. Matter discharged. 4. 
State of being liquid; fusion. 5. Sub- 
stance that promotes the fusion of 
metals or minerals. II. vt. Melt. 
— flnx'ion, n. 1. Following. 2. 
Fusion. 3. Difference; variation. — 
f luxation,?*. — f lux'ible, adj. — 
f hixional, a. [Fr.— L. fluo, flow.] 

fly(fli). I.vi. [fly'ing; flew (flo) ; flown 
(flon). ] 1. Move through the air on 
wings. 2. Move swiftly. 3. Pass away; 
flee. 4. Burst. II. vt. 1. Avoid; flee 
from. 2. Cause to fly, as a kite. III. 
n. 1, Insect with transparent wings, 
esp. the common house-fly. 2. Fish- 
hook dressed with silk, etc., in imita- 
tion of a fly. 3. Light double-seated 
carriage. [A. S. Jleogan.] 

flyblow (fll'blo), n. Egg of a fly. — 
f ly'blown, a. Tainted with the eggs 
which prod uce maggots. 

f lyboat ( fh'bot ), n. Long narrow 
swift boat used on canals. 

flying-fish (fli'ing- 
tish), n. Fish which 
can leap from the 
water and sustain 
itself in the air for 
a short time, by its 
long pectoral fins. 

f 1 y i ng- squirrel 
(fli'ing-skwer'el),re. Squirrel in S.Asia 
and N. America, which has a broad 
fold of skin between its fore and hind 
legs, by the aid of which it can take 
great leaps in the air. 

flyleaf (fli'lef), n. Blank leaf at the 
beginning and end of a book. 

flypaper (fli'-pa-per), n. Paper pre- 
pared with poison or sticky material 
for destroying flies. 

fly-wheel (fli'-hwel), n. Wheel with 
a heavy rim placed on the revolving 
shaft of machinery put in motion by 
an irregular or intermitting force, for 
the purpose of rendering the motion 
equable and regular by means of its 
momentum. 




Flying-fish. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, buna; oil, owl, th&n. 



foal 



204 



folly 



foal (fol). I. n. Young of a mare or of 
a she-ass. II. vi. and vt. Bring forth 
a foal. [A. S.fola.] 

foain(foni). I. n. Froth; bubbles which 
rise on the surface of liquors. II. vi. 

1. Gather foam. 2. Be in a rage. — 
foamy, a. [A. S./am. Ger. feim.] 

fob (fob), n. 1. Small pocket for a 
watch. 2. Watch-chain, or ribbon 
with buckle or charm, worn pendant 
from the pocket. [From root of Provi. 
Ger. fuppe, pocket.] 

focal (fo'kal), a. Of or belonging to a 
focus. — fo'calize, vt. Bring to a 
focus; concentrate. 

focus (fo'kus). I. n. Point in which 
the rays of light meet after reflection 
or refraction, and cause great heat. 

2. Central point . — pi. f o'cuses and 
foci (fo'si). II. vt. Bring to a focus. 
[Li. focus, hearth.] 

fodder (fod'er). I. n. Food for cattle, 
as hay. II. vt. Supply with fodder. 
[A. S. foder.l 

foe (fo), n. Enemy; adversary; ill- 
wisher. — foe'man, n. Enemy in 
war. — pi. foe'men. [A. S.feh, hostile. 
Akin to fiend.] 

fog (fog). I. n. 1. Dense watery vapor 
exhaled from the earth or from rivers 
and lakes, or generated in the atmos- 
phere near the earth. 2. Lack of in- 
telligence. II. vt. Befog ; darken ; 
obscure. — foggy (fog'i), a. Misty; 
damp ; clouded in mind, stupid. — 

foggily, a d v . — fog gin ess, ». — 
£»g*norn (fog'-harn), n. Horn or in- 
strument sounded as a warning sig- 
nal in foggy weather. [Dan. fog, 
spray, storm.] 

fogy (fo'gi), fogey, fogie, n. Dull old 
fellow; person with antiquated no- 
tions. [Etymology unknown.] 

foible (foi'bl), n. Weak point in one's 
character; slight failing. [O. Fr.] 

foil (foil). I. vt. 1. Defeat; puzzle; dis- 
appoint. 2. Blunt, dull. II. n. 1. 
Failure after success seemed certain; 
defeat. 2. Blunt sword with a button 
at the point, used in fencing. [Fr. 
—fouler, stamp under foot.] 

foil (foil), n. 1. Leaf or thin plate of 
metal, as tin-foil. 2. Thin leaf of me- 
tal put under precious stones to in- 
crease their lustre or change their 
color. 3. Anything that serves to set 
off something else. 4. Leaflike orna- 
ment. [Fr. feuille— L. folium, leaf.] 

foist (foist), vt. 1. Bring in by stealth. 
2. Pass off as genuine. [Dut. vysten.] 

fold (fold) I. n. 1. Doubling of any 
flexible substance. 2. Part laid over 
on another. 3. That which infolds; 
inclosure for sheep. 4. Flock of sheep. 



5. The Church. II. vt. Lay one part 
over another. 2. Inclose. 3. Inclose 
in a fold. — fold'er, n. 1. One who 
or that which folds. 2. Knifelike tool 
for folding paper. [A.S.fald— fealdan.] 
-fold, suffix. In composition with nu- 
merals = "folded" or "times," as in 

TENFOLD. 

folderol (fol'de-rol), n. Nonsense. 

folding (fol'ding). I. a. That may be 
folded or doubled. — Folding door, 
door vertically divided in two parts 
or wings. II. n. 1. Fold or plait. 2. 
Keeping of sheep in inclosures on ara- 
ble land. 

foliaceous (fo-li-a'shus), a. Pertain- 
ing to or consisting of leaves. [L. 
foliaceus— folium, leaf.] 

foliage ( fo'li-aj), n. Leaves; cluster 
of leaves ;_lea_f age. [Fr. feuillage.] 

foliate (fo'li-at), vt. 1. Beat into a 
leaf. 2. Cover with leaf-metal. 

foliated ( fo'li-a-ted ), p. and a. l. 
Spread or covered with a thin plate 
or foil. 2. Beaten into a leaf. 3 Leafy. 

foliation (fo-li-a'shun), n. 1. Leafing 
of plants. 2. Act of beating a metal 
into a thin plate, leaf, or foil. 3. Ope- 
ration of spreading foil over the back 
surface of a mirror or looking-glass. 

folio (fo'li-o). I. n. 1. Sheet of paper 
once folded ; size of book, 17x22 
inches. 2. Book of such sheets. 3. 
Page in a book. 4. Page in an account 
book, or two opposite pages number- 
ed as one. II. a. Pertaining to or 
containing paper only once folded. 
III. vt. Number the pages of a book, 
eic. [Ablative case of L. folium.] 

folic ( fok ), n. 1. People. 2. Certain 
people, as one's family. — Generally 
used in pi. folk or folks (foks). [A.S. 
folc. Ger. volfc.] 

folklore (fok'lor), n. Knowledge of 
ancient customs,superstitions, etc., of 
the people. 

follicle (fol'i-kl), n. 1. Little bag. 2. 
Gland. 3. Seed-vessel. [Fr.— L. fol- 
liculus, dim. of follis, wind bag.] 

follow (fol'6),«^. and vi. 1. Go, or come, 
after or behind. 2. Imitate; adopt, as 
an opinion. 3. Keep the eye or mind 
fixed on. 4. Result from.-iol'lower, 
n.— following, n. 1. Body of adher- 
ents or disciples; body of attendants. 
2. Calling. [A. S.folgian.] 

Syn. Attend; pursue; accompany; 
chase; copy; accept; obey; watch; 
succeed; ensue. 

folly (fol'i), n. 1. Want of understand' 
ing. 2. Weak or absurd act. 3. De- 
pravity of mind or actions. [Fr. 
folie. See fool,.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; mS, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut. bum; oil, owl, then. 



foment 



205 



forbear 




Baptismal Font. 



foment (foment'), vt. 1. Bathe with 
warm water. 2. Encourage. — fo- 
ment'er, n. — fomentation, n. 
[Fr. — Li. /omentum, lotion — foveo, 
warm.] 

fond (fond), a. 1. Foolishly tender and 
loving; weakly indulgent. 2. Very 
affectionate; longing; loving.— fond'- 
ly, adv. — fond'ness, n. — Fond of, 
relishing highly. [For formed, pa. p. 
of M. E. fonnen, act foolishly.] 

fondle (fon'dl), vt. Treat with fond- 
ness; caress. — fond'ler, n. 

font (font), n. Com- 
plete assortment of 
types of one style. 
[ Fr. fonte — fondre 
— Li. fundere, cast.] 

font (font), n. Ves- 
sel used in churches 
as the repository of 
the baptismal 
water. 2. Foun- 
tain. [Li. fans, f oti- 
tis, fountain.] 

fontein (fon-tln'), n. 
Spring, fountain. 
[So. African Dutch.] 

food (fod), n. What 
one feeds on; that which being di- 
gested nourishes the body; whatever 
promotes growth. [A. S. foda.] 

fool (fol). I. n. 1. One who acts stupid- 
ly. 2. Person of weak mind. 3. Pro- 
fessional jester. II. vt. Deceive. III. 
vi. Play the fool ; trifle.— fool'ery, n. 
Act of folly; habitual folly.— fool- 
hardy, a. Rash or incautious. — 
fool-har'diness, n — fools'cap, n. 
Paper of a certain size.Orig.it bore the 
water-mark of a fool's cap and bells.— 
fool's errana, n. Silly enterprise.— 
fool-killer, n. Imaginary person hav- 
ing power to kill one guilty of great 
folly. —fooVs paradise, n. Deceptive 
happiness. [O. Fr. fol. Fr. fou!\ 

foolish (fo'lishj, a. 1. Weak in intel- 
lect. 2. Wanting discretion. 3- Ridic- 
ulous.— foolishly, adv.— foolish- 
bacss, n 

foot (fot). I. n. 1. Part or body on 
which an auimal stands or walks. 2. 
Lower part or base. 3. Measure = 12 
inches. 4. Foot soldiers. 5. Division of 
a line of poetry.— pi. feet (fet). II. vi. 
and vt. 1. Dance. 2. Walk.— football, 
w. 1. Ball consisting of an inflated 
ox-bladder, or a hollow globe of india- 
rubber, cased in leather, to be driven 
by the foot. 2. Person or object sub- 
jected to many vicissitudes or 
changes of condition. 3. Game played 
with a football by two parties of 
players. — foot'fall, n. Setting the 



foot on the ground ; footstep.— footf - 
guards, n. pi. Guards that serve on 
foot.— foothold, n. Space on which 
to plant the feet; that which sustains 
the f est. — footing-, n. 1. Place for 
the foot to rest on ; firm foundation. 
2. Act or result of adding up a col- 
umn of figures. — pi. totals from such 
adding.— foot'light, n. One of a row 
of lights in front of and on a level 
with the stage, in a theater, etc. — 
footman, n. 1. Soldier who serves 
on foot. 2. Servant or attendant in 
Jivery. — pi. foot'men. — footpad, n. 
Highwayman or robber on foot, who 
frequents public paths or roads. — 
foot'rule, n. Rule or measure a foot 
in length.— footstep, n. 1. Step or 
impression of the foot ; tracls. 2. 
Trace of a course pursued. — pi. foot- 
steps; course; example.— foot'stool, 
n. Dow support for the feet of one 
sitting. [A. S. fot; pi. fet,] 
fop (fop), n. Affected dandy. — fop'- 
pery , n. Vanity in dress or manners ; 
affectation; foil y.— .— fop'pish, a. 
Vain and showy m dress; affectedly 
refined in manner s.—fop'pishly 5 
adv.— foppishness, n. [Dut — Ger. 
foppen, cheat.] [person. 

fop ling- (fop'ling), n. Vain, affected 
for (far). I. prep. In the place of; for the 
sake of; on account of; in the direc- 
tion of ; with respect to; beneficial to; 
in quest of; notwithstanding, in spite 
of; iii recompense of ;during.— as for, 
as far as concerns. II. conj. Because; 
on the account that. [A. S.] 
for-, prefix. It has generally the in- 
tensive force of the Ger. ver-, signify- 
ing greatly, completely, utterly, as in 
/orlorn. Sometimes it has the force 
of a negative or privative; as in for- 
bid. [A. S.] 
forage (for'aj). I. n. 1. Fodder, or 
food for horses and cattle provisions. 
2. Act of foraging. II. vi. Go about 
and forcibly carry off food for horses 
and cattle. III. vt. Plunder. — for'- 
ager, n. [Fr. fourrage. Akin to 
fodder, roBiY.] [cause that. 

forasmuch (far'az-much), conj. Be- 
foray(for'a). I. h. Sudden incursion in- 
to an enemy's country. II. vt. Ravage: 
pillage. [From forage.] [bid, 

forbade (for-bad'). Past tense of for- 
forbear (for-bar'). L vi. Abstain. II. 
vt. Stop; avoid voluntarily. — for- 
bear'ance, n. Exercise of patience; 
command of temper; clemency.— for- 
bear ing, a.Patient.— forbear'ing- 
ly, adv. [For-, away, and bear.] 

Syn. Cease; delay; avoid; decline; 
withhold; refuse; refrain. 



fete, tat, task, i'ar, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



forbear 



206 



forenientioned 



forbear, forebear (for'ber), n. Fore- 
father; ancestor. (Generally in the 
plural.) [Scotch.] 

forbid (for-bid'), vt. Prohibit; com- 
mand not to do. — f o rbid'den, a. 
Prohibited ; unlawf ul.-forbid'ding, 
a. Repulsive ; raising dislike ; un- 
pleasant, [for-, away, and bid. ] 

force (fors). I. n. 1. Strength; power; 
energy. 2. Efficacy; validity. 3. In- 
fluence ; coercion ; compulsion. 5. 
Military or naval strength (often in 
plural); armament. 6. That which 
produces or tends to produce change 
in a body's state of rest or motion. 
II. vt. Draw or push by main strength ; 
compel; constrain. 2. Ravish, violate. 
3,. Obtain or open by violence; storm. 
4. Cause to grow or ripen rapidly. — 
forced (forst), a. Accomplished by 
great effort; unnatural.— force' ful, 
a.— forcefully, adv.— force'meat, 
n. Meat chopped fine and highly sea- 
soned, -foree-punip, n. Pump which 
delivers water under pressute, eject- 
ing it forcibly. [Fr.— L.fortis, strong.] 
Syn. Vigor; energy; might; stress; 
emphasis; cogency; vehemence; vio- 
lence; constraint. 

forceps (Car'seps), n. Pair of tongs, 
pincers, or pliers for holding anything 
difficult to be held with the hand. 
f L. formus, hot, and capio, take.] 

forcible ( for'si-bl ), a. 1. Strong. 2. 
Done by force. 3. Impetuous.— for'- 
eibleness, n.— forcibly, adv. 

Syn. Powerful; cogent; impressive; 
efficacious; violent; energetic. 

ford (ford). I. n. Place where water 
may be crossed on foot. II. vt. Cross 
water on foot.— ford'able, a. [A.S.] 

fore (for). I. a. In front of; advanced in 
position; coming first. II. adv. At the 
front; in the first or front partf^pre- 
viously. III. n. Front; future. IV. 
int. In golf,_ = clear the way 1 

forearm (for'arm),n. Forepart of the 
arm, between elbow and wrist. 

forearm (for-arm'), vt. Arm or pre- 
pare beforehand. 

forebear (for'ber), n. See forbear. 

forebode (for-bod'), vt. Feel a secret 
sense of something future, esp. of evil. 
— forebod'ing, n. Apprehension of 
coming evil. 

fore-cabin (for'ka-bin), n. Cabin in 
the forepart of a vessel, with accom- 
modation inferior to that of the aft- 
cabin or saloon. 

fore-caddie (for'-kad'i), n. In golf, 
boy who precedes the player to indi- 
cate position of holes or balls. 

forecast (for'kast), n. Previous con- 
trivance; foresight. 



forecast (for-kasf). I. vt. Contrive or 
reckon beforehand; foresee. II. vi. 
Form schemes beforehand. — fore- 
caster, n. One who foresees or con- 
trives beforehand. 

forecastle (for'kas-1 or fok'-sl), n. 1. 
Foredeck, raised above the maindeok. 
2. (more commonly) Forepart of the 
ship under the maindeck, quarters of 
the crew. 

foreclose ( f or-kloz' ) , vt. Preclude, 
prevent; stop.- foreclosure* n. 
Foreclosing; depriving a mortgager 
of the right of redeeming a mortgaged 
estate. [Fr. forclos, pa. p. of fore- 
clore, exclude.] 

forefather (for'fa-^er), n. Ancestor. 

forefend ( for-f end' ),vt. Ward off, 
avert. [See defend.] 

forefinger (for'nng-er)» n. Finger 
next the thumb. 

forefoot (for'fot), n. One of the feet 
of an animal in front or next the head. 

forefront ( for'frunt ), n. Foremost 
part or place 1 

forego (for-go'), vi. and vt. 1. Go 
before; precede; chiefly used in its pr. 
p. forego'ing and pa. p. foregone'. — 
Foregone conclusion, conclusion come 
to without examination of the evi- 
dence. 2. Giveup; forbear the use of. 

foreground (for'grownd), n. Ground 
or space which seems to lie before the 
figures in a picture. 

forehanded (for'hand-ed), a. 1. Sea- 
sonable. 2. Provident; well-to-do. 

forehead (for'ed), n. Forepart of the 
head above the eyes; brow. 

foreign (for'in), a. 1. Belonging to 
another country; from abroad. 2. Not 
belonging to, unconnected. 3. Not 
appropriate. — foreigner (for'in-er), 
n. Native of another country. [Fr. 
forain — Low L. foraneus—foras, out 
of doors.] 

foreknow (for-n5'), vt. Know before- 
hand; foresee. — foreknowl'edge, 
n. Knowledge of a thing before it 
happens. 

foreland (for'land), n. Point of land 
running forward into the sea. 

forelock (for'lok), n. Lock or hair 
that grows from the forepart of the 
head.— Take time by the forelock: make 
prompt use of anything; let no oppor- 
tunity escape. 

foreman (for'man), n. {pi. fore'men) 
First or chief man; overseer; super- 
intendent. 

foremast (for'mast), n. Mast of p *Mp 
placed in the forepart or forecastle 
and carrying the foresail and f oretop- 
sail yards. [Mentioned before. 

foremen tioned (for-men'shund), a. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



foremost 



207 



forlorn 



foremost (for'most), a. First in 
place; most advanced; first in rank 
or dignity. [A. S. formest.] 

forenoon ( for'non'), n. Part of the 
day before noon or mid-day. 

forenotice (for'no-tis), n. Notice of 
anything before it happens. 

forensic (fo-ren'sik), a. Belonging to 
courts of judicature, or to public dis- 
cussion and debate. [L. forensis — 
forum, court, forum. ]_ 

fore-ordain (for-ar-dan'), vt. Arrange 
or appoint beforehand: nredestinate; 
predetermine.-fos'e-ordina'tion, n. 

forepart (for'part), n. Part, before the 
rest; frontj beginning. 

forerun (for-run'), vt. Run or come 
before; precede. — forerun*ner 5 /<,. 

1. Runner or messenger sent before. 

2. Sign that something is to follow. 
foresail (for'sal), n. Sail attached to 

the fore-yard on the foremast. 

foresee (f5r-se'), vt. and vi. See or 
know beforehand. 

foreshadow (for-shad'o),?;!!. Signalize 
or typify beforehand. 

foreshorten (f or-shai 'ten), vt. (In a 
picture) represent the shortened ap- 
pearance of an object projecting for- 
ward. 

foresight (for'sit), n. Act of fore- 
seeing; wise forethought: prudence. 

forest (for'est), n. 1. Large uncultiv- 
ated tract of land covered with trees 
and underwood .— for'ester, n. 1. 
One who has charge of a forest. 2. 
Inhabitant of a forest. 3. Member of 
one of certain fraternal organiza- 
tions in the U. S. 

forestall(for-stal'), vt. Anticipate ;take 

possession in advance of ;get ahead of. 

. [A. S. See stall.] [elude. 

Syn. Preoccupy; monopolize; ex- 

forestay ( for'sta ), n. Large strong 
rope reaching from the foremast 
head toward the bowsprit, end to sup- 
port the mast._ 

foretaste (for-tasf), vt. Taste before 
possession ;_ anticipate. 

for taste ( for'tast ), n. Taste before- 
hand; anticipation. 

foretell (for-tel'). I. vt. Tell before ; 
prophesy. II. vi. Utter prophecy. — 
foretelTer, n. _ 

forethought ( for'that), n. Thought 
or care for the future; provident care. 

foretoken (for'to-kn), n. Token or 
sign beforehand. _ [beforehand. 

foretoken (for-to'kn). vt. Signify 

foretop (for'top), n. Platform at the 
head of a foremast. 

forever (for-ev'er), adv. 1. For all time 
to come; through eternity. 'Z. Always. 
Syn. Constantly; continually. 



forewarn (for-warn'), vt. Warn 
beforehand; give previous notice.— 
forewarn'ing, n. Warning before- 
hand. 

forfeit (far'fit). I. vt. Lose the right 
to by some fault or crime. II. n. 1. 
That which is forfeited; penalty for 
a crime; fine. 2. Something deposited 
and redeemable. — forfeitable, a. 
— for'feiture, n. [Fr. forfaire, for- 
fait — Low L. forisfacere, do beyond 
what is permitted; offend,— foris, out 
of doors, and facere, do.] [forgive. 

forgave (for-gav'). Past tense of 

forge (forj). I. n. 1. Furnace, esp. one 
in which iron is heated. 2. Smithy. 3. 
Place where anything is shaped or 
made. II. vt. Form by heating and 
hammering; form. 2. Make falsely; 
fabricate; counterfeit. III. vi. Com- 
mit forgery. — ror'ger, n. One who 
forges or makes ; one guilty of forg- 
ery. — for'gery, n. 1. Fraudulently 
making or altering any writing. 2. 
That which is forged or counterfeited. 
[Fr. forge, Prov. farga—Li. fabrica.] 

forget (for-gef), vt. [forgetting; for- 
got'; forgott'en.] 1. Lose or put away 
from the memory. 2. Neglect.— for- 
get'fnl, a. 1. Apt to forget; easily 
losing remembrance ; oblivious. 2. 
Causing forgetfulness. — forget'fnl- 
ness, n. [A. S. forgitan—for-, away, 
and gitan, get.] 

forget-me-not (for- 
get' -me- not' ), n. 
Small herb with 
beautiful blue flow- 
ers. 

forgive (for-giV), vt. 
Pardon; overlook 
an offence or debt. — 
forgive'ness, n. 1. 
Pardon; remission. 
2. Disposition to par- 
don. — forgiv'ing, 
a. Reidy to pardon; 
merciful ; compas- 
sionate. [A.S.— for-, 
give.] 

fork (fark). I. n. 1. Instrument with 
two or more prongs at the end. 2. One 
of the points or divisions of anything 
fork-like. II. vi. 1. Divide into bran- 
ches, as a road or tree. 2. Shoot into 
blades, as corn. III. vt. 1. Form as a 
fork. 2. Pitch with a fork ;throw;hand 
(over).— forked (farkt), a. Opening 
into two or more "parts, points, or 
shoots ; furcated. [ A. S. forc—L,. furc a \ 

forlorn (for-larn'), a. Wretched; for- 
saken. [A. S. forloren.] 

Syn. Lost; deserted; abandoned- 
miserable; destitute; disconsolate. 




Forget-me-not. 
away and gifan, 



fate, fat, la. 



l"dr. tall 



fare, above; n.c. iWl, hei , i> it*-, h 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl. 'Wttsn. 



it; Dote, not, move, woii; 



forlorn-hope 



208 



fortuitous 



forlorn-hope (fear* larn'-hop), n. Body 
of soldiers selected for some service 
of uncommon danger. [Dut. verloren 
hoop (heap), forlorn or lost troop.] 

form (farm). I. n. 1. Shape of a body; 
outline" of an object. 2. Model; mold. 
3. Mode of arrangement. 4. Order; 
regularity; system, as of government. 
5. Established practice; ceremony. 6. 
Type from which an impression is to 
be taken, arranged and secured in a 
chase. II. vt. 1. Give shape to; make; 
contrive. 2. Settle, as an opinion; 
combine; go to make up; establish. 
III. vi. Assume a form. [L. forma— 
fero, bear.] 

formal (farm'al), a. 1. According to 
form or established mode; ceremon- 
ious; methodical. 2. Having the form 
only. 3. Having the power of making 
a thing what it is. — form'alism, n. 
Resting in the mere external forms 
of religion. — form'alist, n. 1. One 
>who is content with the mere forms 
of religion. 2. One overattentive to 
'forms. — formal'ity, n. 1. Precise 
observance of forms or ceremonies. 
2. Established order. 3. Form with- 
out substance. — form'ally, adv. 

formation (far-ma'shun), n. 1. The 
act, process or result of forming or 
making. 2. Manner in which a thing 
is formed. 3. Substance formed. 4. 
In geol. Series of rocks referred to a 
common origin. [Fr.-- L. formatio.] 

formative ( farm'a-tiv ), a. Giving 
form ; having" the power of giving 
form; plastic; inflectional. 

former (fat"me"r), a. (comp. of fore.) 
Before in'tlme or order; past; first 
meutioned. — for'meiiy, adv. In 
former times; heretofore. [A. S.for- 
?na, first, and comp. suffix -er.] 

formic ("far'mik), a. Pertaining to 
ants, as formic acid, originally obtain- 
ed from ants. [L. formica, ant.] 

formidable (far'mi-da-bl), a. Causing 
fear; adapted to excite fear. — formi- 
dably, adv. [Fr.— L. formido, fear.] 
Syn. Alarming. See tremendous. 

formula (farm'u-la), n. 1. Prescribed 
form. 2. "Formal statement of doc- 
trine. 3. In math. General expression 
for solving problems. 4. In chem. Set 
of symbols expressing the components 
of a body: — pi. formulae (fa^m'u-le), 
and formulas, £L- Dim. of forw.a.] 

formularize (farm'u-la-riz), vt. Re- 
duce to a formula; formulate ; ex- 
press tersely and clearly in systema- 
tic form. 

formulary (farm'u lar-i) I. n. For- 
mula ;book of formulas or precedents. 
II. a. Prescribed; ritual; closely ad- 



hering to formulas ; formal. [Fr. 
formulaire—Lt. formula.] 

formulate ( farm'u-lat ), vt. Reduce 
to or express in a clear or definite 
form. — formulation, n. 

fornication (far-ni-ka'shun), n. Illicit 
sexual intercourse, [lu.— fornix, vault, 
brothel.] 

forsake ( for-sak'), vt. [forsa'king; 
forsook'; forsa'ken.] Desert; aban- 
don. [A. S. forsacan. See sake.] 

forsooth (for-soth') I. adv. In truth; 
in fact; certainly. II. vt. 1. Use the 
word 'forsooth'. 2. Address very cere- 
moniously. III. n. Citified dandy. [A. 
S. forsoth, for truth.] 

forswear (for-swar'j, vt. Renounce or 
deny upon oath. 

fort (fort), n. Small fortress; fortifica- 
tion. [Fr. — Ij.fortis, strong.] 

forte (fort), n. One's strong point; 
that in which one excels. [L.] 

forte (far'te), adv. Inmus. Strongly, 
with emphasis, loud. [It.] 

forth (forth), adv. Forward in place or 
order; onward in time; out into view; 
abroad. — forthcoming-, a. Just 
coming forth ; about to appear. — 
forthwith', adv. Immediately; 
without delay. [A. S.] 

fortieth (far'ti-eth). I. a. The fourth 
tenth. II. ' n. Fortieth part. [A. S. 




Fortification. 



earthwalls, ditches, 
2. That which forti- 



fortification 

(f ar-ti-f i-ka'- 
sh'un), n. 1. 
The art of 
strengthening 
a military po- 
sition by 
means of de- 
fensive works, 
an abatis, etc. 
fies; fort. 

fortify (far'tifi), vt. 1. Strengthen 
with forts, etc. 2. Strengthen; invig- 
orate. 3. Oonfirm. [Fr. fortifier.] 

fortissimo (£or>tis'i-mo), adv. In mus. 
Very strong or loud. [It. Superl. of 
forte.] 

fortitude (far'ti-tud), n. That strength 
of mind which enables one to meet 
danger or endure pain with calmness. 
[L. fortitudo—fortis.] 

fortnight (fart'nit), n. Two weeks or 
fourteen days.— fort' nightly, a. and 
adv. Once a fortnight. [Contr. of 
fourteen nights.] 

fortress(far'tres), n. Fortified place; 
defence. '[Fr. forteresse.] 

fortuitous for- tu'i-tus), a. Happen- 
ing bychanceor accident. — fortu- 
itously, adv. — fortuitousness, n, 
— fortu'ity, n. [L. fortuitus.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mate, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



fortunate 



269 



fourteen 



fortunate (far'iu-nat), a. 1. Coming 
by good luck or favorable chance. 2. 
Bringing some unexpected good. 3. 
Presaging happiness ; auspicious. 
4. Lucky; successful. — fortunate- 
ly, adv. In a fortunate manner ; 
luckily ; successfully ; happily. [L. 
fortunatus. See fortune.] 

fortune (far'tun), n. 1. Whatever 
comes "by lot or chance; luck. 2. Lot 
that falls to one in life. 3. Success. 4. 
WealtJi. [L. fortuna—fors, chance,— 
fero, bear.] 

Syn. Hap; fate; accident; estate. 

forty (far'ti) , a. and n. Four times ten. 
[A.&.~f cower, four, and tig, ten.] 

forum (fo'rum), w. 1. Market place in 
ancient Home ; court. 2. Any tribunal 
of public discussion. [L. akinto/oras, 
out of doors.] 

forward (far'ward), for'warcls, adv. 
Towards the front; progressively. 

forward (far'ward). I. a. 1. Near or at 
the forepart; advanced. 2. Ready; too 
ready; bold. II. vt. 1. Help onward; 
hasten. 2. Send.— for'wardly, adv. 
—forwardness, n. 

fossil ( fos'il )• I. a. Dug out of the 
earth or rocks. II. n. Form of plant 




Coal Formation Fossils. 
An extinct fish (Acanthodes), and a fern. 

or animal, occurring in stratified 
rocks— fossilif erous, a. Contain- 
ing fossils.— fos'silist, a. One skilled 
in fossils .— fossilize, vt. and vi. 
Change into a fossil. — fossiliza'- 
tion, n. [L>. fossilis —fodio, dig.] 

foster (fos'ter), vt. Bring up ; nurse; 
encourag e. — foster-brother, n. 
Male child, fostered or brought up 
with another of different parents.— 
foster-child, n. Child nursed or 
brought up by one who is not its 
parent. — foster-parent, n. One 
who rears a child in the place of its 
parent. [A.S. fostrian — root of food.] 

fought (fat). Past tense and pa. p. of 

FIGHT. 

foul (fowl). I. a. 1. Filthy; loath- 
some; profane; impure. 2. Stormy. 
3. Unfair; running against: entangled. 
H. vt. and vi. 1. Make foul; soil. 2. 
Collide with; come into collision. III. 
n. Act of fouling, colliding, or other- 
wise impeding due motion or pro- 



gress; specifically, in a racing con- 
test, the impeding of a competitor by 
collision, jostling, or the like; in base- 
ball, a batted bail which first strikes 
the ground outside the lines drawn 
from the home base through the first 
and third bases. — foully, adv. — 
foul' n ess, n. — foul-mouthed 
(fowl'-mow£/id), a. Addicted to the 
use of foul or profane language. [A. 
S. ful] 

found. Past tense and pa. p. of find. 

found (fownd), vt. Lay the bottom or 
foundation of; establish on a basis; 
originate; endow. — founda'tion, 
n. 1. Act of founding. 2. Base of a 
building; ground work or basis. 3. 
Permanent fund for the support of 
anything. — founder, n. One who 
founds, establishes, or originates; en- 
dower.—^ fern, found'ress. [Fr. fonder 
— L,. f undo— fundus, bottom.] 

found (fownd), vt. Form by melting 
and pouring into a mold; cast. — 
founder, n. One who melts and 
casts metal, as a brassfounder. [Fr. 
fondre — L.. /undo, fusus, pour.] 

founder (fown'der). I. vi. Go to the 
bottom; fill with water and sink. II. 
vt. Disable by injuring the feet, as of 
a horse. [Fr. fondre — fond — L. 
fundus, bottom.] 

founding (fownd'ing) , n. Metal-oast- 
ing. [found deserted. 

foundling(fownd'ling), n. Little child 

fonndry ( fownd'ri ) foundery 
(fownci'er-i), n. 1. Art of founding or 
casting. 2. Place where founding is 
carried on. 

fount (fownt), fountain (fown'tan), 
n. 1. Spring of water, natural or arti- 
ficial. 2. Structure for a jet of water. 
3. Source of anything, -fountain- 
head, n. 1. Head or source of a 
fountain. 2. Beginning or source of 
anything.— fount'ain-pen, n. Writ- 



!RasE!> 



Fountain-pen, 

ing pen with a reservoir for furnish- 
ing a continuous supply of ink. [L. 
fons,fqntis, spring, snxdfundo, pour.] 

four (for), a. and n. Two and two. 
[A. S. feower.] _ 

fourfold ( for'fold ), a. Folded four 
times; multipliedf our times. 

fourscore (for'skor), a. Four timas 
a score — 80. 

foursquare (for'skwar), a. Having 
four equal sides and angles; square. 

fourteen (for'ten), a. and n. Four and 
ten. 



fate, fiat, task, f&r, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn, oil, owl, then. 



fourteenth 



210 



fraternize 



fourteenth (for'tenth), a. and n. 

Fourth after the tenth. [A. S. feozver- 

teotha.] 
fourth (forth)-. I. a. Next after the 

third. II. n. One of four equal parts. 

— The Fourth, in U. S., Independence 
Day, July 4th. — fourth'ly, adv. 
[A. S. feoriha.] 

fowl (fowl). I. n. 1. Bird. 2. Bird of the 
barnyard or poultry kind,cock or hen. 
2. Flesh of fowl. — pi. fowls or fowl. II. 
vi. Kill fowls by shooting or snaring. 
— fo^vl'er, n. Sportsman who takes 
wild fowl.— fowling-piece,?*. Light 
gun for small-shot, used in huntiug. 
[A. S. fugel.] 

fox (foks), n. 1. Carnivorous animal 
of the dog family, noted for cunning. 
2. One notorious for cunning.— foxy 
(foks'i), a. Of or like foxes; cunning; 
crafty. 2. Having a reddish brown or 
fox-color. 

foyer (fwa-ya') n. Lobby in theatres, 
opera-nouses, etc. [Fi\] 

fracas (fra'kas), n. Uproar; noisy 
quarrel. [Fr.— fracasser, break.] 

fraction (frak'shun), n. 1. Fragment; 
very small piece. 2. In arith. One or 
more of the aliquot parts of a unit. 
— fractional, a. — Fractional cur- 
rency, the small coins or paper-money 
of lower value than the monetary 
unit of a country. 

fractious (f rak'shus), a. Ready to 
break out in a passion ; cross.— frac'- 
tiously, adv. — frac'tiousness, n. 

fracture (frak'tur). I. n. Breakage; 
rupture of a solid body; breaking of 
a bone. II. vt. Break; burst asunder ; 
crack. [Fr.— L. fractura, from frango, 
fractum, break.] 

fragile (fraj'il), a. Easily broken ; 
frail; delicate. — fragility (fra-jil'i- 
ti), n. [L. fragilis, from frango, break.] 

fragment (frag'ment), n. Piece brok- 
en off; unfinished portion. — frag- 
inent'al, a— fragmentary^. Con- 
sisting of fragments or pieces ; brok- 
en. [See FRACTION.] 

fragrant (fra'grant), a. Sweet-scented. 

— fra'grantly, adv. — fra'grance, 
n. [Li.f?xigro, smell.] 

frail (fral), a. Wanting in strength or 
firmness; weak. — " frail'ness, n. — 
frail'ty, n. Weakness ; infirmity ; 
foible. [Fr. frile—Lt. fragilis. See 
Fragile.] 

frail (fral), n. 1. Rush, from which 
baskets are woven. 2. Basket woven 
of rushes._[0. Fr. fraiel—L,.fraellum.~\ 

frame (fram). I. vt. 1. Form; shape; 
construct bv fitting the parts to each 
other. 2. Plan. 3. Put a border or 
frame on. II. n. 1. Form; shape; 



make. 2. Skeleton; fabric. 3. Case 
made to inclose or support anything. 
4. State; temper; mood. — frame'- 
house, n. House consisting of a 
framework of timber filled in with 
boards or shingles. — fra'mer, to. — 
frame'work, n. 1. Work that forms 
the frame. 2. Skeleton or outline. 
[A. S. fremman, be useful.] 

franc (frangk), n. French silver coin 
of the value of 19.3 cents, American 
money. [Fr., from the device Fran- 
corum rex, king of the French, on the 
coin when first struck by King John 
of England, in 1360.] 

franchise (fran'chiz). l.n. 1. Privilege 
or right granted by municipalities to 
street railroad corporations, etc. 2. 
Right, of voting. II. ^.Enfranchise; 
give one the franchise. [Fr., from 
franc, franche, free.] 

frangible (fran'ji-bl), a. Easily brok- 
en. — frangibil'ity, n. 

Frank (frangk), n. 1. Member of the 
ancient German tribe or aggregate of 
tribes which overthrew the Roman 
dominion in Gaul and gave origin to 
the name France. 2. Native of Fran- 
conia in S. W. Germany. 3. Name 
given by the Turks, Greeks, and Arabs 
to any of the inhabitants of the west- 
ern parts of Europe, French, English, 
Italians, etc. 

frank, (frangk). I.n. 1. Letter sent by 
mail free of postage. 2. That which 
makes a letter free, as the signature 
of a person possessing the privilege. 
3. Free transportation, as by an Ex- 
press Company. II. vt. Send free of 
expense, as a letter. 

frank (frangk), a. Candid in expres- 
sion.— frankly, adv.— frank'ness, 
n. [Fr. franc— O.Ger. frank, free-man.] 
Syn. Open; sincere. See candid. 

frankincense ( frangk'in-sens ), n. 
Sweet-smelling resin issuing from a 
tree in Arabia, and used in sacrifices. 
[O. Fr. franc encens, pure incense.] 

frantic (fran'tik), a. Mad; furious ; 
wild.— frantically, adv. [Fr.frenS- 
tique — Gr. phrenetikos, suffering from 
inflammation of the brain.] 

fraternal (fra-ter'nal), a. Belonging 
to a brother or brethren ; becoming 
brothers. — fraternally, adv. [L. 
fraternalis—f rater, brother.] 

fraternity (fra-ter'ni-ti), n. 1. State 
of being brethren. 2. Society formed 
on a principle of brotherhood. [L. 
fraternitas.] 

fraternize (frat'er-niz), vi. Associate 
as brothers. 2. Seek brotherly fellow- 
ship. — fraternization, to. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; ndte, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



fr:itr'cid~e 



211 



fresh 



fratricide (frat'ri-sid)., n. One who 
kills his brother. — fratricidal, a. 
[Fr.— L. f rater and ot^o/kill.] 

fraud (frad), re. 1. Deceit. 2. Deceptive 
trick. 3. Trickster.— fraud'ulent, a. 
Using or containing fraud.— fraud'- 
uleutly, adv. [L. fraus, fraud-is.] 
Syn. Deception; imposture; craft; 
sham; imposition. See cheat. 

fraught (frat), a. Freighted; laden; 
tilled. [Swed. frakta, load.] 

fray (fia), n. Affray. 

fray (fra), vt. Wear off by rubbing. 
[Fr. frayer—L,. fricare, rub.] 

freak (frek), n. 1. Sudden caprice or 
fancy; sport. 2. Monstrosity.— 
freakish, a. Capricious — freak'- 
ishly, adv. — freak ishness, n. 
[A. S. free, bold; rash.] 
Syn. Folly; whim; prank. 

freckle (frek'l). I. ^. Spot; color 
with spots. II. n. Yellowish spot on 
the skin; any small spot.— freek'ly, 
adv. Full of freckles. [Icel. frecknur, 
spots.] 

free (f re). I. a.l. Not bound; at liber- 
ty; not under arbitrary government; 
set at liberty. 2. Guiltless. 3. Frank. 4. 
Lavish. 5. Not attached. 6. Exempt 
(fol. by from). 7. Gratuitous. 8. Idio- 
matic, as a translation. II. vt. Set at 
liberty; deliver from what confines; 
rid (of)-— freely, adv. — free'ness, 
n. [A. S. freo.) 

free-agency (fre'-a'j en-si), n. State 
or power of acting freely, or without 
necessity or constraint upon the will. 
— free'-a'gent, n. 

freebooter (fre'bo-ter), n. One who 
roves about freely in search of booty ; 
plunderer. [See booty.] 

freedntan (fred'man), n. One who 
has been a slave, and has been freed 
or set free. _ 

freedom (fre'dum), n. 1. Liberty. 
2. Frankness. 3. Privileges connected 
with a citizenship. 4. Improper famil- 
iarity; license. 

free-hand (fre'-hand), a. Term ap- 
plied to drawing, in which the hand 
is not assisted by any guiding or mea- 
suring instruments, such as com- 
passes, rulers, scales, etc. 

free-hauded (fre'-han'ded), a. Open- 
handed; liberal. _ [hearted; liberal. 

free-hearted (fre'-har'ted), a. Open- 
freehold (fre'hold), n. Property in 
Great Britan and Ireland held free of 
duty except to the sovereign. — free'- 
hoider, n. One who possesses a free- 
hold. 

freeman (fre'man), n. 1. Man who is 
free or enjoys liberty. 2. One who holds 
a particular franchise or privilege. 




Freemason emblem. 



freemason (fre'ma-sn), n. Member ol 
a society or organization for the pro- 
motion of freema- 
sonry. — free'ma- 
sonry, n. 1. In- 
stitutions, tenets 
a n d practices o f 
freemasons. 2. 
Brotherhood. 

freestone(fre'ston), 
n. 1. Stone com- 
posed of sand or 

grit. 2. Peach or other fruit, the flesh 
of which does not cling to the stone 
when ripe. 

freethinker (fre'thing-ker), n. One 
who professes to think independently 
of revelation or church authority. 

free-trade (fre'-trad), n. Free inter- 
change of commodities, without any 
customhouse duties. 

free-will (fre'-wil). I. n. Freedom of 
the will from restraint; liberty of 
choice. II. a. Spontaneous. 

freeze (frez). I. vi. [free'zing; froze; 
fro'zen ] Become ice or like a solid 
body.— II. vt. Harden into ice; cause to 
shiver as with terror. [A. S. freosan]. 

freight (frat). I. n. 1. Lading or car- 
go, esp. of a ship. 2. Merchandise, 
live stock and produce, transported 
by public carriers otherwise than by 
express. 3. Charge for transporting 
goods as freight by water or by rail. 
II. vt. Load a ship. — freight'age, 
n. Money paid for freight.— freight'- 
er, n. [From fraught.] 

French (trench). I. a. Belonging to the 
people of France. II. n. 1. Language 
of France. 2. pi. People of France. 

frenzy (fren'zi), n. Violent excite- 
ment approaching to madness; ma- 
nia. — fren'zied, fren'zieal, a. 
Partaking of frenzy. [Gr. phrenitis, 
inflammation of the brain.] 

frequent (fre'kwent), a. Coming or 
occurring often. — fre'quency, n. 
— fre'quently, adv. — frequent. 
ness, n. [Li.frequens, frequentis, fre- 
quent.] [ — frequenter, n. 

frequent (frekwenf). vt. Visit often. 

frequentative (fre-kwen'ta-tiv). I. a. 
In gram. Denoting the frequent repeti- 
tion of an action. II. n. In gram. 
Verb expressing this repetition. 

fresco (fres'ko). I. n. Painting exe- 
cuted on plaster or mortar while wet 
or fresh. II. vt. Paint in fresco. 

fresh (fresh), a. 1. In a state of activity 
and health; new and strong; recently 
produced or obtained. 2. Untried. 3. 
Having renewed vigor. 4. Not salt. 
— fresh'ly, adv. — fresh'ness, ?i. [A. 
S. fersc] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



freshen 



212 



frill 



freshen (fresh'n). I. vt. Make fresh; 
take the saltness from. II. vi. Grow 
fresh; grow brisk or strong. 

freshet (fresh'et), n. Sudden overflow 
of a river from rain or melted snow. 

freshman (fresh'man), n. One in the 
rudiments of knowledge, esp. a uni- 
versity student in his first year. 

fret (fret), I. ^.[fret'ting; fret'ted.] 1. 
Wear away by rubbing. 2. Eat into. 
3. Vex. II. vi. 1. Wear away. 2. Vex 
one's self. 3. Be peevish. III. n. Agi- 
tation of the surface of a liquid ; irri- 
tation; ill-humor. [A. S. /retail, eat.] 



^imSMIMIgMIMlMMMif 



Grecian Frets. 

fret (fret). I. vt. [fret'ting; fret'ted. ] 
Ornament with raised-work ; varie- 
gate. II. n. In arch. Ornament con- 
sisting of small fillets intersecting 
each ocher at right angles.— fret'ted, 
adv. Ornamented with frets. — fret'- 
saw, n. Scroll-saw.— fret'worli, n. 
Work adorned with frets or perfora- 
ted. [It. ferretta, window-grating.] 

fret (fret). I. n. Short wire or bar on 
the finger-board of a guitar or other 
instrument. II. »i. Furnish with 
frets. IProb.— O. Fr.frete, ferrule.] 

fretful (fret'fol), a. Peevish. — fret'- 
*ully, adv.— fret'fulness, n. 

Syn. Cross; petulan*- ill-humored; 
irritable; ill-natured, .bee captious. 

friable (fri'a-bl). a. Easily reduced to 
powder.— fri'ableness,friabii'ity, 
ns. [Fr.— L. friabil'is—frio, rub.] 

friar (fri'ar), n. Member or* one of the 
four mendicant orders: Gray Friars, 
or Franciscans; Augustinians; Black 
Friars or Dominicans; White Friars 
or Carmelites. — fri'ary, n. Monas- 
tery or residence of friars. [Fr. jHre 
— L. f rater, brother.] 

fribble (frib'l). I. vi. Trifle. II. n. 
Trifler. [Fr. frivole—lL. frivolus.] 

fricassee (frik-as-se'). I. n. Dish made 
of fowls or veal, cut into pieces and 
cooked in sauce. II. vt. Dress as a 
fricassee. [Fr.] 

friction (frik'shun), n. 1. Act of rub- 
bing the surface of one body against 
that of another; attrition. 2. In mech. 
Effect of rubbing; resistances which 
a moving body meets with from the 
surface on which it moves. — fric'- 
tional, a. Relating to friction ; mov- 
ed by friction; produced by friction. 
[L. frictio — frier .u'>.] 



Friday (fri'daj, n. Sixth day of the 
week. [A. S. Frig edceg— Frig, the wife 
of the god Odin, and dce,g, day.] 

friend (frend), n. 1. One loving or 
attached to another ; intimate ac- 
quaintance; favorer. 2. One not an 
enemy; one of the same party, nation. 
3. (F) Member of a society of Friends ; 
quaker. — friend'less, a. Without 
friends ; destitute .— friend'less- 
ness, n. — friend'ly, a. Like a 
friend ; having the disposition of a 
friend; favorable. — friendliness, 
n. — friendship, n. Attachment 
from mutual esteem; friendly assist- 
ance. 

frieze (frez), n. Coarse woollen cloth 
with a nap on one side.— friezed, a. 
Having a nap. [Fr. /rise, prob.— Dut. 
Vriesland, Friesland, whence the cloth 
came.] 

frieze (frez), n. In arch. Part of the 
entablature of a column between the 
architrave and cornice, often orna- 
mented with figures. [Etymology 
doubtful.] 

frigate (frig'at), n. 
Quick-sailing ship-of- 
war of second-rate 
power. [It. fregata — 
L. fabricata, built.] 

frigate-bird (frig'at- 
berd), n. Large tropic- 
al sea-bird, with very 
long wings, prob. 
named from its rapid 
flight. 

fright (frit), n. 1. Sud- 
den fear. 2. Shocking sight.— fright'- 
ful, a. Terrible.— fright'fwlly, adv. 

— fright'fulness, n. [A.S. fyrhtu.] 
♦ Syn. Alarm; dismay; consternation; 

terror; affright; apprehension. 

fright (frit), frighten (fri'tn), vt. 
Make afraid; alarm suddenly; scare. 

frigid (frij'id), a. 1. Frozen or stif- 
fened with cold; cold; icy; wintery, 
as the frigid zone. 2. Without spirit 
or feeling; unanimated. 3. Forbid- 
ding in manner; chilling; impassive. 

— frigid'ity, n. Coldness; coldness 
of affection; want of animation.— 
frigidly, adv.— frig'idness, n. [L. 
frigidus — frigus, cold.] 

frigorific ( frig-or-if'ik ), a. Causing 
cold. [la. frigus, cold, and facio, make.] 

frill (fril). I. vi. Ruffle, as a hawk's 
feathers, when shivering. II. vt. 1. 
Furnish with a frill. 2. Form into a 
frill. III. n. Ruffle; ruffled or crimped 
edging of linen; ruffle of feathers, 
hair, etc. [O. Fr. fritter— L. frigidulus, 
somewhat cold.] 




i-igate. 



fate, fat, task, far. fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



fringe 



213 



frost 



fringe (frinj). I. n. Loose threads or 
strips forming a border; extremity. 
II. vt. Adorn with fringe; border. — 
frin'gy* a. [Fr. f range — L. fimbriae, 
threads, fibers.] 

frippery (frip'er-i), n. Worn-out clo- 
thes; dowdy finery ; useless trifles. 
[Fr. friperie—f riper , waste.] 

friseur (fri-zev'), n. Hairdresser. — 
fern, friseuse (fri-zes'). [Fr.] 

Frisian ( £riz'i-an) , n. Inhabitant 
or native of Friesland. 

frisk (frisk). I. vi. Gambol ; leap 
playfully. II. n. Frolic. — frisky, 
a. Lively ; jumping with gaiety ; 
frolicsome.— frisk'ily, adv. — frisk- 
iness, n. [O. Fr. /risque — German 
root of Fresh.] 

frith (frith), firth (ferth), n. 1. Nar- 
row arm of the sea; an estuary. 2. 
Opeoing of a river into the sea. [Icel. 
fjorthr. Norw. fjord.] 

fritter (frit'er). I. n. 1. Piece of meat 
iried. 2. Kind of cake fried in hot 
lard. 3. Fragment. II. vt. 1. Break 
or cut into fragments. 2. Waste 
(away) by degrees. [Fr. friture—frire, 
— L. Jrigere friclum, fry.] 

frivolity (fri-vol'i-ti), n. Act or habit 
of trifling; unbecoming levity. 

frivolous ( friv'o-lus ). a. Trifling; 
slitrht; silly. — frivolously, adv.— 
friv'olonsness, n. [L. frivolus.] 

frizz, friz (friz). I. vt. Curl ; crimp. 
II. n. Cur]; crimp. [Fr. f riser.] 

frizzle (friz'l), vt. Form in small short 
curls. [Dim. of Frizz.] 

fro (fr5), adv. From; back; backward. 
[Shortened form of from; or directly 
derived from Icel. fra, from.] 

froek (frok), n. 1. Monk's outer gar- 
ment, girded and with a hood. 2. 
Loose outer garment; smock frock; 
gown. [Fr. froc, a monk's cowl — L. 
floccus, wool.] 

frocked (frokt), a 
Clothed in a frock. 

frog(frog), n. 1. Ge- 
nus of amphibians, 
having four legs 
with four toes on 
the fore feet and 
five on the hind, 
more or less web- 
bed, a naked body, 
no ribs, and no tail. Frog. 

2. Tender triangu- 
lar growth in the middle of the sole 
of a horse's foot. 3. Triangular sup- 
port or crossing plate of a railway 
track, where one line branches off 
from another or crosses it at an 
oblique angle. 




frog(frog). I. n. 1. Fastening for a frock 
or gown, generally in the form of* a 
tassel, or spindle-shaped button cov- 
ered with silk or other material, which 
is passed through a loop. 2. Loop 
of the scabbard. II. vt. Provide witn 
frogs. [Port. froco — L. floccus. wool.] 

frolic (frol'ik). I. a. Merry; pranky. 

II. n. 1. Wild prank. 2. Merry-making. 

III. vi. [frolicking; frolicked.] Play 
wild pranks or merry tricks.— frol'- 
icsome, a. Gay; sportive.— frol'ic- 
someness, n. [Dut. vrolijk, merry.] 

from (from), prep. 1. Out of the neigh- 
borhood of; lessening or losing prox- 
imity to; leaving behind. 2. Begin- 
ning at, starting at. 3. By reason of; 
out of; by aid of. [A. S.] 

frond (frond), n. Leafy branch or 
stalk; combination of stem and leaf, 
as in the fern. [L. frons, frondis, leaf.] 

frcndescense (fron-des'ens), n. 1. 
Bursting into leaf. 2. Time when 
leaves unfold. 

front (frunt). I. n.l. Forehead; face. 
2. Forepart ; most conspicuous part. 
3- Boldness; impudence. II. a. Of, 
relating to, or in, the front. III. vt. Be 
in front of or opposite; oppose face to 
face. IV. vi. Stand in front or fore- 
most; turn the front or face.— front- 
age (frunt'aj), n. Front linear extent 
of a building or lot.— frontal ( fron'- 
tal). I. a. Of, or belonging to, the front 
or forehead. II. n. 1. Front-piece; 
something worn on the forehead or 
face. 2. In arch. Pediment over a 
door or window. [Fr.— y. frons.] 

frontier (frun'ter or -ter'). I. n. That 
part of a country which fronts or 
faces another country; border. II. a. 
Of, or pertaining to, or acquired on a 
frontier. [Fr. frontier e, border.] 

frontispiece (frunt'is-pes), n. Figure 
or engraving in front of a book. [Fr. 
—frons, and specio, see.] 

frontlet (frunt'let), n. 1. Frontal ; 
browband. 2. Margin of the head be- 
hind the bill of birds, generally cloth- 
ed with rigid bristles. 

frost (frast). I. a. 1. Temperature at 
which water freezes. 2. Frozen dew, 
also called hoar-frost. II. vt. Cover 
with frost or with anything resembl- 
ing hoar-frost.— frost-bite, n. Freez- 
ing or depression of vitality in a part 
of the body by exposure to cold. — 
frost-bitten, a. Affected by frost.— 
frost'ing,7i. 1. Composition, resembl- 
ing hoar-frost, used to cover cake, 
etc. 2. Dull icelike finish of a glass 
or metal surface. — frost-work, n. 
Work resembling hoar-frost on 
shrubs. — frosty, a. Producing or 



fate, fat, task- far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; n5te, Dot, move, wolf; 
mute, but, burn; oil, owl, then.. 



frotb 



214 



fugleman 



containing frost; chill in affection; 
frost-like. — frost'ily, adv.— frost'- 
iness, n. [A. S. freosan, freeze.] 

froth (frath). I. n. 1. Foam on liquids 
caused by boiling, agitation, ferment- 
ation, etc. 2. Empty show in speech. 
3. Any light matter. II. vt. Cause 
froth on. III. vi. Throw up froth. — 
frotn'y, a. Full of fioth or foam; 
empty; unsubstantial. — frothily, 
adv.— froth'iness, n. [Icel. frodha.] 

frou-frou (fro- fro'), n. Rustling, esp. 
of silk garments. [Fr,] 

frouzy. See Frowzy. [vrouw.] 

frow (frow), _n. Woman, wife. [Dut. 

froward ( fro' ward ), a. Self-willed ; 
perverse; unreasonable.— fro'wartl- 
ly, adv. — fro'wardness, n. [A. S. 
from, away, averse, and ward.] 

frown < frown ). I, vi. Wrinkle the 
brow, as in anger; look ancry II. vt. 

. Repel or drive by a frown. III. n. 

\ Contraction of the brow in displeas- 

1 ure, etc. ; stern look ; scowl-frown'- 
ingly, adv. [O. Fr. frogner ] 

frowzy (frow'zi), a. Slovenly; untidy; 
unkempt. [Etymology doubtful.] 

frozen (fro'zn). Pa. p. of freeze. 

fructification (fruk-ti-fi-ka'shun), n, 
1. Act of fructifying, or producing 
fruit. 2. All the parts that compose 
the flower and fruit. 

fructify (fruk'ti-fi). I. vt. Make fruit- 
ful; fertilize. II. vi. Bear fruit. [L. 
fructifico—fr actus, and facio, make.] 

frugal (fro'gal), a. 1. Consisting of 
fruit; plain; 'inexpensive. 2. Econo- 
mical in the use of means; thrifty. — 
frugality, n. Prudent economy; 
thrift. [L. frugalis—frux, fruit.] 

Syn. Saving; sparing; penurious; 
parsimonious; niggardly; miserly. 

trugiferotis ( fro-jifer-us ), a. Fruit- 
bearing. [L. frux, and fero, bear.] 

frtigivorous (fro-jiv'o-rus),a. Feed- 
ing on fruits. [L. frux, and voro, eat.] 

fruit (frot),?i. 1. Produce of the earth, 
which supplies the wants of men and 
animals. 2. Part of a plant which 
c uitains the seed. 3. Offspring; pro- 
duct; consequence; effect; advantage. 
[O. Fr. fruict — L. fructus — fruor, 
enjoy. [ly; fruits. 

fi"uitage(fr6t'aj), n. Fruit collective- 
fruiterer (frot'er-er), n. One who 
deals in fruit. 

fruitful (frot'fol), a. Producing fruit 
abundantly ; productiv e.— fr uit'- 
fully, adv.— fruit fulness, n. 

fruition (fro-ish'un), n. Enjoyment; 
use or possession of anything, esp. 
accompanied with pleasure. [O. Fr. 
fruition— ~Lt. fruor, enjoy.] 



fruitless (frot'les), a. 1. Without fruit; 
barren. 2. Useless, vain. — fruit- 
lessly, adv. — fruit'lessness, n. 

frump (frump), n. 1. Taunt; jeer. 2. 
Disagreeable, ill-tempered, d o w d v 
woman or girl. 

frustrate (frus'trat ), vt. Make vain 
or of no effect; bring to nothing; de- 
feat.— frustration (frus-tra'shun) , 
[L.— frustr a— fraus, fraud..] 
Syn. Baffle: balk; foil; thwart. 

frustum (frus'tum), n. 1. Part of a 
cone, pyramid, etc., which remains 
when the top is cut off by a piano 
parallel to the base. 2. Any remain- 
der. [L. frustum, fragment.] 

fry (fri). I. vt. [frying; fried.] Cook 
food with oil or fat in a pan over the 
fire. II. vi. Undergo the action of 
heat iu a frying-pan ; simmer. III. n. 
Dish of anything fried. [Fr. frire— 
I,, frigo, fry.] 

fry (fri), n. 1. Swarm of fishes ju"t 
spawned. 2. Seed, offspring, number 
of small things 
[ F r . frai, 
spawn.] 
Fuchsia (fu'shi- 
a), n. Plant 
with long pen- 
dulous flowers, 
originally na- 
tives of S.Ame- 
rica. [Named 
after Leonard 
Fuchs, a Grer- 
man botanist. 

fuchsine (fok'- 
sin), n. Beauti- 
ful aniline co- 
lor ; in;igenta. 
[From resem- 
bling the fuchsia in color.] 

fuddle (fud'l), vt. and vi. Intoxicate; 
become intoxicated. [Etym. doubtful.] 

luug-e(fuj). I. n. 1. Monsense. 2. Kiud 
of candy. II. vt. Boteh, do clumsily. 

Fuegian (fu-e'ji-an). I. n. Belonging 
to Tierra Del Fuego. II. n. Native or 
inhabitant of Tierra del Fuego. 

fuel (fu'el), n. 1. Anything that feeds 
afire. 2. Whatever supporis iie&r, 
excitement, or energy. [O.Fv.fouauie 
— Tj. focale— focus, fire-place.] 

fugitive (fu'ji-tiv). 1. n. Apt to flee 
away; uncertain; volatile; perish- 
able; temporary. II. n. One who flee3 
from duty, danger or restraint. — 
fu'gitively, adv. - fn'gitiveness, 
n. [Fv.— 'Li.fugitivus — fugio, flee-] 

fugleman (fu'gl-man), n. 1. File- 
leader. 2. Ring-leader. [Ger. fiuegel- 
mann.~\ 




Fuchsia. 



*%te, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



fugue 



215 



Fungi 



fugue (fug), n. In mus. Composition 
iu which several themes follow one 
another at certain intervals. [Fr.— 
L. fuga, night.] 

fulcrum ( ful'krum ), n. 1. Prop or 
fixed point on which a lever moves. 
2. Prop; support.— pi. fuTcruins and 
ful'cra. [L] 

fulfill, fulfil (fol-hT), vt. Complete; 
accomplish; carry into effect. — ful- 
fillment, n. Full performance ;com- 
pietion; accomplishment. 

fulgent (ful'jent), ft. Bright; dazzling. 
— ful'gency, ft. [L. —fulgeo, flash.] 

full (fol). I. a. 1. Having all it can 
contain; having no empty space. 2. 
Abundantly supplied or furnished. 3. 
Abounding*. 4. Containing the whole 
matter;complere; perfect. 5. Strong; 
clear. II. ft. 1. Complete measure. 2. 
Highest degree. 3. Whole* 4. Time 
of full-moon. III. adv. Quite; to the 
same degree; with the whole effect; 
completely.— f ul' ly , adv. Complete- 
ly; entirely.— full'ness or fulness. 
ft. [A. S. full] 

full (fol), vt. 1. Press or pound cloth 
in a mill. 2. Scour and thicken in a 
mill.— full'er, ft. [Fr. fouler, stamp, 
tread. L,.fullo, cloth-fuller.) 

full-blown (fol'-blon), a. Blown or 
fully expanded, as a flower. 

fullers-earth (fol'erz-erth), n. Soft 
earth or clay, used in fulling cloth. 

full-orbed (foi'-arbd), a. Having the 
orb or disc t'uli'y illuminated, as the 
full-moon; round. 

fulminate (f ul' min-a t). I. vi. 1. 
Thunder; make a loud noise. 2. Issue 
decrees with violence. 3. Become sud- 
denly bright. II. vt. 1. Cause to ex- 
plode. 2. Send forth, as a denuncia- 
tion. III. n. Compound of fulminic 
acid with mercury, etc. — fulniina'- 
tion, ft. 1. Act of fulminating, thun- 
dering, or issuing forth. 2. Denuncia- 
tion. 3. Chemical explosion. [L.— 
fulmen, thunderbolt.] [detonation. 

fulminic (ful-min'ik), a. Capable of 

fulsome (ful'sum), a. Cloying; nau- 
seous; offensive; gross; disgusting- 
ly fawning. — ful'soraely, adv. — 
ful'soineness, n. [A. S. fulsum/] 

fumble (fum'bl). I. vi. 1. Grope about 
awkwardly. 2. Do anything awk- 
wardly. 3. Handle much. II. vt. Ma- 
nage a w k w a r d 1 y . — f um'bler, ft. 
[Dut. fommelen, move incessantly 
and in jerks.] 

fume ( fum ). I. ft. 1. Smoke; vapor. 
2. Any volatile matter. 3. Heat of 
mind. rage. 4. Empty conceit. II. vi. 
1. Throw off vapor. 2. Be in a rage. 
[Fr.— L. fumus. smoke.] 



fumigate (fu'mi-gat), vt. Expose to 

smoke or gas, esp. for disinfecting. — 
fumigation, n. [L. fumigo.] 

fumous (fu'mus), fumy (fu'm"), a 
Producing fumes. 

fun (fun), ft. Merriment; sport. [From 
Gael, form, delight.] 

function ( fungk'shun ), ft. 1. Doing 
of a thing. 2. Duty peculiar to any 
office or profession. 3. Office peculiar 
to any part of the body or mind; 
power. 4. Formal social event. 5. 
In math. Quantity so connected with 
another that any change in the one 
changes the other.— func'tioual, a. 
Pertaining to or performed by func- 
tions; opp. to organic or structural. — 
— fuuc'tionally, adv. [L. functio— 
fungor, perform.] 

functionary (fungk'shun- ar-i), n. 1. 
One who discharges a function or 
duty. 2. One who holds an office. 

fund (fund). I. n. 1. Sum of money 
on which some enterprise is founded 
or expense supported. 2. Supply or 
source of money. 3. Store laid up; 
supply. 4. pi. Permanent debts due 
by a government and paying interest. 
— Sinking fund, fund or stock set apart, 
generally at certain intervals, for the 
reduction of a debt of a government 
or corporation. II. vt. 1. Convert a 
debt into a stock charged with inter- 
est. 2. Place money in a fund. [Fr. 
fond— Li. fundus, bottom.] 

fundament (fun'd a-ment), n. Lower 
part or seat of the body. 

fundamental (fun-da-men 'tal) I. a. 
Pertaining to or serving for the foun- 
dation; essential; important. II. n. 
That which serves as a foundation or 
ground-work , essential. — funda- 
mentally, adv. 

funeral ( fu'ner-al ). I. n. Ceremony 
connected with burial. II. a. Per 
taining to or used at a burial. [From 
L. fumes, funeris, funeral procession.] 

funereal ( fu-ne're-al ), 
a. Suitable for a funer- 
al; dismal; mournful. 
[L. funereus.~\ 

Fungi (fun'jiorfon'ge), 
n. pi. Large natural 
order of acotyledon- 
ous or cryptogamous 
plants, 30,000 being - 
known, varying great- ■ 
ly in size, form, color, 
and consistence, and 
comprehending not 
only the various mushrooms, toad- 
stools, and similar plants, but a large 
number of microscopic plants grow 
ing upon other plants, and many sub- 




Common 
Mushrooms. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, bum, oil, owl, then. 



mngons 



216 



furuncle 



stances known as molds, mildew, 
smut, rust, brand, dry-rot; etc. [I* 
pi. of fungus, a mushroom.] 

fungous (f ung'us;, a. Of or like fun- 
gus; soft; spongy; growing suddenly; 
ephemeral. 

fungus (fung'us), n. 1. One of the 
Fungi (which see). 2. In med. Spongy 
morbid excrescence, as proud flesh 
formed iu wounds. — house-fungus, 
the fungus which destroys timber in 
a house; dry rot. — yeast-fungus, 

' the active principle in yeast. [L. j 

funicle (fu'ni-kl), n. 1. Small cord or 
ligature; fiber. 2. Stem of a seed. 
[L. funiculus, dim. of funis, rope.] 

funicular ( fu-nik'u-lar ), a. Consist- 
ing of a funicle. 

funk (fungk). I. n. 1. Spark. 2. Punk. 
3. Offensive smell. II. vt. Stifle with 
offensive smoke. [Qer.funke.] 

funk (fungk). I. vi. Quail; back out. 
II. n. Fright, cowardly fear. [O. 
Flem. fonck.] 

funk (fungk). I. vt. and vi. Kick; buck; 
throw. II. n. 1. Kick; stroke. 2. Huff, 
anger. [Scotch.] 

funnel (fun'el), n. 1. Tube or passage 
for the escape of smoke, etc. ; smoke- 
stack. 2. Instrument for pouring fluids 
into close vessels, as bottles, etc. [L. 
infundibulum—fundo, pour.] 

funny (fun'i), a. Full of fun; droll- 
- funny-bone, n. Inner protuber- 
ance of the human upper arm-bone 
at the elbow. The tingling sensation 
at a blow is due to the nerve being 
unprotected. 

Syn. Laughable; ludicrous; comic; 
ridiculous; amusing; diverting. 

fur (fur). I. n. 1. Short, fine hair of 
certain animals. 2. Skins with the 
hair, prepared for garments. 3. Fur- 
like coating on the tongue, the inte- 
rior of boilers, etc. II. vt. [furr'ing; 
furred.] 1. Line with fur. 2. Cover 
with morbid fur-like matter. [O. Fr. 
fourre— A. S.f odder, lining. Ger. f utter.] 

furbelow (fur'be-16). I. n. 1. Plait, 
flounce. 2. Fringed border of a gown 
or petticoat. 3. Any ornament. Y.I. vt. 
Furnish with furbelows or ornaments. 
[Sp. falbala.] 

furbish (fur'bish), vt. Polish; brighten. 
[Fr. fourbir— O.H. Ger. f urban,, clean.] 

furcate (fur'kat), a. Forked; branch- 
ing like the prongs of a fork.— furca- 
tion, n. [Li.—furca, fork.] 

furcula (fur'ku-la), n. Pair of collar- 
bones, grown together, in a bird, 
known as the wishbone or merry- 
thought in a fowl. [L.=small fork.] 



furious (ffi'ri-us), a. Full of f ury ; 
— fu'riously, adv.— fu'riousness. 

n. [Fr. furieux—L. furiosus.] 

Syn. Violent; mad; frantic; fren- 
zied. 

furl (furl) , vt. Draw or roll up, as a sail. 
[Obs. furdle—O. Fr. fardel, bundle.] 

furlong; (fur'lang), n. The %th of a 
mile=IO rods." [A. S. furlang— length 
of a furrow.] 

fur long to (fur'lo). I n. Leave of ab- 
sence. II. vt. Grant leave of absence. 
[From Dut. verlof, permission. Ger. 
verlaub.] 

furnace (fur'nas), n. Place where a 
vehement fire and heat may be made 
and maintained, as for melting ores 
or metals, heating the boiler of a 
steam-engine, warming a house, bak- 
ing pottery or bread, etc. [Fr. four- 
naise—Lt. fornax—furnus, oven.] 

furnish (fur'nish), vt. Fit up or sup- 
ply completely, or with what is neces- 
sary ; equip. — fur'nisher, n. — 
furnishings, n. pi. [Fr. fournir — 
O. Gev.frumjan, perform, be useful.] 

furniture (fur'ni-tur), n. Movables, 
either for use or ornament, with 
which a house is equipped. £Fr. 
foumiture.~\ 

furrier (fur'i-er), n. Maker of, or deal- 
er in, furs and fur-goods. 

furring (fur'ing), n. 1 Fur; fur trim- 
ming. 2. Furlike deposit, as in a 
boiler, or on the tongue. 3. Nailing 
strips to rafters or joists, etc., to form 
an even surface, or to provide an 
air space. 

furrow (f-ur'o). I. n. 1. Trench made 
by a plow; groove; wrinkle on the 
face. II. vt. Form furrows; groove; 
wrinkle. [A. S.furh.] 

furry (fur'i), a. Consisting of, covered 
with, or dressed in fur. 

further(fur'^er). I. adv. 1. To a great- 
er distance or degree. 2. In addition. 
II. a. More distant; additional. — fur- 
thermore, adv. In addition to what 
has been said; moreover, besides. — 
fur'tbermost, a. Most further; 
most remote. [A.S. furthur, a comp. of 
fore, forward, with comp. suffix thur.] 

further (fur'^er), vt. Help forward; 
promote. — furtherance, n. [A.S.] 

furthest ( fur'^est ). I. adv. At the 
greatest distance. II. a. Most distant. 
[A superl. either of furth = forth, or 
more prob. of fore. See further.] 

furtive (fur'tiv), a. Stealthy; secret. 
— fur'tively, adv. [L. furtivus—fur, 
thief.] 

furuncle (fii'rung-kl), n. Boil. [L. 
dim. of fur, thief.] 



fat, task, far, fall, fare, above, me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf, 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



fury 



217 



fyke 



fury (fu'ri), n. 1. Rage; violent pas- 
sion; madness. 2. In myth. One of 
the tbree goddesses of vengeance. 3. 
Passionate, violent woman. |L. furia 
—fureo, be angry.] 

furze (furz), n. Whin or 
gorse, a prickly evergreen 

t bush with beautiful yel- 
low flowers, so called from 
the likeness of its spines 
to those of the firtree. — 
fnr'zy, a. Overgrown 
with furze. [A. S. fyrsJ] 

fuse (fuz'). I. vt. Melt; 
liquefy by heat. II. vi. 1. 
Be melted ; be reduced to 
a liquid. 2. Blend, com- 
bine. [L. /undo fusum, 
melt.]_ 

fuse (fuz'), n. 1. Tube filled with com- 
bustible matter for firing mines, dis- 
charging shells, etc. 2. Any similar 
device, as a ribbon saturated with 
combustible matter, etc. 3. Strip of 
metal, which melts at passage of a 
fixed amount of electric current, thus 
breaking the circuit. [ Abbrev. of 
fusee.] [2. Fuse. 

fusee (fu-ze'), n. 1. Match or cigar light. 




Furze. 




fusee (fu-ze'), n. Conical spindle in a 
watch or clock on which the chain is 
wound, serving to equalize the vary- 
ing force of the spring. [Fr. Juste — 
Li. fusus, spindle.] 

fusel-oil ( fu'zel-oil ), n. Poisonous, 
nauseous oil in spirits distilled from 
potatoes, barley, etc. [Ger. fusel, 
bad spirits.] 

fusible (fu'zi-bl), a. That may be fused 
or melted.— fusibility, n. 

fusil (fu'zil), n. Light musket or fire- 
lock gun. [Fr. — L. focile, steel (to 
strike tire), dim. of focus, fireplace.] 

fusillade (fu'ail- ad). I. n. Volley of 
firearms. II. vt. Shoot down by a 
volley. [Fr.— fusil, musket.] 

fusing-point (fu 'zing-point), n. Tem- 
perature at which a solid substance 
becomes liquid. 

fusion (fu'zhun), n. 1. Act or state of 
melting. 2. State of fluidity from 
heat. 3. Close union of things, as if 
melted together; political union of 
parties. [See fuse.] 

fuss (fus). 1. n. Bustle; tumult; un- 
necessary ado; haste, flurry. II. vt. 



and vi. 1. Make pcreat ado; be busy 
with trifles. 2. Wrangle. - fussy, a. 
— fuss'ily, adv. [A. S. fus, ready, 
prompt to find, — fundian, strive 
after, — findan, find.] 

fustian ( fus'ti-an). I. n. 1. Kind of 
coarse, twilled cotton cloth. 2. Pom- 
pous and unnatural style of writing 
or speaking; bombast. II. a. 1. Made 
of fustian. 2. Bombastic. [O.Fr. fas- 
taine — Low L. fustaneum — Fostat (a 
suburb of Cairo in Egypt), where 
first made.] 

fustigate (fus'ti-gat), vt. Beat with a 
stick. [L. fustis, club.] 

fusty (fus'ti), a. Smelling of the wood 
of the cask, as wine; musty.— fust'- 
iness, n. [L. fustis cask.] 

futile ( fu'til ), a. Useless; trifling.— 
fu'tilely, adv.— futility, n. [Fr.— 
L. futilis, fit to he poured out.] 
Syn. Vain; trivial; unavailing. 

futtock(fut'uk), 
n. Curved tim- 
b e r forming 
part of one of 
the ribs of a 
ship.— fu*'- 
tock-hoop, 
n. Iron ring 
around a mast 
below the top, 
to which the 
lower ends of 
the futtock- 
shrouds are 
fastened. — 
fut'tock-plates, n. pi. Iron plates to 
which the upper ends of the futtock- 
shrouds, and the dead-eyes of the top- 
mast rigging are fastened. — fut- 
toek-sbrouds, n. pi. Short iron 
rods or shroulds connecting the fut- 
tock- plates and the futtock-hoop. 
[Perh. corrupted from foothoop.] 

future (fu'tur). I. a. 1. About to be; 
that is to come. 2. In gram. Expres- 
sing what will be. II. n. 1. Time to 
come. 2. Speculative deal in stocks 
or commodities, in which only the 
difference in price is paid or received. 
[L. futurus, f ut_. p. of esse, to be.] 

futurity ( f u-tu'ri-ti ) , n. 1. Time to 
come. 2. Event, or state of being, yet 
to come. 

fuzz (fuz), vi. Fly off in minute par- 
ticles with a fizzing sound like water 
from hot iron. II. n. Fine light parti- 
cles, as dust. — fuzz'y, a. 1. Like 
fuzz; fluffy. 2. Covered with fuzz. 
[Etymology doubtful.] 

fy (fi), int. Same as fie. 

fyke (fik), n. Large fish-trap with 
funnel-like entrances. [D.fuik.] 




Futtock shrouds, etc. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, I 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



move, wolf; 



« 



218 



galaxy 



Hg (je), n. Seventh letter of the 
English alphabet. It has two 
sounds: hard, as ingag,tmc\ soft, 
as in ginger. It is silent before 
n in the same syllable. 

gab (gab), n. Hook on the end of the 
eccentric rod of a steam-engine, op- 
posite the strap. 

gab (gab). I. vi. [gab'bing ; gabbed 
(gabd). ] Talk volubly or idly. II. 
n. Loquacity. [Icel. gabba, mock.] 

gabardine (gab-ar-den'), n. Coarse 
frock, loose upper garment. [Sp. ga- 
bardina.] 

gabble (gab'l). I. vi. Talk inarticul- 
ately; chatter; cackle like geese. II. 
n. Noisy, unmeaning talk.-gab'bler, 
n.— gab'blinsr, n. [From gab.] 

gabiila (ga-bil'a), n Finger or parcel 
of tobacco in Cuba, consisting of 
about thirty-six to forty leaves. The 
bales are usually made up of 80 
hands, each of 4 gabillas. 

gabion ( ga'bi-un ) , n. Bottomless 
basket of wicker-work filled with 
earth, for shelter from the enemy's 
fire, or filled with stones, in building 
a dam under water. [Fr.— It. qab- 
bione, large cage— L. cavea, cave. J 

gable (ga'bl), n. In 
ar ch. Triangular 
part of an exterior 
wall of a building 
between the top of 
the side-walls and 
the slopes of the 
roof. [O. Fr. gable. 
A. S. geajl, fork.] 

gad (gad), n. Wedge of steel ; pointed 
instrument; graver; prod; stick; rod. 
[A. S. gad, goad.] 

gad ( gad ), vi. rgad'ding ; gad'ded.] 
Rove about restlessly, like cattle 
stung by the gadfly. 

gadfly (gad'fli), n. 1. 
Fly which pierces the 
skin of cattle in order 
to deposit its eggs. 2. 
One who is constantly 
going about, seeking 
after pleasure or gaie- 
ty; gadabout. 

Gaelic (ga'lik). I. a. Pertaining to the 
Gaels or ScottishHighlanders. II. n.l. 
The northern or Gadhelic branch of 
the Celtic family of languages, em- 
bracing the Irish, the Highland-Scot- 
tish, and the Manx; (more common- 
ly) the Highland-Scottish dialect. 
2. Language of the Gaels or Celts. 
[Prob. originally a Celtic word, of 
which the Latinized form is Qallus.] 




Gable. 




Gad-tly. 



gaff(gaf). I. n. 1. Boat-hook; fishing- 
spear. 2. Boom or spar extending the 
upper edge of a sail not set on stays 
II. vt. Catch or strike with a guff 
[Fr. gaffe.] 

gaffer (gaf'er), n. Old man. [Contr. 
of gramfer, ihe West of England form 
of grandfather.] 

gaille (gafl), n. 1. Steel spur for 
game cocks. 2. Iron hook or fork 
[A.S. geajl, fork.] 

gag (gag).. I, vt. [gag'ging; gagged.] 

1. Forcibly stop the mouth; silence. 

2. Pry or hold open with a gag. 3. 
Cause to heave with nausea. II. vi. 1. 
Retch, come near vomiting. 2. Inter- 
polate. III. n. 1. Something thrust 
into the mouth or put over it to en- 
force silence. 2. Interpolation by an 
actor. [From the sound.] 

gage (gaj). I. n.l. Pledge; security for 
the fulfillment of a promise. 2. Some- 
thing thrown down as a challenge, as 
a glove. II. vt. Bind by pledge or se- 
curity. [Fr. — L. vadium. A. S. wed, 
bet. Akin to wage.] 

gage (gaj), v. Measure. See gauge. 

gaiety (ga'e-ti), n. Merriment; finery; 
show. _ [See gay. 

gaily (ga-li), adv. In a gay manner. 

gain (gan). I. vt. and vi. 1. Obtain by 
effort; earn. 2. Be successful in. 3. 
Draw to one's own party. 4. Reach. 
5. Improve; increase. II. n. Thnt 
which is gained; profit; opp. to loss. 
— gain'er, n. [Icel. gagn.] 

Syn. Profit; win; achieve; acquire; 
benefit; procure. 

gainful (gan'fol), a. Advantageous. — 
gain'f «ll:v, adv.— gain'fulness, n. 

gainings (ga'ningz), n. pi. What has 
been gained. [gai n' less n ess, n. 

gainless (gan'les), a. Unprofitable.— 

gainsay ( gan'sa or gan-sa' ). I. vt. 
Deny;dispute; contradict. II. n. Oppo 
sition in words; contradiction. [A. S. 
gegn, against, and sat.] 

gairish. See garish. 

gait (gat), n. Way or manner of walk 
ing. [Icel. gata, way.] 

gaiter (ga'ter), n. 1. Covering of 
cloth fitting down upon the shoe. 2. 
Shoe covering the ankle, generally 
with an elastic on each side.[Fr. guerre. 

gala (ga'la), n. 1. Festive show or at- 
tire; holiday dress. 2. Festivity, as 
gala day. [It.] 

galaxy (gal'aks-i), n. 1. Milky Way, 
the luminous band of stars stretch- 
ing across the heavens. ' 2 Any splen- 
did assemblage. [Gr. galaxiac — gala, 
milk.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above,- me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



gale 



219 



gamboge 




Galiot. 



gale (gal), n. 1. Strong wind between 
a stiff breeze and a storm. 2. Conti- 
nued state of high excitement or 
merriment. [Norw. galen, raging.] 

galeated (ga'le-a-ted), a. Helmeted; 
having a flower like ,a helmet, as the 
monk's hood. [ L. galeatus — galea, 
helmet.] 

galena tga-le'na), n. Native lead sul- 
phide. [L. galena, lead-ore.] 

galimatias (gal-i-ma'shi-as), n. Gib- 
berish ; nonsensical mixture. [Ety- 
mology doubtful.] 

galiot ( gal'i-ot ), n. 
Small swift galley or 
brigantine propelled 
by both sails and 
oars. 

galipot (gal'i-pot), n. 
Unrefined kind o f 
turpentine. [Fr.] 

gall (gal), n. 1. Green- 
ish-yellow fluid se- 
creted from the liv- 
er; bile. 2. Gallblad- 
der. 3. Bitterness ; malignity. 4. 
Impudence. [A. S. gealla — root of 

YELLOW.] 

gall (gal). I. vt. Fret or hurt the skin 
by rubbing ; annoy ; enrage. II. n. 
Wound caused by rubbing. [O. Fr. 
galle— root of callous] 

gall (gal), gall-nut (gal'-nut), n. Light 
nut-like ball which certain insects 
produce on the oak-tree, used in dye- 
ing; oak apple. [Fr. galle— L. galla.] 

gallant (gal'ant), a. 1. Gay; splendid. 
2. Brave; noble.— gallantly, adv.— 
gal'lantless, n. [Fr. See gala.] 
Syn. Intrepid; undaunted. SeeBOLD. 

gallant ( ga-lant' ). I. a. Courteous or 
attentive to ladies; like a gallant or 
brave man. II. n 1. Man of fashion. 
2. Ladies' man. 3. Lover; suitor. III. 
vt Attend or wait on (a lady.) 

gallantry (gal'ant-ri), n. 1. Bravery; 
intrepidity. 2. Attention or devotion 
to ladies ; intrigue. 

galleon (gal'i-un), n. Large Spanish 
vessel with lofty stem and stern. TSp.] 

gallery (gal'er-i), n. 1. Balcony'sur- 
rounded by rails. 2. Long passage. 3. 
Upper floor of seats in a church or 
theater. 4. Room for the exhibition 
of works of art. 5. Passage cut 
through the earth or masonry. [Fr. 
galerie, perhaps from gala.] 

galley (gal'i), n. 1. Long, low-built 
ship with one deck, propelled by oars. 
2. Kitchen on a ship; caboose. 3. 
Frame which receives the type from 
the composi ng -stick. — galley- 
slave, n. One condemned for crime 
to work like a slave at the oar of a 



galley. — galley-stick (gal'i-stik), 
n. Long tapering stick, the breadth of 
which is less than the height of types, 
placed beside a column of type in a 
galley, in order that *he type may be 
locked up or wedged in place by 
quoins. [O. Fr. gaUe.\ 

Gallic (gal'ik), a. Pertaining to Gaul 
or France. [L. Gallicus— Gallia, Gaul.] 

Gallicanisin (gal'i-kan-ism), n. Spirit 
of nationalism in the French church. 

Gallicism (gal'i-sizm) n. Mode of 
speech peculiar to the French; French 
idiom. 

galligaskins (gal-i-gas'kinz), n. pi. 
Large open hose or trousers ; leg- 
gings worn by sportsmen. [Prob. a 
corr. of Fr. Greguesques, Grecians.] 

gallinaceous (gal-in-a'shus), a. Per- 
taining to the order of birds to which 
the domestic fowl, pheasant, etc., be- 
long. [L. gallina, hen.] 

gallipot ( gal'i-pot ), n. Small glazed 
pot for containing medicine, poma- 
tum, etc. [O. Dut. gleypot, glazed pot.] 

gallon (gal'un), n. U. S. standard 
measure of capacity = 4 quarts. 

galloon (gal-Ion'), n. 1. Kind of lace. 
2. Narrow ribbon made of silk or 
worsted, or of both. 3. Tape sewn 
along a seam, etc. [Sq. galon — gala, 
finery.] 

gallop (gal'up). I. vi. Leap in run- 
ning; ride at a galloping gait. II. n. 
The pace at which a horse runs when 
the forefeet are lifted together and 
the hindfeet together. [Fr. galoper. 
A. S. gehleapan, leap.] 

gallows (gal'oz), n. Structure on 
which criminals are executed by hang- 
ing. [A. S. galga.] 

galoche, galosb (ga-losh'), a. Shoe 
or slipper worn over another in wet 
weather. [Fr.] 

g:tlop (gal'up), 7i. Lively dance. [Fr.] 

galvanic (gal-van'ik), a Belonging 
to or exhibiting galvanism. 

galvanism(gal'-van-izm), n. Branch of 
the science of electricity, which treats 
of electric currents produced by che- 
mical agents. [From Galvani of 
Bologna, the discoverer, 1780.] 

galvanize (gal'van-iz), vt. Affect with 
galvanism. 

galvanometer (gal-van-om'et-er), n. 
Instrument for measuring the 
strength of galvanic currents. 

gamble (gam'bl). I. vi. Play for money 
in games of chance. II. vt. Squander 
by gaming {away).— gam'bler, n. 

gamboge ( gam-boj' or gam-boj' ), n. 
Yellow gum-resin used as a pigment 
and in medicine. [ From Cambodia 
in Asia, where it is obtained.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above j me, met, her; mite, mit: note, not, move, wolf; 
mGt©, hut, bum; oil, owl, «h«B, 



gambol 



2z0 



garble 




Gambrel roof. 



gambol (gam'bul). I. vi. Leap; skip; 
frisk or dance in sport. II. n. Skip- 
ping; playfulness. [Fr. gambade — 
gambe, leg.] 

gambrel (gam'- 
brel), n. 1. 
Hind-leg of a 
horse. 2. Stick 
crooked like a 
horse's leg, 
used by butch- 
er s for sus- 
pending ani- 
mals while 
dressing them. — gambrel roof, n. 
Roof with a slope broken at an obtuse 
angle. [Prom It. gamba, leg.] 

game (gam),w. 1. Sport of any kind; 
exercise or contest for amusement. 
2. Stake in a game. 3. Trick; scheme. 
4. One match in a series. 5. Wild ani- 
mal hunted by sportsmen. II. vi. Play 
at game; play for money; gamble. 
III. a. Defying, unyielding.-ga'mlng, 
n. Practice of playing for money. 
[ A. S. gamen,j)\a,y.] [to fight. 

gamecock (gam'kok), n. Cock trained 

game-keeper (gam'ke-per ), n. One 
who has the care of game. 

game-laws (gam'laz), n. pi. Laws 
relating to the protection of certain 
wild animals._ 

gamesome (gam'sum), a. Playful. 

gamester (gam'ster), n. One addicted 
to playing for money ; gambler. 

gamin ( gam'in or ga-mang'), n. Ne- 
glectedstreetboy; Arabof the streets. 
[Fr.] [From godmother.] 

gammer (gam'erj, n. Old woman. 

gammon (gam'un). I. n. Leg or thigh 
of a hog pickled and smoked or dried. 
II. vt. Cure, as bacon. [O. F. gambon. 
Fr. jambon, ham.] 

gammon (gam'un). I. n. Hoax; non- 
sense. II. vt. Hoax, impose upon. 
[A. S. gamen, game.] 

gamut (gamut), n. 1 Musical scale. 
2. Scale or compass of wind instru- 
ments. [Gr. gamma, which stood first 
in the scale invented by Guy of 
Arezzo, and thus gave its name to the 
whole scale; and L. ut, the syllable 
used in singing the first note of the 
scale.] [AS. gandra.] 

gander (gan'der), n. Male of the goose. 

gang (gang), n. Number of persons 
going together or associated for a cer- 
tain purpose, usually in a bad sense. 
[A S.— ganc/an, go.] 

gangboard (gang'bord), n. Board or 
plank on which passengers may go or 
walk into or out of a ship; gangplank. 

ganglion (gang'li-un), n. 1. Tumor 
in the sheath of a tendon. 2. Natural 




Gannet. 



enlargement in the course of a nerve. 
— pi. ganglia or gang'lions. [Gr.] 

gangrene (gang'ren). I. n. Loss of 
vitality in some part of the body; first 
stage in mortification. II. vt. Mortify. 
III. vi. Become pu t rid.— gan'gre- 
nous, a. [Fr. — Gr. ganggraina — 
graino, gnaw.] 

gangway (gang'wa), n. 1. Passace 
or way into or out of any place, esp, 
a ship. 2. Narrow platform of planks 
along the upper part of a ship's side. 
[A.S. gang, and way.] 

gannet (gau'et), n. 
Web-footed fowl 
found in the north- 
ern seas. [A. S. 
ganot, a sea-fowl — 

root Of GANDER.] 

gantlet, n. Glove. 

Same as gauntlet. 

gantlet (gant'let),re. 

1. Military punish- 
ment, in which the offender, stripped 
to his waist, was compelled to pass 
between two files of men, and each 
man gave him a stroke.— Run the gant- 
let. Undergo the punishment of the 
gantlet; go through much and 
severe criticism, controversy or ill- 
treatment. 2. Arrangement of two 
railroad-tracks, by which the two 
inner rails cross each other and run 
close to the opposite outer rail. [Sw. 
gatlopp—gata,l<me, and lopp,v\iiir] 

gaol, gaoler. See jail, etc. 

gap (gap). I. vt. 1. Notch; jag; cut 
into "teeth like those of a saw. 2. Make 
a break or opening, as in a fence, 
wall, or the like. II. n. Opening made 
by rupture or parting; cleft; passage. 
[From GapeJ 

gape(gap or gap). I. fli.Open the mouth 
wide; be open, Hke a gap. II. n. 1. Act of 
gaping. 2. Width of the open mouth. 
3. Pit of yawning.— ga ping-stock, 
n. Object of open-mouthed wonder.— 
gap-toothed, a. Having gaps be- 
tween the teeth. [A. S. geapan.] 
Syn. Yawn; stare; gaze. 

gar (gar), garfish (gav'fish), n. Long 
fish with pointed head. [A.S. gar,dart.] 

garage Cgar'aJ) [Fr. ga-razh'], n 
Place where automobiles are stored 
repaired or hired. [Fr. gare.] 

garb (garb). 1. n. 1. Fashion of dress. 

2. Externalappearance.il vt. Dress, 
clothe. [O. Fr. — O. Ger. garawi, pre- 
paration, dress. Akin to gear.] 

garbage (gar'baj), n. Refuse; offal. 

garble (gar'bl), vt. Select out of a 
book or writing what may serve the 
purpose, in a bad sense ; mutilate; 
corrupt. [O Fr.— Sp. garbillar, sift.) 



fate, £at, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her ; mite, mit ; note, not, mSye, 
wolf ; mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



garden 



221 



gasp 




Gargoyle. 
rar'isiiness, n. 



garden (gar'dn). I. n. Piece of ground 
on which flowers, etc., are cultivated. 
II. vi. Work in a garden ; practice 
gardening. — gardening- ( gar'dn- 
ing), n. Art of laying out and cultiv- 
ating gardeus. -gardener, n. One 
who cultivates or has charge of a 
garden. [O. Fr. gardin, Fr. jardin, 
from root of Ger. garten, A. S. geard, 
E. yard.] 

gargle (gar'gl). I. vt. Make a liquid 
gurgle or bubble iu the throat, with- 
out swallowing it; wash the throat, 
preventing the liquid from going 
down by expelling air against it. II. 
n. Preparation for washing the throat. 
[Fr. gargouiller — gargouille, throat.] 

gargoyle (gar'goil), 
a. Projecting spout, 
conveying the water 
from the roof-gut- 
ters o f buildings, 
often representing 
human or other fig- 
ures. [Fr. gargouille, 
throat.] 

garish (gar'ish), a. 
Showy ; gaudy. — 
garishly, adv. — |_ 
[O. E. gave, stare.] 

garland (garland). I. n. Wreath of 
flowers or leaves. II. vt. Deck with a 
garland. [O. Fr. garlande.] 

garlie (gar'lik), n. JBuibous-rooted 
plant having a strong odor and a 
pungent taste, used as seasoning. — 
gar'licky, adj. Like garlic. [A. S. 
garleac—gar, spear, and leac, leek.] 

garment ( gar'ment ), n. Article of 
clothing. [O. Fr. garniment—garnir, 
furnish.] 

garner (gar'ner). I. n. Granary or 
place where grain is stored up. II. vt. 
Store as in a garner. [Fr. grenier—L,. 
granaria, granary— granum, grain.] 

garnet (gar'net), n. 1. Precious stone 
resembling the grains or seeds of the 
pomegranate. 2. Deep red color. [Fr. 
grenat—Li. (pomum) granatum, grained 
(apple), pomegranate— granum, grain.] 

garnisli(gar'nish),v£. Furnish; adorn; 
surround with ornaments. — gar'- 
nisher, n. [Fr. garnir, fortify. Akin 
to Warn.] 

garnish (gar'nish), garnishment 
(gar'nish-ment), n. That which gar- 
nishes or embellishes ;_ornament. 

garnishee ( gar-ni-she' ), vt. In law, 
cause money due to the defendant by 
a third person to be paid over to the 
plaintiff. 

garret ( gar'et ), n. Room next the 
roof of a house. [O. Fr. garite, place 
of lookout.] 



garrison (gar'i-sn). I. n. 1. Body of 
soldiers stationed in a town or for- 
tress. 2. Fortified place. II. vt. 1. 
Furnish a fortress with troops. 2. 
Defend by fortresses manned with 
troops. [Fr. garnison— garnir Jumish.] 

gar rote (gar-rot'). I. n. 1. Spanish 
mode of strangling criminals, origin- 
ally with a cord placed over the neck 
and twisted tight by a stick. 2. Brass 
collar used in strangling. II. vt. 1. 
Strangle by a brass collar tightened 
by a screw, whose point enters the 
spinal marrow. 2. Render insensible 
by semi-strangulation, and then rob. 
[Sp. garrote, cudgel] 

garrulous (gar'6-lus), a. Talkative. — 

garrulity (gar-6'li-ti), gar'rulous- 

n ess, ns. [L. garrulus — root of garria 

chatter.] 

Syn. Loquacious; chattering; noisy. 

garter (gar'ter). I. n. 1. Band used 
to hold up the stocking. 2. Badge of 
the highest order of knighthood in 
Great Britain, called the Order of the 
Garter. II. vt. Fasten up with a 
garter. [Norm. Fr. gartier.] 

gas (gas), n. 1. In popular language, 
coal gas. 2. In chem. Any elastic aeri- 
form fluid, —gas-fitter, n. One who 
fits up the pipes and brackets for gas- 
lighting.— gas-meter, n. Instrument 
through which the gas is made to 
pass, in order to ascertain the num- 
ber of cubic feet which are consumed 
in a given time. [A word coined by 
Van Helmont, a chemist of Flanders, 
1577-1644, probably from Flem. geest, 
Ger. geist, spirit.] 

gasconade (gas-kon-ad'). I. n. Boast- 
ing or bragging like a Gascon; bra- 
vado. II. vi. Brag or boast. [From 
Gascony, a province of France, whose 
inhabitants are noted for boasting.] 

gaseous (gas'e-us), a. In the form of 
gas or air. 

gash (gash). I. vt. Make a deep hack 
or cut, esp. into flesh. II. n. Deep, 
open wound. [Etymology doubtful.] 

gasify (gas'i-fi), vt. Convert into gas. 
— gasification, n. [E. Gas, and L. 
facio, make.] 

gasolene or gasoline (gas' o-len), n. 
Volatile fluid distilled from. naphtha. 
[E. gas, and L. oleum, oil.] 

gasometer (gas-om'et-er-) , n. 1. In- 
strument for measuring gas. 2. Res- 
ervoir for gas. 

gasp (gasp). I. vi. Gape in order to 
catch breath; breathe laboriously or 
convulsively. II. n. Act of opening 
the mouth to catch the breath; pain- 
ful catching of t h e breath. [Icel. 
geispa. Akin to gape.] 



f»te, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; rote, not, move, wolf; 
mute, but, burn; oil, owl, then. 



gastric 



222 



gee 




Ancient city gate. 



gastric (gas'trik), a. Of or pertaining 
to the belly or stomach.— Gastric juice, 
thin pellucid liquor, secreted by the 
glands of the stomach, the principal 
agent in digestion, containing pepsin 
as its characteristic compound. In 
the empty stomach it is neutral, but 
during digestion it becomes acid, from 
the separation of free hydrochloric 
acid. [From Gr. gaster, stomach.] 

gastronomy (gas-tron'om-i), n. Art 
or science of good eating; pleasure of 
the table; epi- 
curism. [Gr. 
gaster, and no- 
mos, rule.] 

gate ( gat ), n. 
1. Passage in- 
to a c i ty, in- 
closure, or 
large build- 
ding. 2. Mova- 
ble f r a m e in 
the entrance 
into any inclo- 
sure, serving 
to close it. — 
gate'way, n. 
Way through 
agate; gate. [A. S. geat, opening.] 

gather (gaM'er). I. vt. 1. Collect; ac- 
quire. 2. Plait. 3. Learn by infer- 
ence. II. vi. 1. Assemble; muster. 2. 
Increase. 3. Suppurate. III. n. Plait 
or fold in cloth, made by drawing the 
thread through.— gatli'erer, n. One 
who collects; gleaner.— gath'ering, 
n. 1. Crowd or assembly. 2. Tumof 
or collection of matter. [A. S. gade- 
rian. fit, join.] [ward. [Fr.] 

gauche (gosh), a. Left-handed; awk- 

gaudy (ga'di), a. Showy; gay.— gaud'- 
ily, adv. — gaud'iuess, n. Showi- 
ness. [M. E. gaude, ornament — L. 
gaudium, joy.] 

gauge (gaj). I. vt. 1. Measure; ascer- 
tain the contents or capacity. 2. Take 
cognizance of the capacity, capability, 
or power of; appraise; estimate. II. 
n. 1. Standard of measure ; instru- 
ment to determine the dimensions or 
capacity of anything ; measure; 
means of estimating. — gau ger, n. 
Excise officer whose business it is to 
gauge or measure the contents of 
casks. [O. F. ganger.'] 

Gaul (gal), n. 1. Name of ancient 
France. 2. Inhabitant of Gaul. — 
Gaulish, a. [L. Gallia.] 

gaunt (gant), a. 1. Thin; of a pinched 
appearance. 2. Hungry; famishing. 
— gauntly, adv. — gaunt'ness, n. 
[Norw. gana.] 



gauntlet (gant'let), n. 1. Iron glove 
of armor, formerly thrown down in 
challenge. 2. Long glove covering the 
wrist. [Fr. ganlelet. ] 

gauze (gaz), n. Thin, transparent 
fabric, orig. of silk.— gau'zy, a. Like 
gauze. [Fr. gaze — Gaza in Palestine, 
whence_it was first brought.] 

gave (gav). Past tense of give. 

gavel (gav'l), n. 1. Mallet used by a 
presiding officer. 2. Mason's mallet. 
[O. Fr. gavelle.] 

gavotte (ga-vot'), n. 1. Vivacious, dig- 
nified French dance. 2. Music in the 
rhythm of this dance. 

gawk (gak),n. 1. Cuckoo. 2. Simple- 
ton ; tall", awkward fellow.— gawli'y , 
a. Awkward. [A. S. geac, cuckoo.] 

gay (ga), a. Lively; bright; sportive; 
merry; showy. — gai'ly or gay'ly, 
adv. [Fr. gai, prob. from root of Ger. 
jaehe, sudden.], 

gayety(ga'e-ti), n. Same as gaiety. 

gaze (gaz). I. vi. Look fixedly. II. n. 
Fixed look. [ Swed. gasa, stare.] 

Syn. Stare; 
gape; gloat. 

gazelle (gazel'), 
n. Small grace- 
ful species of 
antelope, with 
beautiful dark 
eyes, in Arabia 
and N. Africa. 
[Ar. ghazal.] 

gazette (ga-zef), 
n. 1. Newspaper. 
2. British or 
Continental official newspaper. II. vt, 
Publish in a gazette. [Fr.— It. gaz- 
zetta.] 

gazettees^gaz-et-ter'), n.\. Writer for 
a gazetje. 2. Geograpnical dictionary. 

gear (ger). I. n. 1. Dress; harness; 
tackle. 2. Connection by means of 
toothed wheels. II. vt. Put in gear, 
as machinery. [A.S. gearwe, prepara- 
tion— gearu, ready.] 




Gazelle. 




Gearing 



gearing (ger'ing), n. 1. Harness. 2. 
Train of toothed wheels and pinions, 
or other working parts of a machine. 

geclcojgek'o), n. Wall-lizard. 

gee (je), int. Turn to the right I 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



gelatin 



223 



genethliac 




gelatin, gelatine (jel'a-tin), n. Ani- 
mal substance which dissolves in hot 
water and forms a jelly when cold.— 
gelatinous (je-lat'in-us), a. Resem- 
bling or formed into jelly. [Fr. — L. 
gelo, freeze.] 

geld (geld), vt. 1. iiiinasculate. 2. De- 
prive of anything essential. — geld'- 
ing, n. Castrated animal, especially 
a horse. [Icel. gekla.] [gelidus.] 

gelid (jel'id), a. Icy cold; cold. [L. 

gem (jem). I. n. 1. Bud. 2. Precious 
stone, esp. when cut. 3. Anything ex- 
tremely valuable or attractive. 4. 
Small, round cake. II. vt. [gem'ming; 

• gemmed. ] Adorn with gems 
gemma. ] 

gemination (jem- 
i-na'shun), n. 1. 
Doubling. 2. Repe- 
tition. 

Gemini (jem'i-ni), 
n. Constellation of 
the Zodiac, repre- 
senting the twins 
Castor and Pollux. 
[L. = twins.] 

gemmate (jem'at), 
a. Having buds. Oemu 

— geinana'tion, 
n. 1. Act or time of budding. 2 
rangement of buds on the stalk. 

gendarme (zhang-darm'), n. 1. Mem- 
ber of the armed police of France. 2. 
Formerly, knight, cavalryman. [Fr. 
—gens d'armes, men-at-arms.] 

gender (jen'der). vt. Beget. [Abbrev. 

Of ENGENDER.} 

gender (jen'der), n. 1. Kind. 2. Sex. 
3. In gram. Formal distinction of 
words (nouns, etc.) in three classes, 
masculine, feminine and neuter, accord- 
ing to sex. [Fr. genre— Li. genus, gene- 
ris, kind, kin.] 

genealogy ( jen-e-al'o-ji ), n. 1. His- 
tory of the descent of families. 2. 
Pedigree of a particular person or 
family. 3. Progeny; offspring; gene- 
ration. — genealog'ical, a. — gene- 
alogically, ac^y. —genealogist, n. 
[G-r. genealogia — genea, birth, descent, 
and -logos, science.] 

genera. See genus. 

general (jeu'er-al). I. a. 1. Relating to a 
whole class; not special. 2. Viewed 
as a whole. 3. Not restricted in scope, 
as general agent. 4. Common ; preva- 
lent; usual. 5. Loose; vague. II. n. 
1. Whole or chief part. 2. Officer who 
is head over a whole department. 3. 
Military officer who commands a body 
of men not less than a brigade. 4. 
Chief commander of an army iu ser- 
vice. [Fr.— L. generalis— genus.] 



generalissimo (jen-er-a-lis'i-mo), n. 
Chief commander of an army or of 
separate armies. [It.] 

generality (jen-er-al'i-ti), n. 1. State 
of being general. 2. Main part; great- 
est part. 3. Vague statement or prin- 
ciple. [Fr.— L. generalitas.\ 

generalization (jen-er-&rli za'shun), 
n. 1. Act of comprehending under a 
common name several objects resem- 
bliug each other in some part of their 
nature. 2. Deduction of a general 
principle from particulars. 

generalize ( jeu'er-a-liz), vt. Make 
general; reduce to or include under a 
general term; infer from one or a few 
the nature of a whole class. [Fr. 
giniraliser—ge'n-e'ral.] 

generally (jen'er-a-li), adv. 1. In gen- 
eral ; commonly". 2. Extensively; 
most frequently. 3. In a general way; 
without detail. 4. Collectively; to- 
gether. 

generalship ( jen'er-al-ship ), n. 1. 
Office or skill of a general or military 
officer. 2. Diplomatic or strategic 
skill. 

generate (jen'er-at), vt. Produce; 
bring into life; originate. [L. genero 
—genus, kind.] 

generation Ojen-er-a'shun), n. 1. Pro- 
ducing or originating. 2. That which 
is generated. 3. Single stage in nat- 
ural descent. 4. People of the same 
age or period, 5. Age of a generation; 
average lifetime. 

generative (jen'er-a-tiv), a. Having 
the power of generating or producing; 
prolific. 

generator (jen'er-a-tur), n. Begetter; 
producer. 

generic ( je-ner'ik ), gencrical ( je- 
ner'i-kal), a. Marking or comprehend- 
ing a genus. — gener'ically, adv. 
[Fr. gine'rique.'] 

generosity (jen-er-os'i-ti), n. Noble- 
ness or liberality of nature. [Fr. 
ginSrositi — L. generositas.\ 

generous (jen'er-us), a. 1. Of a noble 
nature; well-born. 2. Courageous. 3. 
Liberal. 4, Invigorating in its nature, 
as wine. 5. Abundant; full. — gen- 
erously, adv. — gen'erousness, n. 
[O. Fr.— L. generosus — genus, birth.] 

genesis (jen'e-sis), n. 1. Generation, 
creation, or production. 2. Manner of 
producing. 3. Theory of the origin 
of something. 4. (G.) First book of 
the Old Testament. [Gr.] 

genet (je-nef), n. Kind of civet-cat, 
found around the Mediterranean. [Ar. 
jarneit.] 

genethliac(je-neth'li-ak), a. Pertain- 
ing to the birthday. [Gr.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf, 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



genial 



224 



germ 



genial (je'ni-al), a. Cheering; merry; 
kindly ; sympathetic ; healthful. — 
genial'ity, ge'nialness, n. Quality 
of being genial; gaiety; cheerfulness. 
— ge'nially, adv. [Fr.— L. genialis— 
genius, the spirit of social enjoyment.] 

genital (jen'i-tal), a. Belonging to 
generation, or the act of producing; 
reproductive. 

genitive (jen'it-iv), n. In gram. 
Case in the declension of nouns, ad- 
jectives, pronouns, participles, etc., 
expressing source, origin, possession, 
and the like; possessive case. [L. — 
gigno, genitum, beget.] 

genius (jelii-us), n. Good or evil spirit, 
supposed by the ancients to preside 
over every person, place, and thing, 
and esp. to preside over a man's des- 
tiny from his birth.— pi. Genii (je-ni-i). 
2-. Special inborn faculty of an indi- 
vidual; special taste or disposition 
qualifying for a particular employ- 
ment. 3. Superior inborn power of 
mind. 4. One having such power of 
mind.— pi. Geniuses (j en 'yus-ez). [L. 
See genus.1 

genre-pain ting(zhong'r-pant'ing), n. 
Composition with figures that is not 
specifically landscape or historical 
painting. [Fr. genre, kind, sort.] 

genteel (jen-tel'), a. 1. Well-bred. 2. 
Graceful in manners or in form. 3. 
Fashionable. — genteel'- 
ly, adv. — genteel'ness, 
n. [Fr. gentil.] 

gentian (jen'shan), n. Plant 
of many species,some beau- 
tiful, some medicinal. 

Gentile ( jen'til ), n. 1. One 
not a Jew. 2. One neither 
a Jew nor a Christian. — a. 
Belonging to any nation but 
the Jews. [L. gentilis — gens, 
nation.] 

gentility (jen-til'i-ti), n. Good birth or 
extraction; good breeding; politeness 
of manners. 

gentle (jen'tl), d. Well-born; mild and 
refined in manners; mild in disposi- 
tion; soft, not strong; amiable; sooth- 
ing.— gent'Iy, adv.— gentleness, n. 
[Fr. — L. gentilis. See genteel.] 

gentlefolks (jen'tl-foks), n. pi. Per- 
sons of good family or above the vul- 
gar. [See folk.] 

gentleman (jen'tl-man), n. 1. Man 
of gentle or good birth ; above the yeo- 
man. 2. Man of refined manners and 
good behavior. — gentlemanlike 
(jen'ti-man-hk), gentlemanly (jen'- 
tl-man-li), a. Well-bred, refined, ge- 
nerous. — gen'tlemanliness, n. — 
pi. geu'tlemen. — fern, gen'tlewoman. 




gentry (jen'tri), n. 1. Class ofpeople 
between the nobility and the yeoman- 
ry. 2. Educated and well-bred people. 

genuflection, genuflexion (jen-u- 
flek'shun), n. Act of bending the knee, 
esp. in worship. [L.— genu, knee, and 
—flecto, flexum,Joend.] 

genuine ( jen'u-in ), a. Natural, not 
spurious or adulterated; real; pure. 
— gen'uinely, adv. — gen'uine- 
ness, n. [Fr.— L. genuinus, inborn.] 
Syn. Native; true; authentic; unal- 
loyed; intrinsic; trustworthy. 

genus (je'nus).tt. \_pl. genuses or genera 
(je'nus-ez, jen/e-ra).] Class of a great- 
er extent than species, subordinate to 
tribe and family. [Gr. genos.] 

geodesy (je-od'e-si),w. Survey of large 
portions of the earth's surface, taking 
into account its curvature, eleva- 
tions, etc. 

geography (je-og'ra-fi), n. 1. Science 
which describes the surface of the 
earth and its inhabitants. 2. Book 
containing a description of the earth. 
—geographer (je-og'ra-fer), n. One 
who is versed in, or who writes on, 
geography.— geographic(je-o-graf- 
ik ), K-cogi'aph'ical, as. — geo- 
graphically, adv. [Gr.—ge, earth, 
and graphq, write.] 

geology (je-oJ'o-ji),.n. Science of the 
structure and history of the earth.— 
geological(je-o-loj'l-kal) , a. Pertain- 
ing to geology.— geolog'ically, adv. 
— geologist, n. One versed in geol- 
ogy.— geologize, vi. Study geology. 
[Gr.— ge, earth, and logos, science.] 

geometry (je-om'e-tri), n. Branch of 
mathematics which treats of magni- 
tude of space and its relations. — 
geomet'ric, geometrical, a. [Gr.— 
ge, earth, and metreo, measure.] 

georgic(jar'jik), 

. n. 1. A poem re- 
lating to agri- 
culture or rural 
affairs, as the 
Georgics of Vir- 
gil. II. a. Relat- 
ing to agricul- 
tural affairs. 

geranium ( j e - 
ra'ni-um), n. 
Plant with seed- 
vessels like a 
crane's bill. [Gr. 
—geranos, crane.] 

germ Germ), n. 1. Rudimentary form 
of a new plant or animal. 2. Origin; 
first principle.— Germ theory. Theory 
that zymotic diseases are caused by 
presence of living organisms in the 
body. [L. germen, bud.l 




Consump- 
tion 

Germs 



Grip 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



gcrman 



225 



gid 



merman (jer'man), germane (jer- 
maii'), a. 1. Of the first' degree, as 
cousins-german. 2. Closely allied; 
relevant. [Fr.— L. germanus, prob. — 
germen, bud, origin.] 

German (jer'man). I. n. 1. Native of 
Germany.— pi. Ger'mans. 2. German 
language. II. a. Of or from Germany.— 
High-German, language, or dia- 
lects, of central and southern Ger- 
many. — Low-German, language, or 
dialects, of northern Germany. — The 
Anglo-Saxons were Low Germans. 
The literature of Germany is chiefly 
High German. [L. Germani, from their 
Gallic name of uncertain meaning.] 

German-silver ( jer'man-sil'ver ), n. 
Alloy of copper, nickel, and zinc, 
white like silver, and first made in 
Germany. 

germicide (jer'mi-sid), n. Substance 
used for destroying the germs of a 
disease. [to a germ. 

germinal (JSr'min-al)^ a. Pertaining 

germinate (jer'mih-at ), vi. Spring 
from a germ i, begin to grow. — ger- 
mina'tion, n. [L. ge? , ?nino.] 

gerrymander (ger'i-man-der ), n. 
Arbitrary arrangement of the election 
districts of a state, so as to give one 
party an unfair advantage. [From 
Gerry, Gov. of Massachusetts. 1881.] 

gerund (jer'und), n. 1. Part of the 
Latin verb used as a noun. 2. Similar 
form of the verb in other languages, 
as in English dancing in dancing-mas- 
ter.— gerund'ial, a. [L. gerundium 
—gero, carry on.] 

gestation Oes-ta r shun), n. 1. Carry- 
ing the young in the womb. 2. Carry- 
ing; exercise by being cairied, as on 
horseback. [L. gesto, carry.] 

gesticulate (jes-tik'u-lat), vi. Make 
gestures or motions when speaking; 
play antic tricks. — gesticula'tion, 
n. [L. gesticulor—gero, carry.] 

gesture (jes'tur), n. Position, or 
movement of the body, expressive of 
sentiment or passion. [ From fut. 
p, of L. gero, carry.] 

get (get). I. vt. [g e t' ti ng; g o t ; got'- 
ten.] 1. Obtain. 2. Beget. 3. Learn. 
4. Persuade; cause. 5. Take; betake. 
6. Carry; bring. II. vi. Arrive; put 
one's self in a place, state or con- 
ditionj become. — Get at, reach. — 
Get oft, escape. — Get on, proceed; 
advance. — Get over, surmount. — 
Get through, finish. — Get up, arise, 
ascend. [A.S. gitan.] 

gewgaw (gu'ga). I. n. Toy ; bauble ; 
showy trifle. II. a. Showy without 
value. [M. E. givegove, trifling gift- 
root of GIVE.] 



geyser ( gl'ser ), n. Spring which 
throws out hot water, mud, etc. [Icel. 
— geysa, gush.] 

ghastly (gast'li), a. Deathlike ; hag- 
gard ; hideous. — erhast'liness, n. 
[A. S. gwstlic, terrible. See Aghast.] 

ghat, ghaut (gat), n. 1. Mountain- 
pass. 2. Mountain-range. 3. Landing 
place. [India.] 

gherkin (ger'kin), n. Small cucum- 
ber used for pickling. [Dut. agurkje.] 

ghetto (get'o), n. Quarter of an Italian 
city in which formerly the Jews were 
compelled to live. 

ghost (gost), n. 1. Breath, spirit. 2. 
Soul of a dead person. 3. Unearthly 
apparition; spirit. 4. Mere shadow. — 
Holy Ghost, third person in the Trin- 
ity. — The ghost walks, the salary is 
paid. (Stage term). — ghostlike, a. 
—ghostly (gost'li), a. 1. Spiritual. 
2. Pertaining to apparitions; super- 
natural. — ghost'liness, n. [A. S, 
gast. Ger. geist.] 

ghoul (gol), n. 1. Demon i upposed to 
feed on the dead ; ogre. 2. Grave- 
robber. [Pers. ghol.] 

giant (ji'ant), n. 1. Man of extraor- 
dinary size. 2. Person of extraor- 
dinary powers.—; fern. gi'antess.[Fr. 
giant — Gr. gigas. J 

giaour ( jowr ), n. Infidel, term ap- 
plied by the Turks to all who are not 
of their own religion. [Pers. gaivr.] 

gibber (gib'er), vi. Jabber, —gibber- 
ish (gib'er-ish). I. n. Rapid, gabbling 
talk ; unmeaning words. II. a. Un- 
meaning. [Imitation of the sound.] 

gibbet (jib'et). I. n. 1. Gallows. 2. 
Projecting beam of a crane. II. vt. 
Expose on a gibbet; execute; expose 
to scorn. [Fr. gibet.] 

gibbon (gib'- 
un), n. Long- 
armed , tail- 
less ape, na- 
tive of the 
East Indies. 

gibbon s 
(gib'us).a. 1. 
Hump-back - 
ed. 2. Swell- 
ing, convex, 
as the moon when nearly full. — • 
gib'bously,ad^.^gib'bousness, n. 

gibe (jib). I. vt. Sneer at; taunt; mock. 
II. n. Scoff; contempt. — gi'bingly, 
adv. [Icel. geipa, talk nonsense.] 

giblets (jib'lets), n. pi. 1. Eatable 
internal parts of a fowl. 2. Tatters; 
shreds. [O. Fr. gibelet.] 

gid (gid), n. Staggers in sheep, caused 
by the presence in the brain of the 
larva of the dog's tapeworm. 




Gibbon. 



Cite, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, rait; note, not, more, wolf. 
mate, but, burn; oil, owl, then. 



giddy 2! 

giddy (gidl), a. 1. Foolish, frivolous, 
inconstant, thoughtless. 2. Dizzy. 3. 
That causes giddiness. 4. Whirling. 
— giddily, adv.— giddiness, n. 

Syn . Unsteady. See fickle. 
gift (gift). I. n. 1. Thing given. 2. Qual- 
ity bestowed by nature. 3. Act or 
right of giving. II, vt. Endow with a 
power. [See give.] 
Syn. Talent. See present. [nature. 
gifted (gift'ed), a. Well endowed by 
gig -(gig). I. ?i. 1. Light, two-wheeled, 
one-horse carriage. 2. Long, light 
boat. 3. Any light, quickly moving 
thing. 4. Fun; sport. 5. Silly girl. 
II. vt. andvi. 1. Move up and down; 
wriggle ; spin. 2. Catch fish by jerk- 
ing a set of hooks through a school of 
them. [Icel. gigja, fiddle. Fr. gigue, 
lively dance.] 
gig-antic (ji-gan'tik), n. Suitable to or 
like a giant; enormous.— gigan'tie- 
ally, adv. [See giant.] 
gisrgle (gig'l). I. vi. Laugh with short 
catches of the breath, or in a silly 
manner. II. n. Laugh of this kind. — 
gig'gler, n. [From the sound.] 
gild (gild), vt. [gild'ing; gild'ed or 
gilt.] 1. Coyer or overlay with gold. 
2. Adorn with luster; give a splendid, 
deceptive appearance. [A. S. gyldan. 
See gold.] 
gilding (gild'ing), n. 1. Art or trade 
of a gilder. 2. Gold laid on a surface 
for ornament. 
gill (gil), n. 1. Breathing organ in 
' fishes and certain other aquatic ani- 
mals. 2. Wattle of a fowl.— gill-net, 
n. Net hung vertically in the water, 
so that the fish catch their gills in its 
meshes. [Dan. gioelle.] 
gill ( jil) , n. Measure of liquids = % 

pint. [O. Fr. gelle.] 
gillie, gilly (gil'i), n. Youth; man- 
servant. [Scotch.] 
gillyflower (jill-fiow-er), n. 1. Popu- 
lar name for stock, wallflower, etc., so 
called from its clove- like smell. 2. 
Kind of apple. [Fr. giro.0e—Qv. kary- 
ophyllon, clove-tree— karyon, nut, and 
p/iyllon, leaf.] [ing. 

gilt (gilt). I. a. Gilded. II. n. Gild- 
gimbals (gim'balz), n. pi. Two rings 
for suspending the mariner's compass 
so as to keep it always horizontal. 
[L. gemelli, twins.] [mechanism. 

gimcrael* (jim'krak), n. Toy; trivial 
gimlet (gimlet), n. Small tool for 
boring holes. [Fr. gibelet—Teut. root 

Of WIMBLE.] 

gimp (gimp), n. Kind of trimming, 
etc., of silk, woollen, or cotton twist. 
[Fr. guimpe — O. Ger. wimpal, light 
robe. See wimple. ] 




Ginseng. 



5 gird 

gin (jin), n. Liquor distilled from 
grain, flavored with juniper berries. 
[From D. jenever, juniper.] 

gin (jin). I. n. 1. Trap; snare. 2. Ma- 
chine or instrument by which the me- 
chanical powers are employed in aid 
of human strength. II. vt. 1. Catch 
in a trap. 2. Clear cotton of its seeds 
by means of the cotton-gin. [From 

ENGINE.] 

ginger (jin'jer), n. Root of a plant in 

the E. and W. Indies, with a hot and 

spicy taste, so called from being 

shaped like a horn. [Gr. zingiberis7\ 
gingerbread 

(jhi'jer-bred), 

n. Sweet cake 

flavored with 

ginger. 
giiigerly(jin'- 

jer-li), adv. 

With soft steps; 

timidly. [From root 

of Swed. g ing I a, 

walk gingerly.] 
gingfaam (ging'am), 

n. Kind of cotton 

clcth. [Fr. guingan — 

Guingamp. a town 

in Brittany, where 

made.] [Jap.] 

gingko (ging'ko),'/i. Maiden-hair tree. 
giaiseng (jin'seng), n. Chinese plant 

used as a panacea, recently cultivated 

in U. S. for export to China. [Chin. 

=wonder of the world.] 
gipsy, gypsy (jip'si) : n. 1. 

One of a wandering race, 

orig. from India. 2. One 

with a dark complexion. 3. 

Sly woman or playful girl. 

[Corr. from Egyptian.] 
giraffe (ji-raf), n. Ruminant 

animal of Africa, the 

only species of its 

genus and family. A 

full-grown male 

reaches the height 

of 18 to 20 feet. It 

feeds upon the 

leaves of trees. [Fr. 

— Ar. zurafa — long- 
necked.] 
girandole (jir'an- 

dol),w.l. Chandelier. 

2. Revolving jet of 

water or fireworks. [It. See gyrate.] 
girasol (jir'a-sol), n. Kind of opal. 

[It.— L. girare, turn, and sol, sun.] 
gird(gerd), vt. [girding: girded or 

girt.] 1. Bind round; make fast by 

binding. 2. Surround; clothe. [A.S. 

gyrdan. Akin to yard.] 




Giraffe. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, rait; n5te, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



gird 



227 



glaze 



gird (gerd). I. vt. and vi. Strike; up- 
braid ;gibe;dash. II.ii. Stroke; twinge; 
taunt. [Prom root of yard, rod.] 

girder (gerd'er), n. 1. One who girds. 
2. Simple or compound beam sustain- 
ing a weight, ana supported at ends. 

girdle (gerd'l). I. n. That which girds 
or encircles, esp. a band for the waist. 
II. vt. 1. Bind, as with a girdle. 2. 
Inclose. 3. Make a circular incision, 
as through the bark of a tree to kill 
it. [A. S gijrdel—gyrdan, gird.] 

girl (gerl), n. Female child ; young 
woman. — girlhood, n State of 
being a girl. — girl'ish, a. Of or like 
a girl. — girlishly, adv. — girl'- 
ishness, ii. [From root of Low Ger. 
gair, child,] 

girt (gert), girth (gerth), n. 1. Belly- 
band of a saddle. 2. Measure round 

girth (gert), vt. Gird. [the waist. 

gist (jist), n. Main point or pith of a 
matter. LFrom an O. Fr. proverb: 
" I know where the hare lies (gist).' n } 

give (giv). I. vt. [giving; gave; given 
(giv'n). ] Bestow ; impart _; yield ; 
grant; permit; afford; furnish; pay 
or render, as thanks; pronounce, as a 
decision; show, as a result; apply, 
as one's self; allow or admit. II. vi. 
Yield to pressure ; begin to melt ; 
grow soft. — giver (giv'er), n. One 
who gives or bestows. [A. S. gifan.] 

gizzard (giz'ard), n. Muscular second 
stomach of a bird or insect, in which 
grain and other food- is ground. [Fr. 
gfeier—Li. gigeria, cooked entrails of 
poultry.] 

glabrous ( gla'brus ), a. Having no 
hairs or any unevenness. [L. glaber, 
smooth.] 

glacial (gla'shi-al), a. 1. Icy; frozen. 
2. Pertaining to ice or its action, esp. 
to glaciers. [L. — glades, ice.] 

glacies" ( gla'sher or glas'i-er ), n. 
Slowly moving river of ice, in the 
hollows and on the slopes of lofty 
mountains. [Fr.— L. glacies, ice.] 

glacis (gla'sis or gla-ses'\ n. Gentle 
slope. [Fr. = slide.] 

glad (glad). I. a. [glad'der; glad'dest.j i 
1. Pleased; cheerful; bright. 2. Giv- 
ing pleasure. II. vt. [gladd'ing ; gladd'- 
ed.] Make glad. — glad'ly, adv. — 
glad'ness, n. [A. S. glaid, smooth, 
slippery-] 

Syn. Happy; joyful; joyous; grati- 
fying; delighted; pleasing; gratified. 

gladden (glad'n).t'i!.Make glad; cheer. 

glade (glad),w. 1. Open space in a 
wood. 2. Patch of smooth ice or blue 
sky. [Root of glad. Norw. glette. patch 
of blue sky.] [L. gladius, sword.] 

gladiate (glad'i-at), a. Sword-shaped"! 




Gladiator. 



Influence 



gladiator(glad'i-a-tur), n. Profession- 
al combatant with men or beasts in an 

arena. [L. = swordsman.] 
gladiolus (gla-di'o-lus), n. 

Sword-lily. [L.] 
gladsome (glad'sum), a. 

Glad ; joyous ; gay.— glad'- 

somely, adv. — glad - 

someness, n. 
glair(glar).I. n. 1. White of 

an egg used as varnish. 2. 

Any viscous, transparent 

substance. II. vt. Varnish 

with white of eg g.— 

glairy, a. [Fr. glair e. 

Akin tO CLEAR.] 

glamour (glam'ur). I. n. 
of a charm on the eyes; enchantment. 
II. vt. Bewitch ; charm. [Sc.—gramer 
(grammar), magic] 

glance (glans). I. n. Sudden shoot of 
light. 2. Darting of the eye; moment- 
ary view. 3. Deflected motion . II. 
vi. 1. Dart a ray or light or splendor. 
2. Snatch a momentary view. 3. 
Fly off obliquely. 4. Make a passing 
allusion. III. vt. Dart suddenly or 
obliquely. — glan'cingly, adv. 
[Swed. glans, luster.] 

gland (gland), n. 1. Fleshy organ of 
the body which secretes some sub- 
stance from the blood. 2. Small cel- 
lular organ of a plant which secretes 
oil or aroma. ("L. glans, acorn.] 

glanders (glamderz), n. Contagious 
diseafe of the mucous membrane of 
the nosferils of horses. [Prom gland.] 

glare (glar). I. n. 1. Clear, dazzling 
light; overpowering luster. 2. Fierce 
stare. II. vi. 1. Shine with a dazzling 
light. 2. Look with piercing eyes. 
[A.S. glar, amber; akin to glass.] 

glaring ( glar'ing ), a. 1. Bright and 
dazzling. 2. Barefaced; bold. 3. Plain- 
ly discernible. — glar'ingly, adv. 
— glar'ingness, n. 

glass (glas). I. n. 1. Hard, brittle, 
transparent substance. 2. Anything 
made of glass, esp. a drinking vessel, 
a mirror, etc. — pi. Spectacles. 3. 
Quantity of liquid a glass holds. 4. 
barometer. II. a. Made of glass. III. 
vt. Case in glass; glaze. [A.S. glaes, 
akin to glow, glance, etc.l 

glassy (glas'i), a. Made of or like glass. 
— glass'ily, adv. — glass'iness, n. 

glaucous (gla'kus), n. 1. Light green, 
passing into bluish-gray. 2. Covered 
with flne_powder, as a plum. 

glaze (glaz). I. vt. 1. Furnish with 
glass. 2. Give a glassy surface to. 
II. n. 1. Glassy coating put upon pot- 
tery. 2. Any material for giving a 
shining exterior. 



fate, fat, t&sk, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, thea. 



glazier 



228 



glossy 



glazier (gla'zher), n. One who sets 
glass in window-frames, etc. [For 
glaz-er, as law-y-er for law-er.] 

glazing (gla'zing) n. 1. Act or art of 
setting glass. 2. Art of covering with 
a vitreous substance. 3. Semi-trans- 
parent color put thinly over another. 

gleam (glem). I. vi. Glow; shine; 
flash. II. n. Small ray of light; beam; 
brightness. — gleam'y, a. Casting 
s beams orrays of light. [A. S. glcem.] 

glean (glen), vt. Gather the corn left 
by the reapers; collect what is thinly 
scattered.— glean'er, gleaning, n. 
[O. Fr. glener—A.S. gelm, handful.] 

glebe (gleb), n. 1. Clod of earth; sod. 
2. .Land belonging to a parish church 
or ecclesiastical benefice. [Fr. — L. 
gleba, clod, soil.] 

glee(gle), n. 1. Joy; mirth; gaiety. 2. 
Song for three or more solo voices. — 
gleeful ( gle'fol ), a. Merry. [A. S. 
gleo, mirth-^ 

gleet (glet). I. n. Glairy discharge 
from a mucous surface. II. vi. Flow 
slowly. [O. Fr. glete, fleur. [gleann.] 

glen (glen), n. Narrow valley. [Gael. 

glengarry ( glen-gar'i ), n. Scotch 
woolen cap, growing lower toward 
the back, where two ribbons hang 
down. [From valley of Glengarry.] 

glib (glib), a. 1. Slippery. 2.Moving eas- 
ily- — glib'ly, adv. — glib'ness, n. 
[Dut. glibberig, slippery.] 
Syn. Flippant; fluent; voluble. 

glide (glicl). I. vt. Slide smoothly and 
easily; flow gently. II. n. Act of glid- 
ing.— glid'ingly , adv. [A.S. glidan.} 

glimmer (glim'Sr). I. vt. 1. Burn or 
shine faintly. 2. Be extinguished. II. 
n. 1. Faint light; feeble rays of light. 
2. Mica. [From root of gleam.] 

glimmering (glim'er-ing), n. 1. Glim- 
mer. 2. Slight idea. 

glimpse (glimps). I. n. 1. Weak light; 
transient luster. 2. Hurried view. 3. 
Fleeting enjoyment. 4. Faint resem- 
blance. II. vt. Glance. III. vi. Appear 
by glimpses. [From root of glimmer.] 

glint (glint). I. vi. Gleam; flash; peep. 
II. n. Glance ;flash. [Akin to glitter. ] 

glisten (glis'n), glister (glis'ter), vi. 
Glitter, sparkle with light ; shine. 
[Akin to glitter.] 

glitter (glit'er). I. vi. Glisten; sparkle 
with light; be splendid; be showy. II. 
n. Luster; brilliancy.— glit'tering- 
ly, adv. [Icel. glitra.] 

gloaming (glSm'ing), n. 1. Twilight; 
dusk; fall of the evening. 2. Gloom- 
iness. [Scotch variety of gloom.] 

gloat (glot), vi. Look eagerly with 
wicked satisfaction; view with evil 
joy. [Icel. glotta. Ger. glotzen.] 




Terrestrial globe. 



[L. 



globe (glob), n. 1. Round body, ball, 
sphere. 2. Earth. 3. Sphere repre- 
senting the earth (terrestrial globe), 
or the heavens (celestial globe). [Fr. 
— L. globus.] 

glob ose 
glo-bos 7 ), 
globous 
(glo'bus), 
globular 
(glob'u- 
lar),glob-' 
li 1 o us 
(glob'u- 
lus),a. Like 
a globe; 
spherical. 

glob u 1 e 
(glob'ul), 
n. Little 
globe, round 
particle. 

glomerate 
(glom'er-at), 

a. Gathered in a ball or cluster. 
glomus, ball.] 

gloom (gloni). I. n. 1. Partial dark- 
ness; cloudiness. 2. Sadness. II. vi. 

) 1. Be sullen or dejected. 2. Be cloudy 
or obscure.— gloomy, a. Dark; dis- 
mal; sad. — gloomily, adv.— 
gloominess, n. [A.S. glom, gloom.] 
Syn. Shade; dimness; melancholy; 
obscurity; depression; dejection. 

glorify (glo'ri-fi), vt. 1. Make glori- 
ous; honor; exalt to glory or happi- 
ness. 2. Ascribe honor to; worship.— 
glorification, ft. [L. — gloria, and 
facio, make.] 

glorious (glo'ri-us), «. Noble, splen- 
did ; conferring renown.— glo'rious- 
ly, adv. — glo'riousncss, n. [L- 
gloriosus.] 

glory (glo'ri). I. n. 1. Renown; honor. 
2. Occasion of praise. 3. Object of 
pride. 4. Excellency ; splendor; 
brightness. 5. Presence of God; heav- 
en. [L. gloria, akin to clarus, clear.] 

gloss (glos). I. n. Brightness or luster, 
as from a polished surface; external 
show. II. vi. 1. Give a superficial 
luster to. 2. Render plausible; pal- 
liate. [Icel. glossi, brightness. Akin 

to GLASS.] 

gloss ( glos ). I. 7i. Explanatory re- 
mark; comment. II. vi. Make expla- 
natory remarks. [ L. glossa, unex- 
plained word.] 

glossary (glos'a-ri), n. 1. Collection of 
glosses. 2. List of words or passages 
requiring special explanation. 

glossy (glos'i), a. Smooth and shin- 
ing; highly polished.— gloss'ily, adv. 
— gloss'iness, n. 



Cite, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, more, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



glottis 



229 



go 



glottis (glot'is), n. Opening of the 
larynx ; entrance] to the windpipe. 
[Gr. glossa, tongue.] 

glove (gluv). I. n. Cover for the hand, 
with a sheath for each finger. II. vt. 
Cover with or as wilh a glove. — 
glover (gluv'er), n. One who makes 
or sells gloves. [A. S. glof. Icel. lofi, 
palm of the hand.] 

glow (glo). I. vi. n. 1. Shine with an 
intense beat. 2. Feel great heat of 
body; be flushed. 3. Feel the heat of 
passion; be ardent. II. n. 1. Shining, 
red or white, heat. 2. Unusual 
warmth. 3. Brightness of color. 4. 
Vehemence of passion. [A. S. glowan.] 

glower (glow'er), vi. Look intently; 
stare angrily. [From glare.] 

glow-worm (glo'-wurm), n. Female, 
or larva, of a certain insect, which 
glows orshines in the dark. 

gloze (gloz). I. vi. 1. Give a false 
meaning to. 2. Flatter; wheedle. II. 
vt. Palliate by specious explanation . 
[From gloss.]_ 

glucose (glo'koz), n. 1. Peculiar kind 
of sugar in t h e juice of fruits. 2. 
Sugar syrup obtained when starch is 
changed to sugar by sulphuric acid.] 

glue (glo). I. n. Substance obtained 
by boiling to a jelly the skins, hoofs, 
etc., of animals. II. vt. and vi. 1. 
Join with glue. 2. Fasten ; adhere 
firmlj'.— glue'y, a. Containing glue; 
sticky; viscous. [Fr. glu.] 

glum (glum), a. Frowning ; sullen. 
— glum'ly, adv. [Akin to gloom.] 

glume (glom), n. Husk or bracteal 
covering of grain and grasses. [L. 
gluma—glubo, peel off bark.l 

glut(glut). I.vt. Tglut'ting; glut'ted]. 1. 

• Swallow greedily. 2. Feast to satiety. 
3. Supply in excess. II. n. 1. That 
which is gorged. 2. Over-abundance. 
3. Anything that obstructs the pass- 
age. [Li. glutio, swallow.] 

gluten (glo'ten), n. Grayish, viscid, 
nitrogenous, nutritious substance 
which becomes brown and brittle by 
drying, found in the flour of wheat 
and other grain. [L. Akin to glue.] 

glutiuate (glo'tin-at ), vt. Unite, as 
with glue. — glutina'tion, n. [L.] 

glutinous (glo'tin-us), a. 1. Gluey; 
tenacious. 2. Covered with sticky 
moisture. 

glutton (glut'n), n, 1. One who eats to 
excess. 52. Wolverine, a carnivorous 
mammal.— gluttonous (glut'n-us), 

tluttouisn ( glut'n-ish ), a. Given 
), or consisting in, gluttony.— glut'- 
tonously, adv. -gluttony (glut'n-1), 
n. Excessive indulgence of the ap- 
petite for food. [Fr. glout07i—L.gluto.] 



glycerine, glycerin (glis'e-rin), n,. 
Transparent colorless viscous liquid 
with a sweet taste, obtained from 
natural fats by saponification with 
alkalies or by the action of super- 
heated steam. [From Gr. glykys, 
sweet.] 

gnarl (narl). I. vi. Snarl, growl. II. 
n. Growl, snarl. [Freq. of gnar.] 

gnarl ( narl ), n. 1. Twisted knot in 
wood. 2. Rough irregular growth on 
a tree; roughness, —gnarled, 
gnarl'y, a. Knotty, foisted. [Teut. 
root knar.] 

gnarling (narl'ing), n. Milling, as on 
the edge of a thumb screw. [From 
gnarl, roughness.] 

gnash (nash), vt. and vi. Strike (the 
teeth) together in rage or pain; grind 
the teeth. [From the sound.] 

gnat (nat), n. Small two- winged fly as 
the mosquito, the midge, etc. The 
larvae and pupas live in water. [M.E. 
and Icel. gnit.] 

gnaw(na). I. vt. and vi. 1. Cut small 
bits off something hard with the teeth. 
%. Bite off by degrees. 3. Use the 
teeth. 4. Corrode. [A.S. gnagan.] 

gneiss (nis), n. Species of stratified 
rock composed of quartz, felspar, and 
mica. •- gneiss'ic, gneiss'oid, a. 
[Ger.] 

gnome (n5m), n. 1. Kind of sprite, 
said to preside over the inner parts of 
the earth and its treasures; dwarf, 
goblin. 2. Small owl found in the 
Western U.S. [Gr. g7iomorc.,custodian.] 

gnomon (no'mon), n. 1. Pin or trian- 
gle of a sun-dial, whose shadow points 
to the hour. 2. Index of the hour- 
circle of a globe. 3. Remainder of a 
parallelogram, after a similar paral- 
lelogram has been cut out at one 
corner. [Gr.=indicator, guide.] 

Gnostic (nos'tik), n. One of a sect in 
the first centuries of the Christian 
Era, whose views were very ration- 
alistic. 

gnu (no), n. 
Kind of an- 
telope in S. 
Africa, re- 
sembling the 
horse and ox. 
[Hottentot.] 

go (go ), vi. 
[go'ing;went; 
gone (gan), 
1. Pass from 
one place to 
another. 2. 
Be in motion ; 
proceed. 3. Depart from. 4. Extend. 
5. Be about to do. 6. Pass in report 




Gnu. 



'ttXQ, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



goad 



230 



good 



or in payment; be accounted in value. 
7. Happen in a particular way; turn 
out. 8. Fare. [A. S. gan, gangan.] 

goad (god). I. n. Sharp-pointed stick, 
for driving oxen; stimulus. II. vt. 
Drive witb a goad; urge. [A. S. gad.] 
Syn. _Prick ; rouse; irritate. 

goal (gol), n. l.Mark set up to bound a 
race; winning-post. 2. End, aim. 
[Pr. gaule, pole.] 

goat (got), n. Hollow-horned quadru- 
ped, allied to the sheep. [A.S. gat.] 

goatee (go-te'), n. Pointed beard on 
the chin. 

gob (gob), n. Mouthful; lump. 

gobble (gob'l). I. vt. Swallow in lumps; 
swallow hastily. II. yiMake a noise 
in the throat, as a turkey. III. n. 
Noise made by the turkey.— gobbler, 
n. Turkey-cock. [From the sound.] 

goblet (gob'let), n. Large drinking 
cup without a handle. [Fr. gobelet— 
root of cup.] 

goblin (gob'lin), n. Frightful phan- 
tom; fairy. [Fr. goblin — L. L. gobeli- 
nus—Gv. kobalos, mischievous spirit.] 

go-by (go'-bi), n. Going by without 
notice; escape; intentional disregard. 

go-cart (go'kart), n. 1. Cart or con- 
trivance for teaching children to 
walk. 2. Small baby-carriage. 

God (god), n. 1. Supreme Being; Cre- 
ator and Preserver of the world. 2. 
(g) Object of worship; idol.— god'- 
dess,w. fem z [A. S.— Orig. unknown.] 

go-devil ( gb'dev-l ), n. Pointed iron 
dropped into a drill hole to explode a 
cartridge at the bottom. 

godfather (god'fa-^er), n. Man who, 
at a child's baptism, becomes sponsor 
for its religious training. — god- 
mother, n. fern. — Similarly, god'- 
child, goddaughter, godson. 

godhead (god'hed), n. 1. State of 
being a god; deity; divine nature. 2. 
(G.) Supreme Being 

godless (god'les), a. Living without 
God; impious; atheistical. — god'- 
lessly, adv. — god'lessness, n. 

godlike ( god'lik ), a. and adv. Like 
God; divine. 

godly (god'li), a. Like God in charac- 
ter; pious; according to God's law. 
— godliness, n. 

godmother* See Godfather. 

godsend (god'send), n. Unexpected 
piece of good-fortune in time of need. 

Oodspeed (god 'sped), n. Prosperity; 
good luck. [Cf. A. S. god-spedig. suc- 
cessful. From GOD SPEED YOU.] 

godwit (god'wit), n. Bird with a long 
bill curved upward and long slender 
legs, that frequents marshes. 



goggle (gog'l), n, 1. Affected rolling of 
the eye; stare. 2. pi. Spectacles with 
projecting eye-tubes. [Gael.^, nod.] 

goiter, goitre (goi'ter), n. Morbid 
enlargement of one of the glands on 
the forepart of the throat. 

gold (gold), n. 1. Most precious metal 
used for coin. 2, Money, riches. 3. 
Yellow, gold color. [A. S.] 

gold-beater ( gdld-be'ter ), n. One 
whose trade is to beat gold into gold- 
leaf. — gold'-beat'ing, n. 

gold-dust (gold'-dust), n. Gold in 
dust or very fine particles, as it is 
sometimes found in rivers. 

golden (gold'n) ; a. Made of gold; of 
the color of gold; bright; most valu- 
able; happy; _highly favorable. 

goldfinch (gold'finch ), n. Singing- 
bird with gold-colored wings. 

goldfish ( goldfish ), n. Small gold- 
colored fish, native to China, kept in 
glass globes and ponds. 

gold-foil ( gold/ foil ), n. Sheets of 
gold, thicker tnan gold-leaf , used by 
dentists. 

gold-leaf (gola-^ef). n>. Gold beaten 
extremely thin, or into leaves, and 
used for gilding. 

goldsmith (gokr-smith), 
n. A smith or worker in 
gold and silver- 
golf (golf), n. Game play- 
ed with a set oi clubs and 
a ball. [Dut. kolf, club.] 

Golgotha (gorgo-tha or 
goi'go-tha). Calvary, 
where Christ was cruci- 
fied. [Heb.] 

gondola (gon do-la), n. 
Long, narrow pleasure 
boat used at Venice. [It. J 

gondolier «gon-do-ler'), 
n. One who rows a gon- 
dola. 

gone. Pa. p. of go. 

gong (gang), w. I Music 
al instrument of circular 
form, made of bionze, producing, 
when struck with a wooden caallet, a 
loud sound. 2. Flat kind of stationary 
bell struck by a mechanic device, as 
in a clock. [Malay.] 

goniometer (go-ni-om'e-ter), n. In- 
strument for measuring angles. [Gr. 
—gonia, angle, and mrfroft, measure.] 

goober (g6'br),n- Peanut. [So. U. S.] 

good (god), a. [bett'er; best.] 1. Hav- 
ing qualities, whether physical or 
moral, desirable or suitable to the 
end proposed; promoting success, 
welfare, or happiness; proper; fit; 
beneficial; serviceable ; competent. 
2. Virtuous; pious; kind; benevolent. 




PKving golf. 



**te f fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf} 
aauta, hut, burn; oil, ©wl, Jften. 



good- by 



231 



gourd 



3. "Valid; sound. 4. Real, as in good 
earnest. 5. Not small, considerable, 
as in good deal. G. Full, complete, as 
measure. 7. Unblemished, honorable, 
as in good name. II. ft. 1. That which 
promotes happiness, success, etc.: — 
opposed \o evil. 2. Prosperity; wel- 
fare;advantage,temporal or spiritual. 
3. Virtue. 4. pi. Household furniture; 
movable property; merchandise. 
[From a root meaning Jit.] 

good-by, good-bye (god-bi'). int. and 
n. Farewell. [From god be with you.] 

Good-Friday (god-fii'da), ft. Fast in 
memory of Christ's crucifixion, held 
on the Friday of the Passion-week. 

goodly (god'li),<z. Good-looking; desir- 
able; stately.— good'liness, ft. 

goody (god'i), goody -goody. I. a. 
Mawkishly well intentioned. II. n. 1. 
Mawkishly good or pious person. 2. 
Kernel of a nut; sweetmeat. 

goorka,ghoorka (gSr'ka), n. One of 
a stalwart race in Nepal, India. 

goose (gos), n. [pi. 
geese. ] 1. Water- 
fowl larger than a 
duck. 2. Tailor's 
sad iron. 3. Stupid 
silly person.— 
goose' flesh , 
goose'skin, ns. 
Rough skin, caused 
by cold, fright, etc. 
[A. S. gos.] 

gooseberry (goz'- 
ber-i), ft.Hairy fruit 
of a thorny shrub. Gooseberries. 

gopher (go'fSr), n. 
Name of several species of American 
burrowing animals, as the ground 
squirrel. [Fr. gaufre, honey-comb] 

Gordian. (gar'di-an) knot, ft. Inextri- 
cable knot'tied by Gordius, king of 
Phrygia, and cut by Alexander the 
Great with his sword. [A. S. gov. 

gore (gor), ft. Clotted blood; brood. 

gore (g5r). I. ft. 1. Triangular piece 
let into a garment to widen it. 2. Tri- 
angular piece of land. II. vt. 1. Shape 
like or furnish with gores. 2. Pierce 
as with a spear or horns. [A. S. gara, 
a pointed triangular piece of land.] 

gorge (garj). I. ft. 1. Throat. 2. Nar- 
row pass among hills. 3. Obstructing 
mass. 4. Heavy meal. 5. Disgust, 
indignation. II. vt. Swallow greed- 
ily; glut. [Fr.— L. gurges, whirlpool.] 

gorgeous (gar'jus), a. Showy; splen- 
did. — gorgeously, adv. — gor- 
geousaiess, ft. [O.Fr. gorgiasj 

Gorgon (gar'gon), ft. Female monster, 
called Medusa, whose aspect turned 
the beholder into stone. [Gr.] 




gorilla (go-ril'a) ft. Largest ape, found 
on the west coast of tropical Africa. 
[African word.] 

gor in and. See gourmand. 

gormandize ( gar'man-diz }, vi. Eat 
greedily.— gormandizer, n. 

gorse (gars), n. Prickly shrub grow- 
ing on waste places; furze; whin. 
[A. S. gorst.] [bloody. 

gory (gor'ij, a. Covered with gore; 

goshawk ( gos'hak ), ft. Large short- 
winged bawk, once used for hunting 
wild-geese and other fowl. [A. S. gos, 
goose, and hafuc, hawk.] 

gosling (goz'liug), n. Young goose. 
LA.S. gos, goose, and -ling.] 

Gospel (.gos'pel), ft. 1. Cbristian revela- 
tion. 2. Narrative of the life of Christ, 
as related by Matthew, Mark, Luke,or 
John. 3. System of religious truth. 4. 
Last of the Eucharistic lessons in all 
liturgies. 5. Truth. [A. S. godspell.] 
God-story — goa,&na spell, narrative.] 

gossamer (gos'a-mer), n. 1. Very flue 
spider- threads which float in the air 
or form webs on bushes. 2. Fine gauze 
fabric. 3. Thin water-proof over-gar- 
ment. [ME. gossomer, goose-summer.] 

gossip (gos'ip). I. n. 1. One who runs 
about telling and hearing news. 2. 
Idle talk. II. vi. Run about telling 
idle tales; talk much: chat — gos'« 
sipy, a. (A. S. godsib, sponsor in bap- 
tism, god-relation.] 

got, gotten. See get. 

Goth ( goth ), ft. One of an ancient 
Germanic nation who overran the 
Roman empire. [L. Gothi. Goth. 
Outhans.] m 

Gothamite(goth'a-mlt), ft. 1. Simple- 
ton ; wiseacre. [Orig, " man of 
Gotham," a village of Nottingham- 
shire, Eng., with a reputation for 
foolish blundering.] 2. Citizen of New 
York City.] 

Gothic (goth'ik), ft. 1. Belonging to 
the Goths or their language; barbar- 
ous; romantic. 2. Of a style of archi- 
tecture with high-pointed arches, 
clustered columns, etc. — Gothic 
type, type face with strokes all of 
uniform width. 

This line is in Gothic type. 

gonge (gowj). I. ft. Chisel, with a 
bollow blade, for cutting grooves or 
holes. II. vt. Scoop out, as with a 
gouge; force out, as the eye with the 
thumb. [Fr.] 

gourd (gord), ft. 1. Large fleshy fruit. 
2. Rind of a gourd used as a drinking- 
cup. 3. Gourd plant. [Fr. cougourde 
— L. cucurbita.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, h§r; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, bum; oil, owl, then. 



gourmand 



232 



grain 



gourmand(gor'mand), n. 1. One ad- 
dicted toctioice food and drink; epi- 
cure. 2. One who eats greedily. [Fr ] 

gourmet (gor-ma'), n. Inordinately 
nice feeder; epicure. 

gout (govvt), n. Disease with inflam- 
mation of the smaller joints, and 
esp. of the great toe. — gouty, a. 
Relating to gout ; diseased with or 
subject to gout.— gout'iness, n. [Fr. 
gowtte—Li. gutta. drop.] 

gout (go), n. Taste; relish. [Fr.— L. 
gustus, taste.] 

govern (guv'ern). I. vt. 1. Rule with 
authority. 2. In gram. Require, as 
a mood, tense, or case of. II. vi. Ad- 
minister the laws.— gov'ernable, a. 
[Fr. gouverner—L,. guberno, steer.] 

Syn. Control; supervise; manage; 
direct; influencej regulate. 

governess (guv'er-nes), n. Lady who 
has charge of the instruction of young 
ladies; tutoress. fO. Fr. governesse.] 

government (guv'ern-ment), n. 1. 
Ruling or managing ; control. 2. 
System of governing. 3. Persons 
authorized to administer the laws. 4. 
Territory over which sovereign power 
extends. 5. In gram. Power of one 
word in determining the form of 
another.— governmental, a. 

governor ( guv'ern- 
ur), n. 1. Chief exec- 
utive officer of a sta- 
te; ruler. 2. Tutor. 
3. In machinery. Reg. 
ulator, or contrivan- 
ce for maintaining 
uniform velocity 
with a varying re- 
sistance.— govern- 
orship, n. 

gown (gown), n. 1. 
Woman's upper gar- 
ment. 2. Long loose 
robe worn by professional men. — 
gowned (gownd), a. Dressed in a 
gown. [W. gwn.] 

grab (grab), vt. [grab'bing; grabbed.] 
Seize or gras,p suddenly. [Svv. grabba, 
grasp.] 

grace (gras). I. n. 1. Easy elegance 
in form or manner. 2. What adorns 
and commends to favor; adornment, 
embellishment. 3. Favor ; mercy ; 
pardon. 4. Undeserved kindness and 
mercy of God; divine influence; eter- 
nal life or salvation. 5. Short prayer 
at meat. II. vt. Mark with favor ; 
adorn. — Days of grace, three days 
allowed for the payment of a note or 
bill of exchange, after being due. — 
graceful (gras' fol), a. Elegant and 
easy. — grace'fuily, adv. —grace'- 




Governor of an 
engine. 



fulness, n. — graceless (gras'les), 
a. Wanting grace. [Fr. — L. gratia.] 

gracious (gra'shus). J. a. 1. Abounding 
in grace or kindness. 2. Proceeding 
from divine favor. 3. Acceptable. II. 
interj. Expresses surprise. — gra'« 
ciously, adv. — gra'ciousness, n. 
Syn. Benevolent; condescending; 
benignant ; favorable ; kind ; merciful. 

gradation (gra-da'shun), n. 1. Rising 
step by step; progress from one de- 
gree or state to another. 2. Arrange- 
ment in ranks. 3. Degree or rank. 
[Fr. — L. gradatio— gradus, step.] 

grade (grad). I. n. 1. Degree or step 
in rank or dignity. 2. Degree of slope 
on a road. II. vt. 1. Arrange accord- 
ing to proficiency, size, etc. 2. Reduce 
to an even degree of slope, or to a 
level. [Fr.— L. gradus, step.] 

gradient (gra'di-ent). I. a. Cradually 
rising; rising with a regular slope. 
II. n. 1. Degree of slope on a road or 
railway. 2. Difference in the height 
of the barometer between one place 
and another place at some distance. 
3. Incline. 

gradual (grad'u-al), a. Advancing by 
grades or degrees; regular and slow. 

— gradually, adv. 

graduate (grad'u-at). I. vt. 1. Divide 
into regular intervals. 2. Admit to a 
degree at the end of a course of study. 

II. vi. 1. Pass or change by degrees. 
2. Pass through a college course aud 
receive a degree. III. n. One admit- 
ted to a degree in a college, univer- 
sity, or society. — graduation, n. 
[Low L. graduatus 

— L. gradus, step.] 
graft (graft). I. n. 1. 

Small branch used 
in grafting. 2. Un- 
lawful perquisite ; 
petty boodle. II. vt. 
1. Make an incision 
in a tree or plant, 
and insert in it a 
small branch of an- 
other. 2. Add to a 
thing something not belonging to it. 

III. vi. Insert cuttings into a tree. [O. 
Fr. graffe—L,. gravhiam, pencil.] 

grafter (grafter), n. One who takes 
bribes. 

grail (gral), n. In medieval legend, the 
Holy Cup in which Christ celebrated 
the Lord's Supper. [O. F. graal, pos- 
sibly— L. cratella, bowl.] . 

grain (gran), n. 1. Single small hard 
seed. 2. (Collectively) the seeds of 
certain plants which form the chief 
food of man. 3. Minute particle ; 
very small quantity. 4. Unit of 




Grafts. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



grallatorial 



233 



graphic 



apothecaries' weight ( 5,760 gr. = 1 
pound). 5. Red dye obtained from the 
kermes or coccus-insect. 6. Arrange- 
ment of the particles or fibres, as in 
stone or wood ; texture. II. vt. 1 
Paint in imitation of wood. 2. Form 
into grains, as sugar. 3. Free a skin 
of hair ; raise the grain of leather, 
etc.— In grain, in fast colors.— Against 
the grain, against nature. [Fr.— L. 
granum.] 

grallatorial ( gral-a-t5r'i-al ), a. Of 
or relating to the grallatores or wad- 
ing birds, as the crane, stork, etc. 
[L.— grallce, stilts.] 

gram, gramme (gram), n. French 
or Metric System unit of weigh t,equal 
to 15.432 grains. [Gr. gramma, let- 
ter, small weight.] 

gramiueal (gra-min'e-al), gramine- 
ous (gra-min'e-us), a. ' Like or per- 
taining to grass; grassy. [L. gramen, 
grass.] 

graminivorous ( gram-in-iv'o-rus ), 
a. Feeding or subsisting on grass and 
herbs. [L. — gramen, grass, and voro, 
eat.] 

grammar (gram'ar), n. 1. Science of 
the right use of language. 2. Book 
which teaches grammar. 3. Elemen- 
tary work. — gramuiariau (gram- 
ma'ri-an), n. One versed in, or who 
teaches, grammar. [Fr. grammaire— 
Gr. gramma, \etiev-grapho, write.] 

grammatic ( gram-mat'ik ), gram- 
matical (gram-mat'ik-al), a. Belong- 
ing to, or according to, the rules of 
grammar, -grammatically, adv. 

grampus (gram'yus). n. Large vora- 
cious fish of the dolphin family. 
[Through Iu., Port., or Sp.— L. gran- 
dis piscis, great fish.] 

granary ( gran'a-ri ), n. Storehouse 
for grain. [L. granaria— granum.] 

grand (grand), a. 1. Of imposing size; 
splendid. 2. Chief, as in grandmaster. 
3. Of the second degree of parentage 
or descent, as in grandfather.— 
grand-jury, n. Jury that decides 
whether there is sufficient evidence 
to put an accused person on trial.— 
grandly, adv. — grand ness, n. 
[Fr. grand— L. grandis, great.] 

Syn. Illustrious; noble; sublime; 
great; magnificent; august; stately; 
exalted; majestic; lofty; great. 

grandam (gran'dam), a. Old dame or 
woman. [Grand and dam, mother.] 

grandee (gran-de'), n. Spanish noble- 
man of the first rank. [L. grandis, 
great.] [splendor; loftiness. [Fr.] 

grandeur ( gran'dur ), n. Vastness; 

grandiloquent (gran-dil'o-kwent) a. 
Speaking bombastically; pompous — 



grandiloquently, adv. — gran- 
diloquence, n. [L. — grandis, and 
loquor, speak.] [imposing, noble. [F.] 

grandiose ( gran-di-6s' ), a. Grand, 

grandsire(grand'sir), n. Grandfather; 
ancestor. 

grange ( gran;) ), n. 1. Granary. 2. 
Farm, with the dwelling-house, sta- 
bles, barns, etc. 3. Society of farmers 
for the promotion of agricultural in- 
terests.— granger ( granj'er ), n. 1. 
Member of a farmers' grange. 2. 
Farmer. [Fr. grange, barn — Low L. 
granea — L. granum, grain.] 

granite ( gran'it ), n. Igneous crys- 
talline rock, composed of quartz, 
fedspar, and mica, and of whitish, 
grayish, or reddish color.— granite- 
ware, n. 1. Kind of iron-stone cblna. 
2. Kind of enameled iron kitchen- 
ware, very durable. — granitic, a. 
Pertaining to; consisting of, or like 
granite. [It. graniot, grained— L. 
granum, grain.] 

granivorous (gra-niv'o-rus), a. Eat- 
ing grain; feeding on seeds. [L. gra- 
num, and voro, eat.l 

grant (grant). I. vf. 1. Bestow; give 
2. Admit as true what is not yet 
proved ; concede. II. n. 1. Bestowing. 
2. Something bestowed; allowance; 
gift. 3. Transfer or conveyance by 
deed or writing. [L. credo, believe.] 
Syn. Confer; convey; yield; allow. 

grantee (grant-e'), n. Person to whom 
a grant, gift or conveyance is made. 

grantor(grant'ar), n. Person by whom 
a grantor conveyance is made. 

granular ( gran'u-lar ), granulary 
(gran'u-lar-i), a. Consisting of or like 
grains.— gran'ularly, adv. 

granulate (gran'u-lat). I. vt. and vi. 

1. Form or break into grains or small 
masses. 2. Make or become rough on 
the surf ace.— granulation (gran-u- 
la'shun), n. 1. Act of forming into 
grains. 2. pi. Grain-like bodies which 
form in sores when healing. 

granule ( gran'ul ), n. Little grain. 

[L. granulum, dim. of granum.] 
granulous ( gran'u-lus ), a. Full of 

grains or particles. 
grape (grap), n. 1. Fruit of the vine. 

2. Grapeshot. [O. Fr. grappe, cluster 
of grapes.] 

grape-snot ( grap'shot ), n. Missile 
discharged from a cannon, interme- 
diate between case-shot and solid shot. 

graphic (graf'ik), graphical (graf- 
ik-al), a. 1. Pertaining to writing, 
describing, or delineating. 2. Pic- 
turesquely described. — graphical- 
ly, adv. [Gr. graphikos—grapho, write.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fftll, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



graphite 



234 



graybeard 




Graphophone. 



graph ite (graf'lt), n. Mineral, com- 
monly called blacklead or plumbago 
(though containing no lead) largely- 
used in making pencils. [Gr. grapho, 
write.] 

graphophone 
( graf'o-f on), n. 
Form of phono- 
graph. [Gr. grapho, 
write, and phone, 
sound.] 

grapnel (grap'nel), 
n. Small anchor 
with several claws 
or arms ; grappling- 
iron. [O. Fr. grap- 
pil ; from root o f 

GRAPPLE.] 

grapple (grap'l). I. vt. Gripe: seize ; 
lay fast hold of. II. vi. Contend in 
close fight. [Dim. of grab.] 

grappling-iron (grap'ling i'urn), n. 
Large grapnel formerly used for 
seizing hostile ships in naval engage- 
ments. 

grasp (grasp). I. vt. Seize and hold by 
clasping with the fingers or arms; 
understand. II. vi. Endeavor to seize; 
catch at. III. n. 1. Grip of tb>e hand. 
2. Reach of the arms. 3. Power of 
intellect. [M. E. graspen.] 

grass (gras), n. 1. Common herbage. 
2. Order of plants with long, narrow 
leaves, and tubular stem, including 
wheat, oats, etc. — grass'hopper 
(gras'bop-er), n. Hopping insect, allied 
to the locust. — grassy (gras'i), a. 1. 
Covered with or resembling grass. 
2. Green. — grass'iness, n. [A. S.] 

grate (grat), n. Framework composed 
of bars with interstices, esp. one of 
iron bars for holding coals while 
burning. [Low L. grata— L. crates, 
hurdle. See crate.] 

grate (grat), vt. 1. Rub hard or wear 
away with anything rough. 2. Make 
a harsh sound. 3. Irritate or offend.— 
grater (gra'ter), n. Instrument with 
a rough surface for grating or rub- 
bing down a body. [Fr. gratter — O. 
Ger. chrazon (Ger. Tcratzen), scratch.] 

grateful (grat' fol), a 1. Causing 
pleasure; acceptable; delightful. 2. 
Thankful ; having a due sense of 
benefits.— grate'fully,adv.— grate'- 
fulness, n. 

gratification (grat-i-fi-ka'shun), n. 1. 
Pleasing ; indulging. 2. That which 
gratifies; delight. 3. Gratuity; bonus. 

gratify (grat'i-ti), vt. Please; soothe. 
[L. gratincor— gratus, and facio, make.] 
Syn. Delight; humor; indulge; glad- 
den; satisfy; recompense. 

grating (gra'ting), n. Frame of bars. 



grating (gra'ting), a. Rubbing hard 
on the feelings; harsh; irritating. — 
gra'tihgly, adv. 

gratis (gra'tis), aa>o. For nothing ; 
without payment or recompense. [L. 
Contr. of gratiis, ablative pi. of gratia, 
favor.] 

gratitude (grat'i-tud), n. Warm and 
friendly feeling towards a benefac- 
tor; thankfulness. [Fr.— Low L. gra- 
titudo.] 

gratuitous (gra-tu'i-tus), a. Not re- 
quired; not called for by the circum- 
stances; voluntary; without reason, 
ground, or proof. — gratuitously, 
adv. [L. gratuitus—gratus.] 

gratuity ( gra-tu'i-ti), n. Present; 
acknowledgment of service, generally 
pecuniary. [Fr.— Low L. gratuitas— 
gratus.] [late. 

grain late (grat'u-lat), vt. Congratu- 

grave (grav). I. vt. and vi. Carve or 
cit, on a hard substance ; engrave. 
II. n. 1. Pit graved or dug out, esp. 
one in which to bury the dead; place 
of burial. 2. Death; destruction. [A. 
S. grafan.] 

grave(grav),#«.l. Weigh ty.2. Not gay.3. 

In mus. Not acute; low.— grave'ly, 

adv. — grave'ness, n. [ L. gravis.] 

Syn. Important ; momentous ; sober ; 

serious; solemn; sedate; demure. 

gravel (grav'el). I. n. 1. Small stones 
often intermixed with sand. 2. Small 
collections of gravelly matter in the 
kidneys or bladder. II vt. 1. Cover 
with gravel. 2. Puzzle.— grav'elly, 
a. [O. Fr. gravelle— W. gro, pebbles.] 

gr aver (gra' ver), n. 1. Engraver. 2. Tool 
for engraving on bard substances. 

gravitate (grav'i-tat), vi. 1. Be acted 
on by gravity ; tend towards the earth. 
2. Tend towards some object. [From 
L. gravis, heavy.] 

gravitation (grav-i-ta'shun), n. Act 
of tending to a center of attraction, 
as the earth. 

gravity (grav'i-ti), n. 1. Weigh tiness; 
importance. 2. Sobriety. 3. Tendency 
of matter to attract and be attracted, 
thus causing weight. 4. State of being 
grave or sober. 5. In mus. Lowness of 
a note. [Fr. gravitS — L. grdvitas — 
gravis, heavy.] 

gravy (gra'vi) n. 1. Juices that issue 
from meat while cooking. 2. Liquid 
dressing for food. [From greaves.] 

gray, grey (gra). I. a. 1. Of a white 
color mixed with black; ash-color3d. 
2. Aged. II. n. 1. Gray color. 2. Ani- 
mal of a gray color, as a horse. — 
gray'ness, n._ [A. S. graeg.]- 

gray beard (gra'berd), n. One with a 
gray beard; old man. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, hSr; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



grayish 



235 



grief 



array ish (gra'ish), a. Somewhat gray. 

grayling' ( gra'ling ), n. Silver gray 
fish of the salmon family. 

graae(graz), vt. and vi. 1. Eat or feed 
on grass; feed with grass. 2. Pass light- 
ly along the surface. [Prom grass.] 

grazier (gra'zher), n. One who grazes 
or pastures cattle and rears them for 
the market. 

grease (gres). I. n. 1. Soft thick ani- 
mal fat; oily matter of any kind. 2. 
Inflammation in the heels of a horse, 
marked by a swelling, etc. II. vt. 
( gres or grez ). Smear with grease. 
[Fr. graisse — gras, fat — L. crassus, 
gross, thick.] 

greasy (gre'zi or gres'i), a. Of or like 
grease or oil; smeared with grease; 
smooth ; fat. — grea'sily, adv. — 
grea'siness, n. 

great (grai), a. 1. Large. 2. Long- 
continued. 3. Superior ;distinguisned; 
highly gifted; noble ; mighty ; sub- 
lime; of high rank. 4. Chief. 5. 
"Weighty. 6. Indicating one degree 
more remote in the direct line of de- 
scent, as great-grandfather.— great '- 
ly, adv.— great' n ess, n. [A.S.] 

greave (grev). Armor for the leg be- 
low the knee. [O. Fr. greves.] 

greaves (grevz), n. pi. Remainder of 
pork or tallow tried out; scraps. [Ger. 
grieben.] 

grebe (greb), n. Aquatic 
bird, having a long conical 
beak, short wings, and no 
tail. [Fr. grebe.] 

Grecian ( gre'shan). I. a. 
Pertaining to Greece. II. 
n. 1. Native of Greece. 2. 
One well versed in the 
Greek language and litera- 
ture. 

Greeism (gre'sizm), n. 
Idiom of the Greek lan- 
guage. 

greed (gred), n. Eager de- 
sire or longing ; covetous- 
ness.— greed'y, a. Having a vor- 
acious appetite ; covetous ; eagerly 
desirous.— greed'ily, adv.— greed- 
iness, n. [A. S. groedig.] 

Greek (grek). I. a. Pertaining to 
Greece; Grecian. II. n. 1. Grecian. 2. 
Language of Greece. [Gr. Oraikos.] 

Greek-fire (grek'-flr), n. Combustible 
substance inextinguishable by water*, 
used by the Greeks of the Byzantine 
empire against the Saracens, 

green (gren). La. 1. Of the color of 
growing plants. 2. Growing ; vigo- 
rous. 3. New; unripe; inexperienced; 
young. II. n. 1. The color of grow- 
ing plants. 2. Small green or grassy 




Grebe. 



plat. 3. pi. Fresh leaves; wreaths; 

leaves of green vegetables used for 

food, etc. — green'ness, n. [A. S. 

grene, from root of grow.] 
greenback (gren'bak), n. U. S. legal 

tender note, first issued in 1862. 
greengage ( gren'gaj ), n. Green 

variety of the plum, named after Sir 

William Gage, about 1725. 
greengrocer (gren'gro-ser), n. One 

who retails greens, or fresh vegetables 

and fruits. 
greenhorn (gren'harn), n. 1. Raw, 

inexperienced person. 2. Immigrant 

recently arrived. _ 
greenhouse (gren'hows), n. House 

to shelter tender plants from cold 

weather. [of apple. 

greening(gren'ing), n. Green variety 
greenish ( gren'ish ), a. Somewhat 

green. — green'isnness, n. 
green-room ( pren'-rom ). n. Room 

near the stage in a theater to which 

actors retire during the intervals of 

their parts in the play, 
greet (gret), vt. Salute or address 

wi v ih kind wishes ; send kind wishes 

to; congratulate. [A. S. gretan.] 
greeting (gret'ing), n. 1. Expression 

of kindness or joy\ 2. Salutation. 
gregarious (gre-ga'ri-us), a. Associat- 
ing or living in flocks or herds.— gre- 

ga'riously, adv. - grega'rious- 

ness, n. [L. grex, flock.] 
grenade (gre-nad'), n. Small shell 

of iron or glass, filled with powder 

and bits of iron, and thrown from the 

hand. [So called from its resembling 

a pomegranate.] 
grenadier (gren-a-der'), n. 1. Soldier 

who threw grenades. 2. Soldier pe- 
culiarly equipped. 
grew (gro). Past tense of grow. 
grey (gra). Same as gray. 
greyhound (gra,'- /$^ 

h o w n d ), n. Swift * "^i 

hunting hound, of 

slender form, great 

length of limb and 

muzzle, and great 

keenness of sight. Greyhound. 

[Etym. doubtful.] 
griddle (grid'l). n. Shallow iron pan 

for baking cakes. [W. greidell.] 
gride (grid). I. n. Har9h grinding 

sound. II. vi. Grate harshly. [From 

root of GRIND.] 
gridiron (grid'I-urn ), n. Frame of 

iron bars for broiling flesh or Ssh over 

the fire. [M. E. gredire, griddle.] 
grief (gref), n. 1 Heaviness of heart; 

sorrow; regret; mourning. 2. Cause 

of sorrow; affliction. [Fr.] 



w 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, hen mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



grievance 



236 



gross 



grievance ( gre'vans ), n. Cause of 
grief; burden; hardship; injury. 
Syn. Affliction; complaint. 

grieve (grev). I. vt. Cause grief or 
pain of mind to. II. vi. Feel grief. 

grievous ( gre'vus ), a. Causiner, or 
full of, grief; burdensome; painful; 
heinous; atrocious; hurtful.— grie'- 
vonsly, adv. — grie'vousness, n. 

griffin (grif'in), griffon (grifun), n. 
Fabled animal, with the body and 
legs of a lion, and the beak and wings 
of an eagle. [Fr. griffon — Gr. gryps, 
hook-nosed.] 

grill (gril), vt. 1. Broil on a gridiron. 
2 Torment. — grill-room, restau- 
rant where steaks, etc., are broiled to 
order. [Fr. griller — gril, gridiron.] 

grim (grim), a. Of forbidding aspect; 
ferocious; ghastly; horrible.— grim'- 
ly, adv. — grim[ness, n. [A. S.] 

grimace (gri-mas'), n. Distortion of 
the face, in jest, etc. ; smirk. [Fr.] 

grimalkin (gri-mal'kin), n. Old cat. 
[gray and ma.lkin, dim. of Moll or 
Mary.] 

grime (grim). I. n. Ingrained dirt. II. 
vt. Soil deeply.— gri'my, a. [From 
root of Dan. grim, soot.] 

grin (grin). I. vi. [grin'ning; grinned.] 
Set the teeth together and withdraw 
the lips; show the teeth. II. vt. Ex- 
press by grinning. III. n. Act of grinn- 
ing. [A. S. grennian.] 

grind (grind). I. vt. [grind'ing; 
ground.] 1. Reduce to powder by fric- 
tion. 2. Wear down or sharpen by 
rubbing. 3. Rub together. 4. Oppress 
or harass, ll. vi. Be moved or rubbed 
together.— grinder, ?i. 1. He who or 
that which grinds. 2. Double or jaw 
tooth.— grind'stone, n. Circular re- 
volving stone for grinding or sharpen- 
ing tools. [A.S. grindarC\ 

grip (grip), n. 1. Grasp or firm hold 
with the hand, etc. 2. Instrument or 
appliance for grasping. 3. Satchel. 

gripe (grip), vt. 1. Grasp with the 
hand; seize and hold fast; squeeze. 
2. Give pain to the bowels.— grip'- 
irag, a. Avaricious. 2. Catching or 
seizing acutely. [A. S. gripan.] [Fr.] 

grippe, grip (grip), n. Influenza. 

grisly (griz'li), a. Frightful; hideous. 
[A. S. gryslic] 

grist (grist), n. Grain for grinding at 
one time; supply; profit.— grist'- 
mill, n. Mill in which grain is ground 
for small customers. [A. S.] 

gristle (gris'l), n. Soft, elastic sub- 
stance in animal bodies; cartilage. 
[A.S. gristel.] 

gristly (gris'li), a. Consisting of or 
like gristle. 



grit (grit), n. 1. Coarse part of meal. 
2. Gravel. 3. Kind of hard sandstone. 

4. pi. Oats coarsely ground, groats. 

5. Pluck; courage: endurance. II. vt. 
Grind; grate.— gnt'ty,a. 1. Consis- 
ting of or having grits or hard parti- 
cles. 2, Plucky. — grit'tiness, n. 
[A.S.greot, pr^W.sand. Akin to grout.] 

grizzle (gnz'l), n. Gray. [Fr. gris.] 

grizzled (griz'ld), n. Gray, or mixed 
with gray. 

grizzly (griz'li), a. Of a gray color.— 
grizzly bear, n. Large ferocious 
bear, of the Western U. S. 

groan (gron). I. vi. Utter a moaning 
sound in distress. II. n. 1. Deep moan- 
ing sound as of distress. 2. Sound of 
disapprobation, —groaning (gror'- 
ing), n. 1. Deep moan as of pain. 2. 
Low rumbling sound. [A.S. granian.] 

groat (grot), n. 1. Old Eng. coin = 4d. 
2. Trifle. [Low Ger. grot, large coin.] 

groats (grots), n. pi. Grain deprived 
of the husks and crushed. [A. S. grut.] 

grocer (gro'ser) , n. Dealer in house- 
hold supplies, such as tea, sugar, etc. 
[Fr. grossier, wholesale dealer.] 

grocery (gro'ser-i), n. Store or shop 
kept by a grocer. The articles he deals 
in are termed groceries. 

grog (grog), n. 1. Mixture of spirit 
, and cold water. 2. Strong drink — 
grog'gery, n. Grogshop. [Derived 
from '-Old Grog," a nickname given 
by British sailors to Admiral Vernon, 
who first introduced it, because he 
used to wear agrogram cloak.] 

groggy (grog'i), a. 1. Intoxicated. 
2. Staggering. 

grogram (grog'ram), grosgraisi 
(gro'gran), n. Coarse cloth made of siltf 
and mohair. [O. Fr. gros-grain.} 

g-roin (groin), n. 3 . Depression between 
the thigh and abdomen. 2. In arch. 
Angular curve formed by crossing of 
two arcties. [icel. grein, division.] 

groom (grom). I. n. 1. One who has 
the charge of horses. 2. Title of sev- 
eral officers of a royal household. 3. 
Bridegroom. II. vt. Tend, as a horse. 
— grooms'man, n. Attendant on a 
bridegroom at his marriage. [Etym. 
doubtful. ]_ African Dutch.] 

groofe (grot), n . Great, large. [So. 

groove (grov). I. n. 1. Furrow; long 
hollow ; v ut. 2. Fixed routine of 
thought or action. II. vt. Grave or 
cut a groove or furrow in. [A. S. grof 
—grafan, dig.] 

grope (grop)- vi. Gripe or feel with 
the hands; search.— gro'pingly, ,adv. 
In a groping manner. [A. S. grapian.] 

gross (gros). La. Coarse; rough; 
dense; palpable. 2. Whole. 3. Coarse 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



grossbeak 



237 



guarantor 




Grossbeak. 



It. grotto— l^. 



in mind; stupid; sensual; obscene. II. 
». 1. Main bulk; whole taken to- 
gether. 2. sing. a.nd pi. Twelve dozen. 
—great gross, twelve gross.— grossly , 
adv. — gross'ness,n. 
[Fr. gros—L,. gross-its.] 

grossbeak. (gios'bek) , 
n. Finch with a thick 
strong con vex beak. 
[gross and beak.] 

grot (grot), grotto 
(grot'o), n. Cave ; arti- 
ficial cave, built for 
pleasure. — pi. grots, 
grottos. [Fr. grotte* 
crypla.] 

grotesque ( gro-tesk' ), a. Extrava- 
gantly formed; ludicrous. — grotes- 
quely, adv. — grotesque'ness, n. 
[Fr.— It. grottesco. Grottos were com- 
monly adorned with quaint figures.] 

grotto. See grot. 

grouchy (growch'i), a. Gruff; morose. 

ground (grownd), I. n. 1. Surface of 
the earth; land; field; floor, etc. 2. 
Position; field of action. 3. That 
on which something is raised; foun- 
dation; reason. 4. In art, surface on 
which the figures are represented. 5. 
In electr. Connection with the earth. 
6. pi. Dregs, sediment. II. vt. 1. Fix 
on a foundation or principle; in- 
struct in first principles. 2. Place or 
run on the ground. 3. Connect with 
the earth. III. vi. Strike the bottom 
and remain fixed. — groundless, a. 
[A. S. grund.] 

ground-bog ( grownd'hog ), n. 1. 
American marmot ; woodchuck. 2. 
South African aardvark. 

ground-plan (grownd'plan), n. Plan 
of the horizontal section of the lowest 
or ground story of a building. 

group (grop). I. n. Number of persons 
or things together. IT., vt. Form into 
a group or groups. [Fr. groupe, from 
Teut. root of crop.] 

grouse (grows), 
n. sing, and pi. 
A game bird, 
specially in the 
United States 
that known as 
sage-cock-, ptar- 
migan ; moor- 
hen. [O.Fr. grie- 
sche=gv&j.] 

grout (growt) , 
n. Coarse meal; 
sediment of liq 
uor.[A. S. grut.] 

grouty (growt'i), 
a. 1. Roily. 2. Surly. [A. S. graf.] 

grove(grov), n. Cluster of shade-trees. 




Male and female 
grouse. 



grovel (grov'el), vi. 1. Crawl on the 
earth. 2. Be mean, low, depraved. 
— grov'eler, n. [Icel. grujla.] 

grow (gro). I. vi. [grow'ing ; grew 
(gro) ; grown.] 1. Become enlarged 
by a natural process. 2. Advance to- 
wards maturity; develop. 3. Thrive. 
4. Become; pass from one state to 
another. II. vt. Cause to grow; raise. 
-grower, n. [A. S. growan.] 

Syn. Expand; extend; cultivate; 
increase; accrue; flourish; produce. 

growl (growl). I. vi. 1. Utter a deep 
guttural sound, like an angry dog. 2. 
Grumble surlily. II. n. Snarling 
sound. — growl'er, n. [Ger. grollen, 
be angry; roar.] 

growth(groth),n. 1. Gradual increase; 
progress; development. 2. That which 
has grown; product. 

grub (grub). I. vi. [grub'bing; grub- 
bed. ] 1. Dig in the dirt. 2. Be occu- 
pied meanly. 3. Eat. II. vt. Dig or root 
out of the ground. III. n. 1. Larva 
of an insect. 2. Food, —grub 'ber, 
n. [From Ger. graben, dig.] 

grudge (gruj). I. vt. 1. Look upon 
with envy. 2. Give or take unwilling- 
ly. II. vi. Show discontent. III. n. 1. 
Secret enmity or envy. 2. Old cause 
of quarrel. [O. Fr. groucher, murmur.] 

grudgingly (gruj'ing-li), adv. Unwill- 
ingly. 

gruel (grb'el), n. Thin porridge, made 
by boiling meal in water. [O. F.] 

gruesome (gro'sum), a. Horrible ; 
tearful. [Low Ger. grusam, cruel.] 

gruff (gruf), a. Rough ; abrupt in 
manner; churlish.— gruffly, adv.— 
gruff'ness, n. [Dut. gro/.] 

grumble (grum'bl), vi. Murmur with 
discontent; growl; rumble.— grum'- 
bler, n.— grumbling, a. and n. [O. 
Ger. grummeln.] [blood. [O. Fr. grume.] 

grume (grom), n. Thick fluid; clot of 

grumpish ( grum'pish ), grumpy 
(grum'pi),a. Surly; cross. [From root 

Of GRUMBLE.] 

grunt ( grunt ). I. vi. Make a sound 
like a pig. II. n. Short, guttural 
sound, as of a hog. — grunt'er, n. 
[From the sound.] 

guano (gwa'no).ft. Excrement of sea- 
birds in a decomposed state. [Peruv. 
huanu, dung.] 

guarantee ( gar-an-te' ), guaranty 
(gar'an-ti). I. n. 1. Contract to see 
performed what another has under- 
taken. 2. Person who makes such a 
contract. II. vt. 1. Undertake that 
another shall perform certain engage- 
ments. 2. Make sure. [O.Fr. guarantie.] 

guarantor (gar-an-tar'). ft. One who 
guarantees or warrants. 



i, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



guard 



238 



gullible 



guard (gard). I. vt. 1. Protect from 
danger. 2. Keep watch over. II. n. 1. 
That which guards from danger. 2. 
Man or body of men stationed to pro- 
tect. 3. One who has charge of a 
coach or rail way- train. 4. State of 
caution; posture of defence. 5. Part 
of the hilt of a sword. 6. Frog or other 
device on watch-chain. 7. pi. Troops 
attached to the person of a sover- 
eign or other official.— guard'ed, a. 
Cautious. — guard'edly, adv. — 
guard'ed ness, n. [O. Fr. garder. 
See ward.] [secure. 

Syn. Keep; defend; watch; shield; 

guardian ( gar'di-an ). I. n. 1. One 
who guards or tanes care of. 2. One 
who has the care of an orphan minor 
II. fl. Protecting. — guard'ian- 
ship, n. [ofthe guards. 

guardsman (gards'man), n. Soldier 

guava (gwa'va), n. Genus of trees 
and shrubs of tropical America, with 
yellow, pear-shaped fruit which is 
made into jelly. [Sp. guayaba, of W. 
Indian origin.] 

guanaco (gwa-na/ko), n. Large kind 
of llama. [So. American.] 

gubernatorial (gu-ber-na-to'ri-al), a. 
Pertaining to a governor or to his 
office . [L. gubernator, governor.] 

gudgeon (guj'un), n. 1. Small fresh- 
water fish, easily caught. 2. Any one 
easily cheated. [Fr. goujon.] 

guerdon (ger'dun), n. Reward. [O.Fr.] 

guerrilla (ger-ril'a). I. n. Member of 
an irregular band of soldiers. II. a. 
Pertaining to irregular or petty war- 
fare. [Sp. dim. of guerra, war.] 

guess (ges). I. vt. and vi. 1. Form an 
opinion on uncertain knowledge. 2. 
Conjecture rightly. II. n. Estimate at 
random. [M. E. gessen.] 

Syn. Think; reckon; suppose; sur- 
mise; imagine; fancy; suspect. 

guest (gest), n. Visitor received and 
entertained. [A.S. gaest.] 

guffaw ( guf-fa' ), n. Loud laugh. 
[From the sound.] [government. 

guidance (gl'dans), n. Direction; 

guide (gid). I. vt. 1. Lead; direct. 2. 
Regulate; influence. II. n. He who or 
that which guides.— guidebook, n. 
Book of information for tourists. — 
guide'post. n. Post erected at a 
road-fork, to guide the traveler. [Fr. 
guider.] 

guidon (gi'don), n. 1. Little flag or 
standard of a troop of cavalry. 2. 
Flag used to direct the movements 
of infantry or to signal at sea. 3. Flag 
of a guild or fraternity. 4. One who 
bears a guidon; standard-bearer. 
[Fr.— guider, guide.] 




guild (gild), n. Ancient trade organ 
ization. [A. S. gild, tribute.] 

guile (gil), n. Artfulness; trickery. 
[From root of wile.] 

guillotine (gil'o-ten). I. n. Instru- 
ment for beheading by the fall of a 
heavy axe. II. vt. Behead with the 
guillotine. [Named after Guillotin, a 
Paris physician, its inventor, 1789.] 

guilt (gilt), n. State of having broken 
a law, crime.— guiltless, a. Free 
from crime ;innocent.— gnilt'lessly, 
adv.— guilt'lessness, n. — guilt'y, 
a. Justly chargeable with a crime; 

guiinpe (gimp), n. Chemisette; a gar- 
ment worn witti low-necked dress. (F.) 

guinea (gin'i), n. English gold coin, 
no longer used=21s., first made of 
gold brought from 
Guinea in Africa. 

guinea-fowl (g i n '- 
i-f o wl), guinea- 
hen (gin'i-hen), n. 
Fowl of a dark gray 
color, with white 
spots, or iginally 
from Guinea, in 
Africa. 

guinea-pig (gin'i-pig), n. Small So. 
American animal. [Prob. for Ouiana- 
Pig-] 

guipure (ge-pur'), n. 1. Imitation of 
antique lace. 2. Kind of gimp. [Fr.] 

guise (giz), n. 1. Manner; behavior; 
external appearance. 2. Dress; garb. 
[Fr. guise. See wise.] 

guitar (gi-tar'), n. Musical stringed 
instrument like the violin in shape, 
but larger, and played upon with the 
fingers. [Fr. guitare—'L. cithara.] 

gulch (gulch), n. Deep ravine. [Ety- 
mology doubtful.] 

gulf (gulf), n. 1. Large bay or indenta- 
tion in the sea-coast. 2. Deep place 
in the earth; abyss. [Fr. golfe—Qr, 
kolpos.] 

gull (gul), n. Web- foot- 
ed, long-winged sea- 
fowl, with a hoarse cry. 
[Bret, gioelan—gwela, 
cry. 

gull (gul). I. vt. Be- 
guile; deceive. II. n. 
1. Trick. 2. One easily Gull, 

cheated. [Same word 
as gull, vsea-fowl, the bird being 
thought stupid.] 

gullet (gul'et), n. Passage by which 
food is conveyed from the pharynx 
into the stomach ; esophagus. [Fr. 
goulet—O. Fr. goule— L. gula, throat.] 

gullible (gul'i-bl), a. Easily gulled or 
deceived, —gullibility, n. 




fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



gnlly 



239 



gymnasium 



gully (gul'i). I. n. Gullet or channel 
worn by running water. II. vt. Wear 
a gully or channel in. 

gulp (gulp). I. vt Swallow eagerly 
or in large draughts. II. n. 1. Single 
act of swallowing. 2 As much as can 
be swallowed atone time. [Dut. 
gulpen.] 

gum(gum), n. Flesh of the jaws which 
surrounds the teeth. [A. S. goma.] 

gum (gum). I. n. Substance which 
exudes from certain trees, and hard- 
ens on the surface. — Chewing-gum, 
preparation containing resin or par- 
afflne.— Gum-arabic, essential part of 
mucilage. II. vt. [gumm'ing; gum- 
med.] Smear, stiffen, close or unite 
with gum. III. vi. Become gummy; 
form gum. [Gr kommi.] 

gumbo (gum'bo), gomb© (gom'bo), 
n. 1. Okra (ochra) plant and its pods. 
2. Soup made with these pods. 

gumption ( gump'shun ), n. Quick 
judgment. [A. S. gyman, observe.] 

gumptions (gump'shus), a. 1. Quick 
of perception. 2. Conceited. 

gun (gun). I. n. Weapon from which 
balls or other projectiles are dis- 
charged, usually by means of gun- 
powder; firearm; rifle; cannon. II. 
vi. [gun'ning ; gunned.] Shoot or 
hunt with a gun. [Probably from O. 
Fr. mangonne, catapult.] [gun. 

gun-barrel (gun'^bar-el), n. Tube of a 

gun-boat (gun'bot), n. Small vessel 
of light draught, fitted to carry one 
or more guns. 

gun-cotton ( gun'-kot-n ), n. Highly 
explosive substance produced by 
soaking cotton, or other vegetable 
fibre in nitric and sulphuric acids, 
and then leaving it to dry. 

gunner (gun'er), n. One who tends a 
gun or cannon. [artillery. 

gunnery (gun'er-i ), n. Science of 

gunny (gun'i), n. Strong coarse cloth 
manufactured in India from jute, and 
used as sacking. [Hind, ganni, bag.] 

gunpowder < gun'pow-der ), n. Ex- 
plosive mix'tlre of sulphur, saltpeter 
and charcoal, used for guns and fire- 
arms. 

gunshot (gun'shot). I. n. Distance 
to which snot can be thrown from a 
gun. II. a. Caused by the shot of a gun. 

gunsmith ( guu'smith), n. One who 
makes or repairs_guns or small-arms. 

gunwale (gun'wal or gun'l ), n. Up- 
per edge of a ship's side. [See wale.] 

gurgle (gur'gl). I. vi. Flow in ati irre- 
gular neisy current, as water from a 
bottle; make a bubbling sound. II n. 
Gurgling sound. [From the sound. 
See GARGLE.] 



gurnet (giir'net), gurnard ( gur'- 
nerd), n. Sea-fash with spiny head 
and mailed cheeks, that utters a growl 
when taken out of the water. [Ger. 
knurrhahn, growling cock.] 

gush (gush). I. vi. 1. Flow out with 
violence or copiously. 2. Make a silly 
display of affection or sentiment. 
II. n. That which flows out; violent 
issue of a fluid. [Icel. gusa, gush.] 

gushing (gush'ing), a. 1. Rushing 
forth with violence: flowing copious- 
ly. 2. Effusive; foolishly sentimental. 
—gushingly, adv. 

gusset (gus'et), n. Piece of cloth in a 
shirt which covers the armpit; angu- 
lar piece of cloth inserted in a gar- 
ment. [Fr. gousset. armpit.] 

gust (gust), n. Sudden blast of wind ; 
violent burst of passion. — gusty 
(gust'i), a. Stormy; tempestuous. - 
gust'iness. n. [Icel. gustr.] 

gusto ( gusto ), n. Relish ; gratifica 
tion ; taste. — gus'tatory, a. Per 
taining to, or tending to please, the 
taste. [L. gustus, taste.] 

gnt (gut). I. n. 1. Intestinal canal. 2. 
Material made of the entrails of an 
animal. II. vt. [gutting; gutt'ed.] 1. 
Take out the bowels of; plunder. 2. 
Destroy the interior of. [A.S. — geolan, 
pour. Akin to gutter.] 

gutta-percha (gut'a-perch'a), n. So- 
lidified juice of various trees in the 
Malayan islands resembling caout- 
chouc. [Malay— guttah, gum, and .per- 
cha, tree producing it.] 

gutter (gut'er). I- n. Channel at the 
eaves of a roof, or in the street, for 
carrying off the rain-water. II. vt. 
Cut or form into small hollows. III. 
vi. Become hollowed; run down in 
drops, as a candle. [Fr. gouttiere—LL. 
gutta, drop.] 

guttural (gut'ur-al). I. a. Pertaining 
to the throat; formed in the throat,. 
II. n. In gram. Letter pronounced in 
the throat. — gutturally, adv. [L. 
guttur, throat?) 

giiy (gi), n. Rope to guide or steady 
a suspended weight. [Sp. guia, guide.] 

guy (gi). I. n. 1. Effigy of Guy Fawkes, 
dressed up grotesquely on the day of 
the gunpowder plot. 2. Odd figure; 
person of ludicrous appearance. II. 
vt. Mock, make sport of. 

guzzle (guz'l), vi. Drink with haste 
and greediness. — guz'zler, n. [O. 
Fr. des-gouziller, swallow down ] 

gymnasium (jim-na'zi-um), n. 1. 
Place for athletic exercise. 2. School 
for the higher branches of literature 
and science.— pi. gymnasia (jim-'na- 
zi-a). [Gr. gymnazo, exercise naked.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her ; rnite, mit; note, not, more, wolf j 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



gymnast 



240 



hades 



gymnast (jim'nast), n. One who 
teaches or practices gymnastics. — 
gymnastic ( jim-nas'tik), a. Per- 
taining to athletic exercise. — gym- 
nastics, n. pi. Athletic exercises ; 
art or science of athletic exercise. 

gymnotus (jim-no'tus), n. Genus of 
fish, including the electric eel. 

gypseous (jip'se-us), a. Of or resem- 
bling gypsum. 

gypsum (jip'sum), n. Hydrous sul- 
phate of lime. When calcined it is 
plaster of Paris. [L.— Gr gypsos, 

STPsy. See gipsy. [chalk.] 

gyral (ji'ral), a. Having a whirling 
motion. [See gyrate.] 

gyrate ( ji'rat), vi. Whirl round a 
central point ;move spirally.— gyra- 
tion, n. — gy'ratory, a. Moving in 
a circle. [L. gyro.} 



gyr falcon, gierfalcon (jer'fa-kn),». 

Large falcon, found in the arctic 

regions. [Ger. geier — O. 

Ger. giri, voracious, vul- 
ture,' and falke, falcon.] 
gyroscope ( ji'ro-skop ). 

n. Apparatus, consisting 

of a fly-wheel mounted 

by very accurately fitted 

pivots in rings rotating 

indifferent ways, for 

illustrating the dynam- 
ics of rotating bodies. 

[Gr. ryros, circle, and 

skopeo, view.] 
gyrus (jl'rus), n. [pi. gyri.] 

One of the round ridges GyroBcope . 

of the brain. * p 

gyve (jiv), a. Fetter, esp. for the legs 

—commonly used in pi. [W. gefyn.] 





Eighth letter of 
alphabet. It repre- 
re expiration of 
harm, hear, inhale ; 
or is silent, as in heir, hour; or 
indicates a change in the value of the 
preceding character as in ch, gh, th. 

ha (ha), interj. Denotes surprise or joy. 

babeas-corpus (ha'be-as kar'pus), n. 
Writ to bring a prisoner before a 
court. [L.=Have the body ! ] 

haberdasher (hab'er-dash-er), n. 1 
Seller of small-wares, as ribbons, 
tape, etc. 2. Dealer in men's articles 
of dress.— haberdashery, n. Small 
wares. [Etymology doubtful.] 

habiliment (ha-bil'i-ment), n. Gar- 
ment.—?^. Clothing, dress. [Fr. habil- 
lement—hdbiller, dress.] 

habit (hab'it), n. 1. Ordinary course of 
conduct; general condition or ten- 
dency. 2. Practice; custom. 3. Out- 
ward appearance; dress, esp. a tight- 
titting dress, worn by ladies on horse- 
back. [Fr.— L. habitus, dress.] 

Syn. Manner; mode; fashion; ten- 
dency; usage; behavior; attire. 

habitable (hab'it-a-bl), a That may be 
dwelt in.— hab'itableness, n. [Fr.] 

habitat (hab'it-at), n. Natural locality 
of an animal or plant. [L.=it dwells.] 

habitation (hab-i-ta'shun), w. 1. State 
of inhabiting or dwelling. 2. Dwell- 
ing, residence. [L.—habito, dwell.] 

habitual (ha-bit'u-al), a. Formed or 
acquired by habit or frequent use; 
customary.— habit'ually. adv. 

habituate ( ha-bit'u-at ), vt. Cause to 
acquire a habit; accustom. [L. — ha- 
bitus, held in a state or condition.] 



habitude (hab'i-tud), n. 1. Usual 
manner. 2. Relation. 3. Familiarity. 
[L. habitudo—habeo.] 

habitue ( a-be-to-a' ), n. Habitual fre- 
quenter of a place. [Fr.] 

hack (hak). I. vt. Cut; chop, or man- 
gle. It. n. Cut; notch.— Hacking cough, 
broken, troublesome cough. [A. S. 
haccan.) 

hack (hak). I. n. 1. Hackney, esp. a 
poor and jaded one. 2. Person over- 
worked on hire ; literary drudge. 3. 
Four-wheeled close carriage. II. 
a. Hackneyed; hired. III. vt. 1. Offer 
for hire. 2. Use roughly. [Contr. of 

HACKNEY.] 

hackle (hak'l). I. n. 1. Instrument with 
hooks or iron teeth for dressing hemp 
or flax. 2. Flimsy substance unspun. 
II. vt. I. Dress with a hackle, as flax. 
2. Tear rudely asunder. [Dut. hekel, 
dim. of haak, hook.] 

hackney (hak'ni). I. n. Horse for 
general use, esp. for hire. II. vt. 1. 
Carry in a hackney-coach. 2. Use 
much ; make commonplace. [ Fr. 
haquenee, ambling or pacing nag.] 

hackney (hak'ni), hackneyed (hak f 
nid), a. Let out for hire ; devoted to 
common use. 2. Much used. 

haddock (hacV- 
uk ), n. Sea- 
fish of the cod 
family. 

Hades(hft'dez), 
n. Nether 
world ; abode 
of the dead. [Gr. = The Unseen, — a 
priv. and idsin, see.] 




Haddock 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, more, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



haft 



241 



bait 



haft (haft), n. Handle. [A. S. hceft.] 

hag- (hag), n. Repulsive or vicious old 
woman; witch. [A. S. hoegtesse, witch. 
Ger. hexe—haga, hedge.] 

haggard (hag'ard), a. Lean; hollow- 
eyed. [From hag.] 

haggle (hag'l). I.vt. Cut unskillfully; 
mangle. II. vi. Be slow and hard in 
making a bargain; stick at trifles. — 

haggler, n. [Freq. of hack, cut.] 

hail (hal). I. vt. Greet; call to, at a 
distance; address one passing. II. n. 
or inter j. Expresses a wish of happi- 
ness. [Abbrev. from Hail to you. 
Akin to Hale.] 

hail (hal). I. n. Frozen rain or par- 
ticles of ice falling from the clouds. 
II. vi. Rain lumps of ice. [A. S.hagal.'] 

hail-fellow (hal'fel-lo), n. Genial 
companion. _ [or ball of hail. 

hailstone (hal'ston), n. Single piece 

hair (har), n. 1. Filament growing 
from ?he skin of an animal. 2. Whole 
mass of hairs which forms a covering 
for the head or the whole body. 3. 
Minute hairlike processes on the cuti- 
cle of plants. 4. Anything very small 
and fine.— hairless, a. [A. S. hcer.] 

hairbreadth ( har'bredth ), hair's- 
breatlth ( haiz'bredth ), n. Very 
small distance or dimension. 

hair-cloth (har'klotb), 
n. Cloth made partly 
or entirely of hair. 

hair-pencil (har'pen'- 
sil), n. Artist's brush 
made of a few fine 
hairs. 

hair-splitting (har'- 
split'ing), re. Art or 
act of making minute 
distinctions. 

hairspring (har'- 
spring), n. Fine spring 
on the balance-wheel 
of a watch. 

hair-trigger (har'trig-er), n. Trigger 
which discharges a gun or pistol by 
a hairlike spring. 

hairy (har'i),a. Of or resembling hair; 
covered with hair.— hairiness, re. 

halberd (hal'berd), re. Weapon con- 
sisting of a combined axe and spear. 

— halberdier (hal-ber-der'j, n. One 
armed with a halberd. [Fr. hallebarde 

— O. Ger. halm, handle, oarte, axe.] 
halcyon (hal'si-un). I. n. Kingfisher, a 

bird that was once believed to make 
a floating nest on the sea, which re- 
mained calm while it was hatching. 
II. a. Calm; peaceful; happy. [L. — 
Gr alkyon.] 
hale (hal), a.Healthy, robust; sound of 
body. [M. E. fieil— Icel. heill.] 




Halberds. 



hale (hal), vt. Drag, haul. 

half (haf). I. re. [pi. halves, (havz).] 1. 
n. One of two equal parts- II. a. 1. 
Having or consisting of one of two 
equal parts. 2. Being in part; incom- 
plete. III. adv. In an equal part or 
degree; in part: imperfectly. [A. S. 
healf. Akin to help.] 

half-blood (haf'blud), re. Relation be- 
tween those who are of the same 
father or mother, but not of both. 

half-breed (haf bred), re. Offspring 
of parents not of the same race. 

half-brother ( haf 'bru^'er ), half- 
sister (haf'sis'ter), n. Brother or 
sister by one parent only. 

half-caste ( haf'kast ), re. Person one 
of whose parents belongs to a Hindu 
caste, while the other is a European 

half-moon (haf'mon), re. 1. Moon at 
the quarters when but half of it is 
illuminated. 2^ Any semicircular 

halfpenny ( ha^pen-i), [pi. halfpence 
(haf'pens or ha'pens),] n. 1 British 
copper coin worth half a penny. 2. 
Value of half a penny. 

halibnt(hal' 
i-but), re. Lar- 
gest kind of 
flat fishes. 

hall (hal), re. 
1. Passage 
at the en- 
trance of a 

house. 2. Large room; large cham- 
ber for public business. 3. Large 
building. [A.S. heal, roof.] 

halleluiah, hallelnjah (hal-e-16'- 
ya), re. Expression of praise. [Heb.] 

hail-mark (hal'mark). n. Mark made 
on plate at Goldsmith's Hall, in Lon- 
don, to show its purity. 

halloo (hal-lo'), inter 1 ), and n. Hunting 
cry to draw attention. II. vi. 1 Cry 
after dogs. 2. Raise an outcry. III. 
vt. Encourage or chase with shouts. 

hallow ( hal'o ), vt. Make holy; set 
apart for religious use; hold sacred. 
[A.S. halgian—halig, holy.] 

halloween (hal-6-en'), n. Evening be- 
fore All-Hallows or All-Sain ts-E'ay. 

hallucination (hal-16-sin-a'shun), re. 
1. Wandering of the mind. 2. Delu- 
sion; perception of things that do not 
exist. _[L.] 

halo (ha'lo), re. 1. Luminous circle 
round the sun or moon. 2. Bright ring 
represented round the heads of holy 
pei'sons; nimbus; glory. [Gr.] 

halt (halt). I. vt. Cause to cease march- 
ing . "II. vi. 1. Stop from going on; 
stop in a march. 2. Limp; hesitate. 
HI. a. Lame. IV. re. 1. Stop in march- 
ing or action. 2. Lameness. [Ger.] 




Halibut. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



baiter 



24J 



hanker 



halter (halt'er). I. n. 1. Head-rope or 
strap for holding and leading a horse. 
2. Rope for hanging criminals. II. vt. 
Catch, hind or hang with a rope. [A. 
S. heaifter.] 

halve (hav), vt. Divide into halves or 
two equal parts. 

halyard (hal'yard), n. Rope by which 
yards, sails, etc., are hauled or 
hoisted. [hal,e and y&hd.] 

ham (ham), n. 1. Inner bend of the 
knee. 2. Thigh of an animal, esp. of a 
hog, salted and dried. [A. S. from a 
root meaning bend. ] 

ha me (bam), n. One of two curved 
pieces fitted to a horse's collar to sup- 
port the traces. [Dut. haam.] 

hamlet (ham'let), n. Cluster of houses 
iu the country; small village. [A. S. 
ham, dwelling. Akin to home.] 

hammer(ham'er).!. n. 1. Tool for driv- 
ing nails; anything similar, as the 
part of a clock that strikes the bell. 
2. Machinery used for forging, etc. 
II. vt. Drive, shape or forge with a 
hammer. [A.S. hamor.] 

hammock ( ham'uk ), n. Piece of 
strong cloth or netting suspended by 
the corners, and used as a bed. [Sp. 
hamaca, from an American Indian 
word, meaning a net.] 

hamper (ham'per). I. vt. Impede or 
perplex; shackle. II. n. Chainorfet- 
ter. [A.S. hamelian, maim.] 

hamper (ham'per). I. n. Large basket 
for conveying goods. II. vt. Put in a 
hamper. [Contr. from hanaper— A 
S. hnaepp, bowl.] 

hamstring (ham'string). I. n. String 
or tendon of the ham. II. vt. Lame 
by cutting the hamstring. 

hand (hand). I. n. 1. Extremity of the 
arm below the wrist. 2. That which 
does the duty of a hand by pointing, 
as the hand of a clock. 3. Measure of 
four inches. 4. An operative or work- 
man. 5. Performance; power or man- 
ner of performing; skill. 6. Posses- 
sion; control. 7. Style of handwrit- 
ing. 8. Side; direction. 9. Cardsdealt 
to a player. II. vt. 1. Give with the 
hand. 2. Lead or conduct. 3. Furl, as 
sails. [A.S.] 

hand-barrow (hand'bar-o), n. Bar- 
row without a wheel, carried by the 
hands of men. 

handbill (hand'bil), n. Advertising 

. circular; dodger. 

handbook (hand'bok), n. 1. Manual ; 
book of reference. 2. Small guide 
book. 

handcart (hand'kart), n. Small cart 
drawn by hand. 



handcuff (hand'kuf). I. n. Fetter for 
the hand; manacle. II. vt. Put hand- 
cuffs on. [A.S. handcops, modified by 
confusion with cuff.] 

handfnl (hand'fol), n. 1. As much as 
fills the hand. '2. Small number or 
quantity.— pi. hand'fuls. 

handicap (hand'i-kap). I. n. Race in 
which the horses carry different 
weights, or are placed at different 
distances, or start at different times, 
so that, all shall have, as nearly as 
possible, an equal chance of winning. 
II. vt. Hinder; place at a disadvan- 
tage. [Etym. doubtful.] 

handicraft (hand'i-kraft), n. Trade, 
or work performed by the hand. 

handiwork (hand'i-wurk). n. Work 
done by the hands. [A.S. handgeXveorc.} 

handkerchief (hang'ker-chit), n. 1. 
Piece of cloth for wiping the nose, etc. 

2. Neckerchief, [hand and kerchief.] 
handle (hand'l). I. vt. 1. Touch, hold, 

or use with the hand. 2. Treat; use. 

3. Manage. 4. Discuss. 5. Deal in. II. 
n. 1. That part of anything held in 
the hand. 2. One who or that which 
is used as a tool. 

handsome (hand'sum or han'sum), a. 

I. Good-looking. 2. Liberal. 3. Am- 
ple.— handsomely, adv. — hand- 
someness, n. [hand and some.] 

Syn. Pretty; attractive; generous. 

handwriting* ( hand'ri-ting ) n. 1. 
Style of writing peculiar to a person. 
2.. Manuscript ; writing. 

handy (hand'i), a. 1. Dexterous. 2. 
Ready to the hand; convenient; near. 

hang ( hang ), vt. [hang'ing ; hanged 
or hung ] 1. Hook or fix to some high 
point; suspend. 2. Put to death by 
suspending and chocking. 3. Droop. 

II. vi. 1. Be suspended so as to allow 
swinging motion. 2. Lean, or rest for 
support. 3. Drag; linger. 4. Hover, 
impend; be in suspense. 5. Depend. 
[A. S. hangian.] 

hanger (hang'er), n. 1. That on which 
anything is hung. 2. Short sword, 
curved near the point. 3. One who 
places wall paper, as paper-hanger. 

4. Something made to hang, as an 
advertising-card. [a. Mean, low. 

hangdog (hang'dog). I. n. Sneak. II. 
hanging (hang'ing), n. 1. Act of sus- 
pending; state of being suspended. 2. 
Death by the halter. 3. That which is 
hung, as drapery. [ecutioner. 

hangman (hang'man), n. Public ex- 
hank (hangk), n. Bunch of two or 
more skeins of yarn tied together. 
[Icel. ha?iki.] 
hanker ( hang'ker ) vi. 1. Long; 
yearn; crave. 2. Linger. [From hang ] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; nje, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolfj 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



hansom-cab 



243 



harmonics 




Hansom-cab. 



hansom-cab (han'sum-kab), n. Light 
two-wheeled cab or carriage with the 
driver's seat 
raised be- 
hind. [From ^ 
the name of \^ 
the invent- 
or.] 

hap (hap), n. 
Ctiauce; for- 
tune; acci- 
dent. [Icel. 
happ, good- 
luck.] 

hap-hazard (hap-haz'ard), n. That 
wnich happens by hazard; chance; 
accident, [happy.— haplessly, adv. 

hapless (hap'les), a. Unlucky; un- 

haply (hap'li), adv. By hap, chance, or 
accident; perhaps; it may be. 

happen(hap'n) ,vi. Fall out ;take place. 

happy (hap'i), a. 1. Lucky; success- 
ful; possessing or enjoying pleasure 
or good; secure of good; furnishing 
enjoyment. 2. Dexterous; timely. — 
happily, adv. — happiness, n. 
[See hap.] 

hara-kiri (har'a ke'ri), n. Suicide by 
disembowelment. [Jap. hara, abdo- 
men, and kiri, cut.] 

baraiiguetka-rang'). I. n. Loud speech 
addressed to a multitude; popular, 
pompous address. II. vi. Deliver a ha- 
rangue. III. vt. Address by a ha- 
rangue. — harang'uer, n. [Fr.— O. 
Ger. hring, a ring of people.] 

harass (har'as), vt. Fatigue; annoy; 
torment. [Fr. harasser.] 

harbinger (har'bin-jer). I. n. 1. One 
who travels ahead to bespeak lodg- 
ing. 2. Forerunner. II. vt. Precede. 
[O. Fr. herberge. See harbor.] 

harbor (har'bur). I. n. Refuge; shel- 
ter; port for ships. II. vt. 1. Lodge; 
entertain. 2. Possess; Indulge; as 
thoughts. III. vi. Take shelter. [M. 
E. herberwe—O. Fr. herberge — O. Ger. 
hereberga, military encampment— Am, 
army, and bergan, shelter.] 

hard (hard). I. a. 1. Not easily pene- 
trated; firm; solid. 2. Difflcultto un- 
derstand or accomplish. 3. Difficult 
to bear; painful; unjust. 4. Difficult 
to please. 5. Unfeeling; severe; stiff; 
constrained. II. adv. 1. With urgency. 
2.With difficulty. 3. Close, near, as in 
hard by; hard-a-lee, i. e. close to the 
lee-side, etc. 4. Earnestly; forcibly.— 
Die hard, die only after a desperate 
struggle for life. [A. S. heard.} 

harden (hard'n). I. vt. Make hard or 
harder; make firm; strengthen; con- 
firm, in wickedness; make insensible. 



II. vi. Become hard or harder. ~- 

hardened (hard'nd), a. Make hard; 

unfeeling. 

hard-hearted (hard'hart-ed), a. Hav- 
ing a hard or unfeeling heart; cruel. 
— hard-heart'edness, n. 

hardihood, hardiness. See hardy. 

hardly (hard'li), adv. 1. With dim 
culty. 2. Scarcely; not quite. 3. Se- 
verely; harshly. [tion, toil, injury. 

hardship (hard'ship), n. Severe ufllic- 

hardtack(uard'tak), n. Large hard- 
baked cracker, used in army and navy. 

hardware (hard'war), n. Articles 
made of the baser metals, such as 
iron or copper. 

hardy(hard'i),a. 1. Daring, brave, reso- 
lute. 2. Requiring boldness and endur- 
ance. 3. Capable of resisting hardship, 
cold, exposure, or fatigue. — hard- 
ily, adv.— hardihood, n.— hard'i- 
ness, n. [Fr, hardi — root of hard] 

hare (har), n. Common timid animal, 
with divided upper lip and lon^ hind- 
legs, which runs" swiftly by leaps. [A. 
S. hara.] [bell-shaped flowers. 

harebell (bar'bel), n. Plant with blue 

harebrained (har'brand), a. Giddy; 
heedless. [hare's. 

harelip (har'lip), n. Lip split like a 

harem (ha'rem), n. 1. Portion of a 
Mohammedan house allotted to fe- 
males. 2. Women in one Turkish 
household. [Ar. = forbidden. ] 

haricot (har'i-ko), n. 1. Kind of mut- 
ton stew. 2. Kidney-bean. [Fr.] 

hark (hark), interj. Hearken! listen! 

[Contr. Of HARKEN.] [EN. 

barken (hark'n), vi. Same as heark- 

harlequin ( har'le-kwin or -kin ), n. 
Clown; buffoon. [Fr.] 

harlot (har'lut), n. Prostitute. [O.Fr.] 

harm ( harm ). I. n. Injury. II. vt. 
Injure.— harmful, a.— harmful' 
ly, adv. — har m'fnlness, n. — 
harmless, a. 1. Innocuous. 2. Un- 
harmed. — har m'lessly, adv. — 
harm'lessness, n. [A. S. hearm.] 
Syn. Wrong; mischief; evil. 

harmonic ( har-mon'ik ), har in on - 
ical (har-mon'ik-al), a. Pertaining to 
harmony; musical; recurring period- 
ically, -harmonically, adv. 

harmonica(har-mon'i-ka), harmon- 
icon ( har-mon'i-kon ), ' n. Mouth 
organ, consisting of free reeds inclosed 
in a case in such a way that inspira- 
tion produces one set of sounds, res- 
piration another. [Gr.] 

harmonics ( har-mon'iks ) , n. pi. 1. 
Science of musical sounds. 2. (as pi.) 
Consonances, or component sounds 
included in what appears to the ear 
to be a single sound. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



harmonious 



244 



hatch 



harmonious (bar-mo'ni-us), a. Hav- 
ing harmony ; symmetrical; concor- 
dant. — harmo'niously, adv. — har- 
mo'niousness, n. [reed organ. 

harmonium (har-mo'ni-um), n. Small 

harmonize (bar'mo-niz).I. vi. Agree; 
be in harmony. II. vt. Cause to agree. 
Syn. Coincide; concur; accord; cor- 
respond; comport; resemble; suit; 
tally; fit; match. 

harmony (har'mo-ni), n. 1. Fitting 
together of parts so as to form a con- 
nected whole. 2. Combination of ac- 
cordant sounds heard at the same 
time; concord. 3. Book with parallel 
passages regarding the same event. 
[Gr .— harmos, fitting— arc 

harness (har'nes). I. n.'l', 
Armor of a man or horse 
ments of a horse. II. vt. 

1. Equip with armor. 2. 
Put the harness on 
horse. [Pr. hamais — 
Bret, houarn, iron.] 

harp (harp). I. n. Music- 
al instrument with 
strings struck by the fin- 
gers. II. vi. 1. Play on 
the harp. 2. Dwell te- 
diously.— harper (harp'- 
er), harpist (harpist), 
n. Player on the harp. 

harpoon (hai*-pon'). I. n. 
Dart for striking and 
killing whales. II. vt. 
Strike with the harpoon. 
port — root of harpy " 

harpsichord (harp'- 
si-kard),rc. Old-fash- 
ioned keyed musical 
instrument, shaped 
like a piano. [O. Fr. 
harpechorde.] 

tmrpy (har'pi), n. 1. 
Fabled rapacious 
monster, half bird 
and half woman. 2. 
Short winged Amer- 
ican eagle. 3. Extor- 
tioner. [Gr. harpyia 
— harpazo, seize.] 

harridan (har'i-dan), n. Hag. [O. Fr. 
haridelle.} 

harrier (har'i-er), n. Dog with a keen 
smell,f or hunting hares. [From hare.] 

harrier (har'i-er), n. Kind of hawk, 
so named from its harrying (destroy- 
ing) small animals. 

harrow (har'6). I. n. Frame toothed 
with spikes for leveling ploughed 
soil. II. vt. 1. Draw a harrow over. 

2. Harass; tear. — har'rowing-, a. 
Acutely distressing to the mind. — 

har'r'owingly, adv. [A. S. hyrwe.] 




Harpy eagle. 



harry (har'i), vt. Plunder; destroy; 
harass. [A. S. hergian — here, army.] 

harsh (harsh), a. Rough; bitter; jar- 
ring; severe. — harsh'ly , adv. — 
harshness, n. [Ger. harsch, hard.] 

hart ( hart ), n. Stag; male deer. [A. 
S. heort, horned animal.] 

hartshorn (harts'harn), n. Solution 
of ammonia, orig. a decoction of the 
shavings of a hart's horn. 

harvest (har'vest). I. n. 1. Time of 
gathering in the crops or fruits. 2. 
Crops gathered in; fruits. 3. Product 
of any labor; consequences. II. vt. 
Reap and gather in. [A. S. haerfest.] 

harvester (har'vest-er), n. 1. One who 
reaps. 2. Self-binding reaping ma- 
chine. 

harvest-home ( har'vest-hom ), n. 
Feast held at the bringing home of 
the harvest. [have. 

has (naz)„3d pers. sing. pres. ind. of 

hash (hash). I. vt. HacK; mince; chop 
small. II. n. 1. Mixed dish of meat and 
vegetables in small pieces. 2. Mix- 
ture and preparation of old matter. 
[Fr. hacher — Ger. Jiacken ; same root 
as HACK.] 

hashish (hash'esh), n. Strongly intox- 
icating preparation made from the 
leaves "f Indian hemp. [Ar.J 

haslet (has'let), n. Entrails of an ani- 
mal, as the liver, heart, etc., used for 
human food. [O. Fr. hastelet.] 

hasp (hasp). I. Metal strap used as a 
clasp of a padlock. II. vt. Fasten 
with a hasp. [A. S. hwpse.] 

hassock (has'uk), n. 1. Upholstered 
footstool. 2. Tussock. [W. hesg, sedge, 
rushes.] [have. 

hast (hast), 2d pers. sing. pres. ind. ol 

haste (hast). I. n. Speed; expedition; 
vehemence. II.ttf.Hurry on. [Ger. hast.] 
Syn. Hurry; dispatch; precipitance; 
quickness; urgency; rashness; pre- 
cipitation; bustle; rapidity. 

hasten (ha'sn), vt. and vi. Hurry; 
urge ; bring on quickly. 

hasty (has'ti), a. 1. Speedy; quick. 2. 
Rash; eager: passionate.— has'tily,, 
adv. — has'ti ness, n. Hurry, rash- 
ness; irritability. [A.S. hmt.] 

hat (hat), n. Covering for the head. 

hatch (hach), n. 1. Door with an open- 
ing over it; half door. 2. Wicket or 
door made of cross bars ; covering of 
a hatchway. [A. S. hcec] 

hatch (hach). I. vt. Produce, especial- 
ly from eggs, by incubation; origin- 
ate; plot. II. vi. Produce young; be 
advancing towards maturity. III. n. 
1. Act of hatching. 2. Brood hatched. 
[Etymology doubtful.] 



lite, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mate, hut, burn; oil, owl, then, 



hatch 



245 



hazy- 



hatch (hach), vt. Shade by mfhute 
lines crossing each other in drawing 
and engraving.— hatching*, n. Mode 
of so shading. [Pr. hacher, chop. See 

HASH.] 

hatchel(hach'el), n. Same as Hackle. 

hatchet (hach'et), n. Small axe. [Fr. 
hachette— hacher, chop,] 

hatchway (hach'wa), n. Opening in 
a ship's deck into the hold, or from 
one deck to another. 

hate (hat). I. vt. Dislike intensely. II. 
n. Extreme aversion. — hate'fnl, a. 
1. Exciting hate. 2. Feeling or showing 
hate.— hatefully, adv.— hate'ful- 
ness,». [A.S. hatian. Akin to chase.] 
Syn. Abhor; detest; loathe; abomi- 
nate; despise. 

hath (hath). Old form of has. 

hatred (ha'tred), n. Extreme dislike; 
enmity; malignity. [sells hats. 

hatter (hat'er), n. One who makes or 

haughty (ha'ti) a. Proud; disdainful. 
— haughtily, adv. — haughti- 
ness, n. [Fr. hautain—'L. altus, high.] 
Syn. Arrogant; supercilious; con- 
temptuous; insolent; overbearing. 

haul (hal). I. vt. Drag; pull. II. n. 
Pulling; draught as of fishes: gain. 
[A. S. holian, get.] 

haunch (hanch), n. Part between the 
last rib and the thigh; hip. [Fr. han- 
che — O. Ger. ancha. Akin to ankle.] 

haunt (haut). 1. vt. and vi. Frequent; 
follow importunately ; inhabit or 
visit as a ghost. II. n. Place much 
resorted to. [Fr harder. .] 



Hautboy. 

hautboy ( h 5 ' b o i ), n. High-toned 
wooden wind-instrument, of a taper- 
ing tube, and having holes and keys; 
oboe. [Fr. hautbois—haut, high, and 
bois. wood.] 

have(bav), vt. [bav'ing; had.] 1. Own; 
possess; hold. 2. Regard. 3. Obtain. 
4. Bear or beget. 5. Be affected by. 
6. Be obliged (to). [A. S. habban.] 

havelock (hav'e-lok), n. Cloth cover- 
ing for a soldier's cap and neck. [After 
an Eng. geueral.] 

haven (ha'vn), n. 1. Inlet of the sea, 
or mouth of a river, where ships can 
get good and safe anchorage. 2. Place 
of safety ; asylum. [A. S. hazfene.~\ 

haversack ( hav'er-sak ), n. Bag of 
strong linen, or case, for a soldier's 
provisions. [Fr. hav?vsac—Gev. haber- 
sack—haber, oats, and Sack.] 

havoc (hav'uk), n. General waste or 
destruction. [Etymology doubtful.] 



haw (ha), inter j. Turn to the left) 
(call to "oxen; opp. of gee). 

haw(ba),».l. Hedge; inclosure. 2.Berrv 
of the hawthorn. [Dut. haag, hedge, j 

haw (ha). I. vi. Speak with a haw or 
hesitation. II. n. Hesitation in 
speech. [From the sound.] 

llawaiian(ha-wl'yan). I. a. Belonging 
to Hawaii or the Sandwich Islands, 
a U. S. possession. II. n. 1. Native 
of Hawaii. 2. Language of Hawaii. 

hawk (hak). I. n. Short winged bird 
of prey allied to the falcons. II. vi. 
and vi. 1. Hunt birds with trained 
hawks. 2. Attack on the wing. — 
hawker, n. [A. S. hafoc] 

hawk (hak). I. vi. Force up matter 
from the "throat noisilv. II. n. Noi~> 
raisingof phlegm from the throat. [ W 
hochi, from the sound.] 

hawk (hak), vt. Carry about for sale ; 
cry for sale. — hawker, n. Peddler. 
[From root of Ger. hucke, bent back. } 

hawse (haz), n. 1. Situation of the 
cables in"f ront of a ship's bow when 
she has two anchors out forward.* 2. 
Distance forward to which cables ex- 
tend. [Icel. halse, neck.] 

hawser (ha'zer), n. Small cable; largs 
towiine. " [ O. Fr. haulseree —haulser, 
raise.] 

hawthorn (ha'tharn), n. Shrub with 
shining leaves and small red fruit 
called haws. 

hay (ha), n. Grass cut down and cured. 
—haycock (ha'kok), n. Pile of hay 
in the field.— hay-fever (ha'-fe'ver), 
n. Irritation of the nose and throat in 
spring and_summer. [up in a barn. 

haymow (haymow), n. Mass of hay laid 

hayrick (ba'rik), haystack (ha'- 
stak), n. Pile of hay in the open air. 

Haytian (ha'ti-an). I. a. 1. Belong- 
ing to the island of Hayti or San 
Domingo. 2. Belonging to the re- 
public of Hayti, which occupies the 
western part of the island. II. n. Na- 
tive or inhabitant of Hayti. 

hazaru(haz'ard). I. n. 1. Complicated 
game at dice. 2. Chance ; accident. 
3. Risk. II. vt. Expose to chance; 
risk. — hazardous, a. Dangerous; 
perilous; uncertain. [Fr.— Ar. alzar, 
the diej [Etymology doubtful.] 

haze (haz), n. Light vapor; obscurity. 

haze, base (haz), vt. 1. Harass with 
labor ; punish with unnecessary work. 
2. Playshameful tricks on. 

hazel(ha'zl). I. n. Well-known shrub. 
II. a. 1. Pertaining to the hazel. 2. 
Of a light-brown color, like the hazel- 
nut.— lia'zel-nut, n. [A. S. hcesel.] 

hazy (ha'zi), a. 1. Thick with haze. 2. 
Dim. — ha'ziness, n. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, th^n. 



he 



246 



heartsick 



he (he). I. pron. 1. Male person indi- 
cated before. 2. Any one. II. a. Male. 
[A. S. he (ha). ] 

head (tied). I. n. I. Uppermost or 
foremost part of an animal's body. 2. 
Brain; understanding. 3. Chief; 
leader. 4. Place of honor or com- 
mand; front. 5. Individual. 6. Topic 
or chief point of a discourse. 7. 
Source; spring, 8. Highest point; 
cape. 10. Pressure; fall. 11. Headway. 
12. Strength. 13. Anything resembl- 
ing the human head in sh&ve.ll.vt. 1. 
Act as a head to; lead; govern. 2. Go 
in front of; stop; prevent. 3. Com- 
mence. 4. Be contrary. III. vi. 1. 
Grow to a head. 2. Originate. 3 Tend 
cr point. [A. S. heafod.] [head. 

headache (hed'ak), n. Pain in the 

heading ( hed'ing ), n. 1. Being a 
head or at the head. 2. That which 
stands at the head. 3. Material for 
heads of barrels, etc. 

headland (hed'land), n. 1. Cape. 2. 
Strip of unplowed land. [head. 

headless (hed'ies). I. a. Without ;i 

headlong (hed'lang). I. adv. With the 
head first; rashly; precipitately. II. 
a. Rash; precipitate, [head and 
-ling.] [vanced. 

headmost ( hed'most ), a. Most ad- 

headquarters (hed'kwar-terz), n. 1. 
Residence of a commander-in-chief. 2. 
Center of authority; principal place 
of business or resort. [tioner. 

headsman (hedz'man). n. Execu- 

headstall (hed'stal), n. Part of a 
bridle round the head. 

headstone(hed'ston), n. 1. Chief stone. 
2. Stone at the head of a grave. 

headstrong (hed'strong), a. Violent. 
Syn. Self-willed. See stubborn. 

headway (hed'wa), n. 1. Way or dis- 
tance gone ahead or advanced. 2. 
Motion of an advancing ship. 3. 
Clear space in height, as over a stair. 

headwind (hed'wind), n. Wind blow- 
ing from the front. 

heady (hed'i), a. 1. Af fee ting the 
head or brain; intoxicating. 2. In- 
flamed; rash. 3. Impetuous.— head'- 
iness. n. 

heal (tiel). I. vt. Make healthy; cure; 
restore to soundness. II. vi. Grow 
sound again.— heal'er. n. [A.S. hcelan 
— hal, whole. Akin to hale, whole.] 

health (helth). n. 1. Soundness; free- 
dom from sickness or pain. 2. Wish 
of prosperity; toast.— healthful, a. 
1. Full of or enjoying health. 2. Indi- 
cating health. 3. Wholesome; salu- 
tary.— healthfully, adv.— health- 
ful n ess, n. 



healthy (helth'i), a. 1. In a state of 
good health. 2. Conducive to health.— 
healthily, adv.— healthiness, n. 

Syn. Healthful; hale; sound; vigor- 
ous; salubrious; salutary; wholesome. 

heap (hep). I. n. 1. Pile. si. Collection. 
II. vt. 1. Throw in a heap or pile. 2. 
Pile above the top. [A. S.] 

hear (her). I. vt. [he ar'ing; heard 
(herd).] 1. Perceive by the ear; listen 
to. 2. Grant; obey; answer favorablv. 
3. Try judicially. II. vi. 1. Have the 
sense of hearing. 2. Listen. 3. Be told. 
— hear'er, n. [A. S. Ayran.] 

hearing ( her'ing), n. 1. Act of per- 
ceiving by the ear. 2. Sense of per- 
ceiving sound. 3. Opportunity to be 
heard. 4. Reach of the ear. 

hearken ( hark'n ), vi. Hear attent- 
ively; listen; grant. [A.S. hyrcnian.] 

hearsay (her'sa), n. Rumor; report. 

hearse ( hers ), n. Carriage in which 
the dead are conveyed to the grave. 
[Fr. herse — C. Fr. herce, harrow.] 

heart ( hart), n. 1. Organ that circu- 
lates the blood. 2. Vital, inner or chief 
part; core. 3. Seat of 
the affections, pas- 
sions, etc., esp. love, 
courage, vigor. 4. Se- 
cret meaning or de- 
sign. 5. That which 
resembles a heart. — 
pi. One of a suit of 
playing cards marked 
with the convention- 
al figure, or figures, 
of a heart. [A.S. heorte.] 

heartache (hart'ak), n. 
Sorrow; anguish. Heart. 

heart-breaking (hart- 
bra'king), a. Crushing with grief or 
sorrow. 

heart-broken ( hart-bro'kn ) a. In- 
tensely afflicted or grieved. . 

heartburn ( hart'burn ), n. Burning, 
acrid feeling in the esophagus, caused 
by the decomposition of undigestible 
food in the stomach. 

heartburning ( hart'burn-ing ), n. 
Discontent; secret enmity. 

heartfelt (hart'felt), a. Felt deeply. 

hearth (harth), n. 1. Part of the floor, 
or structure, on which the fire is 
made. 2. Fireside; house; home. [A. 
S. heorth.] 

heartless ( hart'les ), a. W i tfh o u t- 
heart, courage, or feeling. — heart'- 
lessly, adv. — heart lessness, n 

heart-rending ( hart'rend-ing), a. 
Deeply afflictive; agonizing. 

heart's-ease (harts'ez), n. Pansy. 

heartsick ( hart'sik ), a. Deeply 
- grieved^ — heart'sickness, n. 




lite, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; rrue, met, her j mite, mit; note, not, move, wolfj 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



heartwbole 



247 



heeler 



heartwbole(hart'hol), a. Not in love; 
uumoved iu the affections or spirits. 

hearty (hart'i), a. Full of, or proceed- 
ing from the heart; sound; full. — 
heartily, adv.— heart'iness, n. 

Syn. Cordial; earnest; warm; eager; 
vigorous; abundant. See sincere. 

heat (het). I. n. 1. Form of energy, 
manifested in fire, sun rays, etc. 2. 
Sensation produced in man by this 
energy. 3. High temperature. 4. 
Color of a body when heated. 5. Ex- 
citement. 6. Single match in a series. 
7. Warmest part. II. vt. Make hot; 
agitate. Ill.m. Become hot. — heater, 
n. One who or that which heats. [A. S. 
hceto—hat, hot.] 

heath (hetb), n. 1. Small evergreen 
shrub with beautiful flowers; heather. 
2. Land that produces only heather. 
[A. S. hath.-] 

heathen (he'thn). I. n. Inhabitant of 
an unchristian country; pagan; irre- 
ligious person. II. a. Pagan, irre- 
ligious.— heathendom (be'^n-dum) 
n. 1. Part of the world where heath- 
enism prevails. 2. Heathenism. — 
heathenish (he'£/m-ish), a. Rude ; 
uncivilized ; cruel. — heathenism 
(heYAn-izm), n. Religions system of 
the heathens; paganism. [Lit. a 
dweller on the heath. A. S. hcethen.] 

heather (he^'er), n. Small evergreen 
shrub, growingon heaths. 

heat-unit (het'u-nit), n. Amount of 
heat required to make one pound of 
water warmer by one degree. 

heave (hev). I. vt. [hea'ving; heaved 
or hove. ] 1. Lift up ; throw. 2. 
Cause to swell. 3. Force from the 
breast. II. vi. 1. Be raised. 2. Rise 
and fall. 3. Try to vomit. III. n. 
Effort upward; throw; swelling; ef- 
fort to vomit.— pi. Disease of horses 
characterized by difficult and labori- 
ous breathing. [A. S. hebban.] 

heaven (hev'n), n. 1. Arch of sky over- 
hanging the earth; air. 2. Dwelling- 
place of the Deity and the blessed. 3. 
Supreme happiness.— heav'enly, 
heav'enliness, a. — heavenward, 
a. and adv. [A. S. heofon.] 

heavy (hev'i), a. 1. Weighty; not 
easy to bear; oppressive. 2. Afflicted; 
burdened. 3. Inactive; inclined to 
slumber. 4. Violent; loud. 5. Not easily 
digested, as food. 6. Having strength, 
as liquor. 7. Dark with clouds; 
gloomy. — heav'ily, ado. — heavi- 
ness, n. [A.S. heflg— hebban, heave.] 

hebdomadal ( heb-dom'a-dal), a. 1. 
Occurring every seven days'; weekly. 
2. Consisting of seven days. [L.— Gr. 
hebdomas, seven days — hepta, seven.] 



Hebraic ( he-bra'ik ), a. Relating to 
the Hebrews, or to their language. 

Hebrew (he'bro). I. n. 1. One of the 
descendants of Abraham; Israelite; 
Jew. 2. Language of the Hebrews. II. 
a. Relating to the Hebrews. [Heb. 
ibhri, stranger from the other side of 
the Euphrates] 

hecatomb (hek'a-tom), n. 1. Among 
the Greeks and Romans, sacrifice of a 
hundred oxon. 2. Large number of 
victims. [Gr.— hekaton, hundred.] 

hectic (hek'tik). I. a. 1. Habitual, (used 
of feverish symptoms, as flushed 
cheeks, hot skin, etc.) 2. Affected with 
hectic fever; consumptive. II. n. 
Remittent fever ; consumption. — 
hec'tlcally, adv. [Gv.—hexis, habit.] 

hectogram ( hek'to-gram ), n. One 
hundred grams = 3,527 ounces. 
(Metric system). 

hectograph ( bek'to-graf ), n. Appa- 
ratus for multiple copying of writing. 

hector (hek'tur). I. n. Bully; one 
who annoys. II. vt. Treat insolently; 
annoy. III. vi. Play the bully. [From 
Hector, Trojan leader.] 

heddle (hed'l), n. One of the sets o? 
vertical cords or wires which guide 
the warp threads in a loom. [Etym. 
doubtful.] 

hedge (hej). I. n. Thicket of bushes; 
fence of bushes or trees, etc. II. vt. 
Inclose with a hedge; obstruct; sur- 
round; guard. — Hedge a bet, bet on 
both sides. [A. S. 

hedgehog 
( hej'hog ), 
n. Small 
prickly- 
backed in- 
sectivo- 
rous qua- 
druped. 

hedgerow 
(bej'ro), n. 
Row of trees or shrubs for hedging 
fields. _ 6 

heed (hed). I. vt. Observe; mind; at- 
tend to. II. n. Notice; caution; atten- 
tion.— heedful, a. Attentive; cau- 
tious. — heed fulness, n.— heed- 
less, a. Inattentive, careless. — 
heedlessness, n. [A. S. hedan.] 

heel (hel) I. n. 1. Part of the foot 
projecting behind. 2. Covering of the 
heel. 3. Hinder part of anything. II. 
vt. Furnish with heels. [A. S. hela.} 

heeler(he'ler), n. Unscrupulous, low 
follower of a politician. [U. S. slang.] 

hegemony (he'je-mo-ni), n. Leader* 
ship; specifically control exercised by 
a state over others. [Gr.— agein, lead.) 




Hedgehog. 



fate, fat +<ask, far, faU, fare, above; me, m et, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



hegira 



248 



nern 



hegira(he-;ji'ra or hej'i-ra), n. 1. Flight 
of Mohammed from Mecca to Mecli- 
nah, July 16, 622 A. d., from which the 
Mohammedan era dates. 2. Any flight. 
[Ar. hijrah, flight.] [heahfore. 

heifer (hef'er), n. Young cow. [A. S. 

heigh-ho (hi'ho), inter j. Exclamation 
expressive oi weariness or surprise. 

height, hight (hit), n. 1. Condition 
of being high; distance upwards. 2. 
That which is elevated; hill. 3. Ele- 
vation in rank or excellence. 4. Ut- 
most degree. [A. S. heahthu—heah, 
high.] [Make higher. 2. Increase. 

heighten, highten (hi'tn), vt. 1. 

heinous (ha'nus), a. Very wicked; 
atrocious.— hei'nously, adv. — hei'- 
nousness, n. [Fr. haineux, hateful.] 

heir (ar), n. One who inherits anything 
after the death of the owner.— fern. 
heiress (ar'es). [O.Fr. heir— la. heres.] 

heir-apparent (ar-ap-par'ent), n. Ac- 
knowledged heir, esp. to a throne. 

heirloom (ar'lom), n. Piece of per- 
sonal property which has been held 
by many generations of one famil3 r . 

hejira. See Hegira.. [See Loom.] 

held. Pa. t. and pa. p. of hold. 

heliacal (he-li'ak-al), a. 1. Relating 
to the sun. 2. Rising or setting with 
the sun. [Gr.— helios, sun.] [helix. 

helical (hel'ik-al), a. Spiral, like a 

helioceiitric(h"e-li-o-sen'trik),helio- 
centrical ( he-li-o-sen'trik-al ), a. 
(Astr.) As seenfrom the sun's center. 

heliograph (he'li-o-graf), n. Appara- 
tus for signaling by means of the s mi's 
rays. [Gr. helios, sun, grapho, write.] 

heliolatry ( he-li-ol'a-tri ), n. Sun 
worship. [Gr. — helios, sun, and latreia, 
worship.] 

heliotrope (he'li-o-trdp), n. 1. Plant 
whose flowers are said always to 
turn round to the sun. 2. Variety of 
dark-green chalcedony variegated 
with red. 3. Heliograph. [Gr.— helios, 
sun, and tropos, turn.] 

*\eliotype (he'li-o-tip), n. 1. Process 
of printing from photo-engravings. 
2. Print produced by such a process. 

helium (he'li-um), n. Hypothetical 
elementary substance. 

helix (he'- 
llks), n. 1. 
Spiral, as 
of wire in 
a coil. 2. 
Snail or 
its shell. 3. 
Incurved 
margin of 
the exter- 
nal ear.--.pJ 
ces (hel'i-sez). [Gr. — helisso, turn.] 




Species of helix. 

Helixes (he'liks-es), heli- 



hell(hel), n. 1. Place or state of punish 
ment of the wicked after deathj 
abode of evil spirits. 2. Evil powers, 
3. Place of vice or misery. [A. S. hel„ 
the hidden place.] 

hellefoore(hel'e-bor), n. 1. Plant used 
in medicine, anciently as a cure for 
insanity. 2. Powdered root of the 
plant, used to destroy vermin. [Gr.] 

Hellenic ( hel-len'ik ), Hellenian 
(hel-le'ni-an), a. 1. Pertaining to the 
Hellenes or Greeks. 2. Pertaining to 
classical Greek culture. [Gr. — H?llen, 
son of Deucalion, the Greek Noah.] 

hellish (hel'ish), a. Pertaining to or 
like hell ; very wicked. — hellishly , 
adv.— hell'ishness, n. 

hello (hel-lo'), interj. Exclamation to 
attract attention or to greet, now 
generally used in telephoning. 

helm (helm), n. 1. Apparatus by which 
a ship is steered. 2. Station of man- 
agement or government. [A. S. helma. 
handle.] 

helmet (hel'met), n. 
Covering of armor 
for the head. [A. S. 
— helan, cover.] 

helminthic(hel-min'- 
thik). I. a. 1. Per- 
taining to parasitic 
worms. 2. Expelling 
worms. II. n. Ver- 
mifuge. [Gr. helrnins, 
worm — he 
gie.] 

helmsman (helmz'- 
man), n, Man at the helm. 

Helot (hel'ot or he'lot), n. Slave i 
among the ancient Spartans. [Gr.] 

help (help) . I. vt. and vi. 1. Support; 
assist ;give means fordoing anything. 
2. Remedy. 3. Prevent. II. n. 1. 
Means or strength given to another; 
assistance; relief. 2. One who assists; 
hired person.— help'er, n. One who 
helps; an assistant. — help'ful, a. 
Giving help; useful.— helpfulness, 
n. — help'less, a. Without help or 
power in one's self; wanting assist 
ance.— helplessly, arfv.-help'less- 
ness, n. [A.S. helpan.] 
Syn. Succor; serve. See AID. 

helpmate (help'mat), n. Aid; wife 
[From "helpmeet for him." Gen. ii. 18.] 

helter-skelter (hel'ter-skel'ter), adv. 
In a confused hurry; tumultuously. 

helve (helv), n. Handle. [A.S. hielf.] 

hem (hem). I. n. Border of a garment 
doubled down and sewed. II. vt. 
[hemming; hemmed.] Form a hem 
on; edge. — Hem in, surround. [A.S.] 



wrig- 




Closed helmet 



k«5<;e, tat, task, far, fan, fare, above ; me, met, her ; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf i 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



hem 



249 



here 



hem (hem). I. n. and inter j. Sort of 
half cough to draw attention. II. vi. 
[ hemm'ing; hemmed. ] Utter the 
sound. 




The two hemispheres. 

hemisphere (hem'i-sfer), n. 1. Half- 
sphere. 2. Half of the globe, or a map 
of it.— hemispheric (hem-i-sfer'ik), 
hemispher'ical, a. [Gr. hemi, half, 
and sphaira, sphere.] 

hemlock (hem'lok), n. 1. Poisonous 
plant used in medicine. 2. Hemlock- 
spruce, the tree or its timber. [A. S. 
hemlic.j 

hemorrhage (hem'or-aj) , n. Burst- 
ing or flowing of blood. [Gr. haima, 
blood, and rhegnymi, burst.] 

hemorrhoids ( hem'or-oidz ), n. pi. 
Piles. — hemorrhoidal, a. [Gr. 
haima, blood, and rheo, flow.] 

hemp (hemp), n. 1. Plant with a fibr- 
ous bark used for cordage , coarse 
cloth, etc. 2. Its fibrous rind prepared 
for spinning.— hempen, a. Made of 
hemp. [A. S. hcenep.] 

hemstitch (hem'stich), n. Drawing 
out some threads running parallel to 
the edge, and gathering in groups 
those running at right angle. 

hen (hen), n. Female bird, esp. of the 
domestic fowl.[AS. fern, henn, fern, of 
hana. Akin to chant.] 

henbane (hen' ban), n. Poisonous 
plant used in medicine for opium; 
a species of night-shade. 

hence (hens), adv. 1. Prom this place; 
away. 2. In the future. 3. From 
this cause or reason. 4. From this 
origin. [A. S. heonan.] 

henceforth (hens-forth'), adv. From 
this time forward. 

henchman (hensh'man), n. Servant; 
follower. [From A. S. hengest, horse, 
and man, =groom.] 

henna (hen'a), n. Paste made of the 
leaves of a hedge shrub, used for dy- 
ing finger-nails, etc., red. [Ar.] 

hennery (hen'er-i), n. Place where 
hens are kept; poultry yard. 

henpecked ( hen'pekt ), a. Weakly 
subject to his wife. 



hepatic (hep-at'ik), hepatical (hep^ 
at'ik-al), a. 1. Pertaining to the liver. 
2. Liver-colored. [Li.— Gr. hepar, liver.] 

heptag , on(hep'ta-gon), n. Plane figure 
with seven angles and seven sides. — 
heptag'onnl, a. [Gr. kepta, seven, 
and gonia, angle.] 

heptarchy (hep'tark-i) , n. 1. Govern- 
ment by seven persons. 2. Country 
governed by seven.— heptarch'ic, a. 
[Gr. hepta, seven, and arche, rule.] 

her (her), pron. Objective and posses- 
sive case of She. [A. S. hire, genitive 
and dative sing, of heo, she.] 

herald(her'ald).I. n. 1. One whose duty 
it is to read proclamations, blazon 
the arms of the nobility, etc. 2. Pro- 
claimer ; forerunner. II. vt. Intro- 
duce, as by a herald; proclaim. [O. 
Fr. heralt — O. Ger. heri, army, and 
viald, warden.] 

heraldic (he-ral'dik), a. Of or relat- 
ing to heralds or heraldry. 

heraldry(her'ald-ri), n. 1. Art or office 
of a herald. 2. Science of recording 
genealogies and blazoning coats of 
arms. 

herb (erb or herb), n. Plant the stem 
of which dies every year, as distin- 
guished from a tree or shrub whic* 
has a permanent stem. [Fr. herbe-* 
L. herba.] 

herbaceous (her-ba'shus), n. Pertain* 
ing to, or of the nature of, herbs. [L. 
herbaceusJ] 

herbage (erb'aj or hgrb'aj), n. Gveev 
food; herbs collectively. 

herbal (herb' al), a. Pertaining to 
herbs. — herbalist (herb'al-ist), n. 
One who makes collections of plants. 

herbarium (her-ba'ri-um), n. Classi- 
fied collection of preserved plants. — 
pi. Herba'riums and herba'ria. 

herbivorous (her-biv'o-rus) a. Eating 
plants. [L. herba, and voro, devour.] 

Herculean (her-ku'le-an), a. 1. Ex- 
tremely difficult or dangerous, such 
as might have been done by Hercules, 
a Greek hero famous for his strength. 
2. Of extraordinary strength and size. 

herd (herd). I. n. 1. Number of beasts 
tended together. 2. Company of peo- 
ple, in contempt; rabble. 11. vi. and 
vt. Unite like cattle. [A. S. heord.] 

herd (herd), n. One who tends a herd. 
[A. S. hirde.] 

herdsman (herdz'man), n. Man em- 
ployed to tend cattle." 

here (her), adv. 1. In this place; in 
the present life or state. 2. To this 
place.— hereabout, adv. About this 
place.— hereafter. I. adv. In some 
future time or state. II. n. Future 
state.— here and there, adv. In this 



fate, fat, taak, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, bum, oil, owl, then. 



hereditary 



250 



hew 



place, and then in that; thinly; irreg- 
ularly.— berebelow', adv. On this 
earth. — heretofore', adv. Before 
this time ; formerly. — hereunto', 
adv. To this point or time. — here- 
upon', adv. On this; in consequence 
of this. [A. S. her, — the demonstrative 
stem he-.] 

hereditary (he-red'i-tar-i), a. 1. Des- 
cending by inheritance, as property. 
2. Transmitted from parents to their 
offspring, as a quality.— hereditar- 
ily, adv. [L. hereditarius — hereditas, 
state of an heir— heres, heir.] 

heredity (he-red'i-ti), n. Transmis- 
sion of qualities from parents to their 
offspring. 

hereinafter (her-in-ait'§r), adv. After- 
ward in this document, etc. 

heresy (her'e*si), n. Opinion opposed 
to the established doctrine or faith. 
[Fr. hirisie—Gr. haireo, choose.] 

heretic (her'e-tik), n. Upholder of a 
heresy.— heret'ical, a.— heret'ie- 
ally, adv. [Gr. hairetikos, able to 
choose, heretical.] 

Syn. Sectarian; dissenter; non-con- 
formist; schismatic. [this time. 

heretofore (her'to-for'), adv. Before 

heritable ( her'it-abl ), a. That may 
be inherited. [O. Fr.] 

heritage (her'it-aj), n. That which i<3 
inherited. [Fr.] 

hermandad (er-man-dad' ), n. For- 
merly, national Spanish police. [Sp. 
= brotherhood.] 

hermaphrodite (her-maf'ro-dit). I. 
n. Animal or a plant in which the two 
sexes are united. [Gr. Hermaphroditos, 
son of Hermes and Aphrodite (Mer- 
cury and Venus), whose body became 
one with that of Salmacis, a nymph ] 

hermeneutics ( her-rne-nu'tiks ), n. 
Science of interpretation, esp. of the 
Scriptures. [Gr. —Hermes, Mercury, 
god of science,eloquence, etc.] 

hermetic (her-met'ik), hermetical 
( her-met'ik-al ), a. 1. Alchemic. 2. 
Airtight.— Hermetically sealed, closed 
completely, as a glass vessel, the 
opening of which is closed by melting 
the glass. [From Hermes Trismegistos, 
Hermes "the thrice-greatest," the Gr. 
name of the Egyptian god Thoth,who 
was the god of science, esp. alchemy, 
whose magic seal was held to make 
vessels and treasures inaccessible.] 

hermit (her'mit), n. One who retires 
from society and lives in solitude or 
in the desert.— hermitage (her'mit- 
&j), n. 1. Dwelling of a hermit. 2. 
Retired abode. [Gr.— eremos, solitary.] 

hernia (her'ni a), n. Rupture, esp. of 
the abdomen.— hernial, a. [L.] 




hero (he'ro), n. 1. (Orig.) Warrior; 
demigod. 2. M-*n of distinguished 
bravery. 3. Any illustrious person. 
4. Principal figure in a story or work 
of fiction.— fern, heroine (her'o-in). 
[Gr. heros. Akin to L. vir, A. S. wer, 
man.] 

heroic (he-ro'ik), heroical (he-ro'ik- 
al). I. a. 1. Becoming a hero; coura- 
geous; illustrious. 2. Of the stvle of 
verse in which the exploits of heroes 
are celebrated. II. n. Heroic verse. 
— hero'ically, adv. 

heroism (her'o-izm), n. 1. Qualities 
of a hero. 2. Act of a hero. 

heron (her 'un), n. 
Large screaming wa- 
ter-fowl, with long 
legs and neck.— her' - 
onry, n. A place 
where herons breed. 
[Fr.] 

herpetology (her-pe- 
tol'o-ji), n. Natural 
history of reptiles. 
[Gr. herpeton, reptile, 
and logos, science.] 

herring (her'ing), n. 
Small North Atlantic 
fish found moving in 
great shoals. [A. S. Heron. 

hcering—here, army.] 

hers (herz), poss. pron. referring to 
3rd pers. fern. sing. 

herself (her-self), pron, 1. Emphatic 
form of she or her. 2. Her real charac- 
ter or nature.— By herself, alone. 

hesitate (hez'i-tat), vi. Stop in mak- 
ing a decision -• be in doubt ; stammer. 
— hes'itancy , hesita'tion, ns. Wa- 

1 vering; doubt; stammering. — hes- 
itatingly, adv. [L. haesito, stick ] 
Syn. Falter; pause; demur; stutter; 
deliberate. 

Hesper (hes'per) Hesperus (hes'per- 
us), n. Evening-star (Venus). [Gr. 
hesper os, evening.] 

Hesperian (hes-pe'ri-an), a. Western. 

heterodox ( het'er-o-doks), a. Not 
orthodox; heretical, —heterodoxy 
(het'er-o-doks-i), n. Heresy. [Gr. hete- 
ros, other, and dokeo, think.] 

heterogeneous (he t - er -o-j e'n e-u s ), 
heterogeneal (het-er-o-je'ne-al), a. 
Mixed; dissimilar in kind. Opposed to 
homogeneous. — heterogeneous- 
ly, adv.— heterogeneity, n.— net- 
eroge'neousness, n. [Gr. heteros, 
other,_and genos, kind.] 

hew (hit), vt. [hew'ing; hewn or hewed.] 
1. Cut with an axe; chop. 2. Cut in 
pieces. 3. Shape.— hewer, n. [A. S. 
heawan.] 



i, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; m§, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf* 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



hexagon 



251 



highland 




hexagon (heks'a-gon), n. Plane figure 
with six angles and sides. — hex- 
agonal, a. — hexag'onally, adv. 
[Gr. hex, six, and 
gonia, angle.] 

he x a h e d r o n 
(heks-a-he'dron), 
n. Cube, solid 
with six sides or 
faces. — hexa- 
he'dral, a. [Gr. 
hex, six, and 
hedra, base.] 

hexameter (heks- 
am'et-er ). I. n. Regular Hexagon. 
Verse of six feet, 

the first four being either dactyls or 
spondees, the fifth a dactyl, the last a 
spondee. II. a. Having six metrical 
f eet. [Gr. hex, six, and metron, meas- 
ure.] _ [interrogation. 

hey (ha), interj. Expressive of joy or 

heyday (ha'da), interj. Expressive of 
frolic, exultation, or wonder. [Ger. 
heida.] [For highday.] 

heyday (ha/da), n. Full vigor of youth. 

hiatus (hi-a'tus), n. 1. Gap; opening; 
defect. 2. Concurrence of vowel 
sounds in successive syllables. [L.] 

hibernal (hi-ber'nal), a. Belonging to 
winter; wintry. [L._hiems, winter.] 

hibernate (hi'ber-nat), vi. Pass the 
winter in sleep or torpor.-hiberna'- 
tion, n. [L.] 

Hibernian (hi-ber'ni-an). I. a. Relat- 
ing to Hibernia or Ireland. II. n. 
Irishman. — hiber'nianism,hiber'- 
nieisisi, n Irish idiom or peculiarity. 

hiccough, hiccup(hik'up), n. Spasm 
of the diaphragm, with a sudden clos- 
ing of the glottis. [Imitative.] 

hichory (hik'o-ri), n. Name of several 
American nut-bearing trees. [Amer. 
Ind. pawcohiccora, nut oil.] 

hid, hidden. See hide. 

hi ilalgo (hi-dal'go), n. Spanish noble- 
man of the lowest class. [Sp.] 

hidden (hid'n), a. Concealed ;unknown 
Syn. Covert; secret; masked; dis- 
guised; mysterious. 

hide (hid). I. vt. [hi'ding; hid; hid'- 
den or hid.] Conceal; keep in safety. 
II. vi. Lie concealed. [A. S. hydan.] 

hide (hid). I. n. Skin of an animal. 
II. vt. Flog or whip. [A. S. hyd.] 

hidebound (hid'bownd), a. 1. Having 
the hide, or bark so close that it im- . 
pedes the growth. 2. Narrow-minded 

hideous (hid'e-us), a. Frightful; hor- 
rible; ghastly. — hid'eously, adv.— 
hideonsness, n. [Fr. hideux.] 

hiding (hi'ding), n. Place of conceal- 
ment, [ing, or beating. 

biding (hi'ding), n. Flogging, thrash- 



J 

a 



ra 



hie (hi), vi. [hie'ing or hy'ing; hied.] 
Hasten.— Hie on, urge. [A. S. higian, 
hasten.] 

hierarch ( hi'er-ark ), n. Ruler in 
sacred matters. — hi'erarchal, a. 
—hierarchy (hi'er-ark-i), n. 1. Body 
of t h e clergy. 2. Government by 
priests.— hierarchical, a. [Gr. — 
hieros, sacred, and archo, rule.] 

hieratic (hi-er-at'ik), a. Sacred; relat- 
ing to priests. 

hieroglyph(hi'- 
er-o-glif), hier- 
oglyphic ( hi- 
er-o-glif'ik ), n. 
1. Sacred char- 
acters of the an- 
cient Egyptian 
language. 2. 
Unintelligible 
character or 
mai'k. — hiero- 
glyphic, hi- 
eroglyph 'it* - 
al, a. — hiero- 
glyph' it ally, 
adv. [Gr. hieros, 
sacred, and gly- 
pho, carve.] 

hierophant 
(hi'er-o-fant), n. 
One who reveals 
sacred things ; 
religious teach- 
er. [Gr. hieros. 
sacred, and 
phaino, show.] 

higgle (hig'l), vi. 
1. Drive a hard 
bargain. 2. Hag- 
gle.- higgler, — 

high (hi). I. a. 1. 
Elevated ; lofty ; 
exalted; power- 
ful. 2. Chief. 3. 
Arrogant. 4. In- 

tense; loud; 

violent. 5. Dear; Hieroglyphs, 

difficult. II. adv. 

Aloft; eminently; powerfully; pro- 
foundly ; expensively ; luxuriously. 
— high'ly, adv. [A. S. heah.] 

high-born (hi'baru), n. Of noble 
birth. [training or family. 

high-bred (hi'bred), a. Of noble breed, 

highflier (hi'fli-er), n. One who flies 
high, or runs into extravagance of 
opinion or actiom 

high-flown ( hi'flon ) , a. 1. Proud; 
pretentious. 2. Turgid. 

high-handed (hi-hand'ed), a. Over- 
bearing; violent. [district. 

highland (hi'land), n. Mountainous 



^U 


k 


Z3 


th 


L__! 


( pr, home, 
\ go out 


O 


r, sun 


r^> 


dw, hill 



H 



jw, be 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wait; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



highlander 



hiss 



highlander ( hi'land-er ), n. Inhabi- 
tant of a mountainous region; speci- 
fically, in Scotland. 

high-minded(hi'mind-ed), a. Having 
honorable pride; magnanimous.— 
high mind'edness, n. 

highness (hi'nes),/i. 1. State of being 
high. 2. Title of honor belonging to a 
prince. 

high-pressure (hi'presh' or), a. With 
a pressure greatly higher than that of 
the atmosphere. 

high-priest (M'prest), n. Chief-priest, 
under the Mosaic dispensation. 

high-road ( hi'rod ), n. 1. Highway. 
2. Easy way. 

high-sounding ( hi'sownd-ing ), a. 
Pompous; ostentatious. 

high-spirited (hi'spir'it-ed), a. Having 
natural fire; daring ;_ sensitive. 

high-treason (hi'tre'zn), n. Treason 
against the sovereign or state. 

high-water (hi'wa'ter), n. 1. Time at 
which the tide is highest. 2. Greatest 
elevation of the tide. [way or road. 

highway (hi'wa), n._ High or public 

highwayman (hi'wa-man), n. Robber 
who attacks people on the public way. 

hi he (hik), vi. Go rapidly; walk, [Ori- 
ginated in the Philippines.] 

hilarious (hi-la'ri-us), a. Gay; very 
merry. [Gr. hilar vs.] 

hilarity (hi-lar'i-ti or hi-), n. Gaiety. 
Syn. Merriment; jollity: mirth. 

hill (hil), n. High ma9s of land, less 
than a mountain. [A. S. hyll.] 

hillock (hil'uk), n. Small bill. 

hilly (hil'i), a. Full of hills. [A.S.] 

hilt (hilt), n. Handle, esp. of a sword. 

him (him), pron. Objective case of 
he. [A. SJ 

himself ( him- se if), pron. 1. Em- 
phatic and reflective form of he and 
him. 2. His real nature and character. 

hind (hind ), n. Female of the stag. 
[A. S. hind.] 

hind (hind), n. Farm-servant; English 
peasant. [A. S. hina—hiw, house.] 

hind (hind), a. [hinder; hindmost.] 
Placed in, or belonging to, the rear; 
opposed to fore. [A. S. hindan.] 

hinder (hin'der). I. vt. Stop or prevent 
progress; embarrass. II. vi. Raise 
obstacles. — hinderance (hin'der- 
ans), hindrance, ns. Act of hinder- 
ing; obstacle. [A.S. hindrian.] 

Syn. Block; check; delay; impede; 
obstruct; oppose; retard. 

Hindoostanee. See Hindustani. 

Hindu, Hindoo (hin'do),^. 1. Native 
of Hindustan. 2. Native Indian be- 
liever in Brahmanism.— hinduism, 
hindooism, (hin'do-izm), n. Reli- 
gion and customs of the Hindus. 




ges. 



Hindustani (hin-do-stan'e), n. Chief 
official and com- 
mercial lan- 
guage of India. 

hinge (hinj). I. 
n. 1. Joint on 
which a door or 
lid hangs. 2. 
That on which 
anything de- 
pends or turns. 

II. vt. 1. Fur- 
nish with 
hinges. 2. Bend. 

III. vi. Hang or 
t u r n as on a 
hinge. [Icel. 
henja, hang.] 

hin siy (hin'i), n. Offspring of a male 
horse and a she-ass. [Gr. hinnos, mule.] 

hint (hint.) I. n. Distant allusion; 
slight mention ; insinuation. II. vt. 
Bring to mind by a slight mention or 
remote allusion; allude to. III. vi. 
Make an indirect or remote allusion. 
[A. S. hentan, seize.] 

hip (hip), n. Ha,unch or fleshy part of 
the thigh. [A. S. hype.] 

hippodrome (hip'o-drom), n. Race- 
course for horses and chariots ; eques- 
trian circus. [Gr.— hippos, horse, and 
dromos, course.] 

hippopota- 
mus (hip-o- 
pot'a-mus), n. 
African quad- 
r u p e d, of 
aquatic hab- 
its, having a 
very thick 
skin, short legs, 

and a large head and muzzle. [Gr, 
hippos, horse, and potamos, river.] 

hircine (her'sin), a. Pertaining to or 
resembling a goat. [L. hircus, goat.] 

hire (hir). I. n. Wages for service; 
price paid for the use of a thing. II. 
vt. Procure the use or services of, at 
a price; engage for wages; let for 
compensation.— hi'rer s n. [A.S, hyr, 
wages, and hyrian, hire.] 

hireling (hir'ling), n. Hired servant; 
mercenary. [A. S. hyrling.] 

hirsute (her-suf ), a. Hairy; rough; 
shaggy. [L. hirsutus.] [A. S.] 

his (hiz), pron. Possessive form of he. 

hiss (his). I. vi. 1. Make a sound like 
the letter s, as the goose, serpent, etc. 
2. Express contempt, etc., by hissing. 
II. vt. Condemn by hissing. III. n. 
Sound of the letter s; expression of 
disapprobation, contempt, etc. [A.S, 
hysian, formed from the sound.] 




Hippopotamus. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wol' 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



hist 



253 



bog 



hist (hist), interj._ Hush! silence! 

historian (his-to'ri-ari), n. Writer of 
history. 

historic (his-tor'ik), historical (his- 
tor'ik-al), a. Pertaining to history ; 
containing history; derived from his- 
tory.— historically, adv. 

history (his'to-ri), n. 1. Account of 

an event. 2. Systematic account of 

events. [Gr. historia—histor, learned.] 

Syn. Knowledge; narrative; story; 

relation; annals; chronicle. 

histrionic (his-tri-on'ik), histrion'. 
ical.a. Relating to the stage; theat- 
rical. [L. histrio, actor.] 

hit (hit). I. vt. andw". [hit'ting). hit]. 

I. Touch or strike. 2. Reach; suit. 3. 
Guess. II. n. 1. Lucky chance. 2. 
Stroke. 3. Happy turn of thought or 
expression. — hit'ter, n. [Icel. hitta, 
light on.] 

hitch (hich). I. vi. 1. Move by jerks, 
asif caught by a hook. 2.Becaughtor 
entangled. II. vt. Hook; catch; unite; 
yoke. III. n. 1. Jerk. 2. Catch, or 
anything that holds. 3. Obstacle. 4. 
Sudden halt. 5". Knot or noose.[Etym. 
doubtful.] 

hither (hi^'er). I. adv. To this place. 

II. a. Toward the speaker; nearer. 
— hith'ermost, a. Nearest on this 
side.— hith'erto,<zcft;. To this place or 
time; as yet.— hith'erward, adv. 
Towards this place. [A. S.] 

hive (hiv). I. n. 1. Swarm of bees in a 

box or basket. 2. Habitation of bees. 

3. Busy company. II. vt. Collect into 

a hive; lay up in store. III. vi. Take 

shelter together; reside in a body. [A. 

S. hiw, house.] 
hives (hivz), n. Eruptive disease. 
ho, hoa_(ho), interj. Hold! stop! 
hoar (hor). I. a. White or grayish- 
white, esp. with age or frost. II. n. 

Hoariness. [A. S. har.] 
hoard (hord). I. n. 

Store; hidden 

stock; treasure. II. 

vt. and vi. Store: 

amass and deposit 

in secret. — hoard'- 

er, n. [A. S. hord.] 
hoar-frost ( h 6 r'- 

frast ), n. White 

frost; the white 

particles formed by 

the freezing of dew. 
hoarhound, hore- 

hound (b5r'- 

hownd), n. Plant of 

the mint family, 

used as a tonic. [A. 

S. harhune — har, hoary white, and 

hune, strong-scented.] 




Hoarhound. 



hoarse (hors), a. Having a harsh, 
grating voice, from a cold; discord- 
ant. — hoarse'ly, adv. — hoarse' - 

ness, n. J A. S. has.] 
hoary (hor'i), a. White or gray with 
age. — hoar'iness, n. 

hoax (hoks). I. n. Deceptive trick; 
practical joke. II. vt. Deceive ; play 
a trick upon for sport.— hoaxer, n. 
[Corr. of hocus. See hocus-pocus.] 

hob (hob), n. 1. Projecting nave of a 
wheel; hub. 2. Raised place over a 
grate, where things are kept warm. 
[See hump.] 

hobble (hob'l). I. vi. Walk with a 
limp; walk awkwardly; move irre- 
gularly. II. vt. Fasten loosely the legs 
of. III. n. Awkward, limping gait; 
d i ffl c u 1 1 y . — hob bier, ».— hob'- 
blingiy, adv. [Freq. of hop.] 

hobbledehoy (hobl-ae-hoi'), n. Strip- 
ling; neither man nor boy. [Etym. 
unknown.] 

hobby (hob'i), n. 1. Stick used as a 
toy-horse. 2. Ruling passion; favor- 
ite pursuit or theme. [O. Fr. hobin, 
mare.] 

hobgoblin (hob'gob-lin), n. Bugaboo; 
frightful apparition, [hob (= Robin) 
and gobIjIN.] 

hobnail (hob'nal), n.Nail with a thick, 
strong head, used in the shoes of hor- 
ses, and sometimes of men. 

hobnob (hob' nob), vi. 1. Orig. Familiar 
invitation to drink. 2. Be on terms of 
close intimacy. [A. S. habban, have, 
and nabban, not have.] 

hock (hok), hough (hok). I. n. 1. Joint 
on the hindleg of a quadruped, be- 
tween the knee and fetlock, corre- 
sponding to the ankle-joint in man. 
2. In man, the back part of the knee 
joint; the ham. II. vt. Hamstring. 
[A. S. hoh, heel.] 

hock (hok), n. 1. Wine produced in 
Hochheim. 2. Any white Rhine wine. 

hockey (hok'i), n. Game at ball, 
played with a bent stick. 

hocus-pocus (ho'kus-po'kus). I. n. 
Juggler's trick. II. vt. Cheat. [Jug- 
gler's slang.] 

hod (hod), n. 1. Trough for carrying 
bricks and mortar. 2. Coal-scuttle. 
[Fr. hotte.] [potch.] 

hodgepodge (hoj'poj), n. See hotch- 

hoe (ho). I. n Instrument for digging 
up weeds, and loosening the earth. 
II. vt. [hoe'ing; hoed.] Cut or clean 
with a hoe; weed. — ho'er, n. [Fr. 
houe—O. Ger. houwa. ] 

hoecake (ho'kak), n. Cake of Indian 
meal, often baked on a hoe. 

hog- (hog), n. 1. Swine; pig. 2. Greedy 
person. [W. hwch—houc'ha, grunt.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her ; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, buru> oil, owl, then. 



hogshead 



254 



homicidal 



hogshead (hogz'hed), n. 1. Measure 
of capacity=63 wine gallons. 2. Large 
cask. [0- Dut - okshoofd, ox-head.] 

hoiden (hoi'dn). 1. n. Romping, bold, 
ill- bred girl. II. a. Rude, bold. III. 
vi. Romp indelicately.— hoi'denish, 
a. [O. Dut. heyden, heathen, gipsy.] 

hoist (hoist) I. vt. Raise with tackle; 
heave. II. n 1. Act of lifting. 2. 
Height of a sail. 3. Apparatus for lift- 
ing heavy bodies to the upper stories 
of a building. [Formerly hoise — O. 
Dut. hyssen.] 

hold (hold). I. vt. [hold'ing; held.] 1. 
Keep; contain; accept; sustain. 2. 
Defend. 3. Occupy. 4. Confine; res- 
train. 5. Continue; persist in. 6. Have 
or join in, as a meeting; celebrate. 
7. Believe, esteem. II. vi. 1. Remain 
fixed; continue unbroken or unsub- 
dued; adhere. 2. Derive right. 3. 
Stop; forbear. III. n. 1. Act or man- 
ner of holding; power of seizing. 2. 
Support 3. Place of confinement. 4. 
Custody 5 Fortified place. — hold- 
er, a. [A. S. heaoden.] 

hold (hold), n. Part of the ship used 
for the cargo. [Dut. hoi, hole.] 

holdfast (hold'fast), n. ^That which 
holds fast; catch. [influence. 

holding; (hold'ing), n. Anything held; 

hole ( hoi ), n. Hollow place; cavity; 
opening in a solid body; pit. [A. S. 
hoi. Akin to hollow.] 

Syn. Aperture; cave; cell; crevice; 
den ; excavationj fissure ; rent; orifice. 

holiday (hol'i-da), n. Day of amuse- 
ment, or of exemption f r m work. 

holiness (ho'li-nes), n. State of being 
holy; religious goodness; sanctity. — 
His Holiness, title of the Pope. 

holla (hol'a), hollo, holloa ( hol'6 
orhol-lo'). L interj. Ho, there! attend! 
II. n. Loud shout. III. vi. Cry loudly 
to one at a distance. 
[Fr hola.] 

holland (hol'and), n. 
Kind of linen first 
made in Holland. 

hollands (hol'andz), 
n. Gin made in Hol- 
land. 

hollow (hol'o). I. a. 
1. Containing an 
empty space. 2. 
Unsound; insincere. 
3. Sunken. 4. Deep, 
muffled. II. n. Hole; Holly 

cavity; depression in 
a body. III. vt. Make a hole in ; make 
hollow by digging; excavate. — hoi'- 
lowness, n. [A.S. holh,] 

holly (hol'i), n. Evergreen shrub hav- 




ing prickly leaves and scarlet or 
yellow berries. [A. S. holen.] 

holly hocls(hol'i-hok), n. Kind of mal- 
low, having large variegated flowers. 
[holy, and A. S_. hoc, mallows.] 

holm (holm or horn), n. 1. River islet. 
2. Rich flat land near a river. [A. S.] 

holoblast (hol'o-blast), n. Ovum the 
protoplasm of which is wholly germ- 
inal. [Gr holos whole, blastos, germ.] 

holocaust ( hol'o-kast), n. l.Burnt 
sacrifice 2. Sacrifice of many lives. 
[Gr. holos, whole, and Jcaustos, burnt.] 

holster (hoi's ter], n. Leathern case 
for a pistol. [Dut.] 

holy (ho'li), a. 1. Perfect in a moral 
sense; pure in heart; religious. 2. 
Set apart to a sacred use. — ho'lily, 
adv. [A.S. halig — hal, sound, whole.] 

homage (hom'aj), n. 1. Profession of 
fealty. 2. Respect paid by external 
action. 3. Reverence directed to the 
Supreme Being. [Fr.— L. homo, man.] 

home (h5m). I. n. 1. One's house or 
country. 2. Place of constant resi- 
dence. 3. Seat, as of war. 4. Goal, as 
in field-games. II. a. 1. Pertaining to 
one's dwelling or country; domestic. 
2. Close ; severe. III. adv. To one's habi- 
tation or country. 2. Close; closely; to 
the point.— homeless, a. — home'- 
lessness,_rc. [A. S. ham.] 

homely (hom'li), a. 1. Pertaining to 
home; familiar. 2. Plain; rude; not 
handsome.— homeliness, n. 

home-made (hom'mad), a. Made at 
home, or in one's own country; plain. 

homeopathic ( ho-me-o-path'ik ), a. 
Of or pertaining to homeopathy. — 
homeopath'ically, adv. 

homeopathist, (ho-me-op'a-thist), n. 
One wbo believes in or practices 
homeopathy. 

homeopathy (ho-me-op'a-thi), n. Sys- 
tem of curing diseases by small doses 
of drugs which excite symptoms sim- 
ilar to those of the disease. [Gr. ho- 
moios, like, and pathos, suffering.] 

homesick (hom'sik). a. Sick or griev- 
ed at separation from home.— home- 
sickness, n._ 

homespnn (hom'spun). I. a. 1. Spun 
or wrought at home; not made in 
foreign countries. 2. Plain; inele- 
gant. II. n. Cloth made at home. 

homestead (hom'sted), n. Property 
occupied or set apart as a home. 

homeward (hom'ward). I. adv. To- 
ward home; toward one's habitation 
or country. II. a. In the direction of 
home.-home'wards, adv. 

homicidal (hom'i-sl-dal) a. Pertain- 
ing to homicide; murderous; bloody. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



homicide 



255 



hop 



homicide (hom'i-sid), n. 1. Man- 
slaughter. 2. One who kills another. 
[L. homo, man, and ccedo, kill.] 

homiletics (hom-i-let'iks), n. Science 
which treats of sermons and the best 
mode of preparing and delivering 
them. — homilet'ic, a. — homilet'- 
ical, a. 

homilist ( bom'i-list ), n. Preacher. 

homily (hom'i-li), n. 1. Sermon. 2. 
Serious or tedious exhortation. [Gr. 
homilia, assembly.] 

hominy (hom'i-ni), n. Maize hulled 
and coarsely ground. [American 
Indian auhuminea,pa,vche(i. corn.] 

homog , eiieal_(ho-mo-je'ne-al), homo- 
geneous (ho-mo-je'ne-us)', a. OL the 
same nature. — homogeneity ( ho- 
mo-je-ne'i-ti), n. [Gr. homos, same, 
and genos, kind.] 

homologous (ho-mol'o-gus) , a. Cor- 
responding in relative position, pro- 
portion, value, or structure. [Gr. 
homos, same, and logos, ratio.] 

homonym (hom'o-niru), n. Word of 
the same sound, but of different mean- 
ing, as tail and tale. 

homunculus (ho-mung'ku-lus), n. 1. 
Fancied wee human being produced 
chemically. 2. Little man; manikin. 

hone (hon). I. n. Stone of a fine grit 
for sharpening instruments. II. vt. 
Sharpen as on a hone. [A. S. han.] 

honest (on'est), a. 1. Just; free from 
fraud; frank. 2. Chaste.— honestly, 
adv.— hon'esty,n.Stateof beinghon- 
est; integrity; candor. [L. — honor.] 
_ .Syn. Equity; probity; uprightness; 
justice; honor; frankness; veracity; 
vsincerity; modesty. 

honey (hun'i). I. n. Fluid collected by 
bees from flowers. II. vt. Sweeten; 
make agreeable. [A. S. hunig.\ 

honeycomb (hun'i-kom), n. Mass of 
waxy cells formed by 
bees, in which they 
store their honey. — 
h on 'ey-combed 
(-komd), a. 1. Like a 
honeycomb. 2. Per- 
meated; corrupted. 

honeymoon ( hun'i- 
mon), n. First month 
after marriage. 

honeysuckle ( hun'i- 
suk-1), n. Climbing 
shrub with handsome 
fragrant flowers. [A.S.] 

honor (on'ur). I. n. 1. 
Esteem due or paid to 
worth. 2. That which 
rightfully attracts es- 
teem; exalted rank; distinction. 3. 
Excellence of character; nobleness of 




Honeysuckle. 



mind; any special virtue much es- 
teemed. 4. Mark of esteem; title of 
respect. 5. Academic prize or dis- 
tinction. 6. One of the four highest 
cards in a suit. II. vt. 1. Hold in high 
esteem; respect. 2. Exalt; treat in a 
complimentary manner; dignify. 3. 
Accept and pay when due, as a draft. 
[L. honor. ] 

honorable (dn'ur-a-bl), a. 1. Worthy 
of honor; Illustrious. 2. Actuated by 
principles of honor. 3. Conferring 
honor ; becoming men of exalted 
station. 4. Title of distinction.— hon- 
orably, adv. 

honorarium (on-ur-a'ri-um), n. Vol- 
untary fee paid to a professional man 
for his services. [L.] 

honorary (on'ur-ar-i) a. 1. Confer- 
ring honor. 2. Holding a title or 
office without performing services or 
receiving a salary. 

hood (hod). I. n. Covering for the 
head ; anything resembling a hood. 
II. Cover with a hood. — hooded, a. 
[A. S. hod. Akin to hat.] 

hoodlum ( hod'lum ), n. Lounging, 
good-for-nothing , quarrelsome fel- 
low, rowdy. [Colloq.] 

hoodoo (ho'do). I. vt. Bewitch; bring 
bad luck. II. n. Something that 
brings bad luck. [A corr. of voodoo.] 

hoodwinfe(hod'wingk), vt. Blindfold; 
deceive. 

hoof (hof), n. Horny substance on 
the feet of certain animals, as horses, 
etc.— pi. hoofs or {rarely) hooves. — 
hoofed, a. [A. S. hof.] 

hook (hok). I. n. 1. Piece of metal 
bent into a curve, so as to catch or 
hold. 2. Snare. 3. Instrument for 
cutting grain ; sickle. II. vt. 1. Catch 
or hold with a hook. 2. Pierce. 3. 
Steal. III. vi. Curve.— By hook or by 
crook, oneway or the other.[A.S.Aoc] 

hookah (ho'ka), n. Pipe in 
which the smoke passes 
through water. [Ar.huqqa.) 

hoop(hop or hop). I. n. Band 
holding together the staves 
of casks, etc. II. vt. Bind 
with hoops; encircle. [Akin 
to Dut. hoep, hoop.] 

hoop (hop), n. Height; 
pile. [Dutch.] 

Hoosier (ho'zher), n. Nick- 
name for an inhabitant of 
Indiana. 

hoot (hot). I. vi. 1. Shout in 
contempt. 2. Cry like an 
owl. II. vt. Drive with cries of con- 
tempt. III. n. Scornful cry. 

hop (hop), I. vi. [ hop'ping ; hopped]. 
Lean on one leg; spring. II. n. 1. 




Hookah. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit> note, not. move, wolf,- 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



bop 



256 



hortative 



Leap on one leg; jump. 2. Dancing 
party less formal than a ball. 

hop (hop), n. 1. Plant with a long 
twining stalk. 2. Cone or catkin of 

. the plant, used in brewing a n d in 
medicine. [Dut. hop.] 

hope (hop). I. vi. 1. Cherish an expec- 
tation of good. 2. Place confidence 
(in). II. vt. Expect. III. n. 1. Ex- 
pectation of good. 2. Confidence. 3. 
He who or that which furnishes 
ground of expectation. 4. That which 
is hoped for. [A. S. hopian.] 

hopeful(hop'fol), a. 1. Full of hope. 2. 
Having qualities which excite hope; 
promising good or success. — hope'* 
fully, adv.— hope'fulness, n 

hopeless (hop'les), a. Without hope; 
desperate. — hopelessly, adv. — 
hopelessness, n. 

hopper (hop'er), n. 1. One who hops. 
2. Wooden trough through which 
grain passes into a mill. 

hopple (hop'l). I. vt. Tie the feet to- 
gether to prevent running. II. n. 
Chiefly in^-, a fetter for horses, etc., 
when left to graze. [Freq. of hop.] 

horde (hord), n. Wandering tribe or 
clan. [Fr.— Turk, ordu, camp.] 

horehound. See hoarhound. 

horizon (ho-ri'zun), w. 1. Circle where 
the earth and sky appear to meet. 2. 
Plane or extent of view, physical or 
mental. [Gr.— horizo, bound.] 

horizontal (hor-i-zon'tal), a. Pertain- 
ing to the horizon; parallel to the 
horizon ; level.— horizontally , adv. 

horn (harn), n. 1. Hard organ pro- 
jecting from the heads of certain ani- 
mals, as oxen, etc. 2. Material of 
which horns, hoofs, claws, etc., con- 
sist. 3. Something made of, or like, a 
horn. 4. Wind- 
instrument 
consisting o f 
a coiled brass 
tube. [A.S.] 

hornet (har'- 
net), n. Large 
species of 
wasp, so 
called from 
its antennae 
or horns. [A. 
S. hymet, 
dim. of horn.] 

hornpipe (harn'pip), n. 1. Welsh mu- 
sical instrument. 2. Lively air; lively 
dance. [callous. 

horny (harn'i), a. Like horn; hard; 

horology' (hor-ol'o-ji), n. Science of 
determining time; art of construc- 
ting machines for measuring time. 




Hornet. 



horoscope (hor'o-skop), n. 1. Obser- 
vation of the heavens at the hour of a 
person's birth, by which astrology 
predicts the events of his life. 2. Re- 
presentation of the heavens for this 
purpose. [Gr.— hora, hour, and skopeo, 
observe.] 

horrible (hor'i-bl), a. Causing hor- 
ror.— hor'ribly, adv. [See horror.] 

horrid (hor'id), n. Fit to produce hor- 
ror; shocking. — hor'ridly, adv.— 
hor'ridness, n, [L. horridus.] 

Syn. Abominable; offensive; awful, 
alarming; dreadful; hideous; fear- 
ful; terrible; terrific; horrible. 

horrific (hor-rif'ik). a. Frightful. 

horrify (hor'i-fi), vt. Strike with hor- 
ror. [L. horror, and facio, make.] 

horror (hor'ur), n. 1. Shuddering; 
excessive fear. 2. That which excites 
horror. [Lit. -'a bristling," as of hair. 
Li.—horreo, bristle, shudder.] 

horse (hars). I. n. 1. Well-known 
quadruped. 2. (Collectively) cavalry. 
3. Frame with legs by which some- 
thing is supported. II. vt. 1. Mount 
on a horse. 2. Provide with a horse. 
III. vi. Get on horseback. [A.S. hors.] 

horseback (hars'bak). I. n. Back of 
a horse. II. adv. On a horse's back. 

horse-chestnut ( hars'ches-nut), n. 
1. Large variety of chestnut. 2. Tree 
that produces it. [stings horses. 

horsefly (hars'fll), Large fly that 

horse-guards (hars'gardz), n. Cav- 
alry employed as guards. 

horselaugh (hars'laf), n. Harsh, bois- 
terous laugh. 

horseleech (hars'lech), n. 1. Large 
species of leech, that attacks horses 
in the water. 2. Veterinary surgeon. 

horseman (hars'man), n. 1. Rider on 
horseback. 2'.' Mounted soldier.— 
horse'manship, n. Art of riding, 
and of training and managing horses. 

horseplay (hars'pla), n. Rough, bois- 
terous play. 

horse-power ( hars'pow'er ), n. 1. 
Power a horse can exert. 2. Unit of 
measure for steam power, etc. ; power 
required to raise 33,000 lbs. one foot 
per minute. 

horse-radish (hars'rad-ish), n. Plant 
with a pungent root, used in medicine 
and as a condiment. 

horseshoe (hars'sho), n. Shoe for 
horses, consisting of a curved piece of 
iron. 2. Anything shaped like a 
horseshoe. 

horsewhip (hars'hwip). I. n. Whip 
for driving horses. II. vt. Strike with 



a horsewhip; lash. 
hortative ( hart'a-tiv 



hortatory 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolfi 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then.- 



horticulture 



257 



housekeeping 



(hart'a-to-ri), a. Admonishing; giv- 
ing' advice. [Lt.hortor, admonish.] 

horticulture (har'ti-kul-tur), n. Art 
of cultivating gardens. — horticul'- 
tural, a.— horticulturist, n. One 
versed in horticulture. [L. hortus, 
garden, and culture.] 

hosanna (ho-zan'a), n. Exclamation 
of praise to God. ' [From Heb. hoshi- 
ahnnah, save us, pray!] 

hose (boz), n. 1. Covering for the legs 
or feet; stockings; socks. 2. Flexible 
pipe for conveying fluids. — pi. hose. 
[A.S. hosa, breeches.] 

hosier (ho' zhi-er), n. One who deals 
in hose, stockings, socks, etc. — ho'- 
siery, n. Hose in general. 

hospice (hos'pes), n. 1. Cloister and 
refuge for travelers. [Fr.— L. hospes.] 

hospitable ( hos'pit-a-bl ). a. Enter- 
taining strangers and guests kindly; 
showing kindness to visitors. — bos' - 
pitably, adv. 

hospital (hos'pit-al), n. Building for 
tbe reception and treatment of the 
sick, wounded, etc. [L. hospitale— 
hospes, guest.] 

hospitality (bos-pi-tal'it-i), n. Friend- 
ly welcome and entertainment of 
guests. 

hospodar (hos'po-dar), n. Former 
title of princes in Moldavia, etc. 

host (bost), n. 1. One who entertains 
a guest at his house. 2. Innkeeper.— 
fern, host'ess. [O. Fr. hoste—L,. hospes.'] 

host (bost), n. Army; large multitude. 
[O. Fr. host—Ju. hostis, enemy.] 

Host (bost), n. Consecrated bread of 
the Eucharist. [L.. hostia, sacrifice.] 

hostage ( hos'taj ), n. One remaining 
with tbe enemy as a pledge for the 
fulfillment of promises. [O. Fr. — L. 
obses, hostage.] [hotel. 

hostelry (hos'tel-ri ), n. Inn. [See 

hostile (hos'til),a. 1. Showing enmity. 
2. Of the enemy.— hostility, n. 1. 
Enmity. 2. pi. Acts of warfare. 

Syn. Adverse; antagonistic; inim- 
ical; opposed; unfriendly; warlike. 

hostler (hos'ler). n. Stableman at an 
inn. [OF. hosteller— Ti. hospes.] 

hot(hot),a. 1. Having beat; very warm. 
2. Pungent. 3. Ardent in temper; pas- 
sionate; fiery.— hot'ly, adv. — hot'- 
ness, n. [A. S. hat.] 

hotbed (hot'bed), n. 1. Glass-covered 
bed heated for bringing forward 
plants rapidly. 2. Any place favora- 
ble to rapid growth. 

hotblast (hot'blast), n. Blast of heate* 
air blown into a furnace to raise the 
heat. [spirited; irritable. 

hot-blooded (bot-blud'ed), a. High- 




Hound. 



etc. 3. 



hotchpotch (hoch'poch), hodge- 
podge (hoj'poj), n. Confused mass. 
[Fr. hochepot — hocher, shake, and pot, 
pot.] 

hotel (ho-tel'), n. 1. House for the 
accommodation of travelers; inn. 2. 
In France. Palace; large building; 
hall. [O. Fr. hostel — L. hospitalia, 
guest-chambers.] 

hot-headed ( hot'hed'ed ), a. Having 
warm passions; violent; impetuous. 

•hothouse (hot'bows), n. House kept 
hot for the rearing of tender plants. 

hough (hok), n. and v. See hock. 

hound 
(hownd). I. 
n. Dog used 
in hunting. 
II. vt. Set 
on in chase; 
hunt; urge 
on. [A. S. 
hund, dog.] 

hour (owr), 
n. 1. Sixty 
minutes. 2. 

Time indicated by a clock. 
Time or occasion. [Gr. Ao/a, season, 
hour.] 

hourglass (owr'glas), n. Instrument 
for measuring the hours by the run- 
ning of sand, or the like, through a 
small opening. 

houri (how'ri), n. Nymph of the Mo- 
hammedan paradise. [Pers.] 

hourly (owr'li). I. a. Happening, or 
done every hour; frequent. II. adv. 
Every hour; frequently. 

house (hows), n. 1. Building; dwell- 
ing-place; inn. 2. Household affairs; 
family; kindred. 3. Mercantile estab- 
lishment. 4. One of the two branches 
of a legislature. 5. In astrol. Twelfth 
part of the heavens. [A. S. hus.] 

house (howz). I. vt. Protect by cover- 
ing; shelter; store. II. vi. Take shel- 
ter; reside. 

housebreaker(hows'bra'ker) , n. One 
who breaks open and enters a house 
for the purpose of stealing.— house- 
breaking, n. 

household (hows'hold). I. n. Those 
who are in tbe same house, and com- 
pose a family. II. a. Pertaining to 
the house and family.— household- 
er, n. One who occupies a house; 
head of a family. 

housekeeper ( hows'ke-per ), n. 1. 
Householder. 2. Woman who man- 
ages the household. 

housekeeping (hows'ke-ping). I. n. 
Keeping or management of a house 
or of domestic affairs. II. a. Domestic, 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn, oil, owl, then. 



housemaid 



258 



humankind 



housemaid ( hows'mad ), n. Maid 
employed in housework. 

house-warming- (hows'warm-ing), n. 
Entertainment given when a family 
moves into a new house. 

housewife (hows' wif),r*. Mistress 
of a house; wife of a householder.— 
house' wifely, a.~ 

housework ( hows'wiirk ), n. "Work 
incident to housekeeping. 

housing- (howz'ing), n. Ornamental 
covering for a horse; saddle-cloth.-» 
pi. Trappings of a horse. [Fr. housse. 
Akin to HOLSTER.] 

hove, imp. of heave. 

hovel (hov'l), n. Small or mean 
dwelling. [Dim. of A.S. hof, dwelling.] 

hover (huv'er), vi. 1. Remain aloft 
flapping the wings. 2. Wait in sus- 
pense. 3. Move about near. [Prob. 
—A.S. hof, and therefore lit. dwell.] 

how (how), ado. and conj. 1. In what 
manner. 2. To what extent. 3. For 
what reason. 4. By what means. 5. 
From what cause. 6. In what condi- 
tion. 7. At what price. [A.S. Aw.] 

howbeit (how'be'it), conj. Be it as it 
may; nevertheless. 

howdah, houdah(how'da), w.'Large, 
canopied seat fixed on an elephant's 
or camel's back. JAr. hawdaj.j 

however (how-ev'er). I. adv. and conj. 
In whatever manner or degree. II. 
adv. Nevertheless. 

howitzer (how'its-er), n. Short, light 
cannon. [Ger. haubitze— B o h o m . 
haufnice, sling.] 

howl (howl). I. vi. and vt. Y e 1 1 or 

cry, as a wolf or dog; utter a long, 

loud, whining sound; wail; roar. II. 

n. Loud, prolonged cry of distress. 

[From the sound.] 

howsoever ( how-so-ev'er ), adv. and 
conj. However. [denish. 

hoydenish (hoi'den-ish), a. See hoi- 

hub (hub), n. 1. Central portion or 
nave of a wheel. 2. Central portion 
of anything. [A form of hob.] 

hubbub (hub'ub), n. Confused sound 
of many voices; uproar. 

huckaback (huk'a-bak^, n. Coarse 
variety of table linen, having raised 
figures on it. [Perh. because sold by 
hucksters with their goods on their 
backs. [can species of whortleberry. 

huckle-berry (huk'1-ber-i), n. Ameri- 

buckster (huk'ster), n. Hawker; ped- 
dler. [Dut. heuker—hucken, squat.] 

huddle (hud'l). I. vi. 1. Hurry in dis- 
order. 2. Crowd. II. vt. Throw or 
crowd together in confusion. III. n. 1. 
Confused crowd. 2. Tumult. [Etym. 
doubtful.] 



ship Which is 



hue (hu), n. Color; tint.— hue'less, a. 

[A. S. hiw, heow, structure] 

hue (hu), n. Shouting. — Hue and cry, 
old practice of pursuing felons with 
loud hooting. [Fr. huer, hoot.] 

hufF(huf), n. Sudden anger; fit of dis- 
appointment.— huffish (huf'ish), a. 
Given to huff; insolent.— huff ishly, 
adv. — hiift'ishness, ra.— huffy, a. 
Puffed up; petulant.— htiffineSS, n. 

hug (hug). I. vt. [hug'ging; hugged.] 
1. Embrace closely and fondly. 2. 
Cherish; cling to. 3. In naut. Keep 
close to. II. n. Close and fond em- 
brace. [Seand. orig. = huddle.] 

huge (huj), a. Enormous; moa- 
strous.— httge'ly,«eto. — hugeness, 
n. [O. Fr. ahuge, high— root of High.] 

hnggermugger ( hug'er-mug-er ). 

1. n. Secrecy. II. a. l. Clandestine. 

2. Slovenly, mean. [Scot.] 
Huguenot (hu'ge-not), n. French 

Protestant of the 15 and 16 centuries. 

hut k (hulk), n. 1. Body of a ship. 2. 
Old ship unfit for service; anything 
unMeldy.— hulk'y, a. Clumsy. [Low. 
L. hulka — Gr. holkas, ship Whic 
towed— helko, draw.] 

hull ( hul ). I. n. 1. Outer covering. 
2. Body of a ship, without masts, etc. 
II. vt. Strip of the hull; husk. [A.S.hulu 
—helan, cover.] [noisy confusion. 

hullabaloo (hul'a-ba-lo), n. Uproar, 

hum (hum). I. vi. [hum'ming; hum- 
med.] Make a buzzing sound like 
bees; Utter a low droning sound. II. 
vt. Sing in a low tone. III. n. 1. Noise 
of bees or other insects. 2.Any low, 
dull noise. IV. ihterj. Hem, ahem. 
[Imitativeword.] 

human (hu'man), a. 1. Belonging or 
pertaining to mankind. 2. Having 
the qualities of a man.— humanly, 
adt. [L. humanus — homo, man.] 

humane (hu-man'), a. 1. Having the 

feeling proper to man; merciful. 2. 

Humanizing.— humanely, adv. 

Syn. Benevolent; sympathizing. 

humanist (hii'man-ist), n. 1. Student 
of polite literature. 2. Student of 
human nature. 

humanitarian (hu-man-i-ta'ri-an), n. 
1. One who has a great regard or love 
for humanity; philanthropist. 2. One 
who replaces religion by ethics. 

humanity (hu-man'it-i), n. 1. Nature 
peculiar to a human being. 2. Kind 
feelings; benevolence; tenderness. 3. 
Mankind collectively. [L. humanitas.] 

humanize (hu'man -iz), vt. and vi. 
Render or become human, humane 
or civilized. [kind. 

humankind (hu'man-kind), n. Man- 






fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move^ wolf} 
mute s hut, buru; oil, owl, then. 



humble 



259 



hurry-sknrry 




Humming-bird. 



humble (hum'bl). I. a. Lowly ; meek. 
II. vt. Lower; humiliate.— hum'ble- 
ness, n. — humbly, adv. [Fr.— L. 
humim, low— humus, ground.] 
Syn. Mortify. See abase. 

humble-bee ( hum'bl-be ), n. Bum- 
blebee. 

humbug 1 ( hum'bug ). I. n. 1. Impo- 
sition under fair pretence. 2. One 
who so imposes. II. vt. [hum'bugg- 
ing; bum'bugged.] Deceive; hoax. 

humdrum ( hum'drum ), a. Dull; 
droning; monotonous. 

humid (hu'niid), a. Moist; damp.— 
hu'midness, humidity, n, Moist- 
ure. [L. humidus — humeo, be moist.] 

humiliate (hu-mil'i-at), vt. Deprive 
of dignity; make humble.— humili- 
a'tion, n. Act of humiliating; abase- 
ment ; mortification. [L. humilio.] 

humility (hu-mil'i-ti ), n. Lowliness 
of mind; modesty 
[Fr. humilite.] 

humming-. bird 
(hum'ing-berd), n. 
Small bird, exclu- 
sively American, 
of brilliant plu- 
mage and rapid 
flight, whose wings hum when hover- 
ing. 

hummock (hum' ok), n. Hillock. 

humor(hu'mur or u'mur).I. n. 1. Moist- 
ure or fluid of animal bodies. 2. State 
of mind; mood. 3. Mental quality 
which delights in ludicrous or mirth- 
ful ideas. II. vt. Fall in with the humor 
of; gratify by compliance.— humor- 
ous, a. 1. Governed by humor. 2. 
Exciting laughter.— humorously, 
adv. — hu'niorousness. n. — hu'- 
m or some, a. [L. See humid.] 

Sy,„. Disposition; caprice; temper; 
freak; fancy; whim; frame; pleasant- 
ry; facetiousness; wit. 

humorist ( bu'mur-ist or u'mur-ist ), 
n. 1. One ruled by caprice. 2. One 
who pictures the humors of people. 

hump (hump). I. n. Lump or hunch 
upon the back. II. vt. 1. Bend, round. 
2. Gather or exert(one's self). 3. Vex, 
provoke, -humpback, n. 1. Back 
with a hump or hunch. 2. Person 
with a humpback.— hump'backed, 
a. [Dut. homp.] 

humph (humf), interj. Exclamation 
expressive of doubt, dissatisfaction, 
or the like. 

hunch (hunch), n. Hump, esp. on the 
back; lump.— hunch'back, n. One 
with a hunch or hump on his back. — 
hunchbacked, a. Humpbacked. 
[From hunk.] 



hundred (hun'dred), n. 1 Number ol 
ten times ten. 2. Division of a county 
in England. [A. S.] 

hundredth (hun'dredth), a. 1. Com- 
ing last of a hundred. II. n. One of a 
hundred. 

hundredweight ( hun'dred-wat), n. 
100, 112 or 120 pounds avoirdupois, 
according to different customs. 

bung. imp. and pa. p. of hang. 

hunger (hung'er). I. n. Desire for 
food ; strong desire for anything. II. 
vi. 1. Crave food. 2. Long for. III. vt. 
Famish; starve. [A.S. hungor.] 

hungry (hung'ri), a. 1. Having 
eager desire. 2. Greedy; lean; poor. 
— huug'rily, adv. 

hunk (hungk), n. Large lump; chunk. 
[From root of hook.] 

hunks (hungks), n. Covetous fellow; 
sordid miser. 

hunt (hunt). I. vt. and vi. Chase, or 
go in pursuit of wild animals for 
prey or sport. 2. Search (for). 3. Pur- 
sue. II. n. 1. Chase of wild animals. 2. 
Search. — . hunt'er, n. 1. One who 
hunts. 2. Horse used in the chase.— 
fern, hunt'ress. — huntsman, n. 1. 
One who hunts. 2. Servant who man- 
ages the hounds during the chase. 

hurdle (hur'dl), n. 1. Frame of twigs 
or sticks interlaced. 2. Movable frame 
of timber or iron for gates, etc. [A. 
S. hyrdel.] 

hurdy-gurdy (hur'di- 
gur'di), n. Musical string- 
ed instrument,like a rude 
violin, the notes of which 
are produced by the fric- 
tion of a wheel. 

hurl (hurl). I. vi. Make a 
noise by throwing; move 
rapidly. II. vt. Throw 
with violence; utter with 
vehemence. [From hur- Hurdy-gurdy. 

TLE.] 

hurly-burly (hur'li-bur'li),w.Tumult; 

confusion. [O. Fr. hurler, yell, and a 

rhyming addition — burly.] 
hurrah, hurra (hor-ra'). I. interj. 

Exclamation of excitement or joy. II. 

vi. Shout hurrah. III. n. Shout of 

satisfaction or joy. 
hurricane ( hur'i-kan ), n. Furious 

storm with sudden changes of the 

wind. [Caribbean hurakan.] 
hurry (hur'i). I. vt. 1. Urge forward. 

2. Hasten. II. vi. Move or act with 

haste. III. n. Haste; bustle; urgency. 

— hur'ryingly, adv. [Ger. hurren.] 
bnrry-skurry (hur'i-skur'i), adv. In 

confusion and bustle, [hurry, with 

the rhyming addition —skurry.] 




f*te, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mitj note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



hurt 



260 



hydrometer 



hart (hiirt). I. vt. [hurt'ing; hurt.] 1. 
Cause bodily pain to. 2. Damage. 3. 
Wound, as the feelings. II. n. Wound ; 
injury. [O. Fr. hurter, knock, hit.] 
Syn. Pain; injure; harm. 

hurtful (hurt'fol), a. Causing hurt or 

loss.— burt'fuily, adv. [cious. 

Syn. Detrimental; harmful; perni- 

hurtle (hur'tl), vt. Dash against; 
move violently; clash; rattle. 

hurtleberry. See whortleberry. 

husband (huz'band). I. n. Married 
man. II. vt. 1. Supply with a hus- 
band. 2. Manage with economy. — 
hus'bandman, n. Working farm- 
er.— hus'bandry, n. 1. Business of 
a farmer. 2. Economical manage- 
ment. [A. S. husbonda, master of a 
house.] 

hush (hush). I. interj. Silence! be still! 
II. a. Silent; quiet. III. vt. Make 
quiet. IV. n. Stillness. — hush-money. 
Money given as a bribe to make one 
keep silent. 

husk (husk). I. n. Thin covering of 
certain fruits and seeds. II. vt. Re- 
move the husks from. [A.S. hulse.] 

husking (husk'ing), n. 1. Stripping 
of husks. 2. Meeting of neighbors to 
help husk the Indian 
corn: 

husky (husk'i),fl. Hoarse, 
as the voice; rough in 
sound. — husk'ily, adv. 
— husk'iness, n. [A S. 
hwosta, cough.] 

hussar (hoz-zar'), n. 
Light armed cavalry sol- 

y dier. [Hungarian.] 

hussy (huz'i), n. 1. Pert 
girl; worthless woman. 
2. Case; bag. [Corr. of 

HOUSEWIFE.] 

hustings (hus'tingz). n. 

I. Council; court. 2. (Formerly,) elec- 
tion booth. 3. Platform. [A. S. hust- 
ing, council.] 

hustle (hust'l). I. vt. Shake or push 

together; crowd with violence. II. vi. 

Move or act with energy. [O. Dut. 

hutsen. hutselen, shake to and fro.] 
huswife ( huz'if or huz'wif ), n. 1. 

Female housekeeper. 2. Sewing bag. 

— hus'wifery, n. Business or art of 

a housewife. 
hut (hat). I. n. Small or mean house. 

II. vt. and vi. Live or place in huts. 
butch ( huch ), n. Box; chest; coop 

for rabbits. [Fr. huche — Low L. hu- 
tica, box.] [Ger.] 

huzza (hoz-za'), interj. and n. Hurrah. 

hyacinth ( hi'a-sinth ), n. 1. Bulbous- 
rooted fragrant flower of a great va- 
riety of colors. 2. Red precious stone. 





Hyacinth. 



hybrid (hi'brid). I. n. 1. Animal or 
plant produced from two different 
species. 2. Word formed of elements 
from different 
languages. II. a. 
Mongrel.— hy- 
bridism (hx'- 
brid-izm), hy- 
bridity (hib- 
rid'i-ti ), n. [L. 
hybridd, mongrel.] 

hydra ( hi'dra ), 
n. 1. Fabled 
water-snake with 
many heads,each 
of which, when 
cut off, was re- 
placed by two 
new ones, killed 
by Hercules. 2. Any manifold evil. 
[Gr. hydra, water-snake. Akin to 

OTTER.] 

hydrant (hi'drant), n. Appliance for 
drawing water from a main pipe; 
water-plug. [Gr. hydor, water.] 

hydraulic (hi-dra'lik) , a. Relating to 
hydraulics; conveying water; worked 
by water. — hydraul'lically, adv. 
[Gr. hydor, water, and aulos, pipe.] 

hydraulics (hi-dra'liks) , n. Science 
of hydrodynamics in its practical ap- 
plication to water in motion. 

hydrodynamics (hi-dro-di-nam'iks) , 
n. Science that treats of the motions 
and action of water and other fluids, 
called Hydrostatics when the system 
is in equilibrium, Hydrokineties when 
it is not.— hydrodynam'ic, a. [Gr. 
hydor, water, and dynamics.] 

hydrogen (hi'dro-jen), n. Gas whose 
combustion (combination with oxy- 
gen) produces water; the lightest of 
all substances known. — hy'dr^gen- 
ize, vt. Combine with hydrogen; opp. 
of oxidize. — hydrogenous, a. 
[From Gr. hydor, water, and gennao, 
produce.] 

hydrographer ( hl-drog'ra-fer ), n. 
Describer of waters; maker of sea- 
charts. 

hydrography (hl-drog'ra-fi), n. De- 
scription of seas, rivers! and other 
navigable waters ; art of m a k i n g 
sea-charts.— hydrograph'ic, hy- 
drograph'ical, a.— hydrograph'- 
ically,a#y.[Gr. hydro, grapho, write.] 

hydromel (hi'dro-mel), n. Honey di- 
luted with water. 

hydrometer ( hi-drom'e-ter ) , n. In- 
strument for measuring the specific 
gravity of liquids, the strength of 
spirituous liquors, etc. — hydromet'- 
ric, hydromet'rical, a. — hy- 
drom'etry, n. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



hydropathist 



261 



hysterics 




Hyena. 



hygi- 



hydropathist ( hl'drop'a-thist ), -n. 
One who practices hydropathy. 

hydropathy (hi-drop'a-thi), n. Treat- 
ment of disease by water. — hy- 
dropathic, hydropath'ical, a.— 
hydropath'ically, adv. [Gr. hydor 
and pathos, suffering.] 

hydrophobia (hl-dro-fo'bi-a), n. Un- 
natural dread of water, a symptom of 
a disease resulting from the bite of a 
mad animal, hence the disease itself, 
rabies. [Gr. hydor and phobos, fear.] 

hydrostatics (hi- dr o-st a t'iks), n. 
Branch of hydrodynamics, which 
see. — hydrostatic, hydrostat- 
ical, a. — hydrostat'ically, adv. 
[Gr.— hydor and statics.] 

hydrous (hi'drus), a. Containing 
water. 

hyena (hl-e'na), s^^^S^ 

n. Bristly-man- 
ed carnivorous 
quadruped o* 
the dog kind. 
[Gr. hy aina, 
sow.] 

hygiene ( hi'ji- 
en), 11. Science 
which treats of 
the preservation of health 
enic (hl-ji-en'ik), a. [Fr.] 

hydrometer ( hi-grom'e-ter ), n. In- 
strument for measuring the moisture 
in the atmosphere. [Gr. hygros, wet, 
and metron, measure.] 

hygrometry ( hi-grom'e-tri ), n. Art 
of measuring the moisture in the at- 
mosphere, and in bodies generally.— 
hygromet'ric, bygromet'rical,a. 

hymen (hi'men), n. 1. Deity presiding 
over marriage. 2. Wedlock; mar- 
riage. — hymeneal, hymene'an, 
a [Gr. Hymen, god of marriage.] 

hymn (him). I. n. Song of praise. II. 
vt. and vi. Celebrate in song; worship 
by hymns. — hymnal (him'nal), n. 
Book of hymns. 

hyper,-, prefix. Over; beyond; exceed- 
ing. [Gr] 

hyperbola (hi-per'bo-la), n. 
the conic sections or curves 
when the intersecting 
plane makes a greater 
angle with the base than 
the side of the cone 
makes. — hyperbolic- 
al, a.— hyperbolical- 
ly, adv [L. — Gr = ex- 
cess — hyper and hallo, 
throw.] 

hyperbole (hi-per'bo-le), 
n. Rhetorical figure re- 
presenting things as much greater or 
much less than they really are; exag- 



One of 
formed 




Hyperbola. 



geration. — hyperbolic, hyper* 
bol'ical, a.— hy perbol ically, adv. 
[Same as hyperbola.] 

hyperborean (hi-per-bo're-an),a. Be- 
longing to the extreme north. [Gr.— 
hyper, and Boreas i north wind.] 

hypercritic ( hi-per -krit'ik ), n. One 
who is over-critical.— hypercrit'ic, 
hypercritical, a. [Gr.] 

hyphen (hi'fen), n. Short stroke (-) 
joining two syllables or words. [Gr. 
hypo, into, and hen, one.] 

hypnotism (hip'uo-tizm), n. Sleep- 
like condition or somnambulism in- 
duced by artificial means. [Gr. hyp- 
nos, sleep.] [a state of hypnotism 

hypnotize ( hip'no-tiz), vt. Put into 

hypo-, hyp-, prefix. Under ; beneath ; 
behind; down. [Gr.] 

hypochondria, (hip-o-kon'dri-a), n. 
Nervous malady, often arising from 
indigestion, and tormenting the 
patient with imaginary fears. — hy- 
pochondriac (hip-o-kon'dri-ak), I. 
a. Melancholy. II. n. One suffering 
from hypochondria. [Gr.] 

hypocrisy (hi-pok'ri-si),n. Simulation 
of virtue or piety. [See hypocrite.] 

hypocrite ( hip'o-krit ), n. One who 
practices hypocrisy.— hypocrit'lc, 
a.— hypocritically, adv. [Gr. hy- 
pokrites, actor.] 

Syn. Dissembler; pretender; cheat; 
deceiver: swindler. 

hypodermic (hip-o-der'mik), a. Un- 
der the skin. |'Gr.— derma, skin.] 

hypotenuse (hi-pot'e-nus) , hypoth- 
enuse, ns. Side of a right-angled 
triangle opp. the right angle. [Gr.= 
subtending— hypo, and teino, stretch.] 

hypothecate (hi-poth'e-kat), vt. As- 
sign as security for a creditor; mort- 
gage. — hypothecation, n. [Gr — 
hypo, down, and_ tithemi, place.] 

hypothesis ( hi-poth'e-sis ), n. Sup 
position; proposition assumed for the 
sake of argument; theory to be prov- 
ed or disproved by reference to facts. 
[Gr. = basis— hypo, and tithemi, place.] 

hypothetic ( hi-po-thet'ik), hypo- 
thetical (hi-po-thet'ik-al), a. Belong- 
ing to a hypothesis; conditional.— 
hypothet'ically, adv. [Gr. hypo- 
thetikos.] [Chin.=spriug crop.] 

hyson (hi'sn), n. Kind of green tea. 

hyssop ( his'up ), n. Aromatic plant. 
[Gr. hyssopes—TLeb. ezobh.] 

hysteric ( his-ter'ik ), hysterical 
(his-ter'ik-al), a. Affected or due to 
hysterics.- -hysterically, adv. 

hysterics (his-ter'iks), hysteria (his- 
teri-a), n. Nervous disorder occur- 
ring in paroxysms and simulating 
other diseases. [Gr. hystera, womb.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, ra 
mute, but, burn 



et, her; mite, mit; n5te, not, move, wolf; 
; oil, owl, then. 



2e» 



idiocy 



i (1), n. Ninth, letter of the En- 
glish alphabet. 

I (i), pron. Nominative case sin- 
gular of the pronoun of the first 
person; word which refers to the 
speaker himself. • [A. S. ic, M. E. and 
Ger. ich, L. ego, Sans, aham.] 

iambic(i am'bik), iambus (l-am'bus). 
I. it. Metrical foot of two syllables, 
the first short and the second long, or 
the first unaccented and the second 
accented. II. a. Consisting of iambics. 
[L. iambus— Gr. iambos.] 

ibex (i'beks), n. Genus of wild goat 
with large recurved horns, inhabiting 
the Alps and other mountainous re- 
gions. [L.] 

ibidem (i- 
bi'dem), 
adv. In the 
same 
place. [I*.] 

ibis (l'bis), n. Ge- 
nus of wading 
birds like the 
stork, one spe- 
cies of which was 
worshipped by 
the ancient 
Egyptians. 

ice ( is ). I. n. 1. 
Water congealed 
by freezing. 2. 
Concreted sugar. 
3. Frozen, sweet, 
and flavored kind 
of pudding. II. vt. 
1. Cover with ice; 
cool with ice ; freeze. 2. Cover with 
concreted sugar. — Ice box, ice chest, 
refrigerator ; box for holding ice, or 
for keeping things cool. [A. S. is.] 

iceberg (ls'berg), n. Huge mass of 
floating ice. [Dut. fora^mountain.] 

iceblink (is'blingk), n. Light reflected 
from ice near the horizon. 

iceboat (Is'bot), n. 1. Boat used for 
forcing a passage through ice. 2. 
Craft on runners, for sailing on ice. 

ice cream (Is'krem'), n. Cream or cus- 
tard sweetened, flavored, and artifi- 
cially frozen, [ed together. 

icepack (is'pak), n. Drifting icepack- 

icbneumou ( ik-nu'mun ), n. Small 
carnivorous animal in Egypt, famed 
for destroying the crocodile's eggs. 
[Gr.— ichneuo, hunt— ichnos, track.] 

icbor (i'kur),.7i. Watery acid discharg- 
ed from a wound.— ichorous^, [Gr.] 

ichthyology (ik-thi-ol'o-ji),w. Branch 
of zoology that treats of fishes.— ich- 
thyolog'ical, a.— ichthyol'ogist, 
n. One skilled in ichthyology. [Gr. 
ichthys, fish, and logos, science!] . _ 




Sacred ibis of Egypt. 



ichthyophagous (ik-thi-of'a-gus), a. 
Eating, or subsisting on, fish. [ Gr, 
—ichthys, fish, and phago, eat.] 

ichthyosaurus ( ik-thi-o-sa'rus ), n. 
Genus of extinct marine reptiles. 
[Gr.— ichthys, fish, and sauros, lizard.] 

icicle (Is'i-kl), n. Hanging point oi 
ice. [A. S.is-gi$el, ice*peg.] [cake. 

icing (is'ing ), n. Sugar frosting for 

icon (I'kon), n. 1. An image or por- 
trait, especially of Christ, an angel 
or saint. 

iconoclast (i-kon'o-klast), n. 1. Break- 
er of images or idols. 2. One who 
fights shams; reformer; radical. [Gr. 
—eikon, image, and fclao, break.l 

icy (is'i), a. Like ice; frosty; cold.— 
icily, adv.— ic'iness, n. 

idea (i-de'a), n. 1. Mental image; con- 
ception. '2. Thought; mental view; 
purpose. [Gv.—idein, see.] 

Syn. Notion; belief; opinion; plan; 
design; intention; fancy; sentiment. 

ideal ( i-de'al ). I. a. 1. Existing in 
idea; mental. 2. Highest and best 
conceivable, perfect, as opp. to the 
real, the imperfect. 3. Unreal, vision- 
ary. 4. Idealistic. II. n. Highest con- 
ception of anything. — ideally, adv. 

idealism (I-de'al-izm), n. 1. Doctrine 
that the objects of external percep- 
tions are not material but idea<\ 2. 
Tendency towards the highest con- 
ceivable perfection.— idealist(I-de'al- 
ist), n.— idealistic, a. 

ideality (1-de-al'i-ti), w. 1. Ideal state. 
2. Ability and disposition to form 
ideals of beauty and perfection. 

idealization ( l-de-al-i-za'shun ), n. 
Act of forming in idea, or of raising 
to the highest conception. 

idealize (l-de'al-Iz). I. vt. Raise to the 
highest conception. II. vi. Form ideas. 

identical (i-den'tik-al, a. Very same; 
not different. — identically, adv.^ 
iden'ticalness, n. Identity. [L.— 
idem, the same.l 

identify (I-den'ta-fi), vt. 1. Make to be 
thesame. 2. Ascertain or prove the 
identity of. 3. Unite one's self ininter- 
ests, aims, etc.— identification, n. 

identity (1-den'tl-ti), n. State of be- 
ing the same; sameness. 

ideography (i-de-og'ra-fi), n. .Repre- 
sentation of ideas by symbols, with 
disregard of the sounds of words. 

ides (idz), n. In ancient Rome, the 
15th day of March, May, July. Oct., 
and the 13th of the other months. [L. 
idus, of Etruscan origin.] 

idiocy (id'i-o-si), n. State of being an 
idiot; imbecility; folly 



fate, fat, task, far, fan, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



idiom 



263 



illimitable 




idiom (id'i-um), n. 1. Mode of expres- 
sion peculiar to a language.2. Variety 
of a language; dialect.— idiomatic 
(id-i-o-mat'ik), idiumatical (id-i-o- 
mat'ik-al), a.— idiomatically, adv. 

idiosyncrasy (id-i-o-sin'kra-si), n. 1. 
Peculiarity of temperament or consti- 
tution; characteristic of a person. 2. 
Eccentricity. — idiosyncratic, a. 
[Gr. — idios, own, peculiar, syn, to- 
gether, and krasis, mixture.] 

idiot (id'i-ut), n. One deficient in or- 
dinary intellect.— idiotic (id-i-ot'ik), 
a. Like an idiot; foolish. — idiot'- 
ieally, adv. [Gr. idiotes, private citi- 
zen; layman; ignoramus.] 

idle (I'di). I. a. 1. Vain; trifling; use- 
less. 2. Unemployed. 3. Averse to 
labor. IT. vt. Spend in idleness. -i'dler, 
n. — idleness, n. — i'dly, adv. [A. 
S. idelf sheer.] 

Idol (i'dul), n. 1. 
Image of an ob- 
ject of worship. 
2. Person or 
thing too much 
loved or honor- 
ed. — idolize 
(i' d ul-iz), vt. 
Make an idol 
of, for worship; Japanese idol, 

love to excess. 
[Gr. eidolon, — - idein, see.] 

idolater (i-dol'a-ter), n. Worshipper 
of idols. — fern, 'idol'atress. — idola- 
trous (I-dol'a-tr*is), a. Pertaining 
to idolatry.— idolatry (i-dol'a-tri), n. 

1. Worship of idols. 2. Excessive 
love. [Gr. eidolon, idol, and latres, 
worshipper.] 

idyl, idyll (i'dil), n. Short descrip- 
tive or narrative poem, chiefly on 
pastoral subjects.— idyllic (i-dil'ik), 
a. Of or belonging to idyls. [Gr. eidyl- 
lion, dim. of eidos, image.] 

iff (if), conj. 1. In case that; on condi- 
tion that; supposing that. 2. Wheth- 
er. [A.S. gif.] 

igneous (ig'ne-us), a. 1. Pertaining 
to, consisting of, or 1 i k e fire. 2. 
Produced by the action of fire. [L. 
igneus— ignis, fire.] 

ignis-fatuus(ig-nis-fat'u-us), n. Phos- 
phorescent light, often seen over 
marshy places; Wlll-o'the-wisp. — pi. 
Ignes-fatui (ig'nez-fat'u-i). [L. ignis, 
fire, and fatuus, foolish.] 

Ignite (ig-nif). I. vt. S e t o n fire; 
kindle. II. vi. Take fire; burn.— 
ignition, n. 

ignoble (ig-n6'bl), a. 1. Of low birth. 

2. Mean; worthless; dishonorable. — 
ignobly , adv. [Fr.— L. ignobilis—in, 
not, and gnobilis, noble.] 




ignominy (ig'no-min-i), n. Public 
disgrace; infamy. — ignominious, 
a.— ignominlously, adv. [L. igno- 
minia — in, not, and gnomen, name.] 

ignoramus ( ig-no-ra'mus ) , n. [pi. 
ignora'muses]. Ignorant person. [L.] 

ignorant ( ig'nd-rant ), a. Without 
knowledge ; unacquainted with.— 
ignorant ly , adv. — ignorance, n. 
[L. ignorant— ignoro, ignore.] 
Syn. Uninstructed; untaught; illi- 
terate; unaware; uninformed. 

ignore (ig-nor'), vt. Disregard willful- 
ly; set aside. [L. ignoro"] 

Igorrote (ig'or- 
i'6-te), n. Abori- 
nial tribe of the 
Philippines. 

iguana ( i-gwa'- 
na), n. Genus of 
tropical lizard, 
having a large 
dewlap under 
the throat. [Sp ] j 

ileum (ll'e-um), B 

n. Last part of small intestine. [L.] 

ilex (i'leks), n. 1. Holly. 2. Evergreen 
or holm oak. [L.] 

ilk (ilk). I. a. Same; each. II. n. Kind. 
TScot.— A. S. ylc, like.] 

ill (il). I. a. 1. Producing evil; unfor- 
tunate; unfavorable. 2. Sick; diseas- 
ed. 3. Improper; incorrect. 4. Cross, 
as temper. II. adv. I. Not well; not 
rightly. 2. With difficulty. III. n. 1. 
Evil. 2. Wickedness. 3. Misfortune.— 
ill-bred, a. Badly bred or educated; 
uncivil. — ill-breeding, n. Rude- 
ness. — illfa'vored, a. Ill-looking; 
deformed; ugly.— ill-timed, a. Said 
or done at an unsuitable moment. — 
ill-will, n. Enmity. [From Icel. ille 
—A. S. yfel, evil.] 

illegal (il-le'gal). a. Contrary to law. 
— ille'gally, adv. — illegality, n. 

illegible (il-lej'i-bl), a. That cannot be 
read; not readabla.— illegibly, adv. 
— illeglbleness, illegibility, n. 

illegitimate ( il-le-jit'i-mat ), a. 1* 
Not according to law. 2. Not born in 
wedlock. 3. Not properly inferred or 
reasoned.— illegitimately, adv.— 
illegitimacy, n. 

illiberal (il-lib'er-al) , a. 1. Niggard- 
ly; mean. 2. Narrow-minded ; bigoted 
— illiberally, adv. 

illicit (il-lis'it), a. Unlawful; un- 
licensed.— illicitly, adv . — illiclt- 
ness, n. [L. illicitus—in, not, and lid' 
tus, pa. p. of liceo, be allowable.] 

illimitable .( il-lim'it-a-bl ), a. That 
cannot be bounded ; infinite.— illim'* 
itably, adv. 



Cite, fat, task, tar, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, barn; oil, owl, then. 



illiteracy 



264 



immaterial 



illiteracy (il-lit'er-a-si), w.l. State of 
being illiterate; want of learning. 2. 
Blunder. 

illiterate (il-lit'er-at), a. 1. Unable to 
read. 2. Uneducated; ignorant. — il- 
literately, adv._ 

ill-natured (il-na'turd ), a. Cross; 
peevish.— ill-naturedly, adv. 

illness (il'nes), n. Sickness, disease 

illogical (il-loj'i-kal), a. Contrary to 
the rules of logic or sound reason.— 
illog'ically, adv. 

Illume. See illumine. 

illuminate (il-16'min-at), vt. 1. Light 
up; enlighten; make clear. 2. Illus- 
trate; adorn with ornamental letter- 
ing or illustrations. — illumina- 
tion, n. — illu'minative, a. — 
illuminator, n. [L. in, upon, and 
lumino, cast light.] 

illumine (il-16'min), illume (il-lom'), 
vt. Illuminate; enlighten; adorn. 

illusion (il-16'zhun), n. Deceptive im- 
pression on sense or mind; witchery; 
cherished fancy. [Fr.— L. illudo, play 
upon, deceive.] 
Syn. Deception; delusion; fallacy. 

illusive (il-lo'siv), illusory (il-lo'so- 
ri), a. Deceiving by false appearan- 
ces; false; unreal.— illusively, adv. 
— illu'siveness, n._ 

illustrate (il-lus'trat), vt. 1. Make 
clear to the mind; explain. 2. Adorn 
with pictures. — illus'trator, n. — 
illustration, n. 1. Act of making 
lustrous or clear; act of explaining. 
2. That which illustrates; example; 
picture; diagram.— illustrative, a. 
Having the quality of making clear 
or explaining.— illustratively, acta. 
[L. illustro, light up.] 

illustrious (il-lus'tri-us), a. 1. Bright , 

distinguished. 2. Conferring honor.— 

illustriously, adv. [L. illustrts — 

in, and lux, lucis, light.] 

Syn. Noted: notable. See famous. 

iui'iprefix. 1. Euphonic variant of in- 
before b, m, and p. 2. Corruption of 
Fr. em-. [See in- ] 

image (im'aj), I n. Likeness; statue; 
idol. 2. Representation in the mind, 
idea, picture in the imagination. 3. 
Figure of an object formed by focused 
rays of light. II vt Form an image 
of; form a likeness of in the mind. 
[Fr.— L. imago, from root of imitor, 
imitate.] 

imagery ( im'a-jer-i or im'aj-ri ), re- 
work of the imagination, mental 
pictures ; figures of speech. 

imaginable ( im-aj'in-a-bl ), a. That 
maybe imagined, imaginably, adv. 

imaginary (im-aj'in-ar-i), a. Exist- 
ing only in the imagination; not real. 




imagination (im-aj-in-a'shun), n. L 
Act of imagining. 2. Faculty of form- 
ing images in the mind. 3. That which 
is imagined. 

imaginative (im-aj'in-a-tiv ), a. I. 
Full of imagination; given to ima- 
gining. 2. Proceeding from the ima- 
gination. 

imagine(imaj'in), vt. and vi. 1. Form 
an image of in the mind; conceive- 
think. 2. Contrive or devise. [L.— 
imago, image.] [perfect state. [L.] 

imago (i-ma'go), n. Insect in its final, 

imbecile (im'be-sil or im'be-sel). I. 
a. Without strength of mind; feeble- 
minded. II. n. One destitute of 
strength of mind. — imbecility, h. 
State of being imbecile. [Fr. imbecile. \ 

imbed (im-bed'), vt. Lay, as in bed; 
place in a mass of matter. 

imbibe (im-bib'), vt. 1. Drink. 2. Ab- 
sorb; receive into the mind. *[L.— in, 
and bibo, drink.] 

imbitter (im-bit'er), vt. Maue bitter; 
render more violent ; render unhappy. 
— imbit'terer, n. 

imbricate ( i m ' - 
bri-kat), im'bri- 
cated, a. Over- 
lapping each other 
like tiles on roofs. 
— imbrication, 
n. [Li. imbrex, gut- 
ter- tile— imber, rain.] 

imbroglio(im-brol'yo), n. 1. Intricate 
plot. 2. Perplexing state of matters; 
complicated misunderstanding. [It.] 

imbrue ( im-bro' ), vt. Soak; drench, 
O.Fr. embruer—L. bibere, drink.] 

imbue (im-bu')i vt. 1. Tinge deeply; 
cause to imbibe, as the mind; im- 
press. [Lt.— in, and root of bibo, drink.] 

imitable (im'it-a-bl), a. That may be 
imitated or copied; worthy of imita- 
tion.— imitabil'ity, n. 

imitate ( im'i-tat), vt. Copy; strive 
to be the same as.— imitator, n.— 
imitation, n. 1. Act of imitating. 
2. That which is produced as a copy; 
likeness.— im'itative, a. 1. Inclined 
to imitate. 2. Formed after a model. 
im'itatively, adv. [L.]_ 

immaculate (im-mak'u-lat), a. Spot- 
less; pure.— immac'ulately, adv.— 
immac'ulateness, n. [L.— in, and 
maculo, stain.] 

immanent (im'a-nent), a. Remain- 
ing within; inherent. [L - in, and 
maneo, remain ] 

immaterial (im-a-te'ri-al) i. 1. Not 
consisting of matter; incorporeal. 2. 
Unimportant.— immateriality, n. 
Quality of being immaterial.— iin« 
materially . adv. 



Imbricate tiles. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, than. 



Immature 



205 



impatient 



immature (im-a-tur'), a. Not ripe; 
not perfect; come before the proper 
time.— immature ly, adv.— imma- 
turity, n. 

immeasurable (im-mezh'6r-a-bl), a. 
That cannot be measured.— im- 
measurably, adv.— imnieas'ura- 
bleness. n. 

immediate ( lm-me'di-at ), a. With 
nothing intervening; close; direct; 
instant. — immediately. I. adv. 
Closely; directly; at once. II. conj. 
As soon as. — imme'diateness, n. 
Syn. Next; proximatej present- 
immemorial (im-me-mo'ri-al}, a. Be- 
yond the reach of memory-— lmme- 
mo'rially, adv. 

immense (im-mens'), «• 1. That can- 
not he measured. 2. Vast in extent; 
very large. — immensely, adv. — 
immense'ness, n. — immen'sity, 
n. Extent not to be measured; infi- 
nity ; greatness. [L. immensus—in, not. 
andmensus, pa. p. of melior, measure.] 

immerse (im-mers 1 ), ^. 1. Plunge 
something into. 2. Involve deeply.— 
immersion, n. 1. Act of plunging 
into. 2. State of being dipped into. 3. 
State of being deeply engaged. 

immethodical (im-me-thod'ik-al), a. 
Without method or order; irregular. 
— immethod'ically, adv. 

immigrant (im'i-grant), n. One who 
immigrates. 

immigrate (im'i-grat), vi. Migrate 
or remove into a country. — immi- 
g'ra'tion, n. [L. immigro.] 

imminent (im'i-nent), a. 1. Near at 
hand; impending. 2. Threatening.— 
imminently, adv.— im'minence, 
n. [L. in, and mineo, project.] 

immobility (im-mo-bil'i-ti), n. Being 
immovable. 

immoderate (im-mod'er-at), a. Ex- 
cessive.— immoderately, adv. 

immodest (im-mod'est), a. Wanting 
restraint or shame.— immod'esty, 
n.— immodestly, adv. 

Syn. Arrogant; forward; impudent; 
indelicate; shameless; lewd; indecent: 

immolate(im'o-lat), vt. Offer in sacri- 
fice.— immolation,??. [L. in, upon, 
and mola, flour.] 

immoral (im-mor'al), a. Inconsistent 
with what is right; wicked. — im- 
mor'ally, adv. — immorality, n. 
1. Quality of being immoral. 2. Im- 
moral act or practice. 

immortal (im-mar'tal). I. a. Exempt 
from death ; imperishable. II. n. 
One who will never cease to exist.— 
immortality ( im-mar-tal'i-ti ), n. 
— immortalize, vt. Make immor- 
tal.— immor' tally, adv. 



immortelle (im-mar-tel'), n. Plant 
with unwithering handsome flower- 
like involucres; everlasting. [Pr.] 

immovable (im-mo'va-bl) a. Not 
capable of being moved;fast; unalter- 
able.— immovably, adv.— immov- 
abil'ity, n. — immovables, n. pi. 
Land and fixtures* etc., not movable 
by a tenant. 

immune (im-mun'>- I. a. Protected; 
exempt, as from a disease. II. n. One 
w h o is exempt. — immunity, n. 
Freedom or exemption, from any 
duty, penalty, etc. [L. in, not, and 
munis, serving^] 

immure (im-mur'), vt. Wall in; shut 
up; imprison. [L. in, and murus. wall.] 

immutable ( im-mu'ta-bl ), a. Un- 
changeable — immutably, adv. — 
immutability, immutable- 
ness, n. 

imp (imp), n. Little devil; wicked 
spirit. [A. S. impa.] 

impact (im'pakt), n. 1. Collision. 2. 
Impulse resulting from collision. [L. 
—impingo. See impinge.] 

impair ( im-par' ), vt. Diminish in 
quantity, value, or strength. [O. Fr. 
empeirer—Li. in, and pejor, worse.] 
Syn. Deteriorate; injure; weaken. 

impale (im-pal'), vt. 1. Pierce with a 
pointed stake. 2. Inclose with stakes. 
-impalement, n. 1. Piercing. 2. 
Inclosing. 3. Space inclosed. 

impalpable (im-pal'pa-bl), a. 1. Not 
perceivable by touch. 2. Incorporeal. 
3. Incomprehensible. — impal'pa- 
bly, adv. 

impanel (im-pan'l), vt. Enter the 
names of a jury in a list called a panel. 

impart (im-parf), vt. 1. Give. 'Z. Make 
known. [L.— in, and pars, part.] 

Syn. Yield; grant; divulge; con- 
vey. See COMMUNICATE. 

impartial (ira-par'shal), a. Not favor- 
ing either side; just, —impartial" 
ly, adv. — impartiality, n. 

impassable ( im-pas'a-bl ), a. Not 
japable of being passed.— impassa- 
bly, adv. — impassabillty, im- 
pass'ableness, n. 

impassible (im-pas'i-bl), a. Incapa- 
ble of passion or feeling. — impassi- 
bility, n. [L. — in, not, and patior, 
passus, suffer.] 

impassioned ( im-pash'und ) L im- 
passionate (i m - p a s h ' u n - a t) , a. 
Moved by strong feeling; excited. 

impassive (im-pas'iv), a. Not sus- 
ceptible of pain or feeling.— impass- 
ively, adv.— impasslveness, n. 

impatient (im-pa'shent), a. Not able 
to endure or wait; fretful. — impa- 
tiently, adv.— impa'tience, n. 



fate, fat, task, far, ffjll, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. , 



impeach 



266 



implement 



impeach (im-pech'), vt. 1. Charge 
with a crime or misconduct. 2. Call 
in question; challenge the credibility 
©f. -impeachment, n. Act of im- 
peaching. [Pr. empecher, hinder.] 

impeccable (im-pek'a-bl), a. Not lia- 
ble to sin.— impeccability, n. 

impecunious ( im-pe-ku'ni-us ), a. 
Having no money ; poor. — impecu- 
nios'ity, [L. in, not, and pecunia, 
money.] 

impede(im-ped'), vt. Hinder; obstruct. 
—impediment, n. 1. That which 
impedes; hinderance. 2. Defect pre- 
venting fluent speech [L. impedio, en- 
tangle the feet— in, and pes, foot.] 

impel (im-pel'), vt. [impelling; im- 
pelled (im-peld')]. Drive forward. [L. 
in, on, and^Zo, drive.] 

impend (im-pend'), vi. Hang over ; 
threaten; be near. — impendent, 
impending-, a. Hanging over; 
ready to act or happen. [L.—in, and 
pendeo, hang.] 

impenetrable ( im-pen'e-tra-bi ), a. 
Incapable of being pierced ; impervi- 
ous. — impenetrably, adv. — im- 
penetrability, n. 

impenitent (im-pen'i-tent), a. Not 
repenting of sin. — impen'itently, 
adv. — impenitence, n. 

imperative (im-per'a-tiv),a. Expres- 
sive of command ; ' authoritative ; 
obligatory.— imper'atively, adv.— 
[From L. impero, command,— in, and 
paro, prepare.] 

imperceptible (im-per-sep'ti-bl), a. 
Not discernible; insensible; minute. — 
impercep'tibleness, impercep- 
tibillty, n.— imperceptibly, adv. 

imperfect (im-per'fekt). I. a. Incom- 
plete; defective; not fulfilling its de- 
sign ; liable to err. II. n. Mood of the 
verb, representing the action or state 
as going on at the time mentioned. •- 
imper fectness, n. — im perfec- 
tion, n.— imper'fectly, adv. 

imperial (im-pe'ri-al). 
I. a. 1. Pertaining to 
an empire or to an em- 
peror ; sovereign ; su- 
preme. 2. Of superior 
size or excellence. II. 
n. Narrow pointed 
beard on the chin. — 
imperially, adv.— 
imperialism, n. 1. 
Power or authority of 
an emperor. 2. Spirit 
of empire.— imperi- 
alist (im-pe'ri-al-ist), n„ One who 
favors imperialism. [Fr. See empire.] 

imperil (im-per'il), vt. Endanger. 




Imperial. 



imperious (im-pe'ri-u s), a. 1. 
Haughty; tyrannical; authoritative. 

2. Urgent; compelling. — imperi- 
ously, adv. — impe'riousness, n. 

imperishable ( im-per'ish-a-bl ), a. 
Indestructible ; everlasting; — im- 
perlshableness, imperishabil- 
ity, n.— imperlshably, adv. 

impermeable(im-per'mea-bl), a. Not 
permitting passage; impenetrable.— 
impermeability, imper'mea- 
bleness, n.— imper'meably, adv. 

impersonal(im-per'sun al), a. I. Not 
representing a person. 2'. Not having 
personality. 3. In gram. Not used 
with a personal object, as it rains.— 
impersonally, adv. — imperson- 
ality, n. 

impersonate ( im-per'sun-at ), vt. 1. 
Invest with personality. 2. Represent; 
personify.— impersonation, n. 

impertinent ( im-per'ti-nent), a. 1. 
Irrelevant; out of place. 2. Trifling. 

3. Intrusive; impudent.— imperti- 
nence, n. 1. Unfitness. 2. Unbecom- 
ing conduct.— imper'tinently, adv. 

Syn. Frivolous; rude; unmannerly; 
saucy; disrespectful; insolent; med- 
dlesome; officious. 

imperturbable (im-per-tur'ba-bl), a. 
That cannot be disturbed or agitated. 
—imperturbability, n. [L.. — in, 
not, SLudperturbo, disturb.] 

imper viable (im-per'vi-a-bl), im- 
pervious (im-per'vi-us), ' a. Not to 
be penetrated or entered. — imper'* 
viableness, imperviabillty, 
imper'viousness, n. — imper- 
viously, ado. 

impetuous (im-pet'u-us), a. 1. Rush- 
ing with violence. 2. Vehement in 
feeling; passionate; hasty. — im* 
pet'uousness, impetuosity, n. 
— impet'uously, adv. 

impetus ( im'pe-tus ), n. 1. Attack; 
assault. 2. Force or quantity of mo- 



tion. [L.—in, and peto, fall upon.] 
impiety ( im-pi'e-ti ), n. 1. Want of 

piety; irreverence towards God. 2. 

Impious act. [in, and pango, strike.] 
impinge (im-pinj'), vi. Clash. [L.— 
impious ( im'pi-us ), a. Wanting in 

veneration for God or the church.— 

im'piously, adv. [L. impius.] 
implacable (im-pla'ka-bl), a. Not to 

be appeased; inexorable; irreconcil 

able.— impla'cably, adv.— impla* 

cableness, implacability, n. 
implant (im-planf), vt. Plant or fix 

into in order to grow; inculcate. 
implead (im-pled), vt. Prosecute at 

law.— implead'er, n. 
implement (im'ple-ment), n. Tool: 

utensil. [l<.—"yi-pleo, fill, accomplish.] 



H^ fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, w9l.fi 
mute, hut, bum; oil, owl, then. 



Implicate 



267 



impressment 



Implicate (im'pli-kat), vt. Infold; in- 
volve; entangle. — implication, n. 

1. Act of implicating. 2. Entangle- 
ment. 3. That which is implied. [L. 
—plica, fold.] 

implicit (im-plis'it), a. 1. Implied; 
tacitly understood. 2. Complete; 
without reserve. — implicitly, adv. 
— implicitness, ft. [L. implicitus, 
folded in.] 

implore (im-p!5r'), vt. Beseech; beg. 
— imploringly, adv. [L< — in, and 
ploro, weep aloud.] 

imply (im-pli'), vt. Include or signify- 
in reality, though not expressing in 
words. [Li.implico, infold.] [dence. 

impolicy (im-pol'i-si), ft. Impru- 

impolite (im-po-hf). a. Of rude man- 
ners; uncivil. — impolite'ly, adv.— 
impoliteness, ft. 

impolitic(im-pol'i-tik), a.Imprudent; 
unwise; inexpedient. 

imponderable (im-pon'd§r-a-bl), a. 
Not able to be weighed. — iinpbncler- 
ability, ft. 

import (im-porf), vt. 1. Bring from 
abroad. 2. Signify. 3. Concern.— im- 
portation, ft. 1. Act of importing. 

2. Commodities imported.— impor'- 
ter, n. One who brings in goods from 
abroad. [L.. in, and porto, carry.] 

Syn. Introduce; imply; mean; con- 
vey; denote; interest. 
import ( im'port ), n. 1. That which 
is brought from abroad. 2. Meaning. 

3. Importance. 

important (im-par'tant), a. Of great 
import or consequence. — impor'- 
tantly, adv. — importance, ft. 

importunate! im-par'tu-nat ), a. 
Troublesomely urgent; over-pressing 
in request. — importunately, adv. 

importune ( im-por-tun' ), vt. Urge 
with annoying persistency. — impor- 
tu'nity, ft. Urgent request [L. im- 
portunus, harborless, inconvenient.] 

imposable (im-po 'za-bl), a. Capable 
of being imposed or laid on. 

im»ose(im-poz'). I. vt. 1. Place or lay 
on. 2. Enjoin; command. 3. Put over 
by authority or force. 4 Obtrude un- 
fairly. 5. Palm off. II. vi. Deceive , 
abuse the kindness of. [Fr. imposer ] 

imposing (im-po 'zing), a. Command- 
ing; adapted to impress forcibly.— 
imposingly, adv. 

imposition (im-po-zish'Un), ft. 1 
Laying on, laying on of hands in or- 
dination. 2 Tax; burden. 3. Decep- 
tion , abuse of kindness. 

impossible ( im-pos'i-bl ), a. That 
cannot be done; that cannot exist; 
absurd. — impossibility, ft. 




Impost. 



impost (im'post), n. 1. Tax, esp. on 

imports. 2. Part of a pillar on which 

the weight of the vault 

or arch rests. [O. Fr. 

—L. impono, lay on.] 
impostor (im-pos'tur), 

ft. One who practices im- 
position or fraud. 
imposture (im-pos'tur), 

ft. Fraud. 
impotent (im'po-tent), a. 

1. Powerless. 2 Not 

able to procreate.— im'- 

potently, adv. — im'- 

potence, im'potency, ft. 
impound (im-po wnd'), vt. Confine, as 

in a pound; hold in custody of the 

court. 
impoverish (im-pov'er-ish), vt. Make 

poor;exhaust.— impoverishment, 

ft. [From O. TPr.povre, — L. pauper.] 
impracticable (im-prak'tik-a-bl), a. 

1. Not able to be done. 2. Unfnanage- 
able. — impracticability, im- 
prac'ticableness, ft. — imprac- 
ticably, adv. 

impreeate(im'pre-kat),fl£. 1. Pray for 
evil upon. 2. Cui'se.— imprecation. 
ft. Curse. [L.— in, and precor, pray.] 

impregnable (im-preg'na-M), a. 1. 
That cannot be taken; unconquerable. 

2. Able to be impregnated. — im- 
preg'nably , adv.— impr egnabil- 
ity, ft. 

impregnate (im-pr eg'nat), vt. 1. 
Make pregnant, fertilize. 2. Impart 
life or spirit. — impregnation, ft. 
[L.] See PREGNANT. 

impresario (.im-pre-sa'ri-5) , ft. Opera- 
tic manager. [It. impresa, enterprise.] 

impress (im-pres'), vt. 1. Mark or 
produce by pressure; stamp. 2. Fix 
deeply (in the mind). 3 Force into 
service, esp. the public service. 

impress (im'pres), n. Mark made by 
pressure; stamp; likeness; device. 

impressible (im-pres'i-bl), a. Capable 
of being made to feel; susceptible.— 
i mpr ess'ibly , adv.— impressibil- 
ity, ft. 

impression (im-presh'un), ft. 1. Act 
of impressing. 2. That which is pro- 
duced by pressure. 3. Single edition 
of a book. 4. Effect on the mind; idea. 
4. Slight remembrance. — impres- 
sionable, a. Able to receive an im- 
pression. 

impressive ( im-pres'iv ), a. Capable 
of making an impression on the mind 
or conscience.— impressively, adv. 
— impress'iveness, ft. 

impressment (im-pres'ment), n. Act 
of impressing or seizing for service s 
esp. in the navy. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above, me met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolfj 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, *fteiv, 



imprint 



268 



inanition 



imprint (im -print'), vt. 1. Print; 
stamp. 2. Fix in the mind. 

imprint (im'print), n. 1. That which 
is imprinted. 2. Name of the pub- 
lisher or printer on a title-page or 

imprison (im-priz'n), vt. Shut up; 
confine.— impiis'onment, n. 

improbable ( im-prob'a-bl ). a. Un- 
likely. — improb'ably, adv. — im- 
probability, n. [ honesty. 

improbity ( im-prob'i-ti ), n. D i s- 

impromptu (im-promp'tu). I. a. Off- 
hand; without preparation. II. adv. 
Readily. III. n. Witty saying or com- 
position produced at t h e moment. 
[L. in promptu, in readiness.] 

improper ( im-prop'er ), a. 1. Not 
suitable. 2. Unbecoming; indecent; 
incorrect.— improp'erly, adv. 

impropriety (im-pro-pri'e-ti), n. 1. 
Unsuitableness. 2. Unbecoming con- 
duct, [to be improved. 

improvable (im-pro'va-bl), a. Able 

improve (im-prov'), vt. and vi. Make 
or grow better; advance in value or 
excellence. 2. Correct. 3. Employ to 
good purpose.— improve'ment,ra. 1. 
Act of improving. 2. Advancement ; 
increase. 3. Turning to good account. 
[L. in, and probo, try, test.] 
Syn. Ameliorate; amend; better. 

improvident ( im-prov'-ident ), a. 
Wanting foresight.— improvident- 
ly, adv. — improvidence, n. 

improvise ( im-pro-viz'), vt. Utter, 
compose, make, or do without prepa- 
ration, off-hand. — improvisation, 
n. — improvisatore (im-pro-viz-a- 
to'ra), n. [It. pi. improvisatori (-re).] 
One who composes, sings, or recites 
without preparation. [Li.—in, not, and 
provisus, foreseen.] 

imprudent (im-pro'dent), a. Want- 
ing foresight or discretion.— irapru'- 
dently, adv.— imprudence, n. 

impudent (im'pu-dent), a. Wanting 
shame or modesty; bold. — impu- 
dently, a<ft;.— impudence, n. [L. 
in, not, and pudeo, am ashamed.] 
Syn. Shameless. See impertinent. 

impugn ( im-pun' ), vt. Oppose; at- 
tack.— impug-n'er. n. [L. impugno 
—in, against, and pug no, fight.] 

impulse (im'puls), impulsion (im- 
pul'shun), n. 1. Act of impelling or 
driving on. 2. Effect of an impelling 
force. 3 Force suddenly communi- 
cated. 4. Influence on the mind.— 
impulsive (im-puTsiv), a. 1. impel- 
ling or driving on. 2. Actuated by 
impulse. 3. Not continuous. — im- 
pul'sively, adv.— impulsiveness, 
n. [From root of impel.] 



impunity (im-pu'ni-ti), n. Freedom 
from punishment; exemption from 
injury or loss. [L. impunitas—in, not, 
and poena, punishment.] 

impure (im-pur'), a. 1. Mixed with 
other substances. 2. Defiled by sin; 
unholy; unchaste; unclean. — im- 
purely, adv. — impur'ity, im- 
pure'ness, n._ 

impute (im-puf), vt. Reckon as be- 
longing to ; charge, impu'table, a. 
Capable of being imputed or charged; 
attributable. — imputa'tion, n. Act 
of imputing or charging; censure. [L. 
imputo — in, andpwfo, reckon.] 
Syn. Insinuate. See ascribe. 

in-, prefix. 1. In, on. [A. S. in. Fr. en. 
L. in.] 2. Denoting negation; not; 
un-, as i/ifirm. [L.] Before b and p 
the n changes to m, as impudent; 
before I, m, and r, it is assimilated 
as in illegal, immature, irregular. 

in (in). I. prep. Within; during; by; 
through. II. adv. Within; not out. 

inability ( in-a-bil'i-ti ), n. Want ot 
sufficient power; incapacity, 

inaccessible (in-ak-ses'i-bl), a. Not 
to be reached, obtained, or approach- 
ed.— inaccess'ibly,adw. — inaccess- 
ibility, inaccesslbleness, n. 

inaccuracy (in-ak'u-ra-si), n. Want of 
exactness; mistake^ 

inaccurate ( in-ak'u-rat ), a. Not ex- 
act or correct; erroneus. — inae'eu- 
rately, adv. 

inaction (in-ak'shun), n. Want of ac- 
tion, idleness; rest. 

inactive ( in-ak'tiv ), a. Not acting, 
idle; lazy. — inactively, aav — 
inactivity, n. Want of activity. 
Syn. Dull. See inert. _ 

inadequate (in-ad'e-kwat), a. Insuf- 
ficient.— inadequately, adv. — in- 
adequacy, inad'equateness, n. 

inadmissible (in-ad-mis'i-bl), a. N t 
admissible or allowable.— inadmis- 
sibility, n. 

inadvertence ( in-ad-ver'tens ), in- 
advertency, ( in-ad-ver'ten-si ), n a 
Lack of attention; negligence; over- 
sight. — inadver'tent, a. Inattent- 
ive.— inadver'tently, adv. 

inalienable ( in-a'li-en-a-bl ), a. Not 
capable of being transferred. 

inamorato (in-am-o-ra'to), w. Male 
lover.— /<?m.inamora'ta (-ta).— pi. ina- 
mora'ti (-te). [It. See enamor.] 

inane (in-an'), a. Empty; void of or- 
dinary intelligence. [L. inanis.] 

inanimate (in-an'im-at), a. Without 
animation or life, dead. 

inanition (in-a-nish'un), n. State of 
being inane; emptiness, exhaustion 
from want of food. 



fete, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her, mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. . 



inanity 



2G9 



incest 



inanity (in-an'i-ti), n. Empty space; 
senselessness. 

inapplicable (in-ap"lik-a-bl), a. Not 
applicable or suitable. — inapplica- 
bility, n. [Not able to be valued. 

inappreciable (iu-ap-pre'shi-a-bl), a. 

inapt (in-apt'), a. Not apt; unfit.— 
inapt'ly, adv. — inaptitude, n. 
Unfitness. 

inarching ( in-ar'ching ), n. Method 
of grafting by which branches are 
united befoie being separated from 
the original stem. (L*. in, and arch.] 

inarticulate ( in-ar-uk'u-lat ), a. 1. 
Not distinct. 2. Not jointed. — inar- 
tie'ulately, adv. — inartic'ulate- 
uess, inarticula'tion, n. 

inasmuch (in-az-mueh'), adv. Since; 
seeing that; it being the case. 

inattention (in-at-ten'shun), n. Want 
of attention; neglect; heedlessness. 

inattentive ( in-at-ten'tiv ), a. Care- 
less.— inattentively, adv. 

inaudible ( in-a'di-bl ), a. Not able to 
be heard.— ina'ii'dibly, adv. — inau- 
dibility, inau'diblesiess, n. 

inaugural ( in-a'gu-ral ), a. Pertain- 
ing to, done or pronounced at, an in- 
auguration. 

inaugurate ( in-a'gu-rat ), vt. 1. In- 
duct into an office in a formal man- 
ner 2 Cause to begin 3 Make a 
public exhibition of for the first time. 
— inauguration, n. Act of inaugu 
rating — inau'gurator, n. One who 
inaugurates. [lu.inauguro. See augur ] 

inauspicious (in-as-pish'us), a Not 
auspicious ;ill-ome'ned; unlucky — in- 
auspi'ciously, adv. — inauspi'- 
cicTusness, n [impl anted by nature 

inborn (in' barn), a. Born in or with , 

inbreak (in'brak), n. Sudden inroad. 

inbred (in'bred), a. Bred within; in- 
nate; natural. 

inbreeding (in-bre'ding) n. Mating 
of those closely related. 

inca (ing'ka), n. Ancient king or 
prince of Peru. 

incalculable(in-kal'ku- 
la-bl), a. Not able to be 
reckoned — incalcula- 
bly, adv. 

incandescent (in-kan- 
des'ent), a. W h i t e'or 
glowing with heat. — In- 
candescent light, light 
produced by a fibre 
made to glow by an elec- 
tric current within a 
glass bulb exhausted of 
air.— incandes'cence, 
n. White heat. [L. can- 
desco, inceptive of candeo, glow 

CANDLE.] 




incantation (in-kan-ta'shun), n. Mag- 
ical charm uttered by singing; en- 
chantment. [L._ See ENCHANT.] 

incapable ( in-ka'pa-bl ), a. Not capa- 
ble; insufficient; unable. — inca'pa° 
bly, adv.— incapability, n. 
Syn. Deficient; incompetent. 

incapacitate (in-ka-pas'i-tat), vt. De- 
prive of capacity; make incapable; 
disqualify. 

incapacity (in-ka-pas'i-ti), n. Want 
of power of mind;' inability; disquali- 
fication. 

incarcerate (in-kar'ser-at), vt. Im- 
prison ;confine.— iucarcera'tion, n. 
[Li. — in, and career, prison.] 

incarnadine (in-kar'na-din), vt. Dye 
red. [Pr.— root of incarnate.] 

incarnate (in-kar'nat). I. vt. Embody 
in flesh. II. a. Invested with flesh. — 
incarnation, n. Act of embodying 
in flesh; act of taking a human body 
and the nature of a man. 2. Incarnate 
form. 3. Manifestation. 4 Process 
of healing, or forming new flesh. [L. 
—caro, carnis, Resti. Cf carnal.] 

incase (in-kas'), vt. Put in a case; sur- 
round with something solid. — in- 
case'ment, n 

incautious (in-ka'shus), a. Not cau- 
tious or careful."— incau'tiously, 
adv. — incau'tiousness, n. Want of 
caution 

incendiary (in-sen'di-ar-i). I. n. One 
that sets fire to a building, etc., mali- 
ciously. II. a. 1. Willfully setting 
fire to; relating to incendiarism 2. 
Tending to excite sedition or quarrels. 
— incen'diarism, n. Practice of set- 
ting fire maliciously, etc. [L. incendo, 
kindle.] [anger. 

incense (in-sens'), vt. Inflame with 

incense (in'sens), n. Odor of spices 
burned in religious rites; materials 
so burned. [L. incensum.] 

incentive (in-seu'tiv). I. a. Inciting; 
encouraging. II. n. That which incites 
to action ;motive. [L. incentivus, strik- 
ing up a tune, — in, and cano, sing.] 

inception ( in-sep'shun ), n. Begin- 1 
ning. — incep'tive, a. Beginning or 
marking the beginning. [L. incipio, 
begin— in, on, and capio, seize.] 

incertitude (in-ser'ti-tud), n. Want of 
certainty; doubtfulness. 

incessant (in-ses'ant), a. Not ceasing; 
Uninterrupted; continual. — inces- 
santly, adv. [Li. — in, not, and cesso, 
cease.] 

incest (in'sest), n. Carnal relations 
within a degree ot relationship within 
which marriage is prohibited by law. 
—incestuous, a.— incest'uously, 
adv. [L. incestue, unchaste.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn, oil, owl, then. 



inch 



270 



incompetence 




Inchworra. 



inch (insh), n. Twelfth part of a foot ; 
small distance or degree.— By inches, 
in ch- m e a I, 
little by little, 
by slow d e- 
grees.— inch- 
w o r m, n. 
Measuring 
worm ; looper. 
[A. S. ynce—Tu. 
uncia, twelfth 
part.] 

inchoate (in'ko-at), a. Only begun; 
incipient. [L. inchoo, begin.] 

incidence(in'si-dens), n. 1. Meeting of 
one body with another. 2. Manner or 
direction of failing; course.— Angle of 
incidence, angle at which a ray of 
light, heat, etc., falls upon a surface. 

incident (in'si-dent). I. a. 1. Falling 
upon; fortuitous. 2. Liable to occur; 
naturally belonging. II. n. 1. Event. 
2. Subordinate occurrence. — inci- 
dent' al, a. Coming without design ; 
occasional; accidental. — incident- 
ally, adv. [L. — in, and cado, fall.] 

incinerate (in-sin'er-at), vt. Burn to 
ashes. [L. in, into, and cinis. ashes.] 

incipient (in-sip'i-ent), a. Beginning. 
— incip'iently,adt>— incip'ience, 
incipieney, n. [Pr. p. of L. incipio 

See INCEPTION.] 

incise (in-siz'), vt. 1. Cut into. 2. En- 
grave. [Fr.— L. m.into, and caedo,cut.] 

incision (in-sizh'uo), n. 1. Act of cut- 
ting into. 2. Cut; gash. 

incisive (in-si'siv), a. Having the 
quality of cutting into, or penetrat- 
ing as with a sharp instrument; 
trenchant; acute; sarcastic. 

incisor (in-si'zur), n. Cutting or fore- 
tooth.— inci'sory, a. [L.] 

incitation (in-si-ta'shun), n. 1. Act 
of inciting or rousing. 2. That which 
stimulates to action ; incentive. 

incitant (in-si'tant), incitative (in- 
si'ta-tiv), n. Provocative; stimulant. 

incite (in-sif), vt. Rouse to action.— 

inci'tingly, adv. — inciter, n. — 

incitement,^. [L. — cito, rouse.] 

Syn. Urge; encourage; stimulate; 

instigate; prompt; excite. See goad. 

incivility (in-si-vil'i-ti), n. 1. Want of 
courtesy. 2. Act of discourtesy. 

inclement (in-klem'ent), a. Unmerci- 
ful. 2. Stormy; very cold.— inclem'- 
ency, n. 

inclinable (in-kli'na-bl), a. That may 
be inclined; leaning; somewhat dis- 
posed.— incli'nableness, n. 

inclination ( in-kli-na'shun ), n. 1. 

Bending; deviation. 2. Tendency. 3. 

Angle between two lines or planes. 

Syn. Proclivity; propensity; bend. 



incline ( in-klin' ). I. vi. 1. Lean to- 
wai'ds; deviate from a line. 2. Be dis- 
posed ; have a desire. II. vt. 1. Cause 
to bend towards; give a leaning to. 2. 
Dispose. III. n. Inclined plane. [L. 
inclino — in, towards, and aino, bend.] 
Syn. Bend; slant; slope; tend. 

inclose (in-kloz'), vt. 1. Close or shut 
in; confine; surround. 2. Fence. 
[Fr.— L. include-, inclusus,shut in.] 

inclosure (in-klo'zhbr), n. 1. Act of 
inclosing. 2. State of being inclosed. 
3. That which is inclosed. 4. Space 
fenced off. 5. That which incloses. 

include (in-klod'), vt. Close or shut 
in; embrace within limits; contain; 
comprehend. [L.— in, and claudo, shut.] 

inclusion (in-klo'zhun), n. Act of 
including. 

inclusive (in-klo'siv), a. Shut ting- 
in; inclosing; comprehending. — 
inclu'sively, adv. 

incognito ( in-kog'ni-to ). I. a. Un- 
known; disguised. II. adv. In con- 
cealment; in a disguise; under an 
assumed name or title. III. n. 1. 
One in disguise. 2. State of be- 
ing in disguise. [It. — L incognitus.] 

incognizable (in-kog'niz-a-bl or in-, 
kon'iz-a-bl). a. That cannot'be known 
or distinguished. [cognizant. 

incognizant (in-kon'i-zant), a. Not 

incoherent (in-ko-her'ent), a. Not 
connected ; incongruous.— incoher- 
ence, n. Want of coherence. 

incolumity (in-ko-lu'mi-ti), n. Safety, 
security. [L. columis, safe.] 

incombustible (in-kom-busti-bl), a. 
Incapable of being consumed by fire. — 
incombustibil'ity, incombus'* 
tibleness, n. 

income ((in'kum), n. Earnings, profit, 
or interest, coming in regularly. 
Syn. Revenue; receipt; produce. 

incommensurable ( in-kom-men'su- 
rab!), a. Having no com m on measure. 

incommode ( in-kom-mod' ) vt. Cause 
inconvenience to , molest. — incom- 
mo'dious, a. Inconvenient; annoy- 
ing. [L.— incommodus, inconvenient^] 

incommunieative(in-kom-mu'ni-ka- 
tiv), a. Not disposed to converse or 
to answer questions; unsocial. 

incomparable ( in-kora'pa-ra-bl ), a. 
Matchless. — incom'parableness, 
n.— incom'purably, adv. 

incompatible ( in-kom-pat'i-bl ), a. 
Not consistent; contradictory. — in- 
compatibility, n. — incompati- 
bly, adv. [oncilable. 
Syn. Incongruous ; discordant ; irrec- 

incompetence (in-kom'pe-tens), in- 
com'petency, n. State of being 
incompetent; insufficiency; inability. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, ffire, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



Incompetent 



271 



Incubate 



■Incompetent ( in-kom'pe-tent )? a. 
Wanting adequate qualifications. — 
incompetently, adv. 

Syn. Incapable; inefficient; disqual- 
ified; unfit; inadequate; insufficient. 

incomplete (in-kom-plef), a. Imper- 
fect.— incompleteness, n. — in- 
completely., adv. 

incomprehensible(in-kom-pre-hen'- 
si-bl), a. Inconceivable. — incorn- 

Erehen'sibleness, n.— incompre- 
en'sibly, adv. [siv), a. Limited. 

incomprebensive (in-kom-pre-hen'- 

in conceivable ( in-kon-se'va-bl ), a. 
That cannot be conceived ; incompre- 
hensible.— inconcei'vableness, n. 
— inconcei'vably, adv. 

inconclusive (in-kon-klo'siv), a. Not 
settling a point in debate. — incon- 
clu sively, adv. — inconclu'sive- 
ness, n. [polished. 

incondite ( in-kon'dit ), a. Rude; un- 

incongruous ( in -k ong ' r 6- u s ), a. 
Inconsistent ; unsuitable. — incon- 
gruity, 7i.— incongruously, adv. 

inconsequent (in-kon'se-kwent ), a. 
Not following from the premises. — 
incon'sequence, a. 

inconsequential ( in-kon-se-kwen'- 
shal), a. 1. Not regularlv following 
from the premises. 2. Of little impor- 
tance. — inconsequentially, adv. 

inconsiderable (in-kon-sid'er-a-bl) , 
a. Not worthy of notice; unimport- 
ant.— inconsid'erably, adv. _ 

inconsid'erate (in-kon-sid'er-at), a. 
Not considerate; thoughtless. — in- 
considerately, adv.— inconsid - 
erateness, n. 

inconsistent (in-kon-sistent), a. Not 
consistent; not suitable or agreeing. 
— inconsistence, inconsist'en- 
cy, ns.— inconsistently, adv. 
Syn. See incompatible. 

inconsolable (in-kon-so'la-bl), a. Not 
to be comforted. — incohso'lably* 
adv. 

inconspicuous (in-kon-spik'u-us), a. 
Not conspicuous; not readily noticed. 
inconspic'uously, adv. — incon- 
spic'uousness, n. 

inconstant (in-kon'stant), a. Fickle. 
— incon'stancy, n.— inconstant- 
ly, adv. 

Incontestable ( in-kon-tes'ta-bl), a. 
Too clear to be called in question; 
undeniable. — incontest'ably, adv. 
Syn. Indisputable; irrefragable; in- 
dubitable; incontrovertible; certain. 

incontinent (in-kon'ti-nent), a. Not 
restraining the passions or appetites; 
unchaste.— incon'tinence, incon '- 
tinency, n.- incontinently, adv. 
1. Dissolutely. 2. Immediately. 



incontrovertible (in-kon-tro-v§r'tfc 
bl), a. Too clear to be called in ques- 
tion. — incontrovertibil'ity, ».— 
incontrovert'ibly, adv. 

inconvenience (in-kon-ve'ni-ens). I. 
n. 1. Want of convenience. 2. Cause of 
trouble or uneasiness. II. vt. Trouble; 
incommode. 

inconvenient ( in-kon-ve'ni-ent ), a. 
Unsuitable; causing trouble or un- 
easiness. — inconveniently, adv. 

inconvertible (i n-k o n-v e r't i-b 1), a. 
Not to be changed or exchanged. 

incorporate (in-kar'rx»-rat). I. vi. 
and vt. 1. Form into a body. 2. Com« 
bine into one mass. 3. Form into a 
corporation. — incorporated, a. — 
incorpora'tion, n. 

incorporeal (in-kar-po're-al), a. Not 
having a body; spiritual. — in cor* 
po'really, adv. 

incorrigible (in-kor'i-ji-bl), a. Bad 
beyond correction or reform. — in- 
cor'rigibleness, incorrigibil* 
ity, n.— incorrigibly, adv. 

incorruptible (in-kor-rup'ti-bl), a. 1. 
Not capable of decay. 2. That cannot 
be bribed ; inflexibly just. — incor- 
rupt ibly. adv. — incorruptible- 
n ess, n. [become greater; advance, 

increase (in-kres'), vt. and vi. Make or 

increase (in'kres), n. Growth; addi- 
tion ; profit ; produce. [O. Fr. en- 
cresse—Li. incresco, grow.] 

incredible (in-kred'i-bl). a. Surpas- 
sing belief. — incredibly, adv. — 
incredibility, n. 

incredulous (in-kred'u-lus), a. Indis^ 
posed to believe. — incredulously^ 
adv.— incredulity, n. 

increment (in'kre-ment), n. Growth* 
esp. in the value of real estate from 
increased population, traffic, etc. [Se« 
increase.] [Charge with a jjrime. 

incrim i nate (in-krim'in-at) , vt. 

incrust (in-krusf), vt. Cover with a 
hard case.— incrusta'tion, n. 

incubate (in'- , 

ku-bat), vi. > * m£T 

Sit on eggs 
to hatch them. 
— incuba- 
tion, n. 1. 
Act of sitting 
on e g g s to 
hatch them. 
2. Period be- 
tween the im- 
planting of a 
disease and its 
development 
" -tur) 




Incubator. 



incubator (in'ku* 
Machine for hatching eggs 
by artificial heat. [L. — t/i,upon, and 
cubo, lie down.] 



fat, task, far, fail, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. . 



incnbns 



572 



Index 



incnbns (in'kii-bus), n. 1. Nightmare. 
2. Oppressive influence. — pi. In'cu- 
buses, incubi (in'-ku-bi). [L.— incubo.] 

inculcate (in-kul'kat), vt. Impress by- 
admonitions. — inculcation, n. [L. 
— in, not, andcalco, tread,— calx, heel.] 
Syn. Teach; implant; infuse; instill. 

inculpate (in-kuFpat), vt. Incrimin- 
ate; show to be guilty; censure. — in- 
culpa'tion, n. — incul'patory, a. 
Imputing blame. [Ij. in, and culpa, 
fault.] * 

incumbent (in-kum'bent). I. a. Lying 
or resting on. II. n. One who holds 
an office or benefice. — incumben- 
cy, n. Holding of an office. [L..— in- 
cumbo,\ie upon.] 

incunabula (in-ku-nab'u-la), n. Books 
printed in the early period of the art, 
before the year 1500. [L.= swaddling- 
clothes.] 

incur (in-kur'), vt. [incurring; incur- 
red (incurd').] Become liable to; run 
into. [Ij. in, and curro, run.] 

incurable (in-kur'a-bl). I. a. That can- 
not be cured. II. n. One beyond cure. 

incursion ( in-kiir'shun ), n. Hostile 
inroad. [Fr.— L. incur sio—incurro.] 

incursi ve (in-kiir'siv), a. Pertaining 
to, or making an incursion or inroad. 

incurvate (in-kur'vat). I. vt. Curve or 
bend. II. a. Curved inward.— incur- 
va'tion, n. [L. in, and curvus, bent.] 

incus (ing'kus), n. Bone of the inter- 
nal ear. [L.=anvil.] 

indebted (in-det'ed), a. Being in debt; 
obliged.— indebtedness, n. 

indecent (in-de'sent), a. Offensive to 
common modesty. — indecently, 
adv.— inde'cency, n. 

indecision (in-de-sizh'un), n. Want 
of decision; hesitation. 

indeclinable (in-de-kli'na-bl), a. Not 
varied by determinations of case and 
number. 

indecorous (in-de-ko'rus or in-dek'o- 
rus), a. Not becoming; violating 
good manners. 

indecorum (in-de-k5'rum), n. Want 
of propriety of conduct. [in reality. 

indeed (in-ded'), adv. In fact; in truth; 

indefatigable (in-de-fat'i-ga-bl), a. 
That cannot be tired out ; unremit- 
ting in effort ; persevering.— indefat'- 
igably, adv. [L.— in, not, de, down, 
a,n&fatigo, tire.] 

indefeasible ( in-de-fe'zi-bl ), a. Not 
to be defeated.— indefensibly, adv. 
— indefeasibil'ity, n. 

indefensible (in-de-fen'si-bl), a. That 
cannot be maintained or justified.— 
indefensibly, adv. 

indefinable ( in-de-fl'na-bl ), a. Not to 
be defined.— indefinably, adv. 



indefinite (in-def'i-nit), a. Not limited: 
not precise or certain.— indefinite- 
ly, adv.— indef initeness, n. 

Syn. Vague; dim; obscure; inex- 
plicit; inexact; equivocal. 

indelible (in-del'i-bl) , a. That cannot ' 
be effaced. — indel'ibly, adv. [L.— 
in, not, and deleo, destroy. ] 

indelicacy (in-del'i-ka-si), n. Want oi 
delicacy or refinement ; rudeness. 

indelicate (in-del'i-kat), a. Offensive 
to good manners or purity of mind; 
coarse.— indelicately, adv. 

indemnify (in-dem'ni-fi), vt. Repay; 
secure against loss.— indemnifica* 
tion, n. [L.— in, not, damnum, loss, 
and facio, make.] 

indemnity (in-dem'ni-ti), n. Security 
from damage, loss, or punishment; 
compensation for loss or injury. [L, 
indemnitas.] 

indemonstrable (in-de-mon'stra-bl) t 
a. That cannot be proved. 

indent (in-dent'),v£. 1. Cut intopoints 
like teeth; notch. 2. (Print.) Begin 
further in from the margin than the 
rest of a paragraph.— indentation, 
n. Act of indenting or notching; 
notch; recess.— indenture ( in-den'- 
tur). I. n. Written agreement between 
two or more parties; con tract (origin- 
ally written in duplicate on one sheet, 
which was then cut apart on a zigzag 
line). II. vt. Bind by indentures. [L. 
— in, and dens, tooth.] 

independent (in-de-pend'ent). I. a. 1. 
Not dependent or relying on others ; 
not subordinate; not subject to an- 
other. 2. Thinking for one's self ; 
self-governing. 3. Affording a com- 
fortable livelihood; moderately 
wealthy. 4. Irrespective; exclusive. 
II. n. One who lives or thinks inde- 
pendently. — independently, adv. 
— independence, independen- 
cy, n. — Independence day, legal holi- 
day, on July 4, celebrating the anni- 
versary of the Congress' declaration 
of the independence of the U. S. 

indescribable ( in-de-skri'barbl ), a. 
That cannot he described. 

indestructible (in-de-struk'ti-bl), a. 
That cannot be destroyed. 

indeterminable (in-de-ter'min-a-bl), 
a. Not to be ascertained or ended. 

indeterminate (in-de-ter'min-at), a 
Not fixed.— indeterminately, adt 
inde termination, n. 

indetermined ( in-de- ter'mind ), 4 
Not determined; unsettled. 

index (in'deks). I. n. [pi. indexes (in' 
deks-ez), or indices (in'di-sez). ] 1 
Anything that indicates or point-, 
out; a hand that directs to anything 



fate, tat, task, far, fan, fare, above; nae, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolfj 
* mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, thou. ■ 



India 



273 



indiscreet 



(f^~), etc. 2. List of subjects treat- 
ed of in a book. 3. In math. Exponent 
of a power. II. vt. Provide with or 
place in an index. — Index finger, fore- 
finger, next the thumb.— Index of Pro- 
hibited Books, catalogue of books 
which must not be read by Roman 
Catholics, published at intervals by 
the Pope. [L. indico, indicate.] 

India (in'di-a), a. Pertaining to East 
India. — India Ink, black pigment 
made originally in China. — India 
paper, very fine soft paper, originally 
made in China and Japan, used for 
'India proofs,' the first and finest 
prints from engravings. 

Indiaman (in'di-a-man), n. Large 
ship employed in trade between Great 
Britain and British India. 

Indian (in'di-an) . 

1. a. Belonging 
to the Indies, 
East or "West, or 
to the aborigines 
of America II. 
n. 1. Native oi 
the Indies. 2. 
Aboriginal of 
America.-r»- 
dian corn, maize, 
so called because 
brought from W. 
Indies. — Indian 
file, single file. 

[From the name 
of the river In- 
dus.] 

Indianist (in'di- 
an-ist), n. One 
who studies or 
knows the history and languages of 
India. 

india-rnbber (in'di-a-rub'er), n. 1. 
Caoutchouc; gum-elastic. The most 
elastic substance known. 2. Over- 
shoe made of india-rubber. 

Indie (in'dik), a. Belonging to India. 
Used of the Indo-European lan- 
guages, such as Sanskrit, etc. 

indicant (in'di-kant), n. That which 
indicates a remedy for a disease. * 

indicate (in'di-kat), vt. Point out.— 
indication, n. 1. Act of indicating. 

2. That which indicates; mark; 
token; symptom. — indicative (in- 
dik'a-tiv), a. 1. Pointing out; giving 
intimation of. 2. In gram. Applied 
to the mood of the verb which affirms 
or denies a f act.— indic'atively,atf"z;. 

indicator (in'di-ka-tur ), n. 1. One 
who or that which indicates. — Stock 
indicator, electric telegraph apparatus 
which prints automatically on an 
unwinding strip of paper the market 




Indian Chief. 




quotations sent out from 
office ; ticker, 
steam - engine 
to show the 
pressure dur- 
ing one com- 
plete stroke of 
the piston. 
[L. — in, and 
dico, tell, pro- 
claim.] 

indict (in-dif), 
vt. Charge 
with a crime 
formally or in 
writing, e s p. 
by a grand 
jury.— indict' 
able, a. — in- 
dictment, n. 
[Li.ire,and dicto, Indicator. 

freq. of dico, say.] 

indifferent (in-dif'er-ent), a. 1. With- 
out importance. 2. Neutral. 3. Uncon- 
cerned. — indifference, .n. insigni- 
ficance; mediocrity; unconcern- 
edness.— indifferently, adv. 1. In 
an indifferent manner. 2. Poorly. 

Syn. Passableness; carelessness; im- 
partiality; apathy; negligence. 

indigenous (in-dij'en-us), a. Native 
born or originating in; produced na- 
turally in a country. [L.— in, Aid gen, 
root of gigno, produce.] 

indigent (in'di-jent), a. destitute of 
means of subsistence; poor. — in'di- 
g-ence, n. Want of means; poverty. 
[Li.— in, and egeo, need.] 

indigested ("in-di-jes'ted ), a. Not 
digested; not assimilated; not meth- 
odized, [easily digested. 

indigestible (in-di-jes'ti-bl), a. Not 

indigestion (in-di-jeso'yun), n. Want 
of digestion; dyspepsia. 

indignant (in-dig'nant), a. Affected 
with auger and disdain. — indig- 
nantly, adv. [L.— in, not, and dignus, 
worthy.] [ger mixed with contempt. 

indignation (in-dig-na'shun), n. An- 

indignity (in-dig'ni-ti), n. Unmerited 
contemptuous treatment. 

indigo (in'di-go), n. 1. Blue dye first 
obtained from the stalks of the indigo 
plant. 2. Deep blue color, formerly 
considered as a separate color in the 
solar spectrum. [Sp. indica — L. indi- 
cus, Indian.] 

indirect (in-di-rekt'>, a. 1. Not direct 
or straight. 2. Remotely connected. 
3. Not straightforward or honest.— in- 
directly, adv.— indirectness, n. 

indiscreet ( in-dis-kret' ), a. Impru- 
dent; injudicious, —indiscreetly, 
adv.— indiscreet'ness, n. 



fate, fat, ta8k, far, fall, fare, above; uie, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, /nove, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



indiscretion 



274 



indulge 



indiscretion (in-dis-kresh'un), n. 1. 
Want of discretion; rashness. 2. In- 
discreet act; false step. 

indiscriminate ( in-dis-krim'i-nat ), 
a. Not distinguishing; promiscuous. 
— indiscriminately, adv. 

indispensable ( in-dis-pen'sa-bl ), a. 
Absolutely necessary-iudispen'sa- 
bly, adv. — indispen'sableness« n. 

indispose (in-dis-poz'), vt. I. Kender 
indisposed or unfit. 2. Make averse 
to.— indisposed', a. 1. Averse; dis- 
inclined. 2. Slightly disordered in 
health, indisposition ( in-dis-po- 
zish'un),w. 1. Disinclination. 2. 
Slight illness. 

indisputable (in-dis'pu-ta-bl), a. Too 
evident to be called in question , cer- 
tain.— indisputably, adv. 

indissoluble (in-dis'o-lo-bl), a. That 
cannot be broken or violated; inse- 
parable; binding for ever. — indis'- 
solubly, adv.- indis'solubleness, 
indissolubility, n. 

indistinct ( in-dis-tingkt' ), a. Not 
plainly marked; confused ; not clear 
to the mind, —indistinctly, adv. — 
indistinct' ness, n. 

indistinguishable (in-d is-t ing'- 
wish-a-bl), a. That cannot be distin- 
guished.— indistin'guisbably,a^. 

indite (in-dif), vt. 1. Dictate what is 
to be uttered or written. 2. Compose 
or write. —indi'ter, indite'ment, 
n. [O. Fr. enditer— root of indict.] 

individual ( in-di-vid'u-al). I. a. 1. 
Not divided; subsisting as one. 2. 
Pertaining to one only. II. n. Single 
person, animal, plant, or thing. — 
individ'ualism, n. Regard to indi- 
vidual interests and not those of 
society at large. — individuality, 
n. 1. Separate and distinct existence; 
oneness. 2. Distinctive character.— 
indi vid'ualize, vt. Distinguish 
from others; particularize. — indi- 
vidualization, n. — individ'ual- 
ly, adv. [L. in, not, and divido, divide]. 

indivisible (in-di-viz'i-bl). I. a. Not 
divisible. II. n. Indefinitely small 
quantity.— indi visibly , adv.— 
mdivislbleness, n. 

indoctrinate (in-dok'trin-at), vt. In- 
struct in a doctrine; imbue with an 
opinion.— indoctrination, n. 

indolent (in'do-lent ), a. Indisposed 
to activity or work; lazy. — in'do- 
lently, adv.— in'dolence, n. [L,.— 
in. not, and doleo, suffer pain.] 
Syn. Idle; slothful. See inert. 

indomitable (in-dom'it-a-bl), a. Not 
to be subdued.— indomitably, adv. 
[Li.— in, not, and domo, tame.] 



indoor (in'dor), a. Carried on, or 
being, in the house. — in'doors, adv. 
In the house. 

indorse (in-dars'), vt. 1. Write upon 
the back of; assign by writing on the 
back of. 2. Give one's sanction to.— 
indorsee (in-dar-se'), n. Person to 
whom a bill, etc'.', is assigned by in- 
dorsement. — indorse'ment, n. 1. 
Act of writing on the back of a bill, 
etc., in or d e r to transfer it. 2. That 
which is written on a bill, etc. 3. 
Sanction. — indors'er, n. [Pr. en- 
dosser— L. in, on, and dorsum, back.] 

indubitable (in-du'bit-a-bl), a. That 

cannot be doubted.— indubitably, 

adv. [L. — in, not, and dubito, doubt.] 

Syn. Unquestionable; certain; sure; 

evident. See incontestable. 

induce (in-dus'), vt. I. Prevail on. 2. 
In physics. Cause, as an electric state, 
by mere proximity of surfaces. — In- 
duced current, one excited by the pre- 
sence of a primary current. — Induced 
magnetism, magnetism produc ed 
in soft iron when a magnet is held 
near, or a wire, through which a cur- 
rent is passing, is coiled round it.— 
inducement, n. 1. That which in- 
duces or causes. 2. Introduction. — 
inducer, n.— indu'cible,a. That 
may be induced or inferred. [L.—in, 
into, and duco, lead.] 

induct (in-dukf), vt. 1. Bring in; in- 
troduce. 2. Put in possession, as of 
an office, —induction, n. 1. Intro- 
duction to 
a n office. 

2. Act or 
process of 
reasoning 
from par- 
ticulars to 
generals. 

3. Produc- 
tion by one 
body of an 
opposite 
e lee trie 

state in another by proximity. — 
induc'tional, a. —inductive, a. 
1. Leading to inference. 2. Proceed- 
ing by induction in reasoning. — 
inductively, adv.— induct'or, n. 
[See induce.] 

indue (in-du'), vt.'l. Invest or clothe; 
supply. 2. Inure. — indue'ment, n, 
[L.induo, put on.] 

indulge (indulj'). I. vt. 1. Yield to 
the wishes of; humor. 2. Allow, as a 
favor; grant. 3. Not restrain, as a 
passion or vice, etc. II. vi. (with in) 
Gratify one's own appe ti te. — in- 
dulgence, n. 1. Permission. 2. 




Induction coil. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. , 



indurate 



275 



inexpressive 



Gratification. 3. Remission of punish- 
ment. — indulgent, a. Favoring; 
compliant: lenient; not severe.— in- 
dulgently, adv. — indul'ger, n.— 
[Li. indukjeo.) 

indurate (in'du rat), vt. and vi. Make 
or grow hard.— indura'tion, n. [L. 
— in, and durus, hard.] 

industrial (iu-dus'tri al), a. Relating 
to industry or the manufacture of 
commodities. — industrially, adv. 

industrious (in-dus'tri-us ), a. Dili- 
gent; sedulous. — industriously, 
adv. [Fr.— L. in, and struo, build up.] 

industry(in'dus-tri), n.l. Steady appli- 
cation to labor. 2. Productive labor; 
manufacture. 3. Trade. [L.] [ance. 
Syn. Diligence; assiduity; persever- 

ind welling- (in'dwel-ing). I. a. Dwell- 
ing within ; permanent. II. n. Resi- 
dence within, or in the heart or soul. 

inebriant (iu-e'bri-ant). I. a. Intox- 
icating. II. n. That which intoxicates. 

inebriate (in-e'bri-at). I. vt. Make 
drunk; intoxicate. II. n. Drunkard. 
— inebria'tion, inebriety, (in-e- 
bri'e-ti), n. Drunkenness ;intoxication. 
[Ij.— in, and ebrio, make drunk.] 

ineffable (in-ef'a-bl), a. Unspeakable. 
— inef 'fableness, n. [h.— in, not, e, 
out, and fari, sneak] 

ineffaceable ( fn-ef-fa'sa-bl ), a. That 
cannot be effaced; indelible. — inel- 
face'ably, adv. 

ineffective ( in-ef-fek'tiv ), a. Ineffi- 
cient; useless. — ineffectively, adv. 

ineffectual (in-ef-fek'tu-al). a. Fruit- 
less; futile.— ineffectually, adv. 

inefficacious (in-ef-fi-ka'shus), a. In- 
adequate. — ineffica'ciously, adv. 

inefficient (in-ef-fish'ent), a. Effect- 
ing little or nothing.— inefficiently, 
adv.— inefficiency, n. 

inelegant (in-el'e-gant), a. Wanting 
in refinement or taste. — inel'egant- 
ly, adv.— inelegance, inel'egan- 
cy, n. 

ineligible(in-el'i-ji-bl), a. Not capable 
or worthy of being chosen.— ineligi- 
bility, n. 

inequal (in-e'kwal), a. Unequal; un- 
just.— Inequal hour, twelfth part of 
the time from sunrise to sunset, and 
from sunset to sunrise. 

inept ( inept' ), a. 1. Not apt or fit; 
unsuitable. 2. Foolish. — ineptly, 
adv. — inept'itude, n. [Fr.— L. 
ineptus— in, not, andopfrus, apt.] 

inequality (in-e-kwol'i-ti), n. 1. Want 
of equality; unevenness; dissimilar- 
ity. 2. Difference. 3. Inadequacy; in- 
competency, [fair, unjust. 

inequitable (in-ek'wi-ta-bl), a. Un- 



ineradicable(in-e-rad'i-ka-bl), a. Not 
to be rooted out. — inerad'icably. 
adv. [See eradicate.] 

inert(in-ert'), a. 1. Having no power of 
action or resistance. 2. Sluggish. — 
inertly, adv.— inert'ness, n. [L. 
=unskilled ; idle— in, not. and ars, art.] 
Syn. Lifeless; inanimate; passive; 
dead; senseless; insensible; inactive; 
dull; lazy; listless. See indolent. 

inertia (in-er'shi-a), n. 1. Inertness. 
2. Inherent property of matter by 
which it tends to remain at rest when 
resting, and in motion when moving. 

inessential ( in-es-sen'shal ), a. Not 
essential or necessary. 

inestimable (in-es'tim-a-bl ), a. In- 
calculable; priceless. — ines'tima- 
bly, adv. 

inevitable (in-ev'it-a-bl), a. 1. Not 
able to be avoided or escaped ; certain. 
2. Irresistible.— inevitably, adv. — 
inevltableness, n. [Li.—in, not, and 
evito, avoid.] 

inexact (in-egz-akf), a. Not precisely 
correct or true. — inexact'ness, n. 

inexcusable (in-e ks-ku'za-bl), a. 
Not justifiable; unpardonable, —in- 
excusably, adv. — inexcusable- 
ness, n. 

inexhaustible ( i n-e g z-a s't i-b 1 ), a. 
Not able to be exhausted or spent; 
unfailing. — inexhaustibly, adv. — 
inexhaustibility, n. 

inexorable (in-eks'6-ra-bl), a. Not to 
be moved by entreaty ;" unrelenting.— 
inex'orably, adv. [L. — ex, and oro, 
entreat— os, mouth. 

inexpedient (in-eks-pe'di-ent),a. Not 
tending to promote the desired end. 
2. Not suited to time or circum- 
stances. — inexpe'dience, inex- 
pediency, ns. [vantageous. 
Syn. Inconvenient; unwise; disad- 

inexpensive (in-eks-pen'siv), a. In= 
volving slight expense ; cheap. 

inexperience ( in-eks-pe'ri-ens ), a. 
Want of experience. — inexperien- 
ced (in-eks-pe'ri-enst), a. Not having 
experience ; unskilled ; unpracticed. 

inexpiable ( in-eks'pi-a-bl ), a. Not 
able to be expiated or atoned for. — 
inex'piably, adv. — inex'piable- 
ness, n. 

inexplicable (in-eks'pli-ka-bl ), a. 
That cannot be explained ; unintelli- 
gible.— inex'plicably, adv. [clear. 

inexplicit ( in-eks-plis'it ), a. Not 

inexpressible ( in-eks-pres'i-bl ), a. 
Unutterable; indescribable, —inex- 
pressibly, adv. 

inexpressive ( in-eks-pres'iv ), a. 
Without expression or meaning; dull 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, th&u. 



inextinguishable 



27S 



inflation 



inextinguishable ( in - e k s - 1 i n g'- 
wish-a-bl ), a. That cannot be extin- 
guished or quenched. 

inextricable (in-eks'tri-ka-bl), a. Not 
able to be extricated or disentangled. 
— inex'tricably, adv. 

infallible (in-fai"i-bl), a. 1. Incapable 
of error. 2. Trustworthy; certain. — 
infallibly, adv.— infallibility, n. 

infamous (in'fa-mus), a. 1. Of illfame; 
notoriously wicked. 2. Bringing infa- 
my. 3. Disgraced by legal conviction 
of crime.— in'famonsly, adv. 
Syn. Vile; scandalous; disgraceful. 

infamy (in'fa-mi), n. 1. Ill repute ; 
public disgrace. 2. Extreme vileness. 

infancy ( in'fan-si), n. I.Early child- 
hood. 2. Beginning of any thing. 

infant (in'fant). I. n. 1. Babe. 2. 
Minor. II. a. 1. Belonging to infants 
or to infancy; tender. 2. Intended 
for infants. [L. infans—in, not, and 
fari, speak.] 

infanta (in-fan'ta), n. Title of the 
daughters of the kings of Spain and 
Portugal,exceptthe heiress-apparent. 

infante (in-fan'ta), n. T i 1 1 e of the 
sons of the kings of Spain and Portu- 
ugal, except the heir-apparent. 

infanticide ( in-f ant'i-sid ), n. 1. In- 
fant or child murder. 2. Murderer of 
an infant. — infant'icidal, a. [Fr. — 
L.. infans, and ccedo, kill.] 

infantile ( in'fant-il or -il ), infant- 
ine (in'fant-in or -in), a. Pertaining 
to infancy or to an infant. 

infantry (in'fant-ri), n. Foot-soldiers. 
[It. infanterid — infante, /ante, boy, 
servant, foot-soldier.] 

infatuate (in-f at'u-at), vt. Inspire 
with foolish passion.— infatuation, 
n. [L,.—fatuus, foolish.] 

infect (in-fekf), vt. Taint, esp. with 
disease.— infection (in-fek'shun), n. 
1. Act of infection. 2. That which 
infects.— infectious, a. Having the 
quality of infecting; apt to spread.— 
infec'tiously, adv.— infectious- 
ness, n. [L. inflcio—in, and facto, 
make.] [pollute; vitiate; poison. 

Syn. Contaminate; corrupt; defile; 

infelicity ( in-fe-lis'i-ti ), n. Misery; 
misfortune; unfavorableness.— infe- 
licitous, a. Not happy. 

infer(in-fer'), vt. [infer 'ring; inferred'.] 
Deduce; derive, as a consequence.— 
inferable, infer'rible, as. That 
may be inferred.— inference (in'fer- 
ens), n. Conclusion; deduction.— 
inferential (in-fer-en'shal), a. De- 
ducible or deduced.— inferen'tially, 
adv. [L. infero—in, and fero, bring.] 
Syn. Bring in; advance; conclude; 
imply; prove; evidence; involve. 



inferior (in-fe'ri-ur). I. a. Lower; 
less valuable; subordinate; second- 
ary. II. n. One lower in rank or sta- 
tion.— inferiority ( in-fe-ri-or'i-ti ), 
n. [Li. comp. of inferus, low.] 

infernal (in-fer'nal), a. 1. Belonging 
to the lower regions or hell. 2. Resem- 
bling or suitable to hell; devilish.— 
Infernal machine, apparatus usually 
in harmless disguise, contrived to 
explode and injure. — infernally* 
adv. [See inferior.] 

inferno (in-fer'no), n. Hell. [It.1 

infest (in-fesf), vt. Disturb by fre- 
quency of presence or by numbers. 
[L. infestus, hostile, — root of fend.] 

infidel (in'fi-del). I. a. Unbelieving. II. 
n. One who withholds belief from the 
prevailing religion.— infidel'ity, n. 

I. Want of faith; disbelief, esp. in 
Christianity. 2. Unfaithfulness, esp. 
to the marriage contract. [L. infide- 
lis— in, and fides, faith.] 

Syn. Skeptical; agnostic; atheist; 
free-thinker; heathen; pagan. 

infiltrate (in-fil'trat), vf. Enter a sub- 
stance by filtration, or through its 
pores.— infiltration, n. 

infinite (in'fin-it). I. a. Without end. 

II. n. 1. That which is infinite. 2. 
(cap) Infinite Being or God.— in'fin- 
itely 9 adv.— infinitude(in-fin'i-tud), 
infinity (in-fin'i-ti), n. 1. Boundless- 
ness. 2. Countless, indefinite number. 

infinitesimal (in-fin-i-tes'im-al). I. a. 
Infinitely small. II. n. Infinitely small 
quantity.— infinites'imally, adv. 

infinitive(in-fin'it-iv), a. 1. Unlimited; 
unrestricted. 2. Of that mood of the 
verb which expresses the idea without 
reference to person or number. 

infirm (in-ferm'), a. Not strong; 
feeble; sickly. — infirm'ity, n. Dis- 
ease; failing; defect; imbecility. 

infirmary (in-fer'ma-ri), n. Hospital. 

infix (in-fiksO, vt. Fix or drive in. 

inflame (in-fiam'). I. vt. J. Cause to 
burn. 2. Make unnaturally hot. 3. 
Excite. II. vi. Become hot or angry. 

inflammable (in-flam'a-bl), a. Easily 
kindled.— inflammability, - n. 

inflammation(in-flam-ma'shun), n. 1. 
State of being in flame. 2. Unnatural 
heat of the body, with pain and swell- 
ing. 3. Violent excitement. 

inflammatory ( in-flam'a-t5-ri ), a. 
Inflaming; exciting. 

inflate (in-flaf), vt. Swell with air; 
puff up. — inflating ly, adv. [L.— 
in, into, and j#o,_blow.] 

inflation ( in-fla'shun), n. 1. State 
of being puffed up. 2. Increased issue 
of paper currency, not warranted by 
the security. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. . 



inflatus 



277 



Ingenuity 



inflatus(in-fla'tus), n. Breathing into; 
inspiration. [L.] 

inflect (in-flekf), vt. 1. Bend in; turn 
from a direct line or course. 2. Modu- 
late, as the voice. 3. In gram. V ary, 
as a noun by declension, (mouse—mice), 
or a verb by conjugation, (give— gives 
-gave). — inflection (in-fiek'shun), 
n.— inflectional, a. [L. — in, and 
flecto, bend.] 

inflexible <in-fleks'i-bl), a. Rigid; 
unyielding; unbending. — inflexi- 
bility, inflex'ibleness, n. 

inflexion. Same as inflection. 

inflict (in-fiikf), vt. Lay on; impose, 
as punishment.— infliction (in-flik'- 
shun),w.Act of inflicting or imposing; 
punishment applied. — inflictive, a. 
Tending or able to inflict. [L. — in, 
against, &nd Jligo, strike.] 




Compound umbel. Panicle. Cyme. 

Various Kinds of Inflorescence. 

inflorescence(in-flor-es'ens), n. Mode 
of flowering of a plant. [L. infloresco, 
begin to blossom.] 

inflowering (in-flow'er-ing) , n. Pro- 
cess of extracting the perfume of 
flowers by maceration and without 
the application of heat. 

influence ( in'flo-ens ). I. n. Power 
exerted on men or things ; power in 
operation. II. vt. Affect; move; direct. 
[L. in, into, and fluo, flow.] 

Syn. Control; authority; ascenden- 
cy; ascendant; sway; favor. 

influential (in-flo-en'sbal), a. Having 
influence.— influen'tially, adv. 

influenza (in-flo-en'za), n. Severe epi- 
demic catarrh, accompanied with 
weakening fever. [It.] 

Influx (in'fluks), n. Flowing in; infu- 
sion; abundant accession. 



infold (in-fold'), vt. Inwrap; involve; 
embrace. 

inform (in-farm'), vt. 1. Give form to; 
animate or give life to. 2. Impart 
knowledge to; tell.— informant, n. 
One who tells.— informa'tion, n. 1. 
Intelligence given; knowledge. 2. 
Accusation.— informer (in-farm'er), 
n. One who informs against another 
for the breaking of a law. 
Syn. Fashion; enlighten; instruct. 

informal ( in-farm'al ), a. Not in 
proper form ; wit bout ceremony.— in- 
formally, adv.— informality, n. 

infra-, prefix. Below; lower. [L.J 

infraction (in-frak'shun), n. Violation, 
esp. of law. [L. in, and/rango, break.] 

infrangible (in-fran'ji-bl), a. That 
cannot be broken; not to be violated. 
[See INFRACTION.] 

infrequent (in-fre'kwent), a. Seldom 
occurring ;rare; uncommon.— infre'- 
quently, adv. — infre'quency, n. 

infringe ( in-frinj' ), vt. 1. Violate, 
esp. law. 2. Encroach; trespass. — 
infringement, n. [ L.— in, and 
frango, break.]^ ' [madden. [L.] 

i n fur i at e (in-f u'ri-at) , vt. Enrage; 

infuse (in-fuz'), vt. 1. Pour into. 2. 
Iuspire with. 3. Steer in liquor with- 
out boiling.— infusible, a.That can- 
not be dissolved or melted. — infu- 
sion (in-fu'zhun) , n. 1. Pouring of 
water over a substance, in order to 
extract its active principles. 2. Solu- 
tion in water of an organic, esp. a 
vegetable, substance. 3. Liquor so 
obtained. 4. Inspiration; instilling. 

Infusoria(in- 
fu-so'ri-a) , n. 
pi. Microsco- 
pic animalcu- 
la found in in- 
fusions of de- 
caying organ- 
ic material. 

ingeminate 
(iu-jem'i-nat), 
vt. Repeat. [L.] 

ingeni_o(Sp. iu- 
ba'nio; Eng. 
in-je'ni-6), n. 
Engine ;mill; 
sugar planta- 
tion. [Cuba.] 

ingenious (in-je'ni-us), a. 1. Of good 
natural abilities. 2. Skillful in invent- 
ing; witty. — inge'niously, adv. — 
inge'niousness, n. [L.— ingenium, 
mother- wit.] Tgirl. [Fr.] 

ingenue (ang-zha-no'), n. Artless 

ingenuity (in-je-nu'i-ti), n. Power of 
ready invention; facility in combin- 
ing ideas; curiousness in design. 




Infusoria in a drop of 
water jhighly magnified. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



Ingenuous 



278 



Inject 



ingenuous (in-jen'u-us), a. 1. Frank. 

2. Free-born. 3. Generous.— ingen- 
iously, adv.— ingenuousness, n. 
[L. ingenuus, native, free-born.] 

Syn. Artless; open; sincere; unre- 
served; honorable. See candid. 

ingle ( ing'l ), n. Fire. — Ingle-nook, 
corner by the fireplace. [Scotch.] 

inglorious (in-glS'ri-us), a. Without 
honor; shameful. — inglo'riously, 
adv. 

ingot (in'got), n. Mass of unwrought 
metal, esp. gold or silver, cast in a 
mould. [A. S.— in, and goten, pa.p. of 
geotan, pour.] 

ingraft (in-graff), vt. 1. Graft. 2. In- 
troduce something foreign. 3. Fix 
deeply. 

ingrain (in -gran'), vt. Dye with grain 
(cochineal). 2. Dye in a lasting color. 

3. Dye in the raw state. 4. Imbue 
thoroughly. [See grain, 5.] 

ingrain (in'gran). I. a. 1. Dyed with 
kermes. 2. Dyed in the raw material. 
II. n. Yarn or fabric dyed with fast 
colors before manufacture. 

ingrate (in'grat). I. a. Unthankful. 
II. n. One who is ungrateful. [Fr.— 
L. ingratus.] 

ingratiate (in-gra'shi-at), vt. 1. Com- 
mend or work (one's self into favor 
with one). [See grace.] 

ingratitude ( in-grat'i-tud ), n. Un- 
tnankfulness. 

ingredient ( in-gre'di-ent), n. Com- 
ponent part; constituent ;*element. 
[Fr.— L. ingredior, enter.] 

ingress (in'gres), n. 1. Entrance. 2. 
Power, right, or means of entrance. 
[L. ingressus.] [into the flesb. 

ingrowing (in'gro-ing), a. Growing 

ingulf (in-gulf'),fl£. Swallow up whol- 
ly; cast into a gulf; overwhelm.— 
ingulf 'ment, n. 

inhabit ( in-hab'it), vt. Dwell in; 
occupy.— inhabitable, a. That may 
be inhabited.— inhabitant, iti.— in- 
habita'tion, n. Dwelling. [L.] 

inhalation (in-ha-la'shun), n. Draw- 
ing into the lungs. 

inhale (in-hal'), vt. Draw in the 
breath; draw into the lungs. — in- 
ha'ler, n. [L.— in, andhalo, breathe.] 

inharmonious (in-har-mo'ni-us), a. 

► Discordant; unmusical.— inharmo'- 

i niously, adv. — inharmo'nious- 



inhere ( in-her' ), vi. Stick fast; re- 
main firm ; belong intrinsically ; 
form an element. — inher'enee, in- 
her'ency, n.— inher'ent, a. 1. 
Sticking fast. 2. Existing in and in- 
separable from something else. 3. 
Innate; natural.— inber'ently, adv. 



inherit (in-her'it), vt. Receive as heir 
or by descent from an ancestor; pos- 
sess.— inheritable, a. That may be 
inherited, — inheritance (in-her'it- 
ans), n. 1. That which is or may be 
inherited. 2. Estate derived from an 
ancestor. 3. Hereditary descent. 4. 
Natural gift. 5. Possession. —in- 
heritor (in-her'it-ur ), n. Heir. — 
fern. Inheritress, inheritrix. [ Fr. 
heriter—Lt. heredito. See heir.] 

inhesion (in-he'zhun), n. Inherence. 

inhibit (in-hib'it), vt. Forbid; check. 
—inhibition (in-hi-bish'un), n. Pro- 
hibition, —inhibitory, «. Prohibi- 
ory. [L..— in, and habeo, hold.] 

inhospitable (in-hos'pit-a-bl), a. Af- 
fording no kindness to guests. — in- 
hos'pitably, adv. — inhos'pita- 
bleness,%.— inhospital'ity, n. 

inhuman (in-hu'man), a. Cruel; un- 
feeling. — inhumanly, adv. —in- 
humanity (in-hu-man'i-ti), n. 
Syn. Pitiless. See cruel. 

inhume (in-hum'), vt. Inter.— inhu- 
ma'tion,?j..Depositing in the ground ; 
burial. [L.. in, and humus, ground.] 

inimical ( in-im'f-kal ), a. 1. Not 
friendly. 2. Contrary ; 'repugnant.— 
inimlcally, adv. [L. in, not, and 
amicus, friendly— amo, love.] 

inimitable ( in-im'it-a-bl ), a. That 
cannot be imitated; matchless. — « 
inimitably, adv. 

iniquity (in-ik'wi-ti), n. 1. Injustice; 

wickedness. 2. Crime.— iniq'uitous, 

a. Unjust; wicked.— iniq'uitously, 

adv. [ L. iniquitas — iniquus, equal.] 

Syn. Nefarious. See wicked. 

initial (in-ish'al). I. a. Commencing; 
placed at the beginning. II. n. Letter 
beginning a word, esp. a name. III. 
vt. Mark with initials. [L. initium, 
beginning, — in, and eo, itum, go.] 

initiate (in-ish'i-at). I. vt. 1. Make a 
beginning. 2. Instruct in principles; 
acquaint with. 3. Introduce into a 
new state or society. II. n. One who 
is initiated. III. a. Fresh ;unpracticed. 
— initia'tion, n. — initiative (in- 
ish'i-a-tiv). I. a. Serving to initia- 
te; introductory. II. n. 1. Introduc- 
tory step. 2. Power or ability to ori- 
ginate or to take the lead. — • ini'tia- 
tory. I. a. Introductory. II. n. In- 
troductory rite. [See initial.] 

inject (in-jekf), vt. 1. Throw into ; 
cast on. 2. Cbarge with a fluid. — 
injection (In-jek'shun), n. A c t of 
injecting; liquid to be injected.— in- 
ject'or, n. One who or that which 
in jects ;esp. a device for forcing water 
into a steam-boiler. [L. — in, and 
jacio, throw.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; cote, not, move, wolfc 
mate, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



injudicial 



2?<j 



inordinate 



injudicial (in-jo-dish'al), a. Not-ac- 
cording to law-forms.' 

injudicious (in-jo-dish'us), a. Void 
of, or wanting in, judgment; incon- 
siderate.— injudiciously, adv.— in- 
judi'cionsriess, n. 

injunction (in-jungk'shun), n. 1. Act 
of enjoining. 2. Exhortation. 3. Writ 
of prohibition granted by a court of 
equity. [L.— injungo, command.] 

injure (in'jor), vt. Do injury to; 
wrong; damage. [Fr. injurier—Li. in, 
not, audits, juris, law.] 

injurious (in-jo'ri-us), a. Tending to 
injure ;harmful.— injuriously, adv. 
Syn. Pernicious; hurtful. 

injury (in'jo-ri), n. 1. That which 
injures. 2. Damage; wrong; mischief. 
Syn. Harm; hurt; evil. 

injustice (in-jus'tis), n. Violation or 
withholding of another's rights. 

ink (ingk). I. n. Colored fluid used in 
'writing, printing, etc. II. vt. Daub 
with ink. [O. Fr. enque—L,. encaustum, 
burnt in.] 

inkling (ingk'ling), n. Hint; whisper; 
intimation. [M. E. inklen, hint at, of 
uncertain origin.] 

inky (ingk'i), a. Consisting of or re- 
sembling ink; blackened with ink. 

inlaid (in-lad'), pa. p. of inlay. 

inland (in'land). I. n. Interior part of 
a country. II. a. 1. Remote from the 
sea. 2. Carried on or produced within 
a country; confined to a country. III. 
adv. Towards the interior of a country. 

inlaw (in-la'), vt. Clear of outlawry; 
restore tothe protection of the law. 

inlay (in-la'). I. vt. [inlay'ing; inlaid'.] 
Ornament by inserting pieces of me- 
tal, ivory, etc. II. n. Pieces of metal, 
ivory, etc., for inlaying. 

inlet (in'let), n. 1. Passage; place of 
ingress. 2. Small bay. 

inly (in'li). I. a. Internal. II. adv. 
Inwardly; inthe heart. 

inmate (in'mat), n. 1. One who lodges 
in the same house with another. 2. 

inmost. See innermost. [Lodger. 

inn (in), n. 1. House for the lodging 
and entertainment of travelers ; hotel. 
2. House; town residence. — Inns of 
Court, incorporated societies of Lon- 
don, which educate law students and 
call them to the bar.TA.S. in, inn, inn, 
house — prep, in, in.J 

innate (in'at or in-nat'), a. Inborn; 
natural; inherent.— in'nateness, n. 
— innately, adv. [L.— in,, and ns-a 
cor, am born.] [2. Internal. [A.S.] 

inner(in'er), a. 1. Further in; interior. 

innermost (in'er-most), inmost (in'- 
most), a. Furthest in; most remote 
from the outer part. 




inning- ( in'ing ), n. Turn for using 
the bat in base-ball and cricket or for 
one side's action in any game. (In 
England 'innings') [keeps an inn. 

innkeeper ( in'ke-per ).. n. One who 

innocence (in'o-sens), innocency 
(in'o-sen-si), n. Harmlessness; blame- 
lessness; purity; sinlessness. 

innocent (in'o-sent). I. a. 1. Harm- 
less; inoffensive. 2. Blameless; pure; 
lawful. II. n. One free from harm or 
fault. — innocently, adv. [L.— in, 
not, and noceo, hurt J 

innocuous ( in-nok'u-us ), a. Harm- 
less in effects.— innocuously, adv. 
[L. innocuus.] 

innominatum 
( in-om-i-na'tum ), 
n. Hipbone, form- 
ed of three parts, 
ilium, ischium, 
and pubis. L.= 
unnamed.] _ Inner and outer view 

innovate (in'o-vat), of left human in- 
vi. Introduce novel- nominatum. 
ties ;. make changes. 
-innovator, n.— inuova tion, n. 
[Lt.—novus, new.] 

innuendo (in-u-en'do), n. Side-hint; 
insinuation. [L.— in, and nuo, nod. J 
Syn. Intimation; suggestion. 

innumerable ( in-nu'mer-a-bl ), a. 
That cannot be numbered; countless. 
— innumerably, adv. 

innutrition (in-nu-trish'un), n. Want 
of nutrition; failure of nourishment. 
— innutri'tious, a. 

inobtrusive (in-ob-tro'siv), a. Not, 
obtrusive. — inobtru'sively, adv.— 
inobtru'siveness, ,_n. 

inoculate ( in-ok'u-lat ). I. vt. 1. In- 
graft. 2. Communicate disease by 
inserting matter in the skin. II. vi. 
1. Propagate by budding. 2. Practice 
inoculation.— inoculation (in-ok-u- 
la'shun), n. [L.— in, and oculus, eye.] 

inodorous (in-6'dur-us), a. Without 
smell. 

inoffensive (in-of-f en'siv) , a. Giving 
no offense; harmless.— inoffensive* 
ly, adv. — inonen'siveness, n. 

inofficial ( in-of-fisk'al ), a. Not pro- 
ceeding from the proper officer ; with- 
out the usual form of authority. — 
inoffi'cially, adv. 

inoperative (in-op'er-a-tiv), a. Not 
in action; producing no effect. 

inopportune (in-op-por-tun'), a. Un- 
timely, unseasonable, inconvenient.— 
inopportunely, adv. 

inordinate (in-ar'din-at), a. Beyond 
usual bounds; irregular; immoderate. 
— inordinately, adv. — inor'din- 
ateness, n. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. , 



inorganic 



280 



insignia 



inorgfejtic (in-ar-gan'ik ), a. Without 
lif9 or jrganized structure, as miner- 
als, etc. 

inosculate (in-os'ku-lat), vt. and vi. 
Unite by mouths or ducts , as two 
vessels in an animal body; interjoin. 
— inoscula'tion, n. [L. in, and os- 
culor, kiss.] 

inquest (in'kwest), n. 1. Judicial in- 
quiry. 2. Jury for inquiring into 
any matter, esp. a case of violent or 
sudden death. [O. Fr. enqueste. See 

INQUIRE.] 

inquietude ( in-kwi'et-ud ), n. Un- 
easiness of body or mind. 

inquire (in-kwir'). I. vi. 1. Ask a ques- 
tion. 2. Make an investigation. II. 
vt. Ask about.— inquirer, n. — in- 
quiry- (in-kwi'ri), n. 1. Act of in- 
quiring. 2. Search for knowledge ; 
investigation; question. [L. — in, and 
quaero,seek.] 

inquisition ( in-kwi-zish'un ), n. 1. 
Searching ; investigation ; question. 

2. Judicial inquiry. 3. Ecclesiastical 
tribunal for punishing heretics.— in- 
quisitional (in-kwi-zish'un-al), a. 
[L. inquisitio. See inquire.] 

inquisitive (in-kwiz'i-tiv), a. Apt to 
ask questions; curious.— inquis- 
itively, adv.— inqnis'itiveness, n. 

inquisitor (in-kwiz'i-tur), n. One who 
inquires ; official inquirer.— inquisi- 
to'rial, a. [L.] [encroachment. 

inroad (in'rdd), n. Invasion; attack; 

inrusb (in'rush), n. Sudden invasion 
or incursion. [wholesome. 

insalubrious (in-sa-16'bri-us), a. Un- 

insane (in-sau'j, a. 1. Not of sound 
mind. 2. Pertaining to insane persons. 

3. Foolish.— insanely, adv. 
insanity (in-san'i-ti),rc. State of being 

insane; madness. 

Syn. Alienation; aberration; demen- 
tia; derangement; frenzy; lunacy ; 
monomania; dejirium. 

insatiable (in-sa'shi-a-bl), insatiate 
(in-sa'shi-at), as. That cannot be sati- 
ated. — ins a' ti ably, adv. — insa'tia- 
bleness, insatiability, ns. 

inscribe (in-skrib'), vt. 1. Write; en- 
grave. 2. Addres's. 3. In geom. Draw 
one figure within another. [L. in, and 
scribo, write.] 

inscription ( in-skrip'shun ), n. 1. 
Writing upon. 2. That which is in- 
scribed; title; dedication of a book to 
a person. 

inscrutable fin-skro'ta-bl), a. That 
cannot be searched into and under- 
stood ; inexplicable.— inscru'tably, 
adv. [L. in, not, and scrutor, search 
into.] 




Parts of an Insect. 

I. Antennae. 2. Eyes. 3. 
Head. 4. Anterior legs. 5. 
Prothorax. 6. Mesotho- 
rax. 7- Anterior wings. 
8. Metathorax. 9. Middle 
legs. 10- Posterior wings. 

II. Posterior legs. 12. 
Abdomen. 13. Tibiae. 
14. Tarsi. 



insect (in'sekt). n. Small animal, as 

, a wasp or fly, with a body as if cut 

- into,or divided 
into sec- 
tions. [L. in, 
into, and seco, 
cut.] 

insec ti vo - 
rous (in-sek- 
tiv'ur-us), a. 
Eating in- 
sects. [L. — 
insectum, and 
voro, devour.] 

insecure ( in- 
se-kur'), a. 1. 
Apprehensive 
of danger or 
loss; not safe. 
-insecure'- 
ly, adv. — in- 
security, n. 

insensate (in- 
sen'sat ), a. 
Void of sense; 
wanting sen- 
sibility; stu- 
pid. [L. insen- 
satus.] 

insensible (in- 
sen'si-bl), a. 1. 
Not having 
feeling; callous; dull. 2. Impercepti- 
ble by the senses.— insen'sibly, adv. 
— insensibil'ity, n. 

insentient (in-sen'shi-ent), a. Not 
having perception. 

inseparable ( in-sep'a -ra-bl ) , a. Not 
to be separated. — inseparably, adv. 

insert (in-serf), vt. Introduce; put in 
or among. [L. — in, and sero, join.] 

insert (in'sert), n. Any thing inserted ; 
interpolation ; small paper sent be- 
tween the leaves of a periodical, etc. 

insertion (in-ser'shun), n. 1. Act of 
inserting. 2. Condition of being in- 
serted. 3. That which is inserted. 

inshore (in-shor'), adv. On or near 
the shore. 

inside (in'sid). I. n. Side or part with- 
in. II. a. Being within; interior. III. 
adv. or prep. 1. Within; in the inte- 
rior of; into. 2. Within the time of. 

insidious (in-sid'i-ut - ), a. Watching 
an opportunity to insnare; intended 
to entrap; treacherous.— insidious- 
ly, adv. [From L. insidice, ambush.] 
Syn. Sly; deceptive. See wily. 

insight (in'sit),«.. 1. Sight into; view 
of the interior. 2. Acute observation. 

insignia (in-sig'ni-a), n. pi. Badges 
of office or honor. " [L. — in, and sig- 
num, mark.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



insignificant 



281 



instill 



insignificant (in-sig-nif'i-kant ), Or. 
Meaningless; without ;effect; unim- 
portant.— insignificance, n. 

Syn. Trivial; petty: mean. 

insincere (in-sin-ser'), a. Deceitful; 
dissembling. — insincerely , adv.— 
insincerity (in-sin-ser'i-ti), n. 

insinuate (in-sin'u-at). I. vt. 1. Intro- 
duce gently or artfully. 2. Hint.esp. a 
fault. 3. Ingratiate; work into favor. 
II. vi. Creep or flow in; enter gently 
or by flattery. — insinuation, n.— 
insin'uative, a. [L.— sinus, curve.] 
Syn. Intimation. See innuendo. 

insipid (in-sip'id), a. Tasteless; want- 
ing spirit or animation; dull. — in- 
sip'idly, adv. — insip'idness, in- 
sipid'ity, n. [L.— in, not, and sapidus, 
savory — sapio, taste.] 

insist (in-sisf), vi. 1. Dwell (on) in 
discourse. 2. Persist in pressing.— in- 
sist'ence, n. [Li.—in, upon, and sisto, 
stand.] 

insnare(in-snar'), vt. Catch in a snare; 
entrap; take by deceit; entangle. 

insobriety (in-so-bri'e-ti), n. Want of 
sobriety; intemperance. 

insolation ( in-so-la'shun ), n. 1. Ex- 
posure to the sun for any purpose; 
sunbath. 2. Sunstroke. [L.— in, and 
sol, sun.] 

insole (in'sol), n. Inner sole of a shoe. 

insolent (in'so-lent) , a. Haughty and 

contemptuous; insulting; rude. — 

in'solently, adv. — in'solence, n. 

[Li.— in. not, and solens, accustomed.] 

Syn. Improper. See haughty. 

insoluble (in-sol'u-bl), a. Not capable 
of being dissolved or solved.— insol- 
ubility, insol'ubleness, ns. 

insolvent ( in-sol'vent ). I. a. 1. Not 
able to pay one*s debts. 2. Pertaining 
to insolvent persons. II. n. One unable 
to pay his debts.— insolvency, n. 

insomnia (in-som'ni-a), n. Sleepless- 
ness. [L. — in, not, and somnvs, sleep.] 

insomuch (in-so-much'), adv. To such 
a degree; so. 

insouciance ( ang-so-si-angs'), n. 
Heedless unconcern. [Fr.] 

inspect (in-spekf), vt. 1. Look into; 
look at narrowly. 2. Superintend ; ex- 
amine officially. — inspection, n. 
— inspeet'or, n. — inspect'orate, 
n. 1. District of an inspector. 2. Body 
of inspectors. — inspectorship, n. 
Office or district of an inspector. [L. 
—in, and specio, look.] [be inhaled. 

inspirable (in-spi'ra^bl) , a. Able to 

inspiration (in-spi-ra'shun), n. 1. Act 
of inspiring or breathing into; breath. 
2. Divine influence by which the sa- 
cred writers were instructed. 3. Ele- 
vating or exciting influence. 



inspiratory ( in-spiVa-tS-ri ), a. Be- 
longing to or aiding inspiration or in- 
halation. 

inspire ( in-spir' ). I. vt. 1. Breathe 
into. 2. Draw or inhale into the lungs. 
3. Infuse by breathing, or as if by 
breathing. 4. Infuse into the mind, as 
by divine influence. 5. Affect with a 
superior influence II. vi. Draw in 
the breath. — inspi'rer, n. [L.— in, 
and spiro, breathe.] 

inspirit (in-spir'it ), vt. Infuse spirit 
into; give new life to; encourage. 

inspissate (in-spis'at), vt. Thicken by 
tbe evaporation of moisture. — in- 
spissa'tion, n. [L.— in, and spissus, 
thick.] 

instability (in-sta-bil'i-ti), n. "Want 
of stability, steadiness or firmness. 

instable (in-sta'bl), a. Not stable. 

install (in-stal'), vt. 1. Establish in 
a place. 2. Invest with a charge or 
office.— installation(in-stal-a'shun), 
n. 1. Act of installing or placing in an 
office with ceremonies. 2. Plant [Fr 
installer— O. Ger. stal, stall.] 

instalment, installment (in-stal'- 
ment), n. 1. Act of installing. 2. One 
of the parts of a sum paid at various 
times. 3. That which is delivered at 
one of several stated periods. 

instance (in'stans). I. n. 1. Quality 
of being instant or urgent. 2 Sollici- 
tation; occasion. 3. Example; illus- 
tration. 4. Proof. II. vt. Mention as 
an example or case in point. 

instant (in'stant). I. a. 1 Pressing; 
urgent. 2. Immediate; quick. 3. Pres- 
ent: current (abbr. inst., as on the 13th 
inst. ) II. n. Moment. — in'stant- 
ly, adv. 1. Immediately. 2. Earnestly. 
[Li.—insto, stand upon.] 

instantaneous ( in-stan-tatae-us ), a. 
1. Done in an instant. 2. Momentary. 
— instantaneously * adv. 

instanter (in-stan'ter) , adv. Immedi- 
ately. [Li.] [sion; install. 

instate (in-staf), vt. Putin possys- 

instauration (in-sta-ra'sbun), n. Re- 
newal, restoration." [Li.instauro. 
rebuild.] [A.S. onstede. See stead.] 

instead (in-sted'), adv. In place (of.) 

instep (in'step), n. 1. Upperpartof the 
human foot near its junction with the 
leg. 2. In horses, front of the hiudleg 
from the ham to the pastern joint. 

instigate (in'sti-gat), vt. Urge ; set 

on ; incite. — instiga'tion, n. — in'- 

stigator, n. [L. — root stig, prick.] 

Syn. Animate; stimulate; impel; 

goad; tempt. 

instill (instil'), vt. Infuse slowly into 
the mind.— instillation, instill- 
ment, n. [Li.—stilla, drop.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf • 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



instinct 



282 



integer 



instinct (in'stingkt), n. 1. Spontan- 
eous, unreasoning prompting to 
action. 2. Natural impulse by which 
animals are guided. [L. — root of 

v INSTIGATE.] 

instinct (in-stingktf). «• Instigated ; 
moved; animated; alive. 

instinctive ( in-stingk'tiv ), a. Per- 
taining to, or prompted by, instinct. 
— instinct'ively, adv. 
Syn. Automatic; spontaneous. 

institute ( in'sti-tut >. I. vt. Ordain; 
establish. 2. Appoint to office. II. n. 

1. Anything formally established. 2. 
Established law, precept, or princi- 
ple; book of precepts or principles. 
3. Educational, literary, or philo- 
sophical society or institution. [L. 
instituo, cause to stand.] 

Syn. Set up; erect; organize; begin; 
found; originate; invest, 
institution (in-sti-tu'shun),w. 1. Act of 
instituting; enactment; foundation. 

2. That which is instituted; estab* 
lished order, custom, or the like. 3. 
Public establishment. 

instruct (in-strukf), vt. 1. Prepare; 
inform; teach. 2. Order; direct. — 
instruct'or, n.— instructress, n. 
fern. [L.— in, and struo, build up.] 

instruction ( in-struk'shun ), n. 1. 
Act of instructing or teaching. 2. In- 
formation. 3. Command. 

instructive (in-struk'tiv), a. Convey- 
ing instruction or knowledge. — in- 
structively, adv. 

instrument ( in'stro-ment ) , n. 1. 
Tool or utensil ; device producing mu- 
sical sounds. 2. Written contract. 
—instrumental ( in-stro-men'tal ), 
a. 1. Acting as an instrument' or 
means; serving to promote an object; 
helpful. 2. Belonging to or produced 
by musical instruments. — instru- 
ment ally, adv. — instrumental- 
ity, n. Agency. [L. instrumentum— 
instruo. See instruct.] 

insubordinate (in-sub-ar'din-at), a. 
Not submissive; disobedient; muti- 
nous.— insubordina'tion, n. 

insufferable (in-sufer-a-bl), a. Un- 
bearable ; detestable. — insuffer- 
ably, adv. 

insufficient (in-suf-fish'ent), a. Not 
sufficient; deficient; unfit.— insuffi- 
ciently, adv.— insufficiency, n. 
Syn. Inadequate; incapable. 

insular (in'su-lar), a. 1. Belonging 
to, or like, an island. 2. Belonging to 
the people of an island ; narrow.— in'- 
sularism, n. Narrowness.— insu- 
larity, n. State of being insular. 
[it. insularis— insula, island.] 




Insulator. 



insulate (in'su-lat), vt. 1. Place in a 
detached situation; isolate. 2. Separ- 
ate by a non-conductor. — 
insulation, n. — insu- 
lator (in'su-la-tur), n. One 
who or that which insu- 
lates; non-conductor of 
electricity; esp. non-con- 
ducting support for an 
electric wire. 

insult (in-sulf), vt. Treat 
with indignity or con- 
tempt; abuse; affront. 

insult (in'sult), n. Insolent 
attack; contumely. [L. — 
insilio, spring at.]_ 

insuperable ( in-su'per-a-bl), a. In- 
surmountable.— insuperably, adv. 
— insuperability, n. [L. in, noc, 
aud supero, overcome.] 

insupportable (in-sup-port'a-bl), a. 
Unbearable; insufferable. — insup- 
port'ably, adv.— insupport'able- 
ness, n. [be insured. 

insurable (in-shor'a-bl), a. That may 

insurance (in-sh6r'ans), n. 1. Insur- 
ing ; contract by which one party 
undertakes for a payment or pre- 
mium to guarantee another against 
risk or loss. 2. Premium so paid. 3. 
Amount insured. 

insure (in-shor'), vt. 1. Make sure or 
secure. 2. Contract for a premium 
to make good a loss, as from fire,etc, 
or to pay a certain sum on a certain 
event, as death. 3. Secure indemnity 
for future loss, as by accident. [C. 
Fr. enseurer.] 

insurgent (in-sur'jent). I. a. Rising 
in opposition to authority ; rebellious. 
II. n. Rebel. [L. in, and surgo, rise.] 

insurmountable ( in-sur-mownt'a~ 
bl), a. That cannot be overcome. 

insurrection (in-sur-rek'shun), n. 
Rising up; open and active opposition 
to the execution of the law; rebellion. 
— insurrectional, insurrec- 
tionary, a. [L. See insurgent.] 

insusceptible ( in-sus-sep'ti-bl ), a. 
Not capable of feeling or of being 
affected.— insusceptibility, n. 

intact ( in-takt' ), a. Uninjured; en- 
tire, [t/. in, not, and tango, touch.] 

intaglio (in-tal'yo), w. Figure cut into 
a substance, esp. a stone or gem in 
which the design is hollowed out, (the 
opposite of a cameo). [It.— intagliare, 
engrave.] 

intangible (in-tan'ji-bl), a. Not tan- 
gible; not perceptible to touch. — in- 
tan'gibleuess, intangibility, n. 
— intan'gibly, adv. 

integer (in'te-jer),w. 1. Whole. 2. Whole 
number. [L. — in, not, a,n&tango, touch.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fan, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mate, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



Integral 



283 



intercessor 



integral ( in'te-gral). I. a. Entire; 
whole; not fractional. II. n. Whole 
number.— integrally, adv. 

integrant (in'te-grant), a. Making 
part of a whole; necessary to form au 
entire thing. [—integration, n. 

integrate(in'te-grat), vt. Make entire. 

Integrity ( in-teg'ri-ti ), n. 1. Unim- 
paired state. 2. Moral purity. 

Syn. Wholeuess; entireness; recti- 
tude; honesty; uprightness; probity. 

integument (m-teg'u-ment), n . Ex- 
ternal covering of a plant or animal. 
— integument'ary, a. 

intellect (in'tel-lekt), n. Understand- 
ing; sum of the powers of the mind, 
except imagination and senses. [L.— 
inter, between, and lego, choose.] 

intellective (in-tel-iek'tiv] t a. 1. Per- 
taining to the intellect. 2. Able to 
understand. 3. Produced or perceiv- 
ed by the understanding only. 

intellectual ( in-tel-lek'tu-al }, a. 1. 
Relating to the intellect" or mind ; 
mental. 2. Perceived or performed by 
the intellect. 3. Having great power 
of understanding. 4. Exercising the 
mind.— intelleCtualism, n. 1. Sys- 
tem of doctrines concerning the intel- 
lect. 2. Culture of the intellect. — in- 
tellect'ualist, n. One who consi- 
ders the human intellect as the source 
of all knowledge. — intellectual'- 
ity, n.— intellectually, adv. 

intelligence (in-tel'i-jens), n. 1. Ex- 
ercise of the mind. 2. Intellectual skill 
or knowledge; intellect. 3. Informa- 
tion communicated; news; knowl- 
edge. [ Messenger. 

Intelligencer (in-tel'i-jen-ser ), n. 

intelligent (in-tel'i-;jent),a. 1. Having 

intellect, or the faculty of reason. 2. 

We 11-informe d.— intelligently, 

adv. [L. —intelligo, choose between.] 

Syn. Skillful. See sensible. 

intelligible (in-tel'i-ni-bl), a. That 
maybe understood: comprehensible; 
clear.— intelligibly, adv. 

intemperance (in-tem'per-ans), n. 1. 
Want of due restraint. 2. Habitual 
indulgence in intoxicating liquor. 

intemperate (in-tem'per-at), a. I. In- 
dulging to excess, esp. in the use of 
intoxicating liquors. 2. Passionate; 
excessive — intem'perately, adv.— 
intem'perateuess, n. 

intend (in-tena'), vt. Fix the mind 
upon; design. [L. i/ntendo — t», 
towards, and tendo, stretch.} 

Byn. Contemplate; plan; mean; be 
intent; purpose; aim; purport. 

Intendant(in-tend'ant), n. 1. Officer 
who superintends. 2\ (In Canada, un- 
der French rule), second civil officer. 



intended(intend'ed). I. a. l. Purposed. 
2. .Betrothed. II. n. Affianced lover. 

intense (in-tens'), a. Closely strained; 
extreme in degree; very severe; deep; 
keen.— intensely, adv.— intense - 
ii ess. inten'sity, n. [See intend.] 

intensify ( in-tens'i-fl), vt.a,nd vi. 
[-fying; -fled.] Makeorgrow intense. 

intension (in-ten'shun), n. 1. Strain- 
ing or bending; increase of intensity. 
2. Sum of the qualities implied by a 
general name. 

intensive (in-ten'siv). I. a. 1. Admit- 
iug of increase of degree. 2. Serving 
to intensify ; giving force or emphasis. 
II. n. That which gives force or em- 
phasis; intensive particle, word or 
phrase. — intensively, adv. — in- 
ten'siveness. n. 

intent (iu-tenf). I. a. 1. Having the 
mind bent (on). 2. Fixed with close 
attention. II. n. 1. Application. 2. 
Thing aimed at or intended; design; 
meaning.— intently, a eft;.— intent' - 
ness, n. [See intend.] 

intention (in-ten'shun), n. 1. Direc- 
tion of mind. 2. Object aimed at; de- 
sign ; purpose. — intentional, a. 
With intention; intended. — in ten- 
tionally, adv. 

inter-, prefix. Between; among. [L.] 

inter (in-ter'), vt. [interring; interred 
( in-ter d'). 3 Bury. [Fr. interrer—Li. 
in, and terra, earth.] 

interact (in-ter-akf), vi. Act recipro- 
cally ; act on each other. — interac- 
tion (in-ter-ak'shun), n. Mutual ac- 
tion. [Cross-breed. 

interbreed (in-ter-bred'), vt. and vi. 

intercalary (in-ter'ka-la-ri) , a. In» 
serted.as the 29th day of February. 

intercalate (in-ter'ka-lat), vt. Insert 
between others.— intercalation, n. 
[L. — inter, between, and calo, call.] 

intercede (in-ter-sed'), vt. 1. Act as 

peacemaker. 2. Plead (for another). 

Syn. Mediate; interpose; intervene. 

intercellular ( in-ter-sel'u-lar), a. 
Lying between cells. 

intercept (in-ter-sepf), vt. 1. Stop 
and seize on its passage. 2. Obstruct; 
check. 3. Interrupt communication 
with; cutoff. 4. Comprise or inclu- 
de between. — intercept'er, inter- 
cept'or, n.— interception, n. [L. 
—inter, between, and capio, seize.] 

intercession (in-ter-sesh'un), n. Act 
of interceding or pleading for an- 
other. 

intercessor (in-ter-ses'iir), n. One 
who goes between, reconciles two 
enemies, or pleads for another. — in«» 
terces'sory, a. Interceding. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fire, above; me, met, h§r; mTte, mit; note, not, m&ve, •wqdf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



interchange 



284 



intermission 



interchange ( in-ter-chanj' ). I. vt. 
and vi. 1. Give and take mutually; 
exchange; replace each other. 2. Al- 
ternate; succeed alternately. II. n 

I. Mutual exchange. 2. Alternate 
succession. — interchangeable, a. 

intercipient ( in-ter-sip'i-ent). I. a. 
Intercepting. II. n. Person or thing 
that intercepts. 

interclnde (in-ter-klod'), vt. Shut off; 
intercept. [L.— claudo, close.] 

intercolonial (in-ter-ko-lo'ni-al), a. 
Mutual between colonies. 

intercolumniation ( in-ter-ko-lum- 
ni-a'shun), n. Distance between two 
columns. 

intercostal (in-ter-kos'tal), a. Lying 
between two ribs of the same side. 
[See costal.] 

intercourse (in'ter-kors), n. Connec- 
tion by dealings ; commerce ; com- 
munion. 

interdict ( in-ter-dikt' ), vt. 1 . Pro- 
hibit; debar. 2. Cut off from the sac- 
raments. — interdiction, n.— in- 
terdicts ve, interdictory, a. [L. 
=interpose by speaking.] 

interdict(in'ter-dikt),n. 1. Prohibitory 
decree. 2. Prohibition of the pope. 

interest fin'ter-est). I. n. 1. Advan- 
tage. 2. Premium paid for the use of 
money; increase. 3. Concern; special 
attention. 4. Influence. 5. Share; 
participation. 6. Persons interested 
in a particular business, measure, or 
the like. — Compound interest, the in- 
terest paid on the principal sum plus 
the interest which has become due but 
which, remaining unpaid, has been 
added to the principal. II. vt. Engage 
the attention of ; concern ; excite. 
[From L. interest, it concerns.] 
Syn. Entertain; engage. 

interested(in'ter-est-ed), a. 1. Affected 
attentive. 2. Biased by personal inter- 
est.— in'terestedly, adv. 

interesting (in'ter-est-ing), a. Engag- 
ing the attention or regard; exciting 
emotion or passion. 

interfere (in-ter-fer'), vi. 1. Come in 
collision. 2. Meddle; interpose. 3. 
Act reciprocally, as two waves, rays 
of light, etc. — interfer'ence, n. 
[From L. inter, between, and ferio, 
strike.] 

interglacial (in-ter-gla'shi-al), a. Of 
the time between two glacial periods. 

interim (in'ter-im), n. Time interven- 
ing ; mean time. [L. — inter, and the 
accusative ending -m.] 

interior (in-te'ri-ur). I. a. 1. Being 
within ; inside; internal. 2. Remote 
from the frontier or coast; inland. 

II. n. 1. Inside; inner part. 2. In- 



[L. comp. of 



land part of a country. 
interns, inward.] 

interjacent (in-ter-ja'sent), a. Lying 
between; intervening. [L. — inter, and 
jaceo, lie.] 

interject ( in-ter-jekt' ), vt. Throw 
between; insert.— interjection, n. 
1. Act of throwing between. 2. Word 
thrown in expressing emotion, as 0, 
pshaw, gee. [L. inter, aud jacio, freq. 
oijacio, throw.] 

interlace ( lii-ter- 
las'), vt. Lace to- 
gether ; inter- 
twine; entwine. 

interlard (in-ter- 
lard'), vt. Mix in. 

interleave (in-ter- 
lev'), vt. Insert 
blank leaves in a 
book. 

interline (in-ter-hu 
alternate lines. 2 
lines. 




Interlacing arches. 



), vt. 1. Write in 
Write between 
nterlinear (in-ter-lin'e-ar), 
a. — interlineation (in-ter-lin-e-a'- 
shun), n. 

interlink (in-ter-lingk'), vt. Link. 

interlocution (iu-ter-lo-ku'shun), n. 
1. Conference. 2. Intermediate de- 
cree before final decision. [Fr.— L. 
inter, between, and loquor, speak.] 

interlocutor (in-ter-lok'u-tiir), n. One 
who takes part in a conversation or 
discussion.— interloc'utory, a. 1. 
Conversational. 2. Intermediate ; 
not final. 

interlope (in-ter-lop'), vt. 1. Intrude; 
meddle. 2. Forestall.— interloper, 
n. [L. inter, between, and Dut. loopen, 
run.] 

interlude (in'ter-lod), ra.l. Short play 
between the acts of a play. 2. Short 
piece of music played between the 
parts of a song. [L.— inter, and ludus, 
play.] _ . 

intermarry ( m-ter-mar'i ), vi. Be- 
come connected by marriage, as two 
families or tribes. — intermar'- 
riage, n. 

intermeddle (in-ter-med'l), vi. Med- 
dle or mix with; interpose or inter- 
fere improper ly.—intermed_'dler,n. 

intermediate ( in-ter-me'di-at ), in- 
termediary ( in-ter-me'di-ar-i ), a. 
In the middle between ; intervening. 

interment (in-ter'ment), n. Burial. 

interminable ( in-ter'min-a-bl ), a. 
Boundless; endless. — inter'mina- 
bly, adv. [vi. Mingle; mix. 

intermingle (in-ter-ming'l), vt. and 

intermission (in-ter-mish'un), n. 1. 
Act of intermitting. 2. Interval; 
pause. — intermis'sive, a. Coming 
at intervals. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, niit; note, not, more, wolf; 
mute, but, burn; oil, owl, then.. 



intermit 



285 



intimacy 



intermit (in-ter-niit'), Vt. Cause fo 
cease for a time; interrupt. — in- 
termittent, a. Ceasing at intervals. 
— intermitting ly, adv. [L. inter, 
and mitto, send.] 

intermix ( in-ter-miks' ), vt. and vi. 
Mix together.— intermix'ture, n. 

internal (in-ter'nal), a. 1. Interior. 2. 
Domestic. 3. Intrinsic— internal- 
ly, adv. [L. internus, within.] 

interne or intern [in-tern'), medical 
student attendant inhospital. 

international (in-ter-nash'un-al). a. 
Pertaining to the relations between 
nations. 

internecine (in-ter-ne'sin), a. Mutu- 
ally destructive; deadly. [E. — inter, 
and neco, kill.] 

interpolate (in-ter'po-lat), vt. Alter 
(a text) by inserting a spurious "word 
or passage. — interpolator, n. — 
interpolation, n. [L.— interpolis, 
altered— witer and polio, polish, erase. 
Erasing on a wax tablet was done by 
smoothing out the characters on it.] 

interpose' (in-ter-poz'). I. vt. Place 
between; thrust in. II. vi. 1. Come 
between. 2. Mediate. 3. Put in byway 
of interruption; interfere.— inter- 
position (in-ter-po-zish'un), n. 1. In- 
tervention; mediation. 2. Thing in- 
terposed. 

interpret (in-ter'pret), vt. 1. Explain 
the meaning of. 2. Translate; deci- 
pher, --interpretation (in-ter-pre- 
ta'shun), n. Explanation; meaning. 
— interpreter (in-ter'pret-er), n. [L.] 

interregnum ( in-ter-reg'num), n. 
Time between two reigns. [L. inter, 
and regnum, rule.] 

interrogate (in-ter'o-gat), vt. Ques- 
tion; examine by asking questions. 
— interrogator, n. — interroga'- 
i ion. n. 1. Act of interrogating. 2. 
Question put. 3. Mark of a question 
(?), [E. — inter, and rogo, ask.] 

interrogative (in-ter-rog'a-tiv). I. a. 
Denoting a question; expressed as a 
question. II. n. Word used in asking 
a question.— interrog'atively, adv. 

interrogatory (in-ter-rog'a-to-ri). I. 
n. Formal question or inquiry. II. a. 
Expressing a Question. 

interrupt (in-ter-rupf), vt. 1. Break 
in or between; stop; hinder. 2. Di- 
vide; break continuity.— interrnp'- 
tion, n. 1. Act of interrupting. 2. 
Hinderance ; cessation. -interrupt'- 
ive, a. Tending to interrupt. [L.— 
inter, and rumpo, ruptum, break.] 

intersect (in-ter-sekf). I. vt. 1. Cut 
between or asunder. 2. Cut or cross 
mutually. II. vi. Cross each other. 
[L< inter, and seco, seetum, cut.] 



intersection (in-ter-sek'shun), n. 1. 
Intersecting. 2. Point or line in 
which two lines or two planes cut 
each other. 

intersperse (in-ter-spers'), vt. Scatter 
in between. — intersper'sion, n. [E. 
inter, and spargo, scatter.] 

interstate (in'ter-stat), a. Pertaining 
to relations between different states. 

interstellar (in-ter-stel'ar), a. Situa- 
ted beyond the solar system, among 
the stars. [L.— inter, and Stella, star.] 

interstice (in'ter-stis or in-ter'stis), 
n. Crevice; chink.— intersti'tial, a. 
[E. inter, and sisto, stitum, stand.] 

intertwine (in-ter-twm'), vt. and vi. 
Interlace; interweave. 

interval ( in'ter-val ) , n. Time or 
space between. [L." — inter, and val- 
lum, rampart.] 

intervene (in-ter-ven'), vi. 1. Come 
or be between ; interpose. 2. Occur 
between points of time. 3. Happen 
so as to interrupt.— intervention, 
n. [L. inter, and venio, come.] 

interview (in'ter-vu). I. n. 1. Meeting; 
conference. 2. Conversation with a 
journalist for publication. II. vt. Call 
on a person with a view to publishing 
a report of Ms conversation. [Fr. 
entrevue, mutual view.] [together. 

interweave (in-ter-wev' ). vt. Weave 

intestate (in-tes'tat). I. a. 1. Without 
having made a valid will. 2. Not dis- 
posed of by will. II. n. Person who 
died without making a valid will. — 
intes'tacy, n. [L. in, not, and testor, 
make a will.] 

Intestine (in-tes'tin). I. 
tained in the animal body, 
tic. II. n. (Usually in 
pi. ) Alimentary ca- 
nal; bowels.— intes'- 
tinal, a. Pertaing to 
the intestine. [L. — 
intus, inside.] 

Human intestine and 

STOMACH. 

1. Vermiform appendix- 

2. Caecum. 3.. Ileum. 6- 
7. Ascending, 13. trans- 
verse, and 4. descending 
colon of large intestine. 
5. Rectum. 8. Duodenum. 
11. Esophagus. 12. Car- 
diac end of stomach. 

inthrall (in-thral') vt. 

Bring into thraldom or bondage: 

enslave. 
intimacy ( in'ti-ma-si ), n. State of 

being intimate; close familiarity. 



1. Con- 
Domes- 




fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, ihen. 



Intimate 



286 



in are 



intimate (in'ti-mat). I. a. 1. Inner- 
most; internal. 2. Close; closely ac- 

j quainted; familiar. II. n. Familiar 
friend ; associate.— in'tiinately,aeify. 

' [L. intimus—intus, jwithin.] 

intimate (in'ti-mat), vt. Hint ; an- 
nounce.— intima'tion, n. [Tu.intimo.] 

intimidate (in-tim'i-dat), vt. Make 
timid; frighten; dispirit. — intimi- 
dation, n. 

into (in' to), prep. To and in. 

intolerable (in-tol'er-a-bl), a. That 
cannot be endured. — intol'erable- 
ness, n.— intolerably, adv. 

intolerant (in-tol'er-ant), a. 1. Not 
able or Willing to endure. 2. Not en- 
during difference of opinion, esp. on 
questions of religious dogma; illib- 
eral; bigoted; persecuting. — intol'- 
erantly, adv. — intolerance, n. 

intomb (in-tom'). Same as entomb. 

intonate ( in'to-nat), vi. 1. Sound 
forth. 2. Sound the notes of a musical 
scale. 3. Modulate the voice. — in- 
tona'tion, n. 

intone (in-ton'). I. vi. 1. Utter tones. 
2. Give forth a low protracted sound. 
II. vt. Chant; read in a singing man- 
ner, [twisting. 

intortion (in-tar'shun), n. winding; 

intoxicant (in-toks'i-kant), n. Intoxi- 
cating substance. 

intoxicate (in-toks i-kat), vt. 1. Make 
drunk. 2. Excite to enthusiasm or 
madness.— in toxica'tion, n. [L.— 
intoxico — Gr. toxikon, poison for ar- 
rows— loxon, arrow.] 

intractable(in-trak'ta-bl), a. Unman- 
ageable; obstinate. — intractabil- 
ity, intrac'tableness, n. — in- 
trac'tably, adv. 

intramural(in-tra-mu'ral), a. Within 
the walls, as of a city. [IJ. intra, with- 
in, and mural.] 

intransigent (in-tran'si-jent), a. Ir- 
reconcilable; extremely radical. [Sp. 
=nottransacting,uncompromising.] 

intransitive (in-tran'si-tiv), a. Not 
taking a direct object; representing 
action confined to the agent. — in- 
transitively, adv. 

intreneh (in-trench'), vt. Dig a trench 
around ; fortify with a ditch and para- 
pet. — intrench'ment, n. 

intrepid(in-trep'id), a. Without trepi- 
dation or fear; undaunted; brave.— 

I intrepid'ity, n.— intrepidly, adv. 
[It. intrepidus.] 

intricate (in'tri-kat), a. Involved ; per- 
plexing. — intricacy, in'tricate- 
ness, n. — in'tricately, adv. [ L. 
intricatus—tricae, trifles, hindrances.] 
8yn. Entangled; complicated. 



intrigue (in-treg'). I. n. 1. Complex 
plot. 2. Private or party scheme. 3. 
Secret love affair. II. vi. 1. Form a 
plot or scheme. 2. Carry on illicit love. 
[Fr. intriguer— root of intricate.] 

intrinsic (in-trin'sik), «. Inward; es- 
sential; real; inherent. — intrin'sic- 
ally, adv. [L. — intra, within, and 
secus, on the side.]. 

introduce (in-tr5-dus'% vt. 1. Lead or 
bring in; conduct into a place. 2. 
Formally make known or acquainted. 
3. Bring into notice or practice. 4. 
Commence; present. [Li.—intro, with- 
in, and duco, lead.] 

introduction (in-tro duk'shun), n. 1. 
Act of conducting into. 2. Act of mak- 
ing persons known to each other. 3, 
Act of bringing into notice or prac- 
tice. 4. Preliminaiy matter to main 
part of a book. 5. Treatise introduc- 
tory to a science or a course of study. 

introductory ( in-tro-duk'tur-i ), in- 
troductive (in-tro-duk'tiv), a. Serv- 
ing to introduce ; preliminary. 

Introit (in'tro-it), n. Psalm or hymn 
sung before or during communion. 

intromit (in-tro -mit f ), vt. [intromit'- 
ting; intromit' ted.] Admit. [L. intro % 
within, and mitto. send.] 

introspection (in-tro-spek'shun), n. 

I. Sight of the insida or interior. 2. 
Self-examination.— introspective, 
a. [L. intro, within, and specio, see.] 

introvert (in-tro-vertf), vt. 1. Turn 
inward. 2. Look inward. [L. intro, 
within, and vcrto, turn.] 

intrude (in-trod'). I. vt. Enter unin- 
vited or un welcome. II. vt. Force in.— 
intruder, ft. — intrusion (in-tro'« 
zhun), n.— intrusive (in-tro'siv), a, 
— intru'sively, adv.— intru'sive- 
ness, n. [L. in, and trudo, thrust.] 
Syn. Encroach; trespass; infringe. 

intrust (in-trust'), vt. Give in trust. 

intuition (in-tu-ish'un), n. 1. Direct 
cognition (without reasoning). 2. 
Primary truth. — intui'tional, a. 
[Li.— in, and tueor, look.] 

intuitive (in-tu'i-tiv), a. 1. Perceived 
or perceiving by intuition. 2. Seeing 
clearly. — intuitively, adv. 

intumescence ( in-tu-mes'ens ), n. 
Swelling. 

intwine(in- twin'). Same as entwine. 

inumbrate ( in-um'brat ), vt. Cast a 
shadow upon. 

inundate (in-un'dat), vt. Flow upon 
or over; flood.— inundation, ft. [L. 
— in, and unda, wave.] 

inure (jn-ur'). I. vt. Use or practice 
habitually; accustom ; harden by use. 

II. vi. Serve to the use or benefit at, 
[From "put inure". See ure.] 



v fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; vote, not, move, wotf; 
it mate, hut, burn; oil, owl, f/ien. 



in a r it 



287 



in voluntary 



mum (in-urn'), vt. Place in an urn ; 
entomb. 

inutility(in-u-til'I-ti), n. Uselessness. 

invade (in-vad'), vt. 1. Enter as an 
enemy. 2. Encroach upon.— Inva'- 
der, n. [L. — in, and vado go.] 

invalid (m'va-lid). I. a. Not valid or 
strong; infirm; sick. II. n. 1. Sickly 
person. 2. One disabled for active ser- 
vice, esp. a soldier or sailor. [Fr. inva- 
lids — L. in, not, and validus, strong.] 

invalid(m-varid),a. 1. Without value, 
weight, or cogency. 2. Void; null. 

invalidate ( in-val'id-at ), vt. Render 
invalid; weaken.— in validation, n. 

invalidity (in-val-id'i-ti), n. Want of 
cogency ; want of force. 

invaluable ( in-val'u-a-bl ), a. That 
cannot be valuedj priceless. 

invariable (in-va'ri-a-bl), a. Without 
change; unalterable.— inva'riably, 
adv.— in variableness, n. 

invasion (in-va'zhun), n. 1. Act of 
invading; attack; incursion. 2. At- 
tack on the rights of another; en- 
croachment. [See invade.] 

invasive (in-va'siv), a. Making inva- 
sion; aggressive. 

invective (in-vek'tiv). I. n. Severe 
accusation ; attack with words. II. a. 
Railing; abusive. [See inveigh.] 

inveigh (in-va'),^- Attack with words ; 
rail against; revile. [L. inveho,—in, 
and veho, carry.] 

inveigle (in-ve'gl), vt. Entice; seduce; 
wheedle. [From Fr. aveugler, blind.] 

invent ( in-vent' ), vt. Find; forge.— 
invention, n. 1. Act of contriving 
a new thing. 2. Contrivance. 3. Power 
of inventing. — inventive, a. Able 
to invent. — inventor, n. [L.— in, 
upon, and venio, come.] 
Syn. Devise; discover; contrive. 

inventory ( in'ven-t5-ri). I. n. Cata- 
logue of furniture, goods, etc. II. vt. 
Make an inventory of. [L. inoenta- 
rium, list of the things found.] 

inverse (in-vers'), a. Inverted; in the 
reverse or contrary order. — in- 
versely, adv. 

inversion (in-ver'shun) , n. Inverting; 
change of order or position. 

invert (in-verf), vt. Turn in or about ; 
turn upside 
down ; reverse. 
— Inverted arch, 
used to distri- 
bute weight. 
[L.— in, and 
verto, turn.] 

invertebrate 
<in-ver'te-brat). 

I. a. Without 

II. n. Animal 




Inverted arch. 



a vertebral column, 
destitute of a skull 



and vertebral column. — invert'e- 
bracy, n. .Lack of backbone; irre- 
solution. [See VERTEBRATE.] 

invertible (in-ver 'ti-bl), a. 1. That 
may be inverted. 2. Inflexible. 

invest (in- vest'), vt. 1. Dress. 2. Con' 
fer; endow, as with office or author- 
ity. 3. Surround; block up; lay siege 
to. £. Place; lay out, as money. — 
investment, n. [L. in, on, and ves- 
tio, clothe.] 

investigate (in-ves'ti-gat), vt. Inquire 
into with care and accuracy. — in- 
vestigation, n.— investigator,^. 
[L.— in, and vestigo, track.] 

inveterate (in-vet'er-at), a. 1. Firmly 
established by long continuance; 
deep-rooted. 2. Firmly addicted.— in- 
vet'eracy, n. [L. invetero, grow old.] 

invidious ( in-vid'i-us ), a. Likely 
to incur or provoke ill-will or envy. 
[L. invidia, envy.] 

invigorate ( in-vig'ur-at ), vt. Give 
vigor to.— iuvigora tion, n. 
Syn. Animate; strengthen; refresh, 

invincible (in-vin'si-bl), a. That can- 
not be overcome; insuperable. — in- 
vincibility, n. [L.] 

inviolable (in-vi'o-la-bl), a. That can- 
not be profaned or injured; sacred.— 
inviolably, adv.— inviolability, 
n. [unprofaned; pure. [L.] 

inviolate(in-vi'o-lat), a. Not violated; 

invisible (in-viz'i-bl_), a. Not visible. 
— invis'ibly,aeft>.— invisibil'ity, n. 

invitation (in-vi-ta'shun), n. 1. Act 
of inviting. 2. Written or spoken so- 
licitation. 

invite (in-vif), vt. 1. Ask; summon; 
request the company of . 2. Allure; 
attract. 3. Give occasion for. — in- 
vi'ting, a. Tempting. [D. invito.] 

invocation (in-vo-ka'shun), n. 1. Ad- 
dressing in prayer. 2. Legal call or 
summons. 

invoice (in'vois). I. n. 1. Letter of 
advice of the despatch of goods, with 
particulars of their price and quan- 
tity. 2. Lot of goods shipped. II. vt. 
Make an invoice of. [Fr. envois— 
envoyer, send.] 

invoke (in-vok'),#£. Call upon earnest- 
ly or solemnly; implore. [L.— in, on, 
and voco, call.] 

involucre (in'vo-lo-ekr), n. Group or 
bracts around an expanded flower 
or umbel. [L.— involvo, wrap.] 

involuntary ( in-vol'un-tar-i ), a. 1. 
Not having the power of will or ch oice. 
2. Not under control of the will. 3. 
Done unwillingly. — involuntar- 
ily, adv. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, ber ; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mate, hut, burn j oil, owl, then. 



involute 



288 



irrational 




Involute. 



involute (in'vo-lot). I. a. Rolled in 
ward ; involved ; confused. 1 1, n, 
Curve traced by 
the end of a string 
unwinding itself 
from another 
curve- 
involution (in-vo- 
16'shun), n. 1. Ac- 
tion of involving. 
2. State of being 
involved or entan- 
gled. 3. Raising a quantity to a given 
power. 

involve (in- vol v'), vt. 1. Wrap up; 
envelop. 2. Include of necessity. 3^ 
Complicate. 4. Multiply by itself a 
given number of times.— involve- 
men t, n. [L. in, and volvo, roll.] 

Syn. Implicate: imply; entangle; 
include; entwine; cover; absorb. 

invulnerable ( in-vul'ner-a-bl ), a. 
That cannot be wounded. [wall. 

inwall ( in-wal'), vt. Inclose with a 

inward (in'ward). I. a. Internal. 2. 
Seated in the mind or soul. II. adv. 
1. Toward the inside. 2. Into the 
mind or thoughts.— in'wardly, adv. 
1. In the parts within. 2. Toward 
the center. 3. In the heart; secret- 
ly.— in' wards, adv. [A. S.inneweard.] 

inweave (in-weV), vt. Weave into; 
entwine; complicate. 

inwrought^n-rat'), a. 1. Wrought in 
or among other things. 2. Adorned 
with figures. [See work.] 

iodide (i'o-dld), n. Combination of 
iodine with a simple substance. 

iodine (i'o-din), n. Non-metallic ele- 
ment much used in medicine, etc. — 
iod'ic, a. [Gr. iodes, violet-colored, 
from its violet vapor.] 

Ionic (i-on'ik , ) 9 a. 1. Relating to Ionia 
in Greece. 2. Denoting an order in 
architecture distinguished by the 
(ram's horn ) volute of its capital. 
Seepage 105. 

iota (i-o'ta), n. 1. Ninth letter of the 
Greek alphabet. 2. Jot; very small 
quantity or degree. [Gr.] 

ipecac (ip'e-kak), n. West Indian 
plant, whose roots afford a useful 
emetic. [Sp. ipecacuana— Brazil ipe- 
caaguen.] 

irade (i-ra'de), n. Decree or proclama- 
tion of the Sultan of Turkey. [Turk.] 

irascible (i-ras'i-bl), a. Susceptible of 
ire or anger; easily provoked ; irrita- 
ble.— iras'cibly, adv. — irascibil'- 
ity, n. [L>.—irascor, am angry.] 

irate (i-raf), a. Enraged; angry. [L.] 

ire ( ir), n. Anger; rage. — ire'ful, a. 
Angry; resentful; wroth; enraged. 
Syn. Passion. See anger. 




Iris. 



iridescent ( ir-i-des r ent ), a. Colored 
like the iris or rainbow. — irides'« 
cence, n. [See iris.] 

iridium ( i-rid'i-um ), n. White, brit- 
tle, hard metal, 
very rare. 

iris ( l'ris ), n. 1. 
Rainbow; ap- 
pearance resem- 
bling the rainbow. 

2. Contractile 
curtain perfora- 
ted by the pupil, 
and forming the 
colored part 
of the eye. 3. 
Fleur-de-lis; flag- 
flower.--^, i'rises. 
[Gr. iris, messen- 
ger of the gods, 
rainbow.] 

Irish ( i'rish). I. 
a. Relating to or produced in Ireland. 
II. n. Language of the Irish, a form 
of Celtic, —pi. Natives or inhabitants 
of Ireland. 

irlt ( erk ), vt. Weary; trouble. [Sw. 
yrka, urge, press. See urge.] 

irksome (erk'sum), a. Vexatious; un- 
pleasant; wearisome; tedious. 

iron (i'urn). I. n. 1. Most common and 
useful of the metals. 2. Instrument 
or utensil made of iron.— pi. Fetters; 
chains. II. a. 1. Formed of iron. 2. 
Resembling iron; rude; stern; not to 
be broken ; robust. III. vt. 1. Smooth 
with an iron instrument. 2. Arm with 
iron. 3. Fe tter.— i'ronbound, a. 
Bound with iron; rugged, as a coast. 
— i'ronolad, I. a. 1. Covered or pro- 
tected with iron- 2. Rigid. II. n. Ves- 
sel defended by iron plates. [A.S. iren.] 

ironical (i-ron'ik-al), a. Meaning the 
opposite of what is expressed; satiri- 
cal.— ironically, adv. [See irony.] 

ironmonger (i-urn-mung-er), n. 
Dealer in articles made of iron. 

irony (i'run-i), n. Mode of speech con- 
veying the opposite of what is meant; 
satire. [Gr. eironeia, dissimulation.] 

irradiate (ir-ra'di-at). I. vt. 1. Dart 
rays of light upon or into; adorn with 
luster. 2. Animate with light or 
heat; illuminate the understanding. 
II. vi. Emit rays; shine.— irra'dian- 
ce, irra'diancy, n. 4. Throwing of 
rays of light. 2. That which irradiates 
or is irradiated. 3. Beams of light 
emitted; splendor. 

irrational (ir-rash'un-al), a. 1. Void 
of reason or understanding. 2. Absurd 

3. Not expressible by an integral or 
by a vulgar fraction. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, m6ve, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. , 



irreclaimable 



289 



islet 



^Irreclaimable ( ir-re-kla'ma-bl ), a. 
That cannot be reclaimed of refor-ni- 
ed; incorrigible. — irreclaim'ably, 
adv. 

irreconcilable (ir-rek'on-sl-la-bl), a. 

I. Implacable. 2. Inconsistent.— ir- 
rec'oucilableness, n. — irrecon- 
cilably, adv. 

irrecoverable (ir-re-kuv'er-a-bl), a. 
Irretrievable. — irrecov'era- 
bleness, n.— irrecoverably, adv. 

irredeemable (ir-re-de'ma-bl), a. 1. 
Not redeemable. 2. Not to be con- 
verted into eash at pleasure.— irre- 
deem'ableness, n — irredeema- 
bly, adv. 

irrefragable (ir-ref'ra-ga-bl), a. Un- 
deniable; unanswerable.' [L. in, not, 
and frango, break.] 

Syn. Incontrovertible; indubitable; 
indisputable; irrefutable. 

irrefutable (ir-re-fii'ta-bl or ir-ref'-), 
a. Indisputable.— irrefu'tably, adv. 

irregular (ir-reg'u-lar). I. a. Not ac- 
cording to rule; not strictly legal; 
not uniform; not straight; not direct. 

II. n. Seldier not in regular service. 
— irregularity, n. Deviation from 
a straight line, or from rule, depart- 
ure from method, order, or law,. 

irrelative (ir-rel'a-tiv), a. Not rela- 
tive; unconnected'. 

irrelevant ( ir-rel'e-vant), a. Not 
bearing directly on the matter in 
hand ; extraneous.— irrel'evancy,?i. 

irreligion (ir-re-lij'un) , n. Want of 
religion.— irreligious, a. Destitute 
of religion; ungodly.— irreligious- 
ly, adv. — irrelig'iousness, n. 

irremediable ( ir-re-me'di- a-bl ), a. 
Not to be remedied; incurable. 

irreparable (ir-rep'a-ra-bl), a. That 

cannot be recovered; irretrievable. 

Syn. Irremediable; irrecoverable. 

Irrepealable ( ir-re-pe'la-bl ), a. 1. 
That cannot be repealed or annulled. 

irreprehensible(ir-rep-re-heE'si-bl), 
a. That cannot be blamed. 

irrepressible (ir-re-pres'i-bl), a. Not 
to be restrained ; uncontrollable. 

irreproachable (ir-re-proch'a-bl), a. 
Free from blame; innocent. 

irresistible (ir-re-zis'ti-bl), a. Not to 
be opposed successfully; overpower- 
ing. — irresist'ibly, adv. — irre- 
sist ibleness, irresistibility, n. 

irresolute (ir-rez'o-lot), a. Not firm 
in purpose; undecided. — irres'o- 
lutely, adv.— irresolution (ir-rez- 
o-16'shun), n. [haviug regard (to). 

irrespective ( ir-re-spek'tiv ), a. Not 

irresponsible (ir-re-spon'si-bl), a. 1. 
Not responsible. 2. Not reliable. 



irretrievable (ir-re-trb'va-bl), a. Not 
to be recovered or repaired. 

irreverent (ir-rev'er-ent), a. Not rev- 
erent. — irrev'erently, adv. — ir- 
rev'erence, n. 

irreversible (ir-re-ver'si-bl), a. 1. Not 
reversible. 2. That cannot be recalled 
or annulled.— irrever'sibly, adv.— 
irrever'sibleness, n. 

irrevocable (ir-rev'o-ka-bl), a. That 
cannot be recalled; unalterable.— 
irrevocably, adv.— irrevocable^ 
ness, n. 

irrigate (ir'i-gat), vt. 1. "Wet or mois- 
ten. 2. Cause water to flow upon. — ir- 
rigation, n. [L.— in. and rigo,wa ter. 
Akin to Ger. regen, Eng. rain.] 

irritable (ir'i-ta-bl ), a. 1. That may 
be irritated; easily provoked. 2. In 
med. Susceptible of excitement or 
irritation by stimulants. — irrita- 
bility, n. [See irritate.] [ful. 
Syn. Sensitive; excitable. See fret- 

irritant ( ifi-tant ). I. a. Irritating. 
II. n. That which causes irritation. 

irritate (ir'i-tat) , vt. 1. Make angry; 
provoke. 2. Excite beat and redness 
in. 3. Increase the activity of. 4. 
Make oversensitive or nervous.— ir- 
ritation, n.— irritative, ir'rita- 
tory, ns. [L. irrito—atum, prob. f req. 
of irrio, snarl as a dog.] 

irruption (ir-rup'shun), n. Breaking 
or bursting in. 2. Sudden invasion. 
[L.—in, and rumpo, break.] 

irruptive ( ir-rup'tiv ), a. Rushing 
suddenly in or upon.— irrup'tively, 
aav. [A. S.] 

is(iz). Third person sing. pres. ind. of be. 

isagon (i'sa-gon), n. Figure having 
equal angles. [Gr. — isos, equal, and 
gonia, angle.] 

ischialgia (is-ki-al'ji-a), n. Sciatica; 
pain in the hip. 

ischium (is'ki-um), n. Lowest of the 
three parts of the innominatum or 
haunch-bone. [Gr.] 

isinglass (1'zing-glas), n. 1. Purest 
kind of gelatin chiefly prepared from 
the air-bladders of the sturgeon; fish- 
glue. 2. Mica. [From Dut. huizen- 
Mas— huizen, sturgeon, and bias, blad- 
der.] 

Islam ( iz'lam ), Islamism ( iz'lam- 
izm), n. Mohammedan religion. — "Is* 
lamit'ic, a. [Ar islam— salama, sub- 
mit to God.] 

island (I'land), n. Land surrounded 
with water —islander (iland-er), n. 
Inhabitant of an island. [A." S. igland, 
Hand.} 

isle (il), n. Island. [O. Fr.— L. insula— 
in, and salum, the billowing sea.] 

islet (i'let), n. Little isle. 



fate. fat. task. far. fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, bum; oil, owl, then. 



ism 



290 



izzarti 



ism ( izm) ) n. 1. Theory ; system. 2. 
Faddish doctrine. 

isobar (I'so-bar), n. Line along which 
the barometric pressure is the same. 

isochronal (i-sok'ron-al), isochron- 
ous (i-sok'ron-us), a. 'Of equal time; 
performed in equal times. [Gr.— isos, 
equal, and chronos, time.] 

isolate (i'so-lat or is'o-lat), vt. Place 
in a detached situation.— isola'tion, 
n. [It. isolare—isola—L,. insula, island.] 

isometric (l-so-met'rik), a. Of equal 
measure. [Gr. isos, equal, and metric] 

Isopod (i'so-pod) , 
a. With feet all 
alike or of simi- 
lar structure. 

isosceles (i-sos'- 
e-lez), a. Having 
two equal sides, 
as a triangle. 
[Gr.— isos, equal, 
and s/celos, leg ] 

isotherm (Iso- 
therm), n. Line 
along which the 
mean tempera- 
ture is the same. 
—isotherm'al, 
a. [ Gr. — isos, 
equal, and ther- 
me, heat.] 

Israelite (iz'ra- 

" el-it), n. De- 
scendant of Is- 
rael or Jacob; 
Jew. — Israel- 
itic ( iz-ra-el-it' 
ik),Israelitish 
(iz-ra-el-it'ish),a. 

issoe(ish'6 ). I. vi. 
1. Go, flow, or 
come out. 2. Pro- 
ceed as from a 
soui'ce; spring; 
be produced. 3. 
Come to a point 
in fact or law ; 
terminate. II. vt. 
Send out; put 
into circulation; 

give out for use; deliver. III. n. 1. 
Going or sending out. 2. That which 
passes out,as progeny, produce, publi- 
cation, etc.; result. 3. Question for 
decision. 4. Ulcer produced artifi- 
cially. [Fr.— eissir— L. exire, go out.] 
Syn. Consequence; upshot; conclu- 
sion; termination; offspring. 

isthmus (ist'musor is'mus), n. Neck 
of land connecting two larger por- 
tions of land. [Gr.] 

it (it), pron. Thing spoken of or re- 
ferred to. [A. S. hit.] 



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IBB 



Italian ( i-tal'yan), Italic (i-tal'ik). 
I. a. Of or relating to Italy or its 
people. II. n. 1. Native of Italy. 2 Lan- 
guage of Italy. 
italicize(i-tal'i-siz),^. 1 Print in ital- 
ics. 2. Underscore with a single line, 
italics (i-tal'iks), n. pi. Kind of type 
which slopes to the right, so called 
because first used by an Italian prin- 
ter, Aldo Manuzio, about 1500. 
itch (ich). I. n. 1. Uneasy, irritating 
sensation in the skin. 2. Eruptive 
disease in the skin, caused by a para- 
site. 3. Constant 
teasing desire. 
II. vi. 1. Have an 
instating sensa- 
tion in the skin. 
2. Have a con- 
stant teasing 
desire. — itchy 
(ich'i), a. [A. S, 
giccan.] 
item (i'tem). L 
adv. Likewise 
II. n. 1. Separ- 
ate particular. 
2. Separate ar- 
ticle. — i'tem- 
ize, vt. Make a 
note of : write 
out singly. [L.] 
iterate (it'er-at), 
vt. Do again; re- 
peat. — itera/' 
tion, n. [L. — 
iterurn, again.] 
itinerant (I-tin'- 
er-ant). L a. 
Making jour- 
neys ; travel- 
ling. II. n, One 
who wanders, 
esp. a preacher. 
— itin'eracy, 
itin'erancy,rc. 
itinerary (i-tin' 
er-ar i), I. a. 
Travelling. II. n. 
1. Detailed plan 
for a journey. 2. 
[L. — iter, journey.] 
Travel. 



.Isobars Isotherms. 



Book of travels 

itinerate (i-tin'er : at), vi 

its (its), pron. Possessive of it. 

itself (it-self), pron. Neuter reflexive 
pronoun, applied to things- [ivy. 

ivied, ivyed (l'vid), a. Mantled with 

ivory (l'vo-ri), n. 1. Hard, white sub- 
stance composing the tusks of the 
elephant, walrus, etc. 2. Tooth. [O. 
Fr. ivurie — L. ebur.] 

ivy (l'vi), n. Creeping evergreen plant. 
[A. S. iflg.} [letter Z. 

izzard (iz'ard), n. Old name for th« 



fate, fat. task. far. fall, fare, above ;, me, met, her; mite, mit; note,, not, move, wolf ; 
mdte ; hut 2 bQrn; oil, owl, ihetk 



291 



January 




American Jack. 



Dj (ja), n. Tenth letter of the TEn- 
glish alphabet. Has invariably 
the soft sound of g, as in genius. 
jabber (jab'er). I. vt. and vi. 
Gabble; talk rapidly and indis- 
tinctly. II. n. Rapid, indistinct speak- 
ing. [From root 

Of GABBLE.] 

Jack (jak'), n. 1. 
Familiar name 
for John. 2. Sau- 
cy fellow. 3. 
Sailor. 4. Ins- 
trument or de- 
vice taking the 
place of a help- 
er. 5. M a 1 e of 
some animals. 
6. Flag dis- 
played from 
the bowsprit 
of a ship. 7. 
Playing card 
bearing the 
picture of a 
knave.— Jack boots ( jak'bSts ), n. pi. 
Large boots reaching above the knee. 
—Jack-knife, pocket-knife larger than 
a penknife. —Jack of all trades, one 
versed in many kinds of work, but ex- 
pert in none.— Jack-o'-lantern. 1. Will- 
o'-the-wisp. 2. Pumpkin-lantern into 
which a face is carved. — Jack plane, 
carpenter's plane for rough work.— 
Jack-pot, in draw poker, a pool, in 
which the ante is repeated, and new 
deals made, until one player has a 
pair of jacks or better.— Jack-pudding, 
clown; buffoon.— Jack-rabbit (jak'rab- 
it), n. One with very long ears and 
legs, of Western U. S. — Jack-screw, 
lifting-jack.— Jack Tar, a sailor; dim. 
jack, jacky; 
pl. jackies. 

jackal (jak'- 
al), n. Wild, 
gregarious 
animal close- 
ly allied to 
the dog. 
[P'ers. sha- 
ghal.] 

jackanapes 
(jak'a-naps), 
n. Impudent 
fellow; cox- 
comb. 

jackass (jak'- 

as), n. 1. Male of the ass. 2. Block- 
head, [crow. 

jackdaw (jak'da), n. Species of small 

jacket ( jak'et )'.' I. n. 1. Short coat. 
2. Covering, esp. of nonconducting 




Jackal. 




material. II. vt. Put a jacket on. 
[Fr. jaquette.] 

jack stone (jak'ston), n. Small pebble 
or toy, with which children play, 
catching them, etc. 

jackstraw (jak'stra), n. 1. Effigy of 
a man, made of straw. 2. Straw or 
strip of wood or bone, representing a 
tooi or the like, and used in a game. 

jade(jad). I. n. 1. Tired horse; worth- 
less nag. 2. Vicious woman. II. vt. 
Tire by overwork. III. vi. Become 
tired or weary. [Etym. doubtful.] 
£?/7i._Fatigue; weary; wear. 

jade (jad), n. Stone used for ornament- 
al carving. 

jag- (jag). I. n. Notch; ragged protu- 
berance. II. vt. [jagg'ing; jagg'ed.] 
Cut into notches, — jagged (jag'ed), 
a. Notched; rough-eaged.— jag'ged- 
ly, adv. [Celt, ga^, cleft.] 

jag (jag), n. Small load. [Etym. 
doubtful.] 

jagnar (jag- 
war' ) , n. 
Most formi- 
dable Ameri- 
can beast of 
prey, allied 
to the leop- 
ard. [Braz. 
jaguar a.} Jaguar. 

jail ( jal ), n. 
Prison.— Jail-bird, n. Convict. 
er, n. Keeper of a jail or prison. [O. 
Fr. gaiole — It. gabbiola — L. c»veola, 
cage.] 

jalap (jal'ap), n. Purgative root of a 
plant first brought from Xalapa, in 
Mexico. 

jam (jam), n. Conserve of fruit boiled 
with sugar. [Etym. doubtful.] 

jam (jam). I. vt. [jam'ming; jammed.] 
Press or squeeze tight. II. n. People 
or things jammed or crowded to- 
gether. [From root of champ.] 

jamb (jam), n. Sidepiece or post of a 
door, fireplace, etc. [O. Fr. gambe, 
leg— Celt. cam. bent.] 

jangle (jang'l). I. vi. Sound discor- 
dantly, as in wrangling ; wrangle ; 
quarrel. II. vt. Cause to sound harsh- 
ly. III. n. Discordant sound; conten- 
tion. [From the sound.] 

janitor (jan'i-tur), n. One who has the 
care of a building. — fern, janilress, 
jan'itrix. [L. from janua, door.] 

janizary ( jan'i-zar-i ) , janissary 
( jan'i-sar-i ), n. Soldier of the old 
Turkish foot-guards. [Fr. janissaire— 
Turk, yeni, new, and askari, soldier.] 

January (jan'u-ar-i), n. First month 
of the year, dedicated by the Romans 
to the god Janus. 



-jail'- 



y, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; Oil, owl, then. 



japan 



292 



•Jesuit 



japan ( ja-pan' ). I. vt. [japan'ning; 
japanned'.] Varnish after the man- 
ner of the Japanese. II. n. 1. Work 
japanned. 2. Varnish or lacquer used 
in japanning. 

Japanese (jap-a-nez' or -nes'). I. a. 
Of or pertaining to Japan or its in- 
habitants. II. n. 1. Native of Japan. 

2. Language of Japan. 

jar (jar). I. vi. 1. [jar'ring; jarred.] 
Make a harsh, discordant sound. 2. 
Shake or tremble. 3. Be inconsistent. 
II. vt. Shake; agitate. III. n. Harsh, 
rattling sound; clash of interests or 
opinions; discord. [A. S. cearian.] 

jar (jar), n. Earthen or glass bottle 
with a wide mouth, but without han- 
dle or spout. [Pers. jarrah, water-pot.] 

jardiniere (zbar-din-yar'), n. Orna- 
mental stand or vase for flowers in a 
room. [Ft.] 

jargon (jar'gun), n. 1. Confused and 
unintelligible talk. 2. Slang. [Fr.] 

jasmine (jas'min), jessamine (jes'- 
a-min), n. Genus of plants, many- 
species of which have very fragrant 
flowers. FAr. yasmin.] 

jasper (jas'per), n. Semi-precious 
stone of various colors. [Gr. iaspis.] 

jaundice (jau'dis), n. Disease charac- 
terized by a yellowness of the eyes, 
skin, etc., caused by bile, —jaun- 
diced (jan'dist), a. 1. Affected with 
jaundice. 2. Prejudiced ; envious. 
[Fr. jaunisse, from jaune, yellow.] 

jaunt (jant). I. vi. Go from place to 
place. II. n. Excur- 
sion; ramble. [Etym. 
doubtful.] 

jaunty, janty (jant'i), 
a. Showy, airy; dash- 
ing.— jauntily, adv. 
— jaunt in ess, n. 
[From Fr. gentil, gen- 
teel.] 

javelin (jav'lin), n. 

Light spear 6 ft. long. [Celtic origin.] 

jaw(ja), n. 1. Mandible; maxillary; 
bone of the mouth in 
which the teeth are 
set. 2. Anything like 
ajaw. [Akin to 

CHEW.] 

jay (ja),w. Bird of the 
crow family with gay 
plumage. [O. Fr. jay, 
from root of gav.] 

jealous (jel'us), a. 1. 
Suspicious of, or in- 
censed at, rivalry. 2. 
Anxiously watchful. 

3. Exacting. — jeal'ously, adv. — 
jeal'ousy, n. [Fr. jaloux — Gr. zelos, 
zeal, emulation.] 




Human lower 
jawbone. 




Jay. 



jean (jan)_, n. Twilled cotton cloth.— 
jeans (janz), n. pi. Drawers made of 
jean. _ [From Genoa, Italy.] 

jeer (jer). I. vt. and vi. Make sport of. 

II. n. Biting jest; mockery. [From 

Dut. den gek sheeren, shear the foolj 

Syn . Flout ; gibe ; mock ; rail ; scoff ; 

sneer; taunt. 

Jehovah (je-ho'va), n. Name for the 
Supreme Being, mistakenly read for 
the Hebrew Jahveh. 

jejune (je-jon') ; a. Empty; void of 
interest; barren.— jejunely, adv.— 
jejune'ness, n. TL. jejunus, fasting.J 

jellied (jel'id), a. In the state of jelly. 

jelly (jell), n. 1. Anything gelatinous. 
2. Juice of fruit boiled with sugar. 
[Fr. gelee—L,. gelo, freeze.] 

jelly-fish (jel'i-fish),?i. Marine radiate 
animal that looks like jelly. 

jennet, gennet, genet (jen'et), n. 
Small Spanish horse. [Fr. genet— Sp. 
ginete, nag, orig. a horse-soldier. Of 
Moorish origiu.] 

jenny (jen'i), n. Gin or machine foi 
spinning. [Corrupted from gin, ma- 
chine.] 

jeopard (jep'ard), jeopardize (jep 
ar-diz), vt. Put in jeopardy. 

jeopardous (jep'ar-dus), a. Exposed 
to danger or loss.' 

jeopardy (jep'ar-di), n. Hazard; dan 
ger ; exposure to death or loss. [Fr 
jeu parti, divided game, even chance.] 

jeremiad (jer-e-mi'ad), n. Lamenta- 
tion long drawn out. [From Jeremiah 
in the Old Testament/] 

jerk d§rk). I. vt. Throw with a quick 
effort; give a sudden movement. II. 
n. Short, sudden movement. [Etym. 
doubtful.] 

jerked-beef (jerkt'bef), n. Beef cut 
into thin pieces and dried in the sun. 
[Chilian charqui.] 

jerkin ( jer'kin), n. Jacket; short 
coat; close waistcoat. [Dut. dim. of 
jurk, frock.] [of poor material. 

jerry (jer'i), n. One who builds houses 

jersey (jer'zi), n. Fine woolen yarn; 
combed wool. 2. Kind of close-fitting 
woolen upper garment worn in row- 
ing, etc. [From the island of Jersey.] 

jessamine (jes'a-min). See jasmine. 

jest (jest). I. n. 1. Something ludi- 
crous; joke; fun. 2. Object of laugh- 
ter. II. vi. Make a jest or merriment. 
— jestingly, adv.— jest'er, n. One 
who jests; buffoon. [O. Fr. geste—L,. 
gestum, done.] 

Jesuit (jez'u-it), n. 1. One of the So. 
ciety of Jesus founded in 1534 by Ig- 
natius Loyola.— Jesuitic, Jesuit- 
ical, a. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, atore; ine, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, buni; oil, owl, then. 



Jet 



293 



John Doe 



Jet (jet), n. Very compact and black 
species of coal, used for ornaments.— 
jet-black, a. Of the deepest black 
color.— jet'ty,a. Made of jet, or black 
as jet. [O. Fr. gaiet— Gr. gagates.] 

jet (jet). I. vt. and vi. [jett'ing; jett'ed.] 
Tbrow or shoot forward; jut. II. n. 
1. Spouting stream. 2. Short pipe 
emitting a flame of gas. [Fr.— It. geto, 
— Li. j actus, throw.] 

jetsam (jei'sam). jetson (jet'sun), n. 

1. Throwing of goods overboard in a 
case of great peril to lighten a vessel. 

2. Goods so thrown away which sink. 
[See jettison.] 

jettison (jet'i-sun), vt. Throw over- 
board to ease the ship. [O. Fr. getai- 
son—Lt.jactare, throw.] 

jetty ( jet'i ). I. n. 1. Projection; pier; 
landing place. 2. Dam constructed 
to change the course of the current in 
a river. II. vi. Jut; project. III. vt. 
Construct a jetty. [Fr. jetee, thrown 
out— jeter.] 

jeu d'esprit (zhe-des-pre'), n. "Witti- 
cism. [Fr.=playof wit.] 

jeunesse doree ( zhe-nes-do-ra' ), n. 
Rich young mea. [Fr.=gilded youth.] 

Jew (jo), n. Inhabitant of Judea ; 
Hebrew; Israelite. — fern. Jew'ess. — 
Jew'ish 9 <z.— Jew'ishly,acfa;.— Jew'- 
ishness, n. [O. Fr. Jui—Li. Judceus.] 

jewel (jo'el). I. n. 1. Precious stone. 
2. Anything highly valued. II. vt. 
Dress or adorn with jewels; fit with a 
jewel. [O. Fr. jouel, Fr. joyau, a dim. 
of Fr. joie, joy.] [ or deals in, jewels. 

jeweler (jo'el-er), n. One who makes 

jewelry (Jo'el-ri), n. Jewels in general. 

jew's-barp) joz'- 
harp), a. Small 
harp-shaped mu- 
sical instrument 
played between 
the teeth by strik- 
ing a spring with 
the finger. 

jib (jib). I. n. Tri- 
angular sail in front of the foremast 
V o~ _K,nea from partial shifting of it- 
self) II. vi. Move restively. [Dan. 
gibbe, Dut. gijpen, turn suddenly.] 

jib-boom (jib'bom), n. Extension of 
bowsprit on which outer jibs are set. 

jibe (jibj,^. [ji'bing; jibed.] To tack 
by bringing wind abaft; (reverse of 
going about). See gibe. 

jig- (jig). 1. n. Quick, lively tune; quick 
dance suited to the tune. II. vi. [jig'- 
ging; jigged.] Dance a jig. [Fr. gigue, 
fiddle.] 

jigger (jig'er), n. Minute species of 
flea of the W.Indies. [From the na- 
tive chigoe.] 




Jew's-harp. 



jigger (jig'er), n. Anything small, as a 
small car, boat, tick, etc. 

jiggered (jig'erd), a. in "I'll be jig- 
gered", a mild oath. 

jilt (jilt). I. n. Woman who encour- 
ages a lover and then neglects or re- 
jects him; flirt. II. vt. Encourage and 
then disappoint in love. [Scot, jillet 
—Jill (L. Juliana—Julius).] 

jimmy (jim'i), n. Short crowbar. 

jingle (jing'l). I. n. 1. Jangling or 
clinking sound. 2. That whicb makes 
a rattling sound. 3. Correspondence 
of sounds. II. vi. Sound with a jingle 
[From the sound.] 

jingo (jing'p), n. One who advocates 
an aggressive foreign policy._ 

jinrikisna(jin-rik'i-sba), n. japanesa 
two-wheeled cart drawn by a man. 

jiu-jitsu (ju-jit'su), n. Japanese sys- 
tem of self-defense, physical culture 
exercise and wrestling. 

job (job). I. n. 1. Piece of work, esp. 
of a trifling or temporary natures 2. 
Undertaking with a view to profit. 
3. Mean transaction, in which priv- 
ate gain is sought under pretense of 
public service. II. vi. Workatjobs. 2. 
Buy and sell, as a broker. — Job prin- 
ter, one who does miscellaneous work, 
such as bills, circulars, etc.— Job-work, 
work paid for by the job, not by the 
day.— jobber (j'ob'er), n. 1. One who 
buys in lots of wholesale dealei's and 
sells to retailers; middleman. 2. One 
who uses politics for private advan- 
tage.— jobbery (job'er-i), n. Unfair 
means employed to procure some 
private end. [O. Fr. gob, mouthful.] 

jockey (jok'i). I. n. One who rides a 
horse in a race. 2. Horsedealer. 3. 
Cheat. II. vt. Cheat. [Dim. of Jock, 
northern E. for Jack.] 

jocose(jo-kos'),a.Full of jokes ; humor- 
ous; merry. — jocose'ly, adv.— jo- 
cose'ness, n. [L. jocosus—jocus,i6ke.] 

jocular (jok'u-lar), a. Given to jokes; 
humorous; droll; laughable.— joe' • 
ularly, adv.— jocular'ity, n. 

jocund (jok'und), a. Merry; cheerful; 
pleasant. — jocundity, n. 

jog (jog). I. vt. [ jog'g'ing; jogged.] 
Push with the elbow or hand; nudge 
II. vi. Move by small shocks; travel 
slowly. ILL; n. Slight shake or push ; 
nudge. — jog'trot, n. Slow, jogging 
trot. [W. gogi.] 

joggle (jog'l). I. vt. Jog or shake 
slightly, jostle. II. vi. Shake. [Dim. 
of JOG.] 

John Bull (jon bpl), n. Personifica- 
tion of the typical characteristics of 
the English people. 

John Doe (jon do), n. Plaintiff. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, bum; oil, owl, fftt,n. 



johnny-cake 



294 



Judaic 



johnny-cake (jon'i-kak), n. Cake of 
Indian meal, made in various ways. 

johnny-jump-up ( jon'i-jump'up), 
n. "Wild pansy. 

join (join). I. vt. 1. Connect; unite. 2. 
Associate with; add or annex. II. vi. 
Be connected; grow together.— join '- 
er, n. One who joins or unites; car- 
penter. — join'ery, n. Art of the 
joiner. [Fr. joindre — L. Sungere.] 

joint (joint). I. n. 1. Place where two 
or more things join; knot; hinge; 
seam, etc. 2. Part of the limb of an 
animal cut off at the joint. — II. a. 
1. Joined, united, or combined. 2. 
Shared among more than one. III. 
vt. 1. Unite by joints; fit closely. 2. 
Provide with joints. 3. Cut into 
joints, as an animal. IV. vi. Fit like 
joints.— join t'ly^adv. —Joint-stock, n. 
Stock held jointly or in company. 




Carpenter's Joints. 
1. For doors, window frames, etc. 2. For pilas- 
ters. 3. Miter-joint with a jag (notch). 4. Bead- 
joint. 5. Feather-joint. 6. Tongue-joint. 7. 
Rabbet-joint with two beads. 8. Square joint. 
9. Dovetail. 

joist (joist). I. n. Timbers to which 
the boards of a floor or the laths of a 
ceiling are nailed. II. vt. Fit with 
joists. [O. Fr. giste—Lt.jacere, lie.] 

joke (jok). I. n. Jest; something witty 

or sportive; anything said or done to 

' excite a laugh. II. vt. Cast jokes at; 

banter; make merry with. III. vi. 

Jest ;be merry ;make sport. [L. jocus.] 

Syn. Rally. See jest. 

joker GJS'ker), n. 1. One who jokes or 
jests. '£. Additional card in the pack 
of 52, used in certain games. 

jollification (joM-ft-ka'shun) , n. 
Noisy festivity and merriment. 

jolly (jol'i). I. a. 1. Merry. 2« Expres- 
sing of exciting mirth. 3. Comely; 
robust. II. adv. very. III. vt. 1. Joke; 
rail. 2. Cajole (colloq.) [ Fr. joli,— 
E. yule.] 

joJlyboat ( jol'i-bot), n. Small boat 
belonging to a ship. [!>&&. jolle, yawl, 
and boat.] 



jolt (jolt). I. vt. and vi. Shake with 
sudden jerks. II. n. Sudden jerk. 
[Etymology doubtful.] 

jonquil (jon'kwil), n. Species of nar- 
cissus or daffodil with rush-like 
leaves. [Fr. jonquille — ~L. juncus, rush.] 

joss (jos), n. Chinese idol. —joss- 
house, n. Chinese temple, — joss- 
stick, n. Stick of gum burned as 
incense. [ Chinese, corrupted from 
Port. deos. god.] [of joust.] 

jostle (jos'l), vt. Push; elbow. [Freq. 

jot (jot). I. n. Least quantity assign- 
able. II. vt. [jott'ing ; jott'ed.] Set 
down briefly. — jotting; (jot'ing), n. 
Memorandum. [Gr. iota, i.] 

joule (jowl), n. Work done in one 
second with a current of one ampere 
against resistance of one ohm. [After 
Joule, Engl, physicist.] 

journal (jur'nal), n. 1. Book contain- 
ing an account of each day's transac- 
tions. 2. Periodical. 3. Transactions 
of a society. 4. Part of an axle which 
turns in a bearing. [Fr.— L. diurnalis.] 

journalism ( jiir'nal-ism), n. Occupa- 
tion of a journalist." 

journalist ( jur'nal-ist ), n. One who 
writes for or conducts a periodical. 

journey (jtir'ni). I. n. Travel; tour; 
excursion. II. vi. Travel. [Fr. jour- 
ne'e, day's travel — L. diumus.] 

journeyman ( jur'ni-man), n. One 
whose apprenticeship is completed. 

joust (just or jost). I. n. Encounter 
of two knights on horseback at a tour- 
nament. II. vi. Run in the tilt. [O. 
Fr. jouste—Li. juxta. nigh to. ] 

jovial (jo'vi-al), a. Joyous; full of 
mirth and happiness.— jovial'ity, n. 
[L. Jovialis—Jovis, Jupiter.] 

jowl (jol), n. Cheek. [A.S. ceafi, jaw.] 

joy (joi). I. n. 1. Gladness; rapture; 
mirth. 2. Cause of joy. II. vi. Rejoice; 
be glad; exult.— joy'ful, a. Full of 
joy; very glad, happy, or merry.-— 
joy'fully , adv.— joy'fulneSs, n. — 
joy'less, «. Without joy; not giving 
3oy. — joy'lessly, adv.— joy'ous, a. 
Full of joy, happiness, or merriment. 
—ioy'ously, adv.— joy'ousness, n. 
[Fr. joie—h. gaudium, joy.] 

Syn. Happiness; bliss; merriment; 
ecstasy; hilarity; jollity; jolliness. 

jubilant ( jo'bi-lant ), a. Shouting for 
joy. [L.— ; jubiio', shout ipr joy.] 

Jubilate (jb'bi-lat), vt. Rejoice; exult; 
triumph.— jubilation, n. 

jubilee (j6'bi-le), n. 1. Seasoo~of great 
public joy. 2.Fiftieth anniversary. [I* 
jubilaeus— Heb. yobel, trumpet blast,] 

Judaic (jo-da'ik), Judaical(j6-da*ik- 
al), a. Pertaining to the Jews. [Z..] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her, mite, mitj note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



Judaism 



295 



jumbo 



Judaism (jo'da-izm ), n. Doctrines 
and rites of the Jews. 

judas (jo'das), n. Hole for looking 
without beeing seen. 

judge (juj). I. vi. 1. Hear and decide. 
2. Form or pass an opinion. 8. Distin- 
guish. II. vt. 1. Hear and determine 
authoritatively; sentence. 2. Be cen- 
sorious towards. 3. Consider. 4. Form 
or pass an opinion upon. [Fr.juger— 
L. judico—jus, law, and dico, declare.] 

judge (juj), n. 1. Civil officer who 
hears and settles causes. 2. Arbitra- 
tor; awarder; umpire. 3. One who 
can decide upon the merits of a 
thing; critic; connoisseur.— judg-e'- 
ship, n. Office of a judge. [Fr. juge, 
—li. judex.] 

judgment (juj'ment), n. 1. Act of 
judging. 2. Faculty by which this is 
done; reason. 3. Opinion formed. 4. 
Sentence. 5. Condemnation; doom. — 
Confess judgment, give formal consent 
to judgment against the consenting 
party being entered without pleading ; 
acknowledge liability.— judg'snent- 
day, n. The day on which. God will 
pronounce final judgment on man- 
kind ;doomsday.— judg'ment-note, 
n. Promissory note, containing a 
power of att'y to appear and oonfess 
judgment for the amount of the note. 
Syn. Decision; award; discernment; 
sagacity; wisdom; taste; understand- 
ing; sensibility; intellect; penetra- 
tion, [power to judge. 

judicative ( jo'di-ka-tiv ), a. Having 

judicatory (jo'di-ka-to-ri). I. a. Per- 
taining to a judge; distributing jus- 
tice. II. 7i. 1. Distribution of justice. 
2. Tribunal. 

judicature (jo'di-ka-tur), n. 1. Pro- 
fession of a judge. 2. Power or sys- 
tem of dispensing justice by legal 
trial. 3. Jurisdiction. 4. Tribunal. 

judicial (jo-dish'al), a. 1. Pertaining 
to a judge or court. 2. Practiced in, 
or proceeding from, a court of jus- 
tice. 3. Established by statute. 4. 
Adapted or fitted for judging. — ju- 
dicially, adv. [Li.judicialis.] 

judiciary (jo-dish'i-ar-I). I. n. 1. Jud- 
ges taken collectively. 2. System of 
courts. II. a. 1. Pertaining to the 
courts of law. 2. Passing judgment. 
[L. judiciarius.] 

judicious (jo-dish'us), a. 1. According 
to sound judgment. 2. Possessing 
sound judgment; discreet. — judi- 
ciousness, n. — judi'ciously, adv. 

Judy (jo'di), n. [pi. Judie?.] Punch's 
wife in a 'Punch and Judy' show. 
[Familiar form of judith.] 



jug* (jug). I. n. Large vessel with a 
swelling body and narrow mouth. II. 
vt. [jugg'ing; jugged.] 1. Put into 
a jug. 2. Commit to jail. (Colloq.) 
[Etymology doubtful] 

juggle (jug'l). I. vi. and vt. Play tricks 
by sleight-of-hand; conjure; deceive. 
II. n. 1. Trick by sleight-of-hand. 2. 
Imposture, —juggler, n— jug- 
glery, n. [O. Fr. jogler—L,. joculor, 
jest. J 

jugular (jo'gu-lar). I. a. Pertaining 
to the throat. II. n. One of the two 
large veins of the neck. The external 
one carries the blood from the exter- 
nal parts of the head and neck into 
the subclavian vein; it is visible on 
either side of the neck. The internal 
one carries the blood from the interior 
parts of the head and joins the sub- 
clavian vein. [L. — jugulum, collar- 
bone— jungo, join.] 

juice (jos), 7i. 1. Sap of vegetables. 2. 
Fluid part of animal bodies.— juice'- 
less, a.— jul cy (jo'si). a. Full of 
juice. — jui'ciness, n. [Fr.— L. jus, 
sauce, broth.] 

jujube (jo'job), 
n. 1. G e n u s of 
spiny shrub. 
2. Edible fruit 
of the shrub. 3. 
Lozenge made 
to taste like the 
fruit. [ Fr. — 
Pers. zizfun, ju- 
jube-tree.] 

julep (jo'lep), n. 
1. Pleasant liq- 
uid medicine in 
which an ill- 
tasting medi- 
cine is taken. 2. 

Brandy, broken ice, and sugar, flavor- 
ed, usually with mint. [Ar. julab-^ 
Pers. gul, rose, and db, water.] 

Julian (jo'li-an) a. Pertaining to 
Julius Caesar. — Julian year, year ot 
365^ days, as arranged by Julius 
Cassar. 

julienne (zho-le-en'), n. Clear soup 
made with various herbs or vegetab- 
les cut in very small pieces. [Fr.] 

July (jo-li'), n. Seventh month of the 
year, so called by Caius Julius Caasar, 
who was born in this month, and 
who reformed the calendar. 

jumble ( jum'bl). 1.^. and vi. Mix 
confusedly. II. n. 1. Confused mix- 
ture. 2. Kind of thin, crisp cak9. 

jumbo (jum'bo), n. Very large indivi- 
dual of its kind. [After Jumbo, a big 
elephant exhibited about 1880-85.] 




Jujub 



fate, fat, taslr, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mitj note, not, move, wolfj 
mute, hut, bum; oil, owl. then. 



jnmelle 



296 



juxtaposition 



jumelle (zh'6-meV), a. Twin; in pairs, 
as an opera-glass having two tubes. 
[Pr. fern, of jumeau, twin.] 

jump (jump). I. vt. and vi. 1. Spring; 
bouud; leap. 2. Pass by a leap; skip 
over. II. n. Act of jumping; bound. 
—Jump a claim, take possession of a 
piece of public land which another 
has already occupied. —Jump bail, ab- 
scond to avoid trial, after bail is 
given. [O. Ger. gumpen, jump.] 

junction (jungk'shun), n. 1. Act of 
joining, or state of being joined. 2. 
Place or point of union. [See join.] 

juncture (jungk'tur), n. 1. Joining; 
union. 2. Critical or important point 
of time. [Li. junctura — jungo, join.] 

June(j6n),w. Sixth month of the year. 
[L. Junius.'] 

jungle (jung'l), n. Dense tangle of 
vegetation.— jungly, a. [Hindoo 
jangal.] 

junior ( jo'ni-ur ). I. a. 1. Younger, 
2. Lower in rank. II. n. One younger 
or less advanced.— juniority (jo-ni- 
or'Mi), ju'niorship, n. State of be- 
ing junior. [L.] 

juniper ( jo'ni-per ), 
n. Evergreen 
shrub, the berries 
of which are used 
in making gin. [L. 
juniperus, r?newing 
its youth — juvenis 
young, and pario, 
bring forth ; because 
evergreen.] 

junk ( jungk ), n. 
Chinese sea-going 
vessel, having from 
one to five masts. 
[Port, junco — Chi- 
nese chw'an, boat.] 

junk (jungk), n. 1. 
Piece of old cordage. 
2. Salt meat. 3. Scraps of old iron, 
paper, rags, etc. [L. juncus, rush, of 
which ropes used to be made.] 

Junker (yon'ker), n. 1. Young German 
nobleman! 2. Member of the aristo- 
cratic party in Northern Germany. 

junket (jung'ket ), n. Picnic; feast; 
excursion. II. vi. Goon a picnic ex- 
cursion; feast, lit. vt. Feast. [It. giun- 
cata—Li. juncus, reed-basket.] 

junta (jun'ta),^. Spanish grand coun- 
cil of state.' [Sp.] [jun'tos. [Sp.] 

junto (jun'to), n. Cabal; faction.— pi. 

Jnpiter (jo'pi-ter), n. 1. Chief god 
among the Romans. 2. Largest, and 
next to Venus, brightest of planets. 
[Contr. from Jovis pater, Jove father.] 

Juridical (jo-rid'ik-al), a. 1. Relating 
to the distribution of justice. 2 ^ 




Juniper. 



Per- 



taining to a judge. 3. Used in courts 
of law. — juridically, adv. [L.— 
jus, law, and dico, declare.] 

jurisdiction ( jo-ris-dik'shun ), n. 1. 
Judicial authority. 2. Extent of pow- 
er.— jurisdictional, a. [L.] 

jurisprudence ( jo-ris-pro'dens ), n. 

I. Science of law. 2. Unwritten, non- 
statutory law. [L.] 

jurist (jo'rist), n. One who is versed 
in the science of law. [Pr. juriste.] 

juror (jo'riir), juryman (jo'ri-man), 
n. One who serves on a jury. 

jury (jS'ri), n. Body of men, selected 
and sworn, as prescribed by law, to 
declare the truth on evidence before 
them. [Fr. jtire, sworn— jurer—Li. juro, 
swear.] 

jury-mast (jor'i-mast), n. Temporary 
mast in place of one lost. [Corr. from 
injury-mast.] [for temporary service. 

jury-rigged ( jo'ri-rigd), a. Rigged 

just, n. Tilt. Same as joust. 

just (just). I. a. Conforming to right; 
normal; equitable. II. adv. Exactly; 
barely.— justly, adv.— just'ness, n. 
Equity; propriety ; exactness. [L.] 
Syn. Upright; righteous; due; regu- 
lar; proper; exact; impartial; true. 

justice (jus'tis), n. 1. Quality of being 

just; impartiality. 2. Retribution. 3. 

Judge; magistrate. [F.— L. justicia.] 

Syn. Equity; honesty; right; law; 

integrity; rectitude; desert. 

justiciary (jus-tish'i-ar-i). I. a. Rela- 
ting to the administration of justice. 

II. n. Administrator of justice; judge. 
justifiable (jus'ti-fi-a-bl), a. Thatmay 

be justified or defended. — jus'tifia- 
bleness, n.— justifiably, adv. 

justification ( jus-ti-fi-ka'shun ), n. 
Vindication; absolution; plea of suf- 
ficient reason. 

justify (jus'ti-fi), vt. 1. Prove or show 
to be just or right; vindicate. 2. Ab- 
solve; exonerate, 3. Adjust; fit, as 
type in the forms. [L.— Justus, just, 
and facto, make.] 

jnt (jut), vi. [jut'ting; jut'ted.] Pro- 
ject. [A form of jet.] 

jute (jot), n. Fiber of an Indian plant, 
resembliug hemp and used in the ma- 
nufacture of coarse bags, mats, etc. 
[Beng. jut.] 

juvenescent (jo-ve-nes r ent),a. Grow- 
ing young.— juvenescence, n. [L.] 

juvenile (jo've-nil). I. a. Young; 
pertaining to youth. II. n. 1. Young 
person; youth. 2. Book for young 
people or children.— juvenility, n. 
[L. juvenilis.] 

juxtaposition ( juks-ta-po-zish'un ). 
n. Placing or being placed near ; conti- 
guity. [L. juxta, near, and position.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut; burn; oil, owl, then.. 



29? 



kernel 



k (ka), n. Eleventh letter of the 
English alphabet, silent before 
n in the same syllable. 
Kaaba (ka'ba), n. Most sacred 
shrine of the Mohammedans, 
erected in the Great Mosque at Mecca, 
and containing the sacred black stone, 
said to have fallen from heaven. [Ar. 
ka'b, cube.] [Dutch.] 

knap ( kap ), n. Cap. [ So. African 

Kabyle (ka-biT), n. One of a Berber 
race in the mountains of Algeria. [Ar. 
qabail, Jiorde.] [countries. [Ar. qadi.] 

kadi (ka'di), n. Judge in Mohammedan 

kaffir (kaf'ir), n. One of a native race 
of S. E. Africa. [Ar. kaftr, unbeliever.] 

kaftan (kaftan), n. Long vest with 
long sleeves' and a girdle, worn in 
eastern countries._ [canoe. [Eskimo.] 

kaiak, kayak (ka'yak), n. Seal-skin 

Kaiser (ki'zer), n. German Emperor. 
[L. Caesar.] [leaves. 

kale (kal), n. Cabbage with open.curled 

kaleidoscope (ka-11'do-skop), n. Op- 
tical toy exhibiting an endless vari- 
ety of beautiful colors and forms. — 
kaleidoscopic, a. [Gr. kalos, beau- 
tiful, eidos, form, and skopeo, see.] 

kali (ka'li), n. 1. Glasswort, a olant, 
the ashes of which are used in making 
glass. 2. Potash. [See alkali.] 

katinm (ka'li-um), n. Potash. 

kamitok (ka'me-tok), n. Among the 
Tehuktchi, a destitute Siberian tribe 
near the Bering Strait, a ceremony 
during which an old person is killed 
so as to decrease the demand for food. 

Kanaka (ka-na'ka), n. Native of the 
Hawaiian islands. 

kangaroo (kang-a- 
ro' ), n. Australian 
quadruped, remark- 
able for the length of 
its hind legs and its 
power of leaping. 
[Native name.] 

kaolin (ka'o-lin), n. 
White clay, chief in- 
gredient of porcelain. 
[Chin.] 

katsnp. See catchup. 

katydid (ka'ti-did),rc. 
Pale-green insect, al- 
lied to the grasshop- 
per. [From its song.] 

keck (kek), vi. Heave the stomach; 
retch. [to protect from chafing. 

keckle (kek'l),?tf. Wind with old rope, 

kedge (kej). I. n. Small anchor for 
keeping a ship steady and for warping 
the ship. II. vt. Move by means of a 
kedge; warp. [Icel. kaggi, cask fixed 
to an anchor as a buoy. J 




Kangaroo. 



keel (kel). I. n. 1. Part of a ship ex 
tending along the bottom from stem 
to stern, and supporting the whole 
frame. 2. Low, fiat-bottomed boat. 
II. vt. and vi. 1. Plough with a keel; 
navigate. 2. Turn keel upwards. - 
Keel over, upset. [A. S. ceof, ship.] 

keelbaul (kel'hal), vt. 1. Punish by 
hauling under the keel of a ship by 
ropes from the one side to the other. 
2. Reprimand in a galling manner 

keelson, kelson (kel'sun), n. Inner 
keel placed right over the outer keel 
of a ship. [Norw. kjolsvill, keelsill.J 

keen(ken),a.Sharp; piercing; penetra 
ting; eager.— keen'ness, n.— keen - 
ly^adv. [A. S. cene— Ger. kuehn. bold.] 
Syn. Cutting; severe; prompt; bit- 
ter; shrewd; fierce. 

keep ( kep ), vt. [keeping; kept.] 1. 
Have the care of; guard; maintain, 
y. Have in one's service. 3. Remain 
in; adhere to; fulfill. 4. Not lose; 
maintain hold upon. 5. Restrain from 
departure. 6. Preserve. H. vi. Re- 
main; last. III. n. 1. That which 
keeps or protects. 2. Donjon; strong- 
hold. 3. Support; board ; maintenance. 
— keep'er,w. — keeping*, n. 1. Care. 
2. Just proportion, harmony. — keep'> 
sake, n. Souvenir. [A.S. cepan.] 

keg (keg), n. Small cask or barreL 
[Icel. kaggi.] 

kelp (kelp), n. Calcined ashes of sea- 
weed, once used in making glasSv 
[Etymology unknown.] 

kelpie, kelpy (kel'pi ), n. Water- 
sprite in the form of a horse. [Scotch.) 

Kelt (kelt), n. Same as celt 

ken (ken). I. vt. Know; recognize at 
a distance. II. n. Reach of knowledge 
or sight. [A. S. cennan, teach, tell.] 

kennel ( ken'el ). I. n. 1. House for 
dogs. 2. Pack of hounds. 3. Hole of a 
fox, etc. II. vi. and vt. [kenn'elling; 
kenn'elled.l Keep or live in a kennel. 
[Norm.Fr. kenil— L. canile—canis, dog.] 

kennel (ken'el), n. Channel; gutter. 
[Form of canal.] 

keno (ke'no), n. Game similar to lotto. 

kept, imp. and pa. p. of keep. 

kerchief (ker'chif), n. Square pieceof 
cloth to cover the head or neck. [Fr. 
couvrechef— cover and chef, head.] 

kermess(ker'mes). kermis, n. 1. Out- 
door European annual festival and 
fair. 2. In U. S. indoor imitation of 
Flemish kermess. [O. Dan. kirchmesse, 
••church ale," signifying a gift. See 

KLRMESS. 

kernel (kei'nel), n. Substance in the 
shell of a nut; seed of a pulpy fruit; 
core. [A. S. cyrnel, dim. of A. S. corn, 
grain.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf$ 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



Kerosene 



298 



kindle 



kerosene (ker'o-sen), n. Illuminating 
oil obtained from petroleum. [Gr.— 
keros, wax.] 

kersey (ker'si), n. Coarse woolen cloth. 
[Named from kersky in Suffolk.Eng.] 

kerseymere (ker'zi-mer), n. Twill- 
ed cloth of the finest wool. [Corr. of 

CASSIMEBE.] 

kestrel (kes'trel), n. Small European 
hawk. 

ket (ket), n. Carrion; filth. [Icel. kjot.] 

ketchup. Same aa catchup. 

kettle (ket'l), n. 1. Vessel of metal, 
for heating or boiling liquids. [A. S. 
cetel—Li. catillus.] 

kettledrum (ket'1-drum), n. Drum 
made of a metal vessel like a kettle, 
and covered with parchment. 

key (ke). I. n. 1. Instrument for shoot- 
ing the bolt of a lock. 2. That by 
which something is screwed or turn- 
ed. 3. Small lever in musical in- 
struments for producing notes. 4. 
Fundamental note of a piece of music. 
5. That which explains a mystery. 6. 
Book containing answers to exercises, 
etc. II. vt. 1. Fas ten or tighten with 
a key. 2. Tune. — key'board, n. 
The keys or levers in a piano or 
organ arranged along a flat board.— 
key'stone, n. 
Wedge-shaped 
stone at the 
apex of an 
arch. [A. S. 
cwg, key. ] 

key (ke), n. Keystone. 

Low island 

near the coast. [Sp. cayo; probably— 
G. Fr. caye (Fr. quai), quay'.] 

khaki (ka'ki). I. a. Dust-colored. 11. 
Light tan or drab cloth, first used for 
the uniforms of some East Indian 
troops. [Hind, khaki, dusty.] 

khan (kan), n. 1. Prince; cbief; gov- 
ernor. [Pers. khan, prince.] 2. Cara- 
vansery. [Pers. khana.] 

kbedive (ke-dev'), n. Title of the vice- 
roy of Egypt. [Pers. khidiv, sovereign.] 

kibe(kib), n. Chilblain. [W. cib, knob.] 

kiek (kik). I. vt. Hit with the toot; 
recoil, as a gun. II. vi. 1. Thrust out 
the foot with violence. 2. Show oppo- 
sition. III. n. 1. Blow with tbe foot. 
2. Show of opposition. [M. E. kiken— 
W. cic, foot.] 

kid (kid), n. 1. Young goat. 2. Leather 
made of the skin of a kid, or, in the pi. 
gloves or shoes made of the leather. 
[Icel. kidh.] 

kidnap(kid'nap), vt. Carry off a human 
being clandestinely. — kid'naper, 
kid'napper, n. [From kid, child 
(thieves' slang), and nab, snatch.] 




kidney (kid'ni), n. 1. One of two 

flattened glands, on each side of the 
loins, which secrete tbe urine. 2, 
Sort; kind. [M. E. kidnere, — A. S. 
cwid, belly, and Icel. nyra (Ger. niere). 

kidneybean (kid'ni-ben), n. French 
bean; haricot; white bean. 

kill (kil), vt. Put to death; slay; an- 
nihilate; defeat. — killer, n. [Icel. 
kolla, hit on the head — kollr, head.] 

killdee (kil'de), n. Large American 
ring-plover. [From its note.] 

kiln (kil), n. Oven in which grain, 
bricks,etc, are dried.— kiln'-dry , t?£. 
Dry in a kiln. [A. S. cyln— L. culina, 
kitchen.] 

kilogram, kilogramme ( kil'o- 
gram), n. Metric measure of weight 
= 1,000 grammes, or 2.2 lbs. avoir- 
dupois. [Fr.— Gr. chilioi, 1,000, and 
gramme. ] 

kiloliter (kil'o-le-ter), n. Metric meas- 
ure of capacity = 1,000 liters,or 264.18 
American gallons. [Fr. — Gr. chilioi t 
1,000, and litra,-pound.] 

kilometer ( kil'o-me-ter ) , n. Metric 
measure of length, being l.OOOmeters, 
=a mile less 19 feet 2 inches. [Fr.— 
Gr. chilioi, l,00t apd meter.] 

kilosfere (kil'o-ster), n. Metric meas- 
ure of volume= 1,000 cubic meters,or 
35,315 American cubic feet. [Fr.— Gr. 
chilioi, 1,000, and stereos, solid.] 

kilowatt (kil'o-wot), n. One thousand 
watts. [See watt.] 

kilt ( kilt ), n. Kind of short skirt, 
worn by the Highlandmen of Scot- 
land.— kilting, n. Flat, close plait- 
ing like that of a Scotch kilt.— kilt- 
ed, a. Wearing a kilt. [Dan. kilter 
tuck up.] 

kimono (ki-mo'no), n. Japanese gar- 
ment for both sexes, resembling a 
lady's dressing gown. 

kin (kin), n. I. Relatives. 2. Relation- 
ship; affinity. [A. S. cyn. See kind.] 

kind (kind). I. n. 1. Sort; species. 2. 
Nature; style. II. a. Disposed to do 
good to others; benevolent.— kind- 
ly, a. and adv.— kindliness, n. — 
kind'ness, n. — kind'hearted, a. 
[A.S. cynd, born, natural.] 

Syn. Sympathetic; humane; gener- 
ous; forbearing; gentle; tractable. 

kindergarten (kin'der-gar-tn), n. In- 
fan ts' school. [Ger. =children-garden. ] 

kindle (kin'dl). I. vt. 1. Set fire to; 
light. 2. Inflame, as the passions; 
excite. II. vi. 1. Take fire. 2. Begin to 
be excited or aroused— kind'ler, n. 
— kindling, n. Material for start- 
ing a fire. [Icel. kynda, set fire to,— 
kyndill, torch. Akin to candle.] 
Syn. Ignite; rouse; incite. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute. hut. burn; oil. owl, then. 



kindred 



299 



knife 



kindred (kin'dred). I. n. Relatives. 
II. a. Related; congenial. [A. S. cyn, 
kin, and rceden, condition.] 

kine (kin), n. pi. Cows. [A. S. cy, pi. of 
cu, cow.] 

ksnematics(kin-e-mat'iks), n. Science 
of pure motion without reference to 
mass. — kinemat'ical, a. [Gr. kinema, 
motion— kineo, move.] 

kinetic ( ki-net'ik), a. Motory; in the 
form of motion. — kinet'ics, n. 
Science of motion viewed with refer- 
ence to its causes. [Gr. kinetikos, put- 
ting in motion — kineo, move.] 

kinetograph ( ki-ne'to-graf ), n. De- 
vice for taking and reprod ucing pic- 
tures of moving objects. [Gr. kinelos, 
moving, and graphein, write.] 

kinetoscope (ki-ne'to-skop), n. Appa- 
ratus for exhibiting pictures of ob- 
jects in motion. [Gr. kinetos, moving, 
and skopein, view.] 

king- (king), n. 1. Chief ruler of a king- 
dom; monarch. 2. Card having the 
picture of a king. 3. Most important 
piece in chess.— king'-bolt, n. Iron 
bolt fastening the front axle to the 
wagon. — king'crab, n. Horseshoe 
crab.— kingcraft, n. Art of govern- 
ing, mostly in a bad sense.— king- 
dom, n. 1. Territory or dominion of 
a king. 8; One of the three grand di- 
visions in Nat. Hist., the animal, veg- 
etable, or miner- 
al.— klng'fish- 
er, n. Bird with 
very brill ant 
plumage, which 
feeds on fish, and 
darts vertically 
upon its prey ; 
halcyon — 
kingly, a. Be- 
longing or suitable to a king; royal; 
noble — king'ly, adv. — king'li- 
ness, n. — kingpost, n. Post rest- 
ing on the middle of tie-beam and 
upholding the rafters. [A. S. cyning 
—cyn, tribe, kin.] 

kink (kingk). I n. Sharp bend in a 
rope, cable, wire, string, etc. II. vt. 
and vi. Twist or run into kinks; be- 
come twisted or tangled. [Norw ] 

kinsfolk (kinz'fok), n. Relatives. 

kinsman (kinz'man), n. Relative. — 
Jem. kinswoman. 

kiosk (ki-osk'), n. Eastern garden 
pavilion. [Turk, kushk.] 

kip (kip), n. Leather of a grade be- 
tween calf and cowhide. 

kipper (kip'er). I. n. Salmon or her- 
ring split open, seasoned, and dried. 
II. vt. Cure or preserve, as a salmon 
or herring. [Norw. kippa] 




Kingfisher. 



kirmess. See kermess. 

kismet (kismet), n. Fate; destiny. 

kiss (kis). I. vi. Salute or caress by 
touching with the lips; touch gently. 
II. n. Salute with the lips.— kiss'er, 
n. [A.S. ceosan, taste.] 

kit (kit), n. 1. Small wooden tub. 2. 
Outfit. [Dut. = hooped beercan.] 

kit (kit), n. 1. Small violin. 2. Guitar. 
[Contracted from A.S. cytere, guitar.] 

kitchen (kich'en), n. Room where 
food is cooked. — kitchen-garden 
( kich'en-gar'dn ), n. Garden where 
vegetables are cultivated for the 
kitchen. [A. S. cicen—Li. coquina.] 

kite (kit), n. 1. Rapacious bird of the 
hawk kind. 2. Light frame covered 
with paper or cloth, for flying at the 
end of a string. [A. S. cyta.\ 

kitten (kit'n), n. Young cat. 

kleptomania ( klep-to-ma'ni-a ), n. 
Mania for stealing. — kleptoma- 
niac,^ \Qv.klepto, steal, and mania.] 

fcnaek(nak), n. 'Trick of doing a thing 
cleverly ; facility of performance ; 
dexterity. [Cf. Ger. knacken, crack.] 

knapsack (nap'sak), n. Provision- 
sack ; case for necessaries borne by 
soldiers and travelers. [Dut. knappen, 
eat, and zak, sack.] 

knave (nav), n. 1. Deceitful fellow. 2. 
Card bearing the picture of a servant 
or soldier; jack.— k n a' very , n. 
Roguery.— kna'vish, a. Fraudulent; 
roguish.— kna'vishly, adv. [A. S. 
cnafa, cnapa, bov. youth.] 
Syn. Rascal; scoundrel; villain. 

knead (ned), vt. Work and press to- 
gether into a mass, as flour into 
dough.— knead'er, n. [A. S. enedan.] 

knee (ne), n. 1. Joint between the 
thigh and shin bones. 2. Piece of 
timber like a bent knee. — knee- 
breeches, n. pi. Breeches which 
reacn only to, or just below, the 
knees. [A. S. cneow, cneo.] 

kneel (nel), vi. [kneeled, knelt.] Rest 
or fall on the knee or knees. 

knell (nel). I. n. Tolling of a bell at 
a death or funeral. II. vi. Sound as a 
bell; toil. [A. S. cnyllan, beat noisily.] 

knew (nu), imp. of know. 

knickerbockers (nik'er-bok-erz), n. 
pi. Loose knee-breeches gathered in 

' just below the knee. [From the wide- 
breeched Dutchmen in "Knickerboc- 
ker's " (Washington Irving's) humor- 
ous history Of New York.] 

knick-knack (nik'nak), n. Trifle; 
trinket; toy. [A doubling of knack.] 

knife (nif). n. [pi. knives (aivz).j Ins- 
trument with blade or blades for cut- 
ting. [A. S. cnif. Ger. kneif — kneifen, 
nip.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil. owl, then. 



knight 



300 



krypton 




knight (nit). I. n. 1. One admitted in 
feudal times to a certain military- 
rank. 2. In England, 
the holder of a title 
next below that of a 
baronet. 3. Cham- 
pion. 4. Piece used 
in a game of chess. 
II. vt. Create a 
knight. — knight' - 
ly, a. and adv. — 
knight- errant 
( nit-er'an t ), n. 
Knight who traveled 
in search of adven- 
tures. — knight- 
er'rantry, n. [Fr. 
errant, wandering.] 
— k nigh t-h ood 
(nit'hod), n, 1. Character or privilege 
of a knight. 2. Order or fraternity of 
knights. [A. S. cniht, servant — cyn. 
See kin.] 

knit (nit), vt. and vi. [knit'ting; knit- 
ted or knit.] 1. Unite into network 
by needles. 2. Cause to grow togeth- 
er; unite closely; contract. — knit'- 
ter, n. [A. S.cnyttan — cnotta, knot.] 

knitting(nit'ing) ,n.l. Work of a knit- 
ter. 2. Union; junction. 3. Network 
formed by knitting. 

knives, n. Plural of knife. 

knob ( nob ), n. Hard protuberance; 
round handle.— knobbed (nobd), a. 
Containing or set with knobs. — 
knobby (nob'i), a. Full of knobs; 
knotty. — knob'biness, n. [A. S. 
cnoop.] 

knock (nok). I. vt. and vi. Strike with 
something hard or heavy; drive or be 
driven against; rap for admittance. 
II. n. Sudden stroke; rap. — knock'- 
er, n. Hammer attached to a door for 
making a knock. — knock-kneed 
(nok'ned), a. Having knees that knock 
or touch in walking. [A.S. cnucian.) 

knoll (nol), n. Round hillock; top of 
a hill. [A.S. cnol, jump.] 

knot (not), n. 1. Interlacement of 
parts of a cord or cords. 2. Bond of 
union. 3. Difficulty. 4. Cluster. 5. 
Part of a tree where a branch shoots 
out. 6. Division of the log-line ; nau- 
tical mile. II. vt. [knotting: knott'- 
ed.] Tie in a knot; unite closely. III. 
vi. 1. Form knots or joints. 2. Knit 
knots for a fringe.— knotty, a. 1. 
Containing knots. 2. Hard; rugged; 
3. Difficult; intricate.— knot'tiness, 
n, [A. S. cnotta.] 

knout (nowt), n. Whip formerly used 
as an instrument of punishment in 
Russia; punishment inflicted by the 
knout. [Russ. Jennie.] 



know (no), vt. [know'ing; knew (nu); 
known (non).] Be informed or assured 
of; recognize.— know'ing, a. Intelli- 
gent; cunning.— knowingly, adv.— 
knowing ness, n. [A. S. cnawan.] 

knowledge (nol'ej), n. 1. Clear per« 
ception. 2. That which is known. 3. 
Instruction; enlightment. 4. Experi- 
ence; skill. [M.E. knowleche.] 

Syn. Cognition; acquaintance; eru- 
dition; familiarity; experience; cog- 
nizance; information; learning. 

knuckle (nuk'l). I. n. 1. Projecting 
joint of the fingers. 2. Knee-joint of a 
calf or pig. II. vi. Bend.— Knuckle down 
or under, apply one's self earnestly; 
submit. [Low Ger. knwkel.] 

kodak (ko'dak), n. Portable photo- 
graphic camera. 

kohlrabi (kol-ra'bi), n. Turnip stem- 
med cabbage. [Ger.— It. cavolirape.] 

hop (kop), kopje (kop'ye), n. Top 
of hill. [So. African Dutch.] 

kopeck (ko'pek), n, Russian copper 
coin about the size of a cent. 

Koran (ko'ran or ko-ran'), n. Moham- 
medan bible. [Ar. al quran, the read- 
ing.] 

kosher (ko'sher), a. Clean; confor- 
ming to the requirement of Jewish 
rites. Opp. of tref. [Heb.=lawful.] 

kraal (kral), n. Hottentot village or 
hut. [From corral.] [African Dutch.] 

kroon (kron), n. Crown; top. [So. 




Names of Knots. 
1 and 6. Square. 2. Overhand. 3. Bow lino. 
4. Single bow. 5. Loop. 7. Granny. 

kull (kol), n. Cave. [So. Afric. Dutch.] 
kumiss (ko'mis), n. Carbonated or 

fermented milk. [Russ.] 
krypton (krip'ton), n. Newly discov- 
ered element in air. It is somewhat 
denser than nitrogen. {Gr.= hidden.) 



£ate, tat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, but, burn j oil. owl, then. 




Copyright 



SPECIMENS 
Point Plat Applique 

Linen Centre. 



2. Rose Point (Duchesse Edge), 

Brussels Needle Point 



3. Point Duchesse, with 



{Continued on next page.) 




Copyright, 1903, by Wm. H. Lee. 

SPECIMENS OF LACE 

&. Battenberg. 6. Old Brussels Needle Point. 7. Point d'Alencon. 8. Point 

d'Angleterre a Brides. 9. Flemish, or Irish, Pillow Lace. 

{See preceding page.) , .-> 



301 



lactation 



1, (el), n. Twelfth letter of the 
English alphabet. A semi-vow- 
el, silent in would, bairn, half, 
talk, etc. 

Ij(eU),n. Part of a house forming 
an L with the main structure, [scale. 
la (la), n. Sixth tone of the musical 
laager (la'ger), n. Encampment; en- 
closure formed of wagons [So. Afri- 
can Dutch. J Dutch.] 
laagte (lag'te), w.Valley. [So. African 
labefaction(lab-e-fak'shun), n. Weak- 
ening; downfall. [L. — labo, totter, 
and facio, make.] 
label (la'bel). I. n. Small slip of writ- 
ing or printing affixed to anything to 
denote its contents, ownership, etc. 

11. vt. Affix a label to. [A. S. lappa.] 
labial (la'bi-al). I. a. Pertaining to 

the lips; formed by the lips. II. n. 
Sound formed by the lips, as b, p. 
— la'bially, adv. [Fr. — labium, lip.] 

labiodental ( la-bio-de n't al ), a. 
Formed by aid of the lips and teeth, 
as / and v. 

labor (la'bur). I. n. 1. Toil; exertion: 
work done. 2. Travail. II. vi. 1. Un- 
dergo labor; work. 2. Take pains. 3. 
Be oppressed; suffer. 4. Moveslowly. 
5. Pitch and roll heavily. — labored 
(la'burd), a. Bearing marks of a 
strained effort. — laborer, n. One 
who does work requiring little skill.— 
laborious ( la-bo'ri-us ), a. 1. Toil- 
some. 2. Industrious. — laborious- 
ly, adv.— labo'riousnoss, a. 

Syn. Drudgery; effor' ; pitching ; 
pangs; pains; task; dutr. 

laboratory (lab'or-a-to-*i), n. 1. Place 
where scientific experiments are sys- 
tematically carried on. 2. Place 
where anything is prepared for use. 
1. Exterior ^-^ 

auditory chan- 
nel. 2. Tym- 
panum. 3. 
Drum cavity. 
4. Eustachian 
tube. 5- Mal- 
leus. 6. Anvil. 
7. Stirrup. 8. 
Anteroom of 
labyrinth. 9. 
Anteroom 
stairs. 10. 
Drum cavity 
stairs. 11. The 
three arches. 

12. Temporal 
bone. 13. Sa- 
liva gland. See cut under tympanum. 

labyrinth (lab'i-rinth), n. 1. The 
internal ear. 2. Place full of intri- 
cate windings. 3. Maze. — laby- 



A 




Inner Ear. 
(Magnified in part.) 



rinth'ian, labyrinth'ic, laby- 
rinthine, a. Pertaining to or like a 
labyrinth; wiuding; intricate; per- 
plexing. [Gv.—laura, passage.] 

lac (lak), n. 100,000. [Hind, lak.] 

lac (lak), n. Resinous substance, pro- 
duced on trees in the East by the lac 
insect, used in dyeing. [Pers. lak.J 

lace (las). I. n. 1. String for fastening. 
2. Ornamental fabric of fine thread 
curiously wrought. II. vt. 1. Fasten 
with a lace. 2. Adorn with lace. [O. 
Fr. laqs—^L. laqueus, noose.] 

lacerate (las'er-at), vt. Tear ; rend ; 
wound.— laceration, n. [L,.—lacer, 
torn.] 

lachrymal (lak'ri-mal). I. a. 1. Per- 
taining to tears. 2. Secreting or con- 
veying tears. II. n. Same as lach- 
rymatory. [L. lacrima, tear.l 

lachrymatory ( lak'ri-ma-to-ri), n. 
Vessel anciently interred with a de- 
ceased person, symbolizing the tears 
shed for his loss. 

lachrymose (lak'ri-mos), a. Tearful; 
lugubrio_us. — lach'rymosely, adv. 

lacing (la'sing), n. 1. Fastening with 
a cord through eyelet-holes. 2. Cord 
used in fastening. 

lack (lak). I. vt. and vi. Want; be in 
want; be destitute of. II. n. "Want; 
destitution. [Low Ger. lak, blemish.] 

lackadaisical ( lak-a-da'zi-kal ), a. 
Affectedly sentimental. [See alack.] 

lack-a-day (lak-a-da/), interj. Excla- 
mation of regret. [From alas the 
day'] 

lackey (lak'i). I. n. Footman or foot- 
boy. II. vt. and vi. Pay servile atten- 
dance; act as a footman. [O. Fr. la- 
guay—Sp. lacayo—Ax. luka, slave.] 

laconic (la-kon'ik), laconical, a. 
Expressing much in few words.— la- 
con'ically,adv.[Gr. Lakon, Spartan.] 
Syn. Short; brief. See concise. 

lacquer, lacker (lak'er). I. n. Var- 
nish made of lac and alcohol. II. vt. 
Cover with lacquer ; varnish. [Fr. 
laque, lac] 

lacrimal. Same as lachrymal. 

lacrimose. Same as lachrstmose. 



Lacrosse racket. 



lacrosse (la-kras'), n. Game played 

with a ball and long rackets ( oir 

crosses). [Fr.] 
lactation (lakta'shun), n. 1. Act ol 

giving milk. 2. Period of suckling. 

[See LACTEAL.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf j 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, Chen, 



lacteal 



302 



lancer 



lacteal (lak'te-al). I. a. 1. Pertaining 
to or resembling milk. 2. Conveying 
chyle. II. n. One of the absorbent 
vessels of the intestines which convey 
the chyle to the thoracic ducts. [L.— 
lac, milk.] 

lactic (lak'tik), a. Pertaining to milk. 
—Lactic acid, acid obtained from 
milk. 

lad (lad), n. Boy; youth.— /em. Lass. 
[W. llawd. Ir. lath, youth, champion.] 

ladder (lad'er), n. 1. Frame made 
with steps placed between two up- 
right pieces, by which one may as- 
cend. 2. Anything by which one as- 
cends._3. Gradual rise. [A. S. hlceder.] 

lade (lad), vt. Throw in or out, as a 
fluid, with a ladle or dipper. [A. S. 
hladan.] [ 2. Oppressed. 

laden (la'dn), a. 1. Laded or loaded. 

lading- ( la'ding ), n. Load; cargo; 
f i eight._ [See load.] 

ladle (la'dl). I. n. Large spoon for 
lifting out liquid from a vessel. II. vt. 
Dip with a ladle. [See lade.] 

lady (la'di), n. 1. Mistress of a house. 
2. Title (in England) of the wives of 
knights, and all degrees above them, 
and of the daughters of earls and all 
higher ranks. 3. Woman of refined 
manners. [A. S. hloefdige, fem. of Ma- 
ford, lord. J 

ladybird(la'di-berd),?i.Genus of little 
spotted beetles, usually of a brilliant 
red or yellow color; called also lady- 
bug. _ [man loved; sweetheart. 

ladylove (la'di-luv), n. Lady or wo- 

ladyship (la'di-ship), n. Title, condi- 
tion or rank of a lady. 

lag (lag). I. a. Coming behind. II. n. 

He who or that which comes behind; 

fag-end. III. vi. [lagging ;lagged.]Fall 

behind ; move slowly. [W. Hag, slow.] 

Syn. Linger; loiter; delay; tarry. 

lager (la'ger), lager-beer, n. Beer 
stored before use. [Ger. lager, store.] 

laggard (lag'ard). I. a. Slow; back- 
ward. II. n. Loiterer ; idler. 

lagoon, lagune (la-gon'), n. Shallow 
lake or pond bordering on the sea» 
[It. laguna—Jj. lacuna— tacus, lake.] 

laic (la'ik), laical, a. See lay. 

laid (lad), pa. t. and pa. p. of lay. 

lain (Ian), pa. p. of lie, rest. 

lair (lar), n. Den or retreat of a wild 
beast. [A. S. leger, couch— licgan, lie 
down.] 

laity (la'i-ti), n The people as dis- 
tinct from the clergy. [See lay.] 

lake (lak), n. Deep red pigment. [Fr. 
laque. See LA.C.] 

lake (lak), n. Large body of water 
within land. [A. S. lac — L. lacus, lake.] 

lakh (lak), n. 100,000. [See lac] 



lam (lam), vt. [lam'ming ; lammed.] 
Beat severely. [Icel. lemja, beat, lame.] 

lama (la'ma), n. Buddhist priest in 
Tibet.— lamaism (la'ma-izm), n. Re- 
ligion prevailing in Tibet, develop- 
ment of Buddhism. [Tib. llama, spirit- 
ual teacher.] 

lamb (lam), n. 1. Young of a sheep 
2. One innocent and gentle as a lamb, 
[A. S.] [{Colloquial.} 

lambaste (lam-bast'),^. Beat severely. 

lambent (lam'bent), a. Moving about 
like a tongue; touching lightly; play- 
ing about; flickering. [L. lambo, lick.) 

lambkin (lam'kin), n. Little lamb. 

lambreqnin(lam'ber-kin) , n. Drapery 
of a mantlepiece or the like. 

lame (lam). I. a. 1. Disabled in a 
limb or limbs. 2. Unsatisfactory ; 
imperfect. II. vt. Make lame; cripple; 
render imperfect. — lamely, adv.— 
laine'ness, n. [A. S. lama.] 

lamellar (la-mel'ar), a. Composed of 
thin layers or scales. [L. lamella, dim. 
of lamina, layer.] 

lament (la-menf). I. vi. Utter or feel 
grief ; wail ; mourn. II. vt. Mourn 
for;deplore. III. n. 1. Sorrow expres- 
sed in cries. 2. Elegy or mournful 
ballad.— lamentable (lam'en-ta-bl), 
a. Deserving or expressing sorrow; 
sad; pitiful; despicable.— lament- 
ably, adv. — lamenta'tion, n. 1. 
Act of lamenting. 2. Audible expres- 
sion of grief; wailing. [L. lamentor, 
akin to clamo, cry out.] 

lamina ( lam'i-na ), n. [ pi. laminaa 
(lam'i-ne).] Thin scale, layer, or coat. 

laminate ( lam'i-nat ), laminated, 
a. Consisting of scales or layers. 

lamp ( lamp ), n. Vessel for burning 
oil with a wick; light of any kind.— 
lampblack (lamp'blak), n. Pine 
soot formed by smoke. [Gr. lampas — 
lampo, shine.] 

lampoon (lam-pon')). I. n. Personal 
satire in writing; mean censure. II. 
vt. Satirize. [O.Pr. lampon, drinking 
song,— tamper, drink.] 
Syn. Lash; libel; ridicule; defame. 
lamprey ( lam'pre ), n. Fish resem- 
bling the eel, so called from its at- 
taching itself to rocks by its mouth. 
[Fr. lamproie— L. lambo, lick, and 
petra, rock.] 
lance Clans). I. n. Long shaft of wood, 
with a spear-head, usually bearing a 
small flag. II. vt. Pierce with a lan- 
cet or knife. [Gr. lonche, lance.] 
lanceolate ( lan'se-o-lat ), lan'ceo- 
lated, a. Having the form of a lance- 
head ; tapering toward both ends. [L.] 
lancer (lan'ser), n. Kind of cavalry 
armed with a lance. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, 
mate, hut, bum; oil, owl, then. 



wolf; 



lancers 



303 



Eapse 



lancers (lan'sers),n.pZ. Kind of square 
dance. [Fr. landers.] 

lancet (lan'set), n. 1. Surgical instru 
ment used for opening veins, etc. 2. 
High and narrow window, poinded 
like a lance. [Fr. lancette,&\m. of lance.] 

land (land). I. n. 1. Solid portion of 
the surface of the globe. 2. Country; 
district. 3. Nation or people. 4. Real 
estate. II. vt. Set on, or bring to, 
land. III. vi. Come on land or on 
shore. [A. S.] 




Landau. 



landau (lan'da), n. Coach with a top 
that may be opened in the middle and 
thrown back. [So called from Landau 
in Germany.] 

landbzreeze (land'brez), n. Breeze set- 
ting from the land towards the sea. 

landholder (land'hol-der), n. Pro- 
prietor of land. 

landing- (lan'ding), n. 1. Act of going 
on land from a vessel. 2. Place forget- 
ting on shore. 3. Level part of a stair- 
case between the flights of steps. 

landlady ( land'la-di ), n. 1. Woman 
who owns land or house leased to a 
tenant. 2. Mistress of an inn or 
lodging-house. [land. 

landlock ( Und'lok ), vt. Inclose by 

landlord (land'lard), n. 1. Man who 
owns and lets real estate. 2. Man who 
keeps an inn. 

land-lubber (land'lub-er), n. Lands- 
man, a term used by sailors. 

landmark (land'mark), n. 1. Thing 
serving to mark tne boundaries of 
land. 2. Object on land that serves as 
a guide to seamen. 

landscape ( land'skap ), n. 1. Aspect 
of a country. 2. Picture representing 
it. [Dut. landschap—land, and -schap, 
shape.] 

landslip ( land'slip ), n. Portion of 
land that falls down, generally from 
the side of a hill, usually due to the 
undermining effect of water. 

landsman (landz'man), n. Man inex- 
perienced in sea-faring. 



landward (land' ward), adv. Towards 
the land, [street. [A.S.] 

lane (lau), n. Narrow passage, road, or 

language (lang'waj), n. 1. Human 
speech. 2. Speech particular to a 
nation. 3. Style or expression pecul- 
iar to an individual; diction. 4. Any 
manner of expressing thought. [Fr. 
lanr/age—langue—Jj. lingua, tongue.] 

languid lang'wid), a. Feeble; flag- 
ging; exhausted; sluggish; spiritless. 
— languidly, adv.— lan'guidncss, 
n. [L. languidm—langueo , be weak.] 

languish ( lang'wish ), vi. Lose 

strength and animation. — Ian'- 

guisliment, n. 1. Act or si are of 

languishing. 2. Tenderness of look. 

Syn. Droop; fade; pine; wither. 

languor (lang'wur or fir), n. State 
of being languid or faint; indolence. 
Syn. Dreaminess; listlessness, 

lank ( langk ), a. Long and loosely 
built.— lankly, acZy.— lank'ness,», 
— lank'y, a. [A. S. Mane] 

lantern (lant'ern), n. 1. Case for hold- 
ing or carrying a light. 2. Drum- 
shaped structure surmounting a 
dome to give light. [Fr. lanterne— 
Gr. lampter—lampo, give light.] 

lanyard (lan'yard), n. 1. Short rope 
used on board 'ship for fa.~i.ening or 
stretching. 2. Cord for firing a cannon, 
LFr. laniere—Li. lacinia, strap.] 

lap (lap). I. vt. and vi. [lap'ping; lap 
ped(lapt).] 1. Lick up with the tongue. 

2. Make the sound of lapping. II. a. 
1. Act of lapping. £. Sound of lap- 
ping. [A.S. lapian.] 

lap (lap), n. 1. Overhanging flap. %-. 
Part of the clothes lying on the knees 
when a person sits down. 3. Part of 
the body thus covered. 4. Part lying 
over something else. 5. One circuit 
around a small track. [A. S. lappa.] 

lapel (la-pel'), n. Part of the breast of 
a coat which folds over.— lapelled', 
a. [Dim. of lap.] [lap= 

lapful (lap'fol), n. As much as fills a 

lapidary (lap'i-dar-i). I. a. Pertain- 
ing to the cutting of stones. II. n. 
Cutter of or dealer in precious stones, 
—Lapidary style, terse style, as used 
in inscriptions on stone. [L. — lapis, 
stone.] 

lapis lazuli (la'pis laz'u-li), n. Hard 
silicate stone of a rich ultramarine 
color, used for cameos, lamps, etc. 

lappet (lap'et), n. Little lap or flap. 
[Dim. of lap.] 

lapse (laps). I. vi. Slip; glide; pass 
by degrees. 2. Fall from duty or grace 

3. Become void. II. n. 1. Slipping, 
passing. 2. Failing in duty; fault 
[L. labor, lapsus, slip, fall.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; ma, met, her; mite, mit; cote, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



lapwing 



804 



lath 



lapwing (lap'wing), i 
family; peewit. 



Bird of the 
[A. S. hleape- 




Lapwing. 



plover 
wince — hlea 
pan, run, and 
wink, totter.] 
larboard 
(lar'bord). I. 
n. Left side 
of snip, look- 
ing from the 
stern, now 
termed the 
port. II. a. 
Pertaining to 
the larboard 
side [ Corr. 

from LOWER BOARD.] 

larceny (lar'sen-i), n. Theft. — lar« 
cenons, a. Thievish [Fr. larcm— L. 
latrocinium—latro, robber.] 

larch (larch), n. Deciduous cone-bear- 
ing kind of tree. [Gr, larix.] 

lard(lard). I.n. Melted fat of swine. II. 
vt. Smear with lard; stuff with bacon 
or pork; insert strips of pork in the 
surface of ; mix. [ Fr.— L. laridum.] 

larder (lar'der), n. Place where food 
is kept. [From - lard. 1 

large (larj), a. Great in size; ample; 
comprehensive; broad. — large'ly, 
adv. — large ness, n. — At large. 1. 
Without restraint. 2. For the whole 
state, not a district only. [L. largus.] 
Syn. Extensive ; abundant; full. 

largess (lar'jes), n. 1. Liberality. 2. 
Present; donation. [Fr. largesse.} 

lariat (Iar'i-at), rw Lasso, used for 
catching and for tethering animals. 
[Sp.3 [A. S. lawerce.\ 

lark (lark), n. European singing bird. 

lark (lark), n. Good time; frolic. [A. 
S. lac. sport.] 

larrup (lar'rup), vt. Flog. 

larva (lar'va), n. [pi. larvae (lar've).] 
insect in its first stage after issuing 
from the egg; caterpillar; maggot.— 
larval, a. [L. larva, mask.] 

laryngitis (lar-in-jl'tis), n. Inflam- 
mation of the larynx. 

laryngoscope ( lar-ing'o-skop ) , n. 
Instrument for examining thelarynx, 

larynx (lar'ingks), n. Upper part of 
the windpipe; throat.— laryngeal, 
laryn'gean, a. [Gr.] 

lascar (las'kar ), n. Native sailor s or 
menial in camp. [Hindoo] 

lascivious (las-siv'i-us), a. Lustful ; 
tending to produce lustful emotions. 
— lasciv'iously, ad#L— lascivious- 
ness, n. [L. lascivus.] 

Mash (lash). I. n. 1. Flexible part of a 
whip. 2, Stroke with a whip or any 
thing pliant; stroke of satire; sharp 
retort. 3. Hair growing on th6 edge 



of the eyelid. II. vt. 1. Strike with ? 
lash; whip; dash against. 2. Fasten 
or secure with a rope or cord. 3. Cen- 
sure severely; scourge with sarcasm 
or satire. [Cf. Ger. lasche, flap.] 

lashing (lash'ing), n. 1. Whipping 
with a lash; chastisement. 2. Rope for 
making fast. 

lass (las), n. {fern, of lad). Girl, esp. 
a country girl. [Prob. a contr. of 
laddess, formed from lad.] 

lassitude ( las'i-tud ), n. Weakness; 
weariness; languor. [L. lassus, faint.] 

lasso (las'6). I. n. [pi. lass'os.] Thong 
or rope with a running noose for 
catching wild horses, etc. II. vt. Catch 
with the lasso. [Port, lago— L. laqueus, 
noose.] 

last (last), n. Wooden block on which 
boots and shoes are molded. [A. S. 
last, footmark.] 

last (last), vi. Continue; endure. 

last (last), a. and ad v. 1. Latest; com- 
ing after all the others; final. 2. Next 
before the present. 3. Utmost; mean- 
est.— last'ly,aeto. [Contr. of latest.] 

lastingly (last'ing-li), adv. In a last- 
ing or enduring manner. 

latch (lach). I. n. Catch to fasten a 
door. II. vt. Fasten with a latch. 
[A.S. laeccean, catch.] 

latchet (lach'et), n. Lace or buckle for 
fastening a shoe. [O. Fr. lacet—lace.] 

late (lat), a. [la'ter; la'test.] 1. Tardy; 
behindhand; comiug after the ex- 
pected time. 2. Far advanced toward 
the close. 3. Deceased; departed; out 
of office. 4. Not long past. 5. After 
the usual time.— late, late'ly, advs. 
— late ness, n. State of being late. 
[A. S. laet: 
Low Ger. laat.) 

lateen(la-teen'), 
a. As used in 
the Mediterra- 
nean. See cut. 
[From LATIN.] 

latent (la tent), 
a. Concealed; 
not visible or 
apparent; not 
making itself 
known by 
effects. — 1 a'- 
tency, n. State 

of being latent.— la'tently, adv. [L. 
—lateo, lie hidden.] 

lateral (lat er-al), a. Belonging to, or 
lying at, the side; proceeding from, 
or in the direction of, the side. — lat'«= 
erally, c*dv. [Li.—latus, side,] 

lath(lath). L n. Thin, narrow strip of 
wood used in slating, plastering, etc. 
He vt. Cover with laths. |A,S la,ttu.\ 




Lateen sails. 



fate, fat, task, far. fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



lathe 



305 



lawn 



lathe (lath), n. Machine for turning 
and shaping articles of wood, metal, 
etc. [From root of Ger. lade, chest, 
tool-chest.] 

lather (laM'er). I. n. Foam or froth 
made with water and soap. II. vt. 
Spread over with lather. III. vi. Form 
a lather ;become frothy. [A.S. leathor.] 

Latin (lat'in). I. a. Pertaining to .Latin 
or to the Latins, Romans.— Low Latin, 
Latin corrupted by barbarous ingre- 
dients. — Latin races, those whose lan- 
guages are derived principally from 
the Latin, esp. the Italian, Spanish, 
and French. II. n. Language of the 
ancient Romans.— Lat inism , n. 
Latin idiom.— Lat'inist, n. One who 
knows Latin.— Latinize, vt. Give a 
Latin form to. [L. — Latium, the dis- 
trict in which Rome was built.] 

latitude ( lat'i-tud ), n. 1. Width. 2. 
Distance of a place from the equator. 
3. Angular distance of a celestial 
body from the ecliptic. 4. Extent of 
signification. 5. Freedom from res- 
traint ; scope. — latitudinal, a. 
[Fr.— L. latitndo, -inis— latus, broad.] 

latitudinarian (lat-i-tud-i-na'ri-an). 
I. a. Broad or liberal, esp. in religious 
belief. II. n. One who in principle or 
practice departs from orthodox rule. 
— latitudina'rianism, n. 

latter (lat'er), a. 1. Coming or exist- 
ing after. 2. Mentioned the last of 
two. 3. Modern; recent.— Latter-day 
Saints, Mormons. — lat'terly, adv. 
Of late. [Irreg. comp. Of late.] 

lattice (lat'is). I. n. Network of crossed 
laths or bars. II. vt. Form into open- 
work; furnish with a lattice. [Fr. 
lattis— Ger. latte, lath.] 

land (lad), vt. Praise in words, or with 
singing; celebrate; extol.— laud'er, 
»,- laudable, a. Worthy of being 
praised.— laudably, adv.— laud a- 
bleness, n.— laudatory. I. a. Ex- 
pressing praise. Il.n. That which con- 
tains praise, [L. laudo.] [opium. [Gr.] 

laudanum (la'da-num),n. Tincture of 

laugh (laf). I. vi. 1. Show mirth in 
face or voice. 2. Be gay or lively. II. 
n. Sound caused by merriment. — 
laughing-gas, n. Nitrous oxide, a 
gas which excites laughter, used as an 
anaesthetic— laugh'ingly, ac£y. In a 
merry way; with laughter.— laugh - 
ing-stock.(lafing-stok), n. Object of 
ridicule. [A.S. Mihan.] [laughing. 

laughter (laf'ter ), n. Act or noise of 

launch (lanch), I. vt, 1. Throw, as a 
spear; send forth. 2. Cause to slide 
into the water. II. vi. 1. Go forth, as 
a ship into the water. 2. Expatiate in 
language. III. n. 1< Act of launching 



or moving a ship into the water. 2. 
Largest boat carried by a man-of- 
war. 3. Small open or cabin pleasure 
boat, propelled by steam, gas, vapor, 
or electric motor. [Fr. lancer— lance, 
lance.] 




pnmop3 lJ|| r=gs l = 



Steam launch. 

launder (lan'der), vt. Wash and iron, 
as clothes. [See lave.] [man. 

laundress (lan'dres), n. Washerwo- 

laundry (lari'dri), n. Place where 
clothes are washed and ironed. [OFr. 
lavanderie—Ju. layo, wash.] 

laureate ( la/re-at ). I. a. Crowned 
with laurel. II. n. Poet-laureate or 
court poet. 

laurel (la'rel), n. 1. Bay-tree, with 
aromaticleaves. 2. Crown of honor. 
[Fr. laurier—laurus.] 

lava (la'va or la'va), n. Melted matter 
discharged from a volcano. [It. lava, 
stream— L. lavo, wash.] 

lavatory (lav'a-to-ri ), n. Place for 
washing. [See lave.J 

lave (lav), vt. and vi. Wash; bathe. 
[Fr. caver— L. lavo, wash.] 

lavender (lav'en-der), n. 1. Odorifer- 
ous plant. 2. Pale-purplish color. [Fr. 
lavande. See lave.] [ing or washing. 

laver (la'ver), n. Large vessel for lav- 
lavish (lav'ish). I. vt. Expend profu- 
sely;waste. II. a. Bestowing prof use- 
ly ; excessive.— lavishly , adv. — lav'- 
ishment, lav'ishness, ns. [From 
obsolete lave, ladle out, refresh. Akin 
to Ger. laben, refresh.] 

Syn. Profuse ; unstinted ; exuberant ; 
superabundant. See extravagant. 

law(la), n. 1. Rule of action established 
by authority; established usage; sta- 
tute; rules of a community or state. 2. 
Rule or principle of science or art. 3. 
Whole jurisprudence or the science 
of law. 4. Mosaic code; the Old Testa- 
ment. [A. S. lagu— root of LIE. Akin 
to L. lex.] 

lawful (la'fol), a. According to law; 
legal; rightful. — lawfully, adv. =* 
law fulness, a. 

lawgiver ( la'giv-er ), n. Legislator, 

lawless (la'l'es), a. Unrestrained by 
law; illegal. — lawlessly, adv. — 
lawlessness, n. 

lawn (Ian). I. n. Sort of fine linen o* 
cambric. II. a. Made of lawn. [Orig. 
laune linen, (from Laon, France).] 



fate;, tat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf) 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, f/ien. , 



lawn 



306 



lean 



lawn (Ian), n. Open space between 
woods; "space of ground covered with 
short grass, generally in front of or 
around a house. [O. Fr. lande, heath.] 

lawn-tennis (lan'ten-is), n. Kind of 
tennis played on an open lawn. 

lawsuit (la'sut), n. Action at law. 

lawyer (la'yer), n. One who practices, 
or is versed in, law; attorney; coun- 
selor. [From law-er.] 

lax (laks), a. 1. Slack; loose; soft; 
flabby. 2. Not strict in discipline or 
morals. 3. Loose in the bowels. — 
lax'ly, adv.— laxa'tion, ra.-lax'a- 
tive. I. a. Having the Dower of 
loosening the bowels. II. n. 'Aperient 
medicine.— lax'ativeness,^.— lax'- 
ity, lax'ness, n. [L. laxus.] 

lay, imp. of lib, recline. 

lay (la). I. vt. [lay'ing; laid.] 1. Cause 
to lie down; place or set down; beat 
down. 2. Spread on a surface. 3. Calm ; 
appease. 4. Wager. 5. Impose. 6. 
Charge. 7. Present. II. vi. Produce 
eggs^ [A.S. lecgan.] 

lay (la), n. 1. Lyric or narrative poem. 
2. Melody. [0._Fr. lai, song.] 

lay (la), laic (la/ik), laical (la/ik-al), 
a. Pertaining to the people; not cler- 
ical. [Fr. lai—laicus—Gr. laikos—laos, 
people. ]_ 

layer (la'er), 
n. Bed or 
stratum; 
shoot laid 
for propaga- 
tion. [See 
lay, vt.] 

lay- fig- ure 
(la'fig-ur), n. 
Jointed dum- 
my, that can 
be draped 
and put in 
any pose. 
[From Dut. leden, joints.] 

layman (la'mau), n. 1. Man not a cler 
gyman. 2. Non-professional man, 

layman (la/man), n. Lay-figure. 

lazar (la'zar), n. One afflicted with a 
loathsome disease. [It. lazzaro— Laza- 
rus of the parable in Luke xvi.j 

lazy(la'zi), a. Disinclined to exertion; 
slothful.— la'zily, adv. — la'ziness, 
n. [O.Fr. lasche—L,. laxus, loose.] 
Syn. Sluggish. S_ee inert. 

lazzarone (laz-a-ro'ne), n. [pi. lazza- 
roni.] One of a class of loafers and 
beggars in Naples, Italy. [It. — Laza- 
rus] [pasturage. [A.S. leak] 

lea or ley (le), n. Meadow; grassland; 

leach (lech). I. vt. Wash, or separate, 
by percolation of water. II. n. 1. Act 




Lay-figure. 



of separation, as of alkali from wood 
ashes, by percolation. 2. Tub used 
for leaching. [A. S. leccan, moisten.] 

lead (led). I. n. 1. Soft, heavy metal 
of a bluish color. 2. Plummet for 
sounding at sea. 3. Thin plate of 
lead separating lines of type. 4. 
Graphite; black lead. II. vt. 1. Cover 
or fit with lead. 2. Separate lines 
with leads. — lead-poisoning, n. 
Poisoning by the absorption and dif- 
fusion of lead in the system. [A. S. ; 
Ger. lot.] 

lead (led). I. vt. and vi. [lead'ing; led.] 
Show the way by going first; guide by 
the hand; direct; allure. II. n. 1. 
First place; precedence. 2. Direction; 
guidance. [A. S. latdan, make to go.] 

leaden (led'u), a. Made of lead; heavy; 
dull. 

leader (le'der), n. 1. One who leads or 
goes first; chief. 2. Leading editorial 
article in a newspaper. 3. Principal 
wheel in a machine. — leadership, 
n. Office of a leader or conductor'. 

lead-pencil (led'-pen-sil), n. Pencil 
or instrument for drawing, etc., made 
of graphite (blacklead.) 

leaf (lef). I. n. [pi. leaves (levz). ] 
Thin, flat part of plants; anything 
wide and thin like a leaf, as a thin 
sheet of hammered gold, etc. II. vi. 
[leafing; leafed.] Shoot out or pro- 
duce leaves. [A. S.] [foliage. 

leafage (lef'a.j), n. Leaves collectively ; 

leafless (lef'ies), a. Destitute of leaves. 

leaflet (lef'let), n. Little leaf . 

leafy (lef'i), a. Full of leaves.— leaf- 
iness, n. 

league (leg), n. Distance varying 
greatly in different countries. — A sea- 
league contains 3 geographical miles 
of 6,080 feet each. [O. Fr. legue, of 
Celtic origin.] 

league (leg). I. n. Union for the pro- 
motion of mutual interest. II. vi 
Form a league. [Fr.— L. %o, bind.] 
Syn. See union. 

leag-uer (leger), n. Camp, esp. of a 
besieging army. [Dut. leger, camp.] 

leak (lek). I- n > !• Crack or hole in a 
vessel through which liquid may pass. 
2. Oozing of a fluid through an open- 
ing. II. vi. Let a fluid into or out of 
a vessel, through a leak.— lealt'ag-e, 
n. 1. That which enters or escapes by 
leaking. 2. Allowance for leaking.— 
leah'y, a. Having a leak or leaks. — 
leah'iness, n. 

leal (lei), a. True-hearted; faithful. 
[Norm. Fr. leal, loyal.] 

lean (len), vi. [leaning; leaned or 
leant (lent). ] Incline ; bend ; rest 
(against). [A. S. hlinian.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf) 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



lean 



307 



leg 



lean (len). I. a. Wanting flesh; not fat. 

II. 7i. Flesh without fat. — leanlj, 
adv.— lean'ness, n. [A. S. hlcene.] 

Syn. Gaunt; lank; meager; skinny; 
slender; thin; scant; poor. 
leap (lep). I. vi. [leaping; leaped or 
leapt (lept).] Spring upward or for- 
ward; jump; rush. II. vt. Bound over. 

III. n. Act of leaping; bound; space 
passed by leaping. — leap' frog-, n. 
Play in which one leaps over another. 
— leap'-year, n. Year of 366 days, 
adding one in February, usually 
every fourth year. [A. S. hleapan.] 

learn (lern), vt. Acquire knowledge of; 
get to know; gain power of perform- 
ing. — learn'er, n. One who leaims; 
one who is yet in the rudiments of 
any subject. [A. S. leornian.] 

learned (ler'ned), a. Having learn- 
ing; versed in literature, etc.; skill- 
ful. — learnedly, adv. — learn 'ed- 
ness, n. 

learning (ler'ning), n. What is learn- 
ned; knowledge; scholarship; skill in 
languages or science. 

lease (les ). I. n. 1. Letting of tene- 
ments for a definite period of time. 2. 
Contract for such letting. 3. Tenure. 
II. vt. 1. Let for a term of years. 
2. Take a lease of. — lease hold, n. 
Tenure held by 
lease. [ O. Fr. 
lesser, let.] 

leash (lesh). I. 
n. 1. Lash or 
line by which a 
hawk or hound 
is held. 2. 
Brace and a 
half; three. II. 
vt. Hold by a 
leash; bind. 
[ O. Fr. lesse, 
thong— L. lax- 
us, loose.] 

least (lest). I. a. (Serves as superl. of 
little), little beyond all others; small- 
est. II. adv. In the smallest or lowest 
degree. [A. S. lest, contr. from Icesest, 
from root of less.} 

leather (leth'er). I. n. Prepared skin 
of an animal. II. a. Consisting of 
leather.— leath'ern, a. Made or con- 
sisting of leather.— leath'ery, a. Re- 
sembling leather; tough. [A.S. lether.] 

leave (lev), n. 1. Permission; liberty 
granted. 2. Formal parting of friends; 
farewell. [A.S. leaf.} 

leave (lev), vt. and vi. [leaving; left.] 
1. Allow to remain. 2. Abandon; re- 
sign. 3. Depart from. 4. Have re- 
maining at death ; bequeath. 5. Refer 
for decision. [A. S. Icefan, leave.] 




Bloodhounds in leash. 



leaved (level), leafed (left), a Fur- 
nished with leaves : having a leaf *, 
made with leaves or folds. 

leaven (lev'n). I. n. Ferment which 
makes dough rise in a spongy form. 
II. vt. 1. Raise with leaven. 2. Taint; 
imbue. [Fr. levain— L. levamen—levo, 

leaves (levs), pi. of leaf. [raise.] 

leavings (le'vingz), n. pi. Things left; 
relics; refuse. 

lecher (lech'er), n. Libertine. 

lectern (lek'tern), n. Reading de*,£ in 
a church. 

lecture (lek'tur). I. n. 1. Instructive 
discourse. 2. Formal reproof. II. vt. 
Instruct by discourses or authorita- 
tively; reprove. III. vi. Give a lecture 
or lectures. — lec'turer, n. One who 
lectures. [Fr.— L. lego, read.] 

led (led), pa t. and pa. p. of lead, 
show the way. 

ledge (lej), n. Shelf; that which re- 
sembles a shelf ; ridge of rocks; layer; 
small molding. [A. S. lecgan, lay.] 

ledger (lej'er), n. Principal book of a 
merchant's accounts, in which the 
entries in all the other books are en- 
tered. 

lee (le). I. n. Part toward which the 
wind blows. II. a. As in lee-side, the 
sheltered side of a ship ; lee-shore, the 
shore opposite to the lee-side of a ship. 
[A. S. Meow, shelter.] 

leech (lech). I. n. Blood-sucking 
worm. II. vt. Apply leeches to. [A. S. 
lce.ee, pbysician.] \leac.\ 

leeh (lek), n. Kind of onion. [A. S. 

leer(ler). I. n. Sly, sidelong look. II. vi. 

1. Look askance. 2. Look archly or 
obliquely.— leer'ingly, adv. With a 
leering look. [A. S. hleor, face, cheek.] 

lees (lez), n. pi. Sediment or dregs 
that settle at the bottom of liquor. 
[Fr. lie. Origin doubtful.] 

leeward (le'ward). I a. Pertaining to 
or in the direction of the part toward 
which the wind blows. II. adv. To- 
ward the lee._ 

leeway (le'wa), n. 1. Distance a ship 
is driven to leeward of her true course. 

2. Loss of headway; falling behind. 
left (lef t), pa. t. -&n.&pa.p. of leave. 
left (left). I. a. Pertaining to that side 

of the body in which the heart is in 
man. II. to. Side opposite to the right.— 
left-hand'ed, a. 1. Having the left 
hand stronger and readier than the 
right. 2. Awkward; unlucky. [A. S. 
lyft, weak.] 
leg(leg),?i. 1. One of the limbs by which 
animals walk or crawl. 2. Elongated 
support of anything, as of a table. 3. 
Anything resembling a leg. — leg- 
ged , c. Having legs. [Icel. leggr.] 



f&te, fat, %&sk, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mijt;§, hut, burn > oil, owl, then,, 



legacy 



308 



leonine 



legacy ( leg'a-si ), n. Bequest of prop- 
erty (L. tegat urn— lego, leave by will.] 

legal (le'gal),a. Pertaining or accord- 
ing to law.— legally, adv. — legal- 
ity, fa. [L. legalis — lex, legis, Taw.] 
Syn. Lawful; legitimate; constitu- 
tional; authorized; licit; rightful. 

legalize (le'gal-iz), vt. Make legal. 

legate ( leg'at) , n. Ambassador, esp. 
from the Pope. — leg'ateship, n. 
Office of a legate. [It. legato— L. lego, 
send.] {legacy is left. 

legatee (leg-a-te'), fa- One to whom a 

legation (le-ga'shun), n. 1. Person or 
persons sent as ambassadors; deputa- 
tion. 2. Official residence or place of 
business of ah ambassador; embassy. 

legend ( lej'ehd) , n. 1. Marvelous or 
romantic story from early times. 2. 
Words on a coat of arms, medal, or 
coin, etc.— legendary, a. Consisting 
of legends; romantic; fabulous. [Fr. 
— L. legendum, to be read — Jggo L read.] 

legerdemain (lej-er-de-man'), n. 
Sleight-of-hand ; jugglery. [Fr. leger 
He main, light of hand.] 

legglh (leg'irj), legging (leg'ing), n. 
Covering For the leg. 

legible (lej'i-bl), a. That maybe read; 
distinct.— legibly, adv. — legible- 
ness, legibil'ily, n. [L. legibilis— 
lego, read?] 

BegiOn (le'jun), n. (In ancient Rome) 
body of soldiers of from three to six 
thousand men; military force; great 
number. [L. legio—lego, choose, levy.] 

legislate (lej'is-lat), vi. Make laws.— 
legislation, n. [L. lex, legis, law, 
and lat-, bear.] [tag to legislation. 

legislative (lej'isla'tiv), a. Pertain- 

legiSlator ( lej'is-la-tur ) , n. One who 
makes laws. 

legislature (lej'is-la-tur),w. Body of 
men in a state who have the power of 
making laws. 

legitimacy fle-jit'i-ma-si), n, ^eihg 
according to law; regular desLt.>>i. 

legitimate (le-jit'i-mat). t. d. Law- 
ful; lawfully begotten; genuine; lair- 
ly deduced. II. vt. Make lawful; give 
the rights of a legitimate child to. 
legitimately, adv.^ — legitima- 
tion, h. [Low L. legitimo, -atum—lex.] 

legitimist (le-jit'i-mist), fa. 1. One 
whp supports legitimate authority. 
£. In France, one who supported the 
older line Of Bourbon, descendants of 
Louis XIV. 

legume (leg'um), n. Seed-vessel which 
splits into two halves, having the 
seeds attached to the ventral suture 
duly; pod, as of the pea, bean, etc.— 
legu'minous, a. [Fr.— L. legwmen, 
that may be stripped.] 




Longest meas- 
or extent. 3. 



leisure (le'zhor or lezh'-). I. n. Free- 
dom from occupation. II. a. Unoc- 
cupied. — lei'surely, a. and adv. 
Done at leisure; slow; deliberate. [O. 
Fr. leisir — L. licet, it is permitted.] 

lemming (lem'ing), n. Arctic species 
of wandering mouse. 

lemon (lem'un), n. 1. Oval acid fruit. 

2. Tree that bears lemons. — lemon- 
ade', n. Drink made 

of lemon-juice, 

water, and sugar. 

[Fr. limon — Pers. 

Umun.] 
lemur (le'mur). n. 

Monkey-like ani- 
mal in Madagascar. 

[L. lemur, ghost.] 
lend (lend), vt. [lend'- 

ing; lent.] 1. Grant 

the use of for a 

time. 2. Afford or 

grant, in general. 

3. Let for hire. — 
lend'er, n. [A. S. 
Icenan. See loan.3 

length (length), n. 1. 
ure. 2. Continuance 
Detail.— length'en, ?;£. and vi. Make 
or grow longer. — length'ways, 
length' wise, adv. In the way or di- 
rection of the length. — length'y, a. 
Rather long. — length'ily, adv. — 
length'iness, n. [A. S.] 

lenient (le'ni-ent), a. Mild; merciful. 
le'niency, n. [L. — lenis, soft.] 

lenitive (len'it-iv). I. a. Softening or 
mitigating. II. n. Application fot 
easing pain. 

lenity(len'i-ti), n. Mildness; clemency. 

lens (lenz), n. Piece of glass or other 
transparent substance with one oi 
both sides convex or concave. 

Lent (lent), n. Fast of forty days, be- 
ginning with Ash-Wednesday and 
continuing till Easter. [A. S. tencten, 
spring.] [used in Lent; meager. 

lenten (len'ten), a. Relating to or 

lenticular (len-tik'u-lar), lentiform 
(len'ti-farm), a. Resembling a lens or 
lentil; double convex.— lenticular- 
ly, adv. [L. lenti- 
cula, dim. of lens, 
lentil. 

lentil (len'til), n. 1. 
Annual leguminous 
plant. 2. Its edibile 
seeds of a fiat, circu- 
lar shape. [Fr. Un- 
title— L. lens.] 

Iieo (le'o), n. Constel- 
lation of the zodiac. 

leonine (le'5-nln), a. 




1. Like a lion. 



2. Consisting of riming hexameters. 



fate, fat, task, far, fail, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



leopard 



909 



leviable 




Leopard. 



leopard (lep'ard), n. Ferocious animal 
of the cat-kind, with a spotted skin, 
in Asia and Africa. [Gr. leon, lion, 
andpardos, pard.] 

leper (lep'er), 
n. One affect- 
ed with le- 
prosy.— lep- 
rosy ( lep'- 
ro-si), n. Con- 
tagious dis- 
ease of the 
skin caused 
by a bacillus 
and marked 

by a scurfy scab.— leprous (lep'rus), 
a. Affected with leprosy. [L.— Gr. 
lepra, leprosy, — lepos, .scale.] 

lese-majesty (lez-maj'es-ti), n. High 
treason. _ [Fr.=injured majesty.] 

lesion (le'zhun), n. Injury; wound. 
[Fr.— L. Icesio.] 

less (les). I. a. (Serves as comp. of 
little). Diminished ; smaller. II. 
adv. Not so much; in a lower degree. 
[A. S. Icessa—las, weak.] 

lessee (les-se'), n. One to whom a 
lease is granted. 

lessen (les'n). I. vt. Make less; weak? 
en; degrade. II. vi. Become less. 

lesser (les'er), a. Smaller; inferior. 
[A double comp., formed from less.] 

lesson (ies'n). I. n. 1. Part read or 
learned at one time. 2. Precept or 
doctrine inculcated; instruction de- 
rived from experience. 3. Portion of 
Scripture read in divine service. 4. 
Severe lecture. II. vt. Instruct; teach. 
[Fr. lecon—Li. lectio— lego, read.] 

lessor (les-sar'),». One who grants a 
lease. 

lest (lest), conj. That. . . not; for fear 
that. [A. S. thy Ices the, that the less.] 

let (let), vt. [let'ting; let.] 1. Give leave 
or power to; allow; permit; suffer. 
2. Grant to a tenant or hirer; rent; 
lease. [A. S. Icetan, permit.] 

let (let). I. vt. Hinder; retard. II. n. 
Obstruction; delay. [A.S. lettan,ma,]s.Q 
late.] [ly. [~L.—lethum, death.] 

lethal (le'thal), a. Blotting out; dead- 
lethargy (leth'ar-ji), n. 1. Heavy un- 
natural slumber; dullness. 2. Inacti- 
vity; indifference. — lethargic (le- 
thar'jik), a. [Gr. lethargia — lethe, 
forgetfulness.] 

Lethe ( le'the ), n. 1. Fabled river of 
hell said to cause forgetfulness of the 
past to all who drank of its waters, £. 
Oblivion.— lethean (le- the' an), a. [Gr.] 

letter (let'er). I. n. 1. Conventional 
mark to represent a sound. 2. Writ- 
ten or printed message. 3. Literal 
meaning.— pi. Learning. II. vt. Stamp 



or inscribe letters upon. — lett'erer, 

n.— Letter- of -credit, n. Letter author- 
izing credit or cash of a certain sum 
to be paid to the bearer.— Letter-of- 
marque (mark), n. Commission given 
to a private ship by a government to 
make reprisals on the vessels of an- 
other state.— Letters-patent, n. Writing 
conferring a patent or authorizing a 

?>erson to enjoy some privilege. [Fr. 
ettre — L. liter a — lino, litum, smear, 
stroke.] 

lettered ( let'erd ), a. 1. Marked with 
letters. 2. Educated ; versed in litera- 
ture. 3. Belonging to learning. 

lettering- (let'er-ing), n. 1. Act of im- 
pressing letters. 2. Letters impressed. 

letterpress (let'er-pres ), n. Matter 
printed from type, as distinguished 
from engraving. 

lettuce (let'is), n. Plant the leaves ol 
which are used as a salad. [O. Fr. 
laictuce—Ij. lactuca—lac, milk, from its 
milky juice.] 

leucous(iu'kus), a. White. [Gr. imkos.] 

Levant (le-vanf), n. 1. The coasts ol 
the Mediterranean east of Italy. 2. 
Easterly wind on the Mediterranean. 
[It. = rising (sun).] [Eastern. 

levant (lev'ant), a. 1. Rising. 2. 

levant (le-vanf), vi. Run away without 
paying; decamp. [Sp. levantar elcam- 
po, break up camp.] [to the Levant. 

levantine (le-van'tln), a. Belonging 

levee (lev'e), n. 1. Morning assembly 
of visitors. 2. Assembly received by 
a sovereign or other great personage. 
3. Embankment along a river, to pre- 
vent inundation. [Fr. levee, rising— 
lever.] 

level (lev'el). I. n. 1. Horizontal line 
or plane. 2. Proper position. 3. Usual 
or average elevation. 4. State of 
eauality. 5. Line of direction. 6. In- 
strument for showing the horizontal. 
II. a. Horizontal; even with anything 
else. III. vt. Make horizontal; make 
flat or smooth. 2. Make equal; take 
aim with, as a gun.— lev'eler, n. — 
lev'eling, n. 1. Making level. 2. Act 
of determining the levels of different 

?oints.— lev'elness, n. [O. Fr. livel— 
i. libella, plummet,— libra, balance.] 

lever (le'ver or lev'er), n. Bar of metal 
or wood turning on a support called 
the fulcrum or prop, for moving 
weights.— leverage (lev'er-aj or le'- 
ver-aj), n. Mechanical power gained 
by the use of the lever. [Fr. tevier— 
lever— L. levo, raise.] 

leveret (lev'er-et), n. Hare in its first 
year. [O. Fr. levrault—Ij. lepus, bare.] 

leviable (lev^-a-bl), a. That may be 
assessed and collected. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut. bum; olL owL then. 



leviathan 



810 



licentiate 



leviathan (le-vi'a-than), n. 1. Huge 
aquatic animal, described in the book 
of Job. 2. Anything of huge size. 
[Heb. livydthdn.] 

levigate (lev'i-gat), vt. Free from grit; 
work smooth ; mix thoroughly. [L.— 
levis, smooth.] 

I<evite (le'vit), n. 1. Descendant of 
Levi. 2. Inferior priest of the ancient 
Jewish Church. — I^evit'ical, a. 
[From Levi,_ son of Jacob.] 

Leviticus (le-vit'i-kus), n. Third book 
of the Old Testament containing the 
ceremonial law. 

levity (lev'it-i), n. 1. Lightness of 
weight. 2. Lack of earnestness or due 
respect. [L. levitas— levis, light.] 
Syn. Flightiness; thoughtlessness. 

levy (lev'i). I. vt. Collect by authority, 
as an army or a tax. II. n. 1. Act of 
collecting by authority. 2. Troops or 
money so collected. 3. Legal seizure 
of property. [Fr. lever— L. levo raise.] 

lewis (lu'is), n. Wedge-shaped tenon, 
fitted into a mortise in a large stone, 
and used to hoist it. 

lewd (lud or lod), a. Licentious ; un- 
chaste.— lewd'ly, adv. 
-lewdness, n. [A. 
S. laewed, vulgar.] 

lexicographer 
( leks-i-kog'ra-fer ), 
n. One who com- 
piles a dictionary. 

lexicography 
(leks-i-kog'ra-fi) , n. 
Act or art of writ- 
ing a dictionary.— 
lexicograph'ic , 
lexicographic- 
al, a. [Gr. lexikon, 
and grapho, write.] 

lexicon (leks'i-kon). ^.Dictionary, esp. 
Greek or Hebrew. [Gr.— lexis, word.] 

Iieyden-jar ( li'denjar ), n. Glass-jar 
lined inside and outside with tinfoil 
for about two thirds of its height, 
used as a condenser of electricity. 

liability ( li-a-bil'i-ti ), n. 1. State of 
being liable. 2. Debt; obligation. 

liable (ll'a-bl), a. 1. Bound in law or 
equity; answerable. 2. Exposed to 
error, evil, etc.— li'ableness, n. [Fr. 
— Her— L. ligare, bind.] 

Syn. Responsible; apt; subject; fit; 
likely; prone. 

liaison ( le-a-zong' ), n. Love-affair; 
association. [Fr.] [falsehood. 

liar (li'ar), n. One who lies, or utters 

libation (li-ba'shun), n. 1. Act of pour- 
ing out wine in honor of a deity. 2. 
Liquid noured. [L.— Gr. leibo, pour] 

libel (li'bel). I. n. 1. Malicious defam- 
atory publication. 2. Statement of a 




plaintiff's grounds of complaint in a 
court of admiralty. II. vt. 1. Defame 
by libel; satirize unfairly; lampoon. 
2. Proceed against, in a court of admi- 
ralty. — li'beler, n. — libelous, a. 
Containing a libel; defamatory. — 
li'belously, adv. [L. libellus, dim. 
of liber, book.] 

liberal (lib'er-al). I. a. 1. Generous; 
noble minded. 2. Broad; not ortho- 
dox or conservative. 3. Ample; pro- 
fuse. II. n. One who advocates greater 
freedom in religious or political ins- 
titutions. — lib'eralism, n. Princi- 
ples of a liberal in politics or religion. 
— liberality, n. Quality of being 
liberal; generosity; largeness or no- 
bleness of mind. — lib'erally, adv. 
[L.— liber, free.] 

liberate (lib'er-at), vt. Set free; re- 
lease from restraint, confinement, or 
bondage.— liberation, n.— libera- 
tor ( lib'er-at-iir ), n. One who liber- 
ates or frees. 

libertine ( lib'er-tin ), n. One who 
leads a licentious life; rake. [L. 
libertinus, freedman.] 

liberty (lib'er-ti), n. 1. Freedom from 
restraint. 2. Unrestrained enjoyment 
of natural rights. 3. Privilege. 4. 
Transgression of another's rights; 
act of impudence. 5. Power of choice. 
[L. libertas.] 

Iiibra (li'bra), n. Zo- 
diacal constellation. 
[L. = pair of scales.] 

librarian (li-bra'ri- 
an), n. Keeper of a 
library. — libra'- 
rianship, n. [L. li- 
brarius, transcriber.] 

library (li'bra-ri), n. 
1. Collection of 
books. 2. Building 
or room containing 
a collection of books, 
book.] 

libretto ( li-bret'o ), n. Book contain- 
ing the words of an opera or other mu- 
sical composition. [It. dim. of libro— 
L. liber, book.] [a libretto. 

librettist (li-bret'ist), n. Composer of 

lice (lis), pi. of louse. 

license (li'sens). I. n. 1. Leave; per- 
mission. 2. Document by which au- 
thority is conferred. 3. Excess or 
abuse of freedom. II. vt. 1. Grant 
license to. 2. Authorize; permit. [Fr. 
— L. licentia— licet, it is allowed.] 

licentiate ( li-sen'shi-at ), , n. 1. One 
who has a license to exercise a profes- 
sion. 2. University degree between 
those of bachelor and doctor. 




Libra. (^\.) 
[ L. — liber, 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf.- 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



licentious 



311 



light 



licentious (11-sen'shus), a. Indulging 
in excessive freedom; dissolute. — 
licen'tiously, adv. — licentious- 
ness, n. [Fr. — L. licentiosus.] 

lichen(li'ken orlich'en), n. 1. One of an 
order of cellular, nowerless plants. 2. 
Kind of skin disease. [Gr.] 

lichgate (lich'gat) , n. Churchyard 
gate with a porch to rest the bier 
under. [A. S. lie (Ger. leiche), corpse, 
and gate.] 

licit (lik), vt. Pass the tongue over; 
lap. — liek'er, n. [A. S. liccian.] 

lick. (lik). I. vt. Strike; heat; conquer. 
II. n. Stroke.— lick ing , n. Thrash- 
ing. [Colloquial.] 

lickerish ( lik'er-ish ) , a. 1. Dainty. 

2. Eager to taste or enjoy. 
licorice (Lik'ur-is), n. Plant having a 

sweet root, from which is extracted 
the common stick licorice. [Gr. glykys, 
sweet, and rhiza, root.] 

lictor (lik'tiir), n. Officer attending a 
Roman magistrate, bearing an axe in 
a bundle of rods. [L.] [A. S. hlid.] 

lid (lid), n. Cover; cover of the eye. 

lie (li). I. n. Anything meant to de- 
ceive; intentional violation of truth. 
II. vi. [ly'ing; lied.] Utter a falsehood 
with an intention to deceive; make a 
false representation. — A lie out of 
whole cloth, a lie wholly fabricated, 
without any foundation in fact. — Give 
the lie to, accuse of lying. [A. S. leogan.] 

lie (li), vi. [lying; lay; lain.] 1. Rest 
in a reclining posture. 2. Press upon. 

3. Be situated. 4. Abide. 5. Consist. 
6. Inlazv, be sustainable. — li'er, n. 
[A. S^ licgan.] 

lief (lef), adv. Gladly; willingly, chief- 
ly used in the phrase, "I had as lief." 
[A. S. leof. Ger. lieb, loved.] 

liege (lej). I- a - 1- Under a feudal ten- 
ure. 2. Sovereign or having lieges. 
II. n. 1. One under a feudal tenure; 
vassal. 2. Lord or superior or one 
who has lieges. [Fr. lige, which prob. 
is derived from O. Ger. ledec (Ger. 
ledig)j free, unfettered.] 

lien (len or le'en), n. Right in one to 
retain the property of another to pay 
a claim. [Fr.=tie, band— L. ligamen — 
ligo, bind.] [locus, place. 

lien (lu), n. Place; stead. [Fr.— L. 

lieutenant (lu-teu'ant), n. 1. Officer 
holding the place of another in his 
absence. 2. Commissioned officer in 
the army next below a captain, or in 
the navy next below a commander. 3. 
One holding a place next in rank to a 
superior, as lieutenant-colonel, lieu- 
tenant-general. — lieutenancy, n. 
Office or commission of a lieutenant. 
[Fr. —lieu. place, and tenant, holding.] 



life (lif), n. 1. State of living; animate 
existence. 2. Period between birth 
and death; present state of existence. 

3. Manner of living; moral conduct. 

4. Vital force; animation. 5. Living 
being. 6. System of animal nature. 
7. Social state; human affairs. 8. 
Narrative of a life.— pi. lives (livz). 
[A.S.] 

lifeboat (lif'b5t), n. Boat of great 
buoyancy for saving shipwrecked 
persons. 

life-insurance (llf'-in-shor'ans), n. 
Contract by which a sum of money is 
insured to be paid at the close of a 

Jerson's life. 
eless (lif 'les) ,a. Dead ; without vigor ; 
insipid; sluggish. — lifelessly, adv. 
— life'lessness, n. [rate. 

lifelike (lif lik), a. True to life; accu- 

lifelong (liflang), a. During the 
length of a life. 

life-preserver ( Hf'pre-zer'vSr ), n. 
Device to save one from drowning. 

lifetime (lif'tlm), n. Period during 
which life continues. 

lift (lift), vt. 1. Bring to a higher posi- 
tion ; elevate ; elate. 2. Take and 
carry away. II. vi. 1. Rise; disap- 

?ear. III. n. 1. Act of lifting. 2. 
'hat which is to be raised. 3. That 
which lifts, as a hoisting machine, 
elevator, etc. 4. Distance through 
which something is lifted. 5. Helping 
hand ; assistance. [ A. S. lyft, air. 
Ger. luft. Akin to loft.] 

ligament (lig'a-ment), n. 1. Anything 
that binds. 2'. Membrane connecting 
movable bones or holding an organ 
in position. [L. ligo, bind.] 

ligature (lig r a-tur), . n. 1. Binding; 
bandage. 2. Cord or wire for tying 
blood vessels, etc. 

light (lit). I. n. 1. Agent by which ob- 
jects are rendered visible. 2. That 
which gives light, as the sun, a can- 
dle, etc. 3. Daylight; day. 4. Opening 
or window admitting light. 5. Illu- 
minated part of a picture. 6. Mental 
or spiritual illumination; enlighten- 
ment; knowledge. 7. Point of view. 
II. a. 1. Not dark; bright. 2. Whit- 
ish. III. vt. [lighting; light'ed or 
lit.] 1. Give light to. 2. Set fire to. 
3. Attend with a light. IV. vi. 1. (With 
up) become bright or illuminated. 2. 
Take fire.— light'er, n. [A. S. leoht, 
lyht. Ger. licht.] 

light (lit), a. 1. Not heavy. 2. Easily 
suffered or performed. 3. Easily di- 
gested. 4. Not heavily armed. 5. Not 
heavily burdened. 6. Unimportant. 
7. Not dense or copious. 8. Gentle; 
delicate. 9. Easily influenced. 10. 



fate, fat, task, far, fajll, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, bum; oil, owl, then. 



light 



312 



lisne-julce 




Lighthouse, 
sectional view. 



Frivolous; gay ; lively; amusing. 11. 
Not of legal weight. 12. Loose; sandy. 
— lightly, adv. Easily; carelessly.— 
lightness, n. [A.S. leoht. Ger. leicht.] 
light (lit), vi. flight'ing; light'ed or 
lit.] 1, Descend from night, as a bird. 

2. Descend from a horse or carriage. 

3. Come (upon) by chance or sudden- 
ly. [^Relieve (a horse) of his burden.] 

tighten (li'tn). I. vt. 
Make light or clear ; 
illuminate with knowl- 
edge. II. vi. 1. Shine 
like lightning ; flash. 
2. Become less dark. 

lighten (li'tn), vt. Make 
lighter or less heavy; 
alleviate; cheer. 

lighter (li'ter) n. Large 
open boat used in un- 
loading and loading 
ships too large to reach 
the wharf. — lighter- 
man, n. 

l*ighthouse(lit'hows), n. 
Tower or structure 
with a light at the top 
to guide mariners at 
night. 

lightning (lit'ning), n. 
Electric flash, usually 
followed by thunder.— 
lightning-rod ( lit'- 
ning-rod), n. Metallic rod for pro- 
tecting buildings from lightning. 

lights (lits), n.pl. Lungs of animals. 
[From their light weight.] 

lightship (lit'ship), n. Vessel carry- 
ing aloft warning lights. 

lightsome (lit'sum), a. Light, lively, 
gay, cheering.— light'someness, n. 

ligneous (lig'ne-us), a. Wooden; 
woody; made of wood. [L. ligneus — 
lignum, wood.] 

lignite (iig'nit), n. Coal retaining the 
texture of wood.— lignit'ic, a. 

lignum-vitae (lig'num-vi'te) , n. South 
American tree with very hard wood. 

ligule (lig'ul), n. 1. Flat part of the 
leaf of a grass. 2. Strap-shaped petal. 
[L. ligula. dim. of lingua, tongue.] 

like (Ilk). I. a. Equal in quantity, 
quality, or degree; similar. II. n. 1. 
Like thing or person ; resemblance. 
2. Liking. III. adv. In the same man- 
ner. [A. S. ge-lic — lie, body.] 

lifce (lik), vt. Be pleased with; ap- 
prove; enjoy. [A. S. lician, be pleasing 
(orig. used impersonally: it likes me, 
pleases me,) — lie, like.] 

£ikely (iik'li). I. a. Credible; proba- 
ble; having reason to be expected; 
agreeable ; good looking. II. adv. Pro- 
bably, -like'liness, likelihood ,n. 




Lily of the valley. 



liken (li'kn), vt. Compare. 

likeness (lik'ness), n. 1. Resemblance. 
2. One who or that which resembles. 
Syn. Similarity; similitude; paral- 
lel; picture; portrait; effigy. 

likewise (lik'wiz), adv. 1. In like wise 
or manner. 2. Also; moreover; too. 

liking (11'kmg), n. Inclination; satis- 
faction; preference; pleasure. 

lilac (li'lak), I. n. Pretty, fragrant, 
flowering shrub. II. a. Of the color 
of lilac flowers; pale purple= [Pers. 
lilaj.] 

Lilliputian (lil-i-pu'shan ). I. n. 1. 
Inhabitant of the island of Lilliput, 
described by Swift in his Gulliver's 
Travels. 2. Person of small size, a 
dwarf. II. a. Of 
small size; 
dwarfish. 

lily (lil'i), n. 
Bulbous plant, 
with showy 
flowers. — Lily 
of the valley. 
well-known 
flower of the lil- 
y genus. [A. S. 
lilie — L. lilium.] 

limb (lim). I. n. 

I. Jointed part 
in animals, as 
leg, arm. 2. Projecting part; branch 
of a tree. II. vt. Cut or tear off the 
limbs. [A.S. Urn.] 

limb ( lim ), n. Edge or border, as of 
the sun, etc. ; edge of a sextant, disk, 
etc. [L. limbus.] 

limber (lim'ber). I. n. Part of a gun- 
carriage consisting of two wheels and 
a shaft to which the horses are attach- 
ed. II. vt. Attach to the limbers, as a 
gun. [Icel. limar, bough.] 

limber (lim'ber). I. a. Pliant, flexible. 

II. vi. Make pliant. — lim'berness., 
n. [From limp.] • 

limbo (lim'bo), limbus (lim'bus), n. 
1. Place on the borders of hell, in 
which the-souls of the pious who died 
before the time of Christ, awaited his 
coming, and where the souls of un- 
baptized infants remain (Roman 
Catholic theology). 2. Place of confine- 
ment. [It. limbo— L. limbus, border.] 

lime (lim). I. n. 1. Any slimy or gluey 
material; birdlime. 2. White caustic 
earth from limestone, used with sand 
to make mortar. II. vt. Cover with 
birdlime; insnare. [A. S. lim, glue.] 

lime (lim), n. Kind of citron or lemon 
tree and its fruit. ? [Fr. See lemon.] 

lime-juice (lim'jos), n. Acid juice of 
the lime, used at sea as a specific 
against scurvy. 



fate, fat, task, far, tall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, nut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



limekiln 



313 



links 



limekiln (llm'kil), n. Kiln or furnace 
in winch limestone is burned to lime. 

limestone ( lim'ston ), n. Stone from 
which lime is procured by burning. 

lime-tree ( lim'tre), n. Linden-tree. 
[From line— Ger. Uncle.] 

lime water ( lim'wa-ter ], n.. Solution 
of lime, used as a tonic and antacid. 

limit (lim'it). I. n. Utmost extent. II. 
vt. Confine within bounds; restrain.— 
limit able, a. That may be limited. 
— limitation, n. 1. Act of limit- 
ing. 2. State of being limited. 3. 
Time within which something must 
be done, and esp. an action at law will 
lie.— limited, a. Within limits; nar- 
row; restricted to first class coaches, 
as a train.— Limited liability, in a joint- 
stock company means that the mem- 
bers are liable only in a fixed propor- 
tion to each share.— limitless, a. 
Boundless; immense; infinite. [Fr.— 
L. limes, sill.] 

Syn. Restriction; hindrance; bound- 
ary; border; edge; confine. 

limn (lim). vt. Draw or paint, esp. in 
water-colors. — limner (lim'ner), n. 
[Fr. enluminer, illuminate.] 

limp (limp), a. 1. Wanting stiffness, 
flexible. 2. Weak, flaccid. [Icel. limpa, 
weakness.] 

limp (limp). I. vi. Walk lamely. II. 
n. Act of limping; halt. [A. S. limp- 
healt, lame.] 

limpet (lim'pet), n. Small shell-fish, 
which clings to rocks. [A. S. lempedu, 
probably corr. — lamprede, lamprey.] 

limpid (lim'pid), a. Clear; lucid; pure. 
— limpid'ity, iim'pidness, ns. 
[L. probably corr. from liquidus.] 
Syn. Transparent; translucent. 

limy (Hm'i),a. 1. Glutinous; sticky. 2. 

'Containing, resembling, or like lime. 

linchpin (linchpin), n. Pin used to 
keep the wheel of a carriage on the 
axle. [A. S. lynis, axle.] 

linden (lin'den), n. Tree with heart- 
shaped leaves and panicles of yellow- 

[ ish flowers, called, also, lime-tree. [A. 
S., Sw., Icel. lind, Ger. linde, O. Ger. 
linta.] 

line (lin), n. 1. Slender cord." 2. That 
which has length without breadth or 
thickness. 3. Straight row; verse, in 
poetry. 4. Course. 5. Department. 6. 
Series; succession. 7. Mark or linea- 
ment, hence a characteristic. 8. Short 
letter or note. 9. In pi. Military works 
of defence. 10. Lineage. 11. Regular 
infantry of an army. 12.pl. Reins. 13. 
Twelfth part of an inch. 14. Series of 
Dublic conveyances, as steamers. 15. 
Particular stock of goods. [L. linea— 
Knum, flax.] 



line (lin). I. vt. 1. Mark out with lines. 

2. Cover with lines. 3. Place or form 
in a line. II. vi. Form in line, as sol- 
diers, [linen or other material. 

line (lin), vt. Cover on the inside with 

lineage (lin'e-aj), n. Desce* t or de- 
scendants in a line from a common 
progenitor ; race ; family. 

lineal (lin'e-al), a. Of or belonging to 
a line; composed of lines; in the di- 
rection of aline; descended in a di- 
rect line from an ancestor.— lin'ea-1- 
ly, adv. 

lineament (lin'e-a-ment),fi. Feature; 
distinguishing mark in the form, esp. 
of the face. 

linear (lin'e-ar), a. Of or belonging to 
a line; consisting of or having the 
form of lines; straight; narrow. — 
lin early, adv. 

linen (lin'en). I. n. 1. Cloth made of 
flax. 2. Underclothing. II. a. Made 
of flax. [A. S. lin — L. linum, flax.] 

liner (liner), n. 1. One who lines. 2. 
Vessel belonging to a regular line of 
steamships. 

linger ( ling'er ), vi. Remain; loiter.— 
lingering, a. Protracted. [ A. S. 
lengan, protract,— lang, long.] 
Syn. Tarry; hesitate. See LAG. 

lingerie(larig-zhe-re'), n. Linen goods, 
especially women's underwear. [Fr,] 

lingo (ling'o), n. Language; speech; 
dialect. [Port.— L. lingua, tongue.] 

lingual (ling'wal). I. a. Pertaining 
to the tongue. It n. Letter produced 
mainly by the tongue, as I. — lin'- 
gually, adv. [From L. lingua, ton- 
gue.] 

linguist (ling'wist), n. One versed 
in languages. — linguistic ( ling- 
wis'tik), a. Pertaining to languages. 
— linguist'ics, n. Science of lan- 
guages. 

liniment (lin'i-ment), n. Stimulating 
or healing lotion. [L. linimentum—lino, 
besmear.] 

lining (li'ning) n. 1. Act of drawing 
lines, or covering the inside. 2. Inside 
covering. 

link (lingk). I. n. 1. Loop or ring of 
a chain. 2. Anything that connects. 

3. Single part oi a series. II. vt. and 
vi. Connect as by a link; join. [A. S. 
hlence. Ger. gelenk.] 

link (lingk), n. Torch of pitch and 
tow.— link'boy, n. Boy who carries 
a torch to light travelers. [Prob. corr. 
from Dut. lont, gunner's match of 
tow (lint). ] 

links (lingks), n. pi. Stretch of flat or 
gensly undulating ground on which 
the game of golf is played. [Scotch.] 



*fcte, «ftt, task, ffer, *ftll, (tare, above; roe, met, her; mite, mit; ra§Se, n«t, uaSvw, wpjfj 
mate, but, b.ir-.) ; oil, 0W |, »,cn. 



linnet 



314 



literati 




Linnet. 



linnet (lin'et), n. Small singing-bird, 
that feeds on the seed of flax. [Fr, 
linot.] 

linolenm ( lin- 

oie-um), n. 
Floorcloth 
made of ground 
cork and hard- 
ened linseed-oil 
on a canvas 
backing. [L. — 
linum, and oleum, oil.] 

linotype (lin'o-tip, or lm'-), n. Machine 
that produces words in stereotyped 
lines from matrices of type automat- 
ically set. [Eng. line and type.] 

linseed (lin'sed), n. Flax seed.— lin'- 
seed-cake, n. Cake remaining when 
the oil is pressed out of flax seed. — 
linseed-oil, n. Oil from flaxseed. 
[From lint.] 

linsey-woolsey (lin'ze-wol'ze). I. a. 
Made of linen and wool mixed. II. n. 
Thin coarse stuff of linen and wool 
mixed. 

lint (lint), n. 1. Flax, 2. Linen scrap- 
ed into a soft woolly substance to lay 
on wounds. 3. Down. 

lintel ( lin'tel ), n. Piece of timber or 
stone over a doorway. [O. Fr. — Low 
L. lintellus— limes, sill.] 

lion ( li'un ), n. 1. Large and fierce 
quadruped of Africa, remarkable for 
its strength and courage. 2. Man 
strong or fierce as a lion. 3. Constel- 
lation and sign of the zodiac. See cut 
under leo. 4. One who is made much 
of, or is regarded and treated as a 
hero.— lioness, fern.— lion-heart- 
ed, a. Having the heart or courage of 
a lion.— li'onize, vt. Treat as a hero 
or popular favorite. — Lion's share, 
unduly large share. [O. Fr.— L. leo.~] 

lip (lip), n. 1. Muscular border in front 
of the teeth by which drink, food and 
other things are taken into the 
mouth. 2. Edge. [A. S. lippa.] 

lipped (lipt), n. Having lips; having a 
raised and rounded edge like a lip. 

liquefaction (lik-we-fak'shun), n. 1. 
Act or process of making liquid. 2. 
State of being melted. 

liquefy (lik'we-fi). L vt. Convert into 
liquid; dissolve. II. vi. Become liquid. 
[L.— liqueo, be liquid, and/aao, make.] 

liqueur ( lik-er'), n. Flavored spirit; 
cordial. [Fr.] 

liquid (likHvid). I. a. Flowing; fluid; 
soft; smooth; clear. II. n. 1. Flowing 
substance. 2. Letter of a smooth 
sound, as I and v.— Liquid air, color- 
less dry liquid of a temperature of 
312° F. below zero, obtained by sub- 
jecting air to great pressure and 



depriving it of its heat, —liquidity, 
liq'uidness, n. [L. liquidus— liqueo, 
be fluid.] 

liquidate ( lik'wi-dat ) vt 1 Make 
clear or settle, esp. an account by 
agreement or litigation. 2 Arrange 
or wind up the affairs of a bankrupt 
estate. — liquidation, n. Clearing 
up of money affairs of a bankrupt 
estate. [2, Alcoholic drink, 

liquor (lik'iir), n. 1. Anything liquid 

liquorice (lik'ur-is), n. Same as lic- 
orice. 

lisp (lisp). I. vi. 1. Pronouncing th for 
s or z. 2. Articulate as a child; utteg 
imperfectly. II. vt. Pronounce with a 
lisp. III. n. Act of or habit of lisping, 
[A. S. wlisp.] [A. S. lista.) 

list (list), n. Stripe or border of cloth. 

list (list). I. n. Catalogue or roll. II. 
vt. 1. Place in a list or catalogue. 2. 
Engage for the public service, as sol- 
diers. [Fr. liste—'O. Ger. lista, stripe s 
border. A. S. list.] 

list (list), n. Line inclosing a piece of 
ground, esp. for combat. — pi. Lists, 
the ground inclosed for. a contest. — > 
Enter the lists, engage in contest. [Fr. 
lice. It. lizza— Low L. licm, barriers, 
of unknown origin.] 

list (list), vt. Desire; like or pleaSa, 
choose. [A. S, lystan, desire.] 

list (list), vt. or vi. Listen. 

listen (lis'n). I. vt. Hear or attend to, 
II. vi. Give ear or hearken; follow 
advice. — listener (lis'n-er), n. One 
who listens or hearkens. [A. S. 
hlistan.] 

listless (list'les), a. Having no desire 
or wish; careless ; uninterested j 
weary; indolent.— listlessly, adv.— 
list'lessness, n. 

lit, pa. t. and pa. p. of light, lighten, 
and light, alight. 

litany (lii'a-ni), n. Form of supplica- 
tion in public worship. [Gr. liianeia— 
lite, prayer.] 

literal (lit'er-al), a. According to the 
letter; plain; 'not figurative or meta- 
phorical; following the letter or exact 
meaning, word for word. — lit'eral- 
ly, adv. — lit'eralness, n. [Fr. — L. 
literalis—litera, letter.] 

literary (lit'er-ar-i), a. 1. Belonging 
to letters or learning; pertaining to 
men of letters. 2. Derived from learn- 
ing; skilled in learning. 3. Consist- 
ing of written or printed composi- 
tions. [L. literarius.] 

literate (lit'er-at). I. a. Acquainted 
with letters or learned. II. n. Edu- 
cated person. [L. literatus.] 

literati (lit-er-a'ti), n. pi. Men of let- 
ters; the learned 



fate, fat, taak, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



literature 



315 



living 



literature (lit'er-a-tiir), n. 1. Science 
of letters or what is written. 2. Whole 
body of literary compositions in a 
language, or on a given subject. 3. 
All literary productions except those 
relating to positive science and art; 
belles-lettres. [L. literatura.'] 

litharge (lith'arj ), n. Semi- vitrified 
oxide of lead separated from silver in 
refining. [Gr. lithargyros—lithos, stone 
and argyros, silver.] 

lithe {lith), a. Flexible; supple; active. 
— lithe'ness, n. [A. S. lithe, linthe; 
Ger. ge-lind, soft, tender.] 

lithesome (li^i'sum),a. Lithe; supple; 
nimble.— lithe'someness, n. 

lithia ( lith'i-a ), n. Oxide of lithium, 
soluble in water. 

li thic (lith'ik) , a. 1. Pertaining to stone. 
2. Pertaining to stone in the bladder. 

lithium ( lith'i-um ), n. Lightest of 
all known solid elements, a silver- 
white metal. 

lithograph (lith'o-graph). I. vt. Write 
or engrave on stoue and transfer to 
paper by printing. II. n. Print from 
stone. [Gr. lithos, stone, and grapho, 
write.] 

lithographer (lith-og'ra-fer), n. One 
who practices the art of lithography. 

lithographic (lith-o-graf'ikj, a. Be- 
longing to lithograph y.— litho- 
graphically, adv. 

lithography (lith-og'ra-fi), n. Art of 
writing or engraving on stone, and 
printing therefrom. 

lithology (li-thol'o-ji), n. 1. Science of 
the composition of rocks. 2. Science 
of calculi found in the human body. 

lithotrity (li-thot'ri-ti), n. Crushing 
of stone in the bladder. 

litigant (lit'i-gant). I. a. Contending 
at law. II. 7i= " Person engaged in a 
lawsuit. 

litigate ( lit'i-gat ). I. vt. Contest in 
law. II. vi. Carry on a lawsuit.— liti- 
ga'tion, n. [L. litigo—lis, strife, and 
ago, do.] 

litigious (li-tij'us)\ a. 1. Inclined to 
engage in lawsuits. 2. Subject to con- 
tention. 

litmus paper ( lit'mus pa'per ), n. 
Blue paper which turns red in an 
acid. An alkali restores the blue. 

litter (lifer). I. n. Heapof straw, etc., 
for animals to lie upon. 2. Any scat- 
tered collection of objects, esp. of 
little value. 3. Vehicle containing a 
bed, for carrying about. 4. Brood of 
small quadrupeds. II. vt. 1. Cover or 
supply with litter; scatter carelessly 
about. 2. Give birth to. III. vi. Pro- 
duce a litter or brood. [Pr. litiere— 
Low L. lectaria — L. lectus, bed.] 



little (lit'l). I. a. [less; least.] Small 
in quantity or extent; weak; poor; 
brief; insignificant; narrow; mean. 
II. n. That which is small in quantity 
or extent. Ill- adv. Small quantity; 
not much.— littleness, n. [A.S. lytet.] 

littoral (lit'o-ral). I. a. Belonging to 
the sea-shore. II. n. Shore; tract bor- 
dering shore of the sea. [L. littus, 
-oris, shorej 

liturgy (lit'ur-ji), n. Form of service or 
established ritual of a church [Gr. lei- 
tourgia — leitos, public — laos, people, 
and ergo, work.] 

live (liv). I. vi. 1. Have life; continue 
in life, 2. Last. 3. Subsist 4. Enjoy 
life; be in a state of happiness. 5 Be 
nourished or supported. 6. Dwell. 
II. vt. 1. Spend. 2. Act in continuity 
(to). [A.S. lifian, lybban.] 

live (liv) a. 1. Having life; alive; not 
dead. 2. Active; containing fire; 

burning; vivid. lived (livd), used 

in compounds, as long-lived. 

livelihood ( liv'li-hod ), n. Means of 
living; support. 

livelong (liv'lang), a. 1. That lives or 
lasts long. 2. As long as life. 3. Pass- 
ing slowly; tedious. 

lively (liv'li). I. a. Having or showing 
life; vigorous; active. II. adv. Viva- 
ciously; vigorously.— liveliness, n. 
Syn. Sprightly; strong; vivid; brisk. 

liver (liv'er), n. Largest gland in the 
body; secretes the bile. [A.S. lifer.] 

liveried (liv'er-id), a. Having or wear- 
ing a livery. 

liverwort (liv'er- wiirt), n. Iceland- 
moss. [From A. S. wurt, plant.] 

livery (liv'er- i), n. 1. Uniform worn 
by servants. 2. Any characteristic 
dress. 3. Being kept and fed at a cer- 
tain rate, as horses. [Fr. livre'e—livrer 
—Low L. libero; give or hand over. 

See DELIVER.] 

liveryman (liv'er-i-man), n. 1. Liver- 
ied servant. 2. Freeman of the city 
of London. 3. Man who keeps a livery- 
stable. 

livery-stable (liv'er-i-sta-bl), n. Sta- 
ble where horses are kept for hire, or 
boarded. 

livestock (liv'stok), n. Animals em- 
ployed or reared on a farm. 

livid (liv'id), a. Black and blue; of a 
lead color; discolored. — liv'idness, 
n. [L. liveo, be of a lead color.] 

living (liv'ingL I. a. Having life; ac- 
tive; lively. 2. Producing action or 
vigor. 3. Running or flowing. 4. 
Burning. II. n. 1. Life; manner of 
living. 2. Means of subsistence ; liveli- 
hood. 3. (In England), benefice of a 
clergyman. — The living, those alive. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit ; note, not, move 
wolf ; mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



lixiviate 



316 



lock 



lixiviate (liks-iv'i-at), vt. Leach. 

lizard (liz'ard), n. Genus of four-foot- 
ed reptiles'. [Fr. lizard, It. lucerta—lj. 
lacerta.) 

llama (la'ma), n. 
Auimal pecu- 
liar to S. Am- 
erica, allied 
to the camel. 
[Peruvian.] 

llano(la'no), n. 
Vast steppe 
or pi ain in 
nor th ern 
South Ameri- 
ca. [Sp. from 
L. planus, 
plain.] 

lo (lo), inter j. 

.Look! behold! 

loach (loch), n. 




Llama. 



[A. S. la.] 

Small European river 
nsn. [Fr. loche.] 

load (lod). I. vt. l. Put on as much as 
can be carried ; heap on. 2. Confer or 
give in great abundance. 3. Charge, 
as a gun. II. n. 1. Burden; as much 
as can be carried at once; freight or 
cargo. 2. Quantity sustained with 
difficulty ; that which burdens or 
grieves; weight or encumbrance. 3. 
Charge, as for a gun. [A. S. hladan.] 

loadstar. Same as lodestar. 

loadstone. Same as lodestone. 

loaf (lof), n— [pi. loaves (lovz).] Reg- 
ularly shaped mass, as of bread, 
sugar, etc. — loaf-sugar (lof'-shog'- 
ar), 7b. Refined sugar in the form of 
a cone. [A. S. hlaf, Ger. laib.] 

loaf (lof), vi. Loiter; pass time idly. — 
loafer, n. [Ger. laufen, run.] 

loam (lorn). I. n. Muddy soil; clay, 
sand, and animal and vegetable mat- 
ter. II. vt. Cover with loam.— loamy, 
a. Consisting of or resembling loam. 
[A.S. lam. Ger. lehm. Akin to E. Lime.] 

loan (Ion). I. n. 1. Act of lending; per- 
mission to use. 2. That which is lent; 
money lent for interest. II. vt. Lend.— 
loan'-office,w. Pawnshop. [A.S. loin.] 

loath (loth), a. Disliking; reluctant; 
unwilling.— loath'ly, adv. — loath'- 
ness,w. [A S. lath, hateful, painful.] 

loathe (loth), vt. Dislike greatly; feel 
disgust at. [A. S. lathian. Ger. leiden.] 
Syn. Abominate; detest; hate. 

loathfnl (loth'lol), a. 1. Full of abhor- 
rence. 2. Exciting disgust. 

loathing (losing), n. Extreme hate 
or disgust; abhorrence. 

loathsome (lo^A'sum), a. Exciting 
loathingor abhorrence; detestable. 

loaves (lovz), pi. of loaf. 

loo (lob). I. n. 1. Lout. 2. Lump; 
sluggish mass. II. vt. Throw; toss. 



lobar (lo'bar), a. Pertaining to a lobe 

lobate (lo'bat), lobed (lobd), a. Hav 
ing or consisting of lobes. 

lobby (lob'i). I. n. 1. Small hall or 
wailing room. 2. Anteroom of a leg- 
islative hall. 3. Those who frequent 
the lobby for the purpose of influenc- 
ing the legi&Jators. II. vt. and vi. 
Seek to influence legislation by per- 
sonal solicitation of legislators. [Low 
L. lobia — O. Ger, loube. Ger. laube> 
arbor.] 

lobe (lob), n. Rounded projection or 
part, as the lower part of the ear, di- 
vision of the lungs, brain, a leaf, etc. 
— lo'bular, a. TPr.— Gr. lobos.] 

lobelia ( lo-be'li-a ), n. Ornamental 
flower, the roots of which are used in 
medicine. [Lobel, Flemish botanist.] 

lobster (lob'ster), n. Marine shellfish 
with large claws, used as food. — 
lobster-pot, n. Trap to catch lob- 
sters, of many patterns. The most 
common one is a cylindrical basket 
with a conical entrance at each end, 
(See cut unuer pox. ) A hand-pot 
consists of a bag-nei mounted on an 
iron hoop, over which wooden bows 
are fixed holding the bait. [A. S. lop 
pestre, a corr. of L. locusta, lobster.| 

local (lo'kal), a. 1. Of or belonging U 
place. 2. Confined to a spot or district 
— lo'cally, adv. [L. localis — locus t 
place.] 

locality (lo-kal'i-ti), n. 1. Existence in a 
place. 2. Limitation to a place. 3. 
Position ; district. 4. Power of re- 
membering rel a tive positions oi 
places. 

localize (16'kaMz), vt. Make local ; 
put into, or limit to, a place. — local- 
ization* n. 

locate (lo'kat). I. vt. Place; set in a 
particular position ; designate or de- 
termine the place of. II. vi. Settle. 

location (15-ka'shun), n. 1. Act of lo- 
cating or placing. 2. Situation. 

loch (lokh), n. 1. Lake. 2. Arm of the 
sea. [Gael, and Ir. loch.] 

lock (lok). I. n. 1. Fastening for doors, 
etc. 2. Inclosure in a canal for raising 
or lowering boats. 3. Part of a fire- 
arm by which it is discharged. 4. 
Grapple in wrestling. 5. State of 
being immovable. 6. Narrow confined 
place. II. vt. 1. Fasten with a lock. 
2. Fasten so as to impede motion. 3. 
Shut up. 4. Close fast. 5. Embrace 
closely. 6. Furnish with locks. III. 
vi. 1. Become fast. 2. Unite closely. 
[A. S. loca, lock.] 

lock (lok), n. 1. Tuft or ringlet of hail. 
2. Flock of wool, etc. [A. S. locc] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mitj n§te, not, move, 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



folf. 



lockage 



317 



lonesome 



lock age (lok'aj), n. 1. Locks of a canal. 
2. Difference'in their levels. 3. Mate- 
rials used for them. 4. Tolls paid for 
passing through them. 

locker (iok'er), n. 1. One who locks. 
2. Closed place that may be locked. 

locket (lok'et), n. Small ornamental 
case of gold or silver, containing a 
picture, lock of hair, etc. 

lockjaw ( lok'ja ), n. Contraction oi 
the muscles of the jaw by which its 
motion is suspended; tetanus. 

lockout (lok'owt), n. Temporary clos- 
ing of a factory or shop as a means 
of coercing employees. 

Aocksmith(lok'smith), n. Smith who 
makes and mends locks. 

lockstep ( lok'step), n. March-step 
made in as close file as possible, and 
with hands placed on shoulders of 
man in front. 

lockstitch(lok'stich),n. Stitch formed 
by the locking of two threads togeth- 
er, so that they will not ravel. 

lockup (lok'up), n. Place for confining 
persons for a short time 

locomobile (lo-ko-mo'bil), n. 1. Trac- 
tion engine. 2. Automobile. 

locomotion ( lo-ko-mo'shun), n. Act 
or power of moving from place to 
place. 

locomotive ( lo-ko-mo'tiv ). I. a. 1. 
Moving from place to place. 2. Capa- 
ble of or assisting in locomotion. II. 
n. Locomotive machine; railway en- 
gine. [Ij.-lOCUS, 
place, and 
moveo, move.] 

locomotor 
ataxia. See 

ATAXIA._ 

locust (lo'kust) f 
n. 1. Migrato- ^ Locust. 
ry winged In- 
sect, highly destructive to vegetation. 
—Seventeen-year locust, periodical cica- 
da. 2. Name of several plants and 
trees, as the acacia. [L. locusta.J 

lode (16d),n. Vein containing metallic 
ore. [A,S. lad, course — lithan, lead.] 

lodestar (lod'star), n. Star that leads 
or guides; pole-star. [oxide of iron. 

lodestone (lod'ston), n. Magnetic 

lodge(loj). I. n. 1. Small house ;cottage 
of a gatekeeper. 2. Retreat. 3. Secret 
association; also, their place of meet- 
ing. II. vt. 1. Furnish with a tempo- 
rary dwelling. 2. Infix; settle. 3. 
Drive to cover. 4. Lay fiat, as grain. 
III. vi. 1. Reside; rest; dwell for a 
time. 2. Lie flat, as grain. [Fr. loge— 
root of lobby.] [hired room.] 

lodger (loj'er), n. One who occupies a 




lodging (loj'ing), n, 1. Temporary 
habitation. 2. Room or rooms hired. 

lodgment (loj'ment), n. 1. Act of 
lodging, or state of being lodged. 2. 
Accumulation of something that re- 
mains at rest. 3. Occupation of a 
position by a besieging party, and the 
works thrown up to maintain it. 

loft (laft), n. 1. Room or space imme- 
diately under a roof. 2. Gallery in a 
hall or church. [A.S. lyft. See lift.] 

lofty (laf'ti), a. 1. High in position, 
character, or sentiment. 2. Haughty. 
— loft'ily, adv.— loftiness, n. 
Syn. Exalted; sublime; majestic. 

log (log), n. 1. Bulky piece of wood. 2. 
Device for measuring the speed of a 
ship. 3. Log-book, or journal of a ves- 
sel's progress and occurrences from 
day to day. [Icel. lag, felled tree.] 

logarithm (log'a-rlthm), n. Exponent 
of the power to which it is necessary 
to raise a fixed number, called the base, 
to produce the given number. [G»* 
logos, ratio, and arithmos, number.] 

loggerkead (log'er-hed), n. 1. Block- 
head; dunce. 2. Round piece of tim- 
ber, in a whale-boat, over which the 
line is passed. 3. Species of sea-turtle. 
4. pi. Quarrel; dispute. 

logic (loj'ik), n. Science or art of 
reasoning correctly or of formal 
thought. [Gr, logike (techne).] 

logical (loj'ik-al), a. 1. According to 
the rules of logic. 2. Skilled in logic; 
discriminating.— logically, adv. 

logician (lo-jish'an), n. One skilled in 
logic. 

log-rolling (log'rol-ing), n. 1. Roll- 
ing logs tothe stream, on which they 
are to be floated to the market. 2. 
Mutual furtherance of schemes by 
politicians. 

logwood (log'wod), n. Red wood 
much used in dyeing. 

loin (loin), n. 1. Part of a beast lying 
between the haunchbone and the last 
false rib. 2. In man, pi. The reins; 
lower part of back. [O. Fr. logne — 
L. lumbus, loin.] 

loiter (loi'ter), vi. Delay; be slow in 
moving; linger. — loi'terer, n. [Dut. 
leuteren, trifle; Ger. loiter, worthless.] 

loll (lol). I. vi. 1. Lie lazily about; 
lounge. 2.. Hang out from the mouth. 
II. vt. Thrust out (the tongue). [O. 
Dut. lollen.] [made of treacle. 

lollipop (lol'i-pop), n. Coarse candy 

lone (Ion), lonely (lon'li), a. Alone; 
solitary; retired; standing by itself. 
— loneliness, n. [Contr. of alonk. ] 

lonesome (lon'sum), a. Solitary; dis- 
mal. — lone'somely, adv. — lone - 
someness, n. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, more, wolf; 
mute, but, born; oil, owl, then. 



long 



318 



loot 



long- (lang). I. a 1. Extended; not 
short. "2. Slow in coming; tedious. 

II. adv. To a great extent in space or 
time; through the whole; all along. 

III. vi. Desire earnestly; have an 
eager appetite. [A. S. lang.] 

longanimity (lang-a-nim'i-ti), n. En- 
durance; patience. ' [of a ship. 

longlboat(lang'bot), n. Longest boat 

longbow (lang'bo), n. Bow drawn by 
hand, as distinguished from a cross- 
bow, [old age. 

longevity (Ian gev'i-ti), n. Long life; 

long-headed (lang'hed-ed), a. Far- 
seeing; shrewd. 

longhee (long'e) n. Long East India 
scarf wound around the loins. 

longing (lang'ing), n. Eager desire; 
craving. 

longitude (lon'ji-tud), n. 1. Length. 
2. Distance of a place east or west of 
a given meridian. 3. Distance in 
degrees from the vernal equinox, on 
the ecliptic. — longitudinal, a. 1. 
Pertaining to longitude or length. 2. 
Extending lengthwise. — longitu'- 
dinally, adv. [L.] 

long measure ( lang'mezh'or ), n. 
Measure of length. 

long primer (lang'prim'er)., n. Size 
of type between small pica and bour- 
geois. , 

This line is in Long- Primer. 

longshore-man (lang'shor-man), n. 
Man employed in loading and un- 
loading vessels. 

long-sighted (lang'si-ted), a. Able to 
see at a long distance; sagacious.— 
long-sight'edness, n. 

long-suffering ( lang'suf-er-ing ) , a. 
Suffering or enduring long. 

long-winded (lang'wind'ed), a. Te- 
dious; consuming much time. 

loo (16). I. ft. Game at cards. II. vt. 
Beat in the game 'loo', by taking every 
trick. [Formerly lanterloo — Fr. lan- 
turelu, nonsense. ] 

loof (lof), n. See luff. 

loofah (lof 'a), ft. Fibrous interior of the 
Luffa jEgy'ptiaca, or towel-gourd, used 
as a sponge and flesh-brush. [Arab.] 

look (lok). I. vi. 1. Turn the eye so as 
to see; direct the attention; gaze. 2. 
Watch. 3. Seem. 4. Face, as a house. 
II. vt. 1. Express by a look. 2. Influ- 
ence by look. — Look, after, attend to or 
- take care of.— Look for, expect.— Look 
into, inspect closely.— Look on, regard ; 
view; think.— Lookout, watch; select. 
—Look to, take care of; depend on.— 
Look through, penetrate with the eye 
or the understanding. [A.S locien, see.] 




look (lok), n. 1. Act of looking or see- 
ing. 2. Sight. 3. Air of the face. 4. 
Appearance. 

look (lok), inter j. Seel behold I 

looker-on (lok'er-on), ft. Spectator. 

looking (lok'iug), n. Seeing; search 
or searching. — Look'ing-glass, glass 
which reflects the image of the person 
looking into it; mirror. 

lookout (lok'owt), ft. 1. Careful look- 
ing or watching for. 2. Elevated place 
from which to observe. 3. One engaged 
in watching. 

loom (16m), ft. 1. Frame or machine 
for weaving cloth. 2. Handle of an 
oar, or the part within the rowlock. 
[A. S. geloma, furniture, utensils.] 

loom (16m), vi. 1. Appear above the 
horizon. 2. Appear larger than the 
real size, as in a mist. 3. Be seen at a 
distance, in the mind's eye, as some- 
thing in the futur?. [A. S. leomian, 
shine— leoma, beam of light.] 

loon (Ion), n. Low fellow; ninny. [O. 
Dut. loen.] 

loon (Ion), n. Web- 
footed aquatic bird, 
with short wings, 
and legs placed very 
far back, also called 
diver. [Icel. lomr.] 

loop (lop). I. n. 1. 
Doubling of a cord 
through which another may pass. 2. 
Ornamental doubling in fringes ; any 
doubling resembling a loop. 3. Loop 
formed by a rail-track either on the 
level, or vertically in the air. II. vt. 
Fasten or ornament with loops. 
[Prob. from Celt^lub, bend, fold.] 

loophole (lop'hol), n. 1. Small hole 
in a wall, etc., through which small- 
arms maybe fired. 2. Means of escape. 
— loop'holed, a. 

looper (16'per), n. r Caterpillar which 
moves by drawing up the hindpart of 
the body to the head, forming a loop. 

loose (16s), a. 1. Slack; free; unbound; 
not confined. 2. Not compact or con- 
nected. 3. Not strict; unrestrained; 
licentious. 4. Inattentive. 5. Vague. 
6. Lax; not constipated.— loose'ly, 
adv. — loose'ness, n. — Break loose, 
escape from confinement.— Let loose, 
set at liberty. [A.S. leas, loose, weak.] 

loose (16s), vt. Free; release; relax- 
[A. S. losian.] 

loosen (los'n). I. vt. 1. Make loose; 
relax. 2. Make less dense. 3. Open, 
as the bowels. II. vi. Become loose; 
become less tight. 

loot (lot). I. n. 1. Act of plundering, 
esp. in a conquered city. 2. Plunder. 
II. vt. and vi. Plunder. [Hindoo, lut.] 



Loon. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, >>uru; oil, owl, then. 



lop 



319 



lop (lop), vt. [lop'ping; lopped.] 1. 
Cut off the top or extreme parts, esp. 
of a tree. 2. Cut away superfluous 
parts. 3. Cut half through and per- 
mit to drop.— lop-eared, a. Having 
ears that droop. — lop-si'ded, a. Of 
uneven sides; not balanced. [Dut. 
lubben, cut.] 

lope (lop). I. vi. Leap; run with easy, 
long strides. II. n. Leap; easy canter. 

loquacious (lo-kwa'shus), a. Talka- 
tive.— loquaciously. arfw. — loqua- 
ciousness, loquacity (lo-kwas'i- 
ti), ns. [L. loquax—loquor, speak.] 
Syn. Blabbing. See garrulous. 

lord (lard). I. n. 1. Master; ruler. 2. 
English peer. 3. (cap.) Supreme Being. 
4. (cap.) Jesus Christ. II. vi. Act the 
lord ; tyrannize.— Lord's day, first day 
of the week. — Lord-lieutenant, title of 
the viceroy or governor of Ireland. 
[M. E. loverd — A. S hlaford — hlaf, 
loaf, bread, and weard, warder.] 

lor tiling (lard'ling), n. Little lord; 
would-be lord. 

lordly (lard'li), a. 1. Like, becoming, 
or pertaining to a lord. 2. Dignified. 

3. Haughty ; tyrannical. — lord'ly , 
adv. — lord'liness, n. 

lordship (lard'ship), n. 1. State or 
condition of' being a lord. 2. Territory 
belonging to a lord. 3. Title of a lord. 

4. Dominion; authority. 

lore (lor), n Learning; erudition. [A. 

5. lar, from root of learn.] 
lorg-nette (lar-nyef), n. Opera-glass. 

[Fr.— lorgner", spy.] 

lorgnon (lar-nyang'), n. Eye-glasses 
shutting into a handle. [Fr.] 

loricate (lo'ri-cat), a. 1. Covered with 
defensive armor. 2. Imbricated. 

lorn (larn), a. Lost; forsaken; forlorn. 
[A. &."loren, pa. p. of leosan, lose.] 

lose (lbz), vt. [lo'sing; lost.] 1. Cease 
to have. 2. Be deprived of. 3. Mislay. 
4. Waste, as time. 5. Miss. 6. Fail to 
obtain.— lo'ser, n. [A S. losian.] 

loss (las), n. 1. Act of losing. 2. Injury. 
3. That which is lost; waste.— At a 
loss, perplexed, as a dog who has lost 
the scent. [A. S. los.] 

Syn. Destruction; privation; fail- 
ure; defeat; decrease; damage. 

lost (last), a. Parted with; no longer 
possessed; not gained; squandered; 
unable to find the way; ruined. 

lot (lot). I. n. 1. That which falls to 
one as his fortune; fate. 2. That 
which decides by chance. 3. Separate 
portion. 4. Piece of land. 5. Large 
amount or number, often in the 
plural. {Colloquial.) II. vt. [lofting; 
lofted.] 1. Allot. 2. Separate into 
lots; catalogue. [A. S. hlot.] 




loth (loth), a. Same as loath. 

lotion (lo'shun), n. Liquid for exter- 
nal application to a wound, bruise, 
etc. [L. lolio — lavo, lotum, wash.] 

lottery (lofer-i), n. Distribution of 
prizes by lot or chance; game of 
chance. 

lotto ( lofo ), n. Game of chance, 
played with number-cards and disks. 
[It]. 

lotus (lq'tus), 
lotos (lo'tos), 
n. 1. Water- 
lily of Egypt. 

2. Tree in N. 
Africa, fabled 
to make all 
who ate of its 
fruits forget 
their home. 

3. Genus of 
leguminous Lotus, 
plants. — lo'- 

tus-eat'er, n. Devotee of voluptu- 
ous indolence. [Gr. lotos.] 

loud(lowd),a. 1. Making great sound; 
striking the ear with great force; 
noisy. 2. Clamorous. 3. Gaudy; 
flashy.— loudly, adv. — loud'ness, 
n. [A. S. Mud.] 

lough (lokh), n. Irish form of loch. 

louis d'or (16'e-d5r), n. French gold 
coin, first struck by Louis XIII. in 
1640, superseded in 1795 by the 20- 
franc piece. Its value varied from 
$400 to $4.60. [Fr.— Louis and or, gold.] 

liOuis-Quatorze (16'e ka-tarz'), a. In 
the style prevalent under the reign of 
Louis XIV of France, 1643-1715. 

lounge (lownj) I. vi. 1. Recline at 
one's ease. 2. Loaf; loll. II. n. 1. 
Act or state of lounging. 2. 3die stroll. 
3. Place for lounging; kind of sofa. 
-lounger, n. [Etym. doubtful.] 

louse (lows), n. [ pi. lice (lis).] Para- 
sitic insect. [A. S. lus, pi. lys.] 

lousy (low'zi), a. Infested with lice.— 
Ion's iness, n. 

lout (lowt), n. Clown; mean, awk- 
ward fellow. — loutish, a. [A. S. lu- 
tan, stoop.] 

louver, louvre (16'ver), n. Open- 
ing in the roofs of ancient houses 
serving for a skylight, often in the 
form of a turret or small lantern.— 
Louver-window, an open window in a 
church tower, crossed by a series of 
sloping boards. [O. Fr. louvert — Vou- 
vert, open space.]" [amiable. 

lovable (luv'a-bl), a. "Worthy of love; 

love ( luv ). I. n. 1. Affection of the 
mind caused by that which delights. 
2. Fondness; strong attachment. 3. 
Pre-eminent kindness. 4. Reverential 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolfj 
mute, hut, buru; oil, owl, then. . 



love-iock 



820 



lucubrate 



regard. 5. Devoted attachment to 
one of the opposite sex. 6. Object of 
affection. II. vt. Be fond of; have great 
liking for; regard with affection; de- 
light in with exclusive affection. 
[A.S. lufu, love.J [ship. 

Syn. Tenderness; devotion; court- 
love-lock (luv'lok), n. Single lock of 
hair hanging down conspicuously. 

love-lorn (luv'larn), a. Forsaken by, 
or pining for, one's love. 

lovely (luv'li)j a. Exciting love or ad- 
miration.— loveliness, n. 
Syn. Amiable; delightful; pleasing. 

lover ( luv'er ) , n. One who loves, esp. 
one in love with a person of the oppo- 
site sex. 

loving- (luring), a. Having love or 
kindness; affectionate; fond; expres- 
sing love. — lovingly, adv. — lov'- 
ingness, n. 

loving-kindness (luv-ing-kind'nes), 
n. Kindness full of love; tender re- 
gard; mercy; favor. * 

loir (16). I. vi. Make the loud noise of 
oxen; bellow. II. n. Noise made by low- 
ing. [A. S. hlowan.] 

low (lo). I. a. 1. Not high; base; shal- 
low. 2. Moderate; cheap. 3. Deject- 
ed; mean; plain. 4. In poor circum- 
stances; humble. II. adv. 1. Not aloft. 
2. Cheaply. 3. Meanly. 4. In subjec- 
tion, poverty, or disgrace. 5. N o t 
loudly. — low'ness, n. [Icel. lagr. 
Dut. laag. Allied to A. S. licgan, lie.] 

lower(loer). I. vt. Bring low; depress; 
degrade; diminish. II. vi. Fall; sink; 
grow less. *> 

lower (low'er), vi. Gather and appear 
gloomy, as the clouds; threaten a 
.storm; frown. [Dut. loeren, lurk.] 

lowering- (lo'er-ing). I. n. Act of bring- 
ing low or reducing. II. a. Letting 
down; sinking; degrading. 

lowering(low'gr-ing), a. Looking sul- 
len; appearing dark and threatening. 
— low'eringly, adv. 

lowermost (lo'er-most), a. Lowest. 

lowing (lo'ing). La. Bellowing, or 
* making the loud noise of oxen. II. n. 
Bellowing or cry of cattle. 

lowly (lo'li), a. Of a low or humble 
mind ; not high in rank or social stand- 
ing; meek; modest.— lowliness, n. 

low-pressure ( lo-presh'6r ), a. Em- 
ploying or exerting a low degree of 
pressure (less than 50 lbs. to the sq. 
inch). ' Icar. 

lowry (low'ri), n._ Open railroad nox- 

low-spirited ( lo-spir'it-ed ), a. Not 
lively; dejected; sad.— low-spirit- 
edness, n. * 
low-water (lo'-wa'ter), n.nThe lowest 
point of the tide at ebb. 



loxodromics ( loks-6-drom'iks ), n. 
Art or science of sailing by the 
'rhumb', a line cutting^very meridian 
at the same angle. 

loyal (loi'al), a. Faithful to one's sov- 
ereign orcountry, true in allegiance; 
true to a lover or friend. — loy'ally, 
adv. — loy'alty, n. [Fr.— L. legalis, 
lawful.] 

loyalist (loi'al-ist), n. Loyal adherent 
of his sovereign; esp. 1. In English 
history, a partisan of the Stuarts. 2 
In the Revolutionary War, one that 
sided with the British troops. 

lozenge (loz'enj), n. 1. Oblique-angled 
parallelogram; rhombus. 2. Small 
cake of flavored or medicated sugar 
[O.Fr. losange, flattery. In English the 
meaning changed successively to epi- 
taph, gravestone, rhomb, window- 
pane, diamond-shaped cake.] 

lubber (lub'er), n. Awkward, clumsy 
fellow.— lubber-line, n. 'Black 
vertical line inside the compass-box, 
representing the ship's head. — lub - 
berly, a. and adv._ [W. llob, dolt.] 

Iubricate(16'bri-kat),i>£. Make smooth 
or slippery, so as to lessen friction.— 
lu'bricator, lubrica'tion, lu'- 
bricant, n. [L. lubrico.] 

lucerne ( 16-sern' ), n Leguminous 
fodder-plant; alfalfa; medic. [Fr. 
luzerne.] 

lucid (16'sid), a. Shining; transpar- 
ent; easily understood; intellectual- 
ly bright; riot darkened with mad- 
ness. — lu'cidly, adv. — lucidity, 
lu'cidness,ra. [L. lucidus—lux, light.] 
Syn. Resplendent. See luminous. 

Lucifer (16'si-fer), n. 1. Planet Venus 
when it is the morning star. 2. Satan. 
— lu'cifer-match, n. Frictionmatch. 
[L.— lux, light, and fero, bring.) 

luck (luk), n. Fortune, good or bad; 
chance; lot; good fortune. [Dut. luk, 
Ger. glueck.] 

luckless (luk'les), a. Without good 
luck; unhappy.— lucklessly, adv.— 
lucklessness, n. 

lucky (luk'i), a. Having good luck; 
fortunate; auspicious. — luckily, 
adv. — luckiness, n. 

lucrative ( lo'kra-tiv ), a. Bringing 
gain ; profitable.— lucratively, adv. 

lucre (16'ker), n. Gain (esp. sordid 
gain). [Fr.— Tijucrum, gain.] 

lucubrate (16'ku-brat). I. vi. Work or 
study by lamplight; work earnestly. 
II. vt. Elaborate by hard work.— lu- 
cubra'tion, n. 1. Study by lamp- 
light. 2. That which is composed by 
night; composition produced in re- 
tirement. — lu'cubratory, a. Com- 
posed by candle-light. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



ludicrous 



321 



lnrid 



ludicrous (16'di-krus), a. Laughable/ 
comic— lu'dicrotisly, adv.— lu'di- 
croasness, n. [~L.=ludo, play.] 

luff (luf). I. n. 1. Windward side of a 
ship. 2. Act of sailing a ship close to 
the wind. 3. Fullest and broadest part 
of a ship's bow, also called loof. II. vi. 
Turn a ship towards the wind; sail 
nearer to the wind. [Dut. loef, weath- 
er-gage.] 

lug- (lug). I.vt. [lug'ging; lugged.] Pull 
along; drag; pull with difficulty. II. 
n. Anything slow or sluggish. [S\v. 
lu$ja, pull by the hair.] 

lug (lug), n. 1. Ear-lobe; ear. 2. Part 
projecting like an ear. [traveler. 

lug-gage (lug'aj),w. Baggage of a 

lugger (lug'er), n. Small vessel with 
two or three masts, a running bow- 
sprit, and long or lugsails. 

lugsail (lug'sal), n. Square sail bent 
upon a yard that hangs obliquely to 
the mast. 

lugubrious (lo-gu'bri-us), a. Mourn- 
ful ; sorrowful. — lugubriously, 
adv. [Lt.—lugeo, mourn.] 

lukewarm (lok'warm),a. Moderately 
warm; tepid; indifferent. — lake'- 
warmly, adv. — luke'warmness, 
n. [Etymology doubtful.] 

lull(lul). I. vt. Soothe; compose; quiet. 

II. vi. Become calm; subside. III. n. 
Season of calm. [ Imitative word. ] 

lullaby (lul'a-bi), n. Song to lull chil- 
dren to sleep'. 

lumbago (lum-ba'go), n. Rheumatic 
pain in the loins and small of the 
back. [L.— lumbus. loin.) 

lumbar (lum'bar),a. Pertaining to or 
near the loins. ' 

lumber ( lum'ber ). I. n. 1. Anything 
cumbersome or useless. 2. Timber 
sawed or split for use. II. vt. Fill with 
lumber; heap together in confusion. 

III. vi. 1. Move heavily and labori- 
ously. 2. Cut lumber. [Prob. — Ger. 
rumpel.] 

lumbering (lum'ber-ing). I. a. 1. Fil- 
ling with lumber; putting in confu- 
sion. 2. Moving heavily. II. n. Busi- 
ness of cutting lumber or bringing it 
to the market. 

luminary ( 16'min-ar-i ), n. 1. Body 
which gives light. 2. One who illus- 
trates a subject or instructs mankind. 
[Li.— lumen, light.] 

luminous (16'min-us), a. Giving light; 
illuminated; clear, -luminously, 
adr. — lu'minousness, luminos- 
ity, ws. [spicuous; intelligent. 
8yn. Bright; lucid; shining; per- 

Itimp (lump). I. n. 1. Small shape- 
less mass. 2. The whole together. II. 
vt. 1. Throw into amass. 2. Take in 



the gross. — Lump sum, one sum to 
cover several items. — lumpish, a 
Like a lump; heavy; gross; dull; 
inert.— lump'isbly, afZi>. — lump- 
islmess, n. — lumpy, a. Full of 
lumps. [Norw. lump, block.] 

lunacy (lo'na-si), n. Kind of madness 
formerly supposed to be affected by 
the changes of the moon; insanity. 

lunar (lo'nar), a. 1. Belonging to the 
moon. 2. Measured by the revolutions 
of the moon. 3. Caused by the moon. 
4. Like the moon. — Lunar caustic, 
fused crystals of nitrate of silver , ap- 
plied to ulcers, etc. [L. lunaris—luna^ 
moon.] 

lunate do'nat), lu nated, a. Form- 
ed like a half-moon; crescent-shaped. 

lunatic (lb'na-tik). I. a. Affected with 
lunacy. II. ~n. Insane person. 

lunation (16-ha'shun), n. Time be- 
tween two revolutions of the moon; 
lunar month. 

lnncb (lunch), luncheon (lunch'un). 

I. n. Slight repast between breakf a: t 
and dinner. II. vi. Take a luncl- 
[Form of lump.] 

lung (lung), n. One of 
the organs of breath- 
ing in air-breathing 
vertebrates.— lung- 
ed, a. [A. S. lungan, 
the lungs ; from root 

of LIGHT.] 

lunge (lunj). I. n. Sud- 
den thrust in fencing. 

II. vi. Give such a 
thrust. [Fr. allonger, 

lengthen. j [a crescent. 

luniform (16'ni-farm), a. Shaped like 

lnnisolar ( 16-ni-so'lar ), a. Caused by 
the influence of both sun and moon. 

lunular (16'nu-lar), a. Shaped like a 
crescent, [wolfish. [L. lupus, wolf.] 

lupine (lo'pin), a. Like a wolf; 

lupus (lo'pus), n. Kind of skin-disease 
appearing mostly in the face. 

lurch (lurch), n. Snare; trap; hole. — 
Leave in the lurch, leave in a difficult 
situation,withouthelp. [O.Fr. lourche.} 

lurch (lurch). I. vi. 1. Roll or pitch 
suddenly to one side. 2. Walk un- 
steadily. 3. Lurk. II. n. 1. Sudden 
roll of a ship to one side. 2. Sudden 
shift. 3. Inclination. [From lurk.] 

lurcher(lurch'er), n. 1. One who lurks 
or lies in wait; one who watches to 
steal, or to betray or entrap; poach- 
er. 2. Kind of hunting dog (a cross 
between the greyhound and collie.) 

lure(16r).I. n. Enticement ;bait; decoy. 
II. vt. Entice. [Fr. leurrer.] 

lurid (16'rid), a. Ghastly pale; wan; 
gloomy. [L.] 




Human lungs. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her ; mite, mit ; note, not, move, 
wolf ,• mute, hu* i,5rn ; oil, owl, then. 



lurk 



322 



lysis 



lark (lurk), vi. Lie in wait; be con- 
cealed. [Prob. from Scand., as in Sw. 
lurka, lurk.] 

luscious (lush'us), a. Sweet in a great 
degree; delightful. 2. Fulsome, as 
flattery. — lusciously , adv. — lus'« 
ciousuess, n. [From lusty or lux- 
urious.] [ LUSCIOUS. 

lush (lush), a. Rich_ and juicy. [From 

IiUsitauiau (lo-si-ta'ni-an). I. a. Per- 
taining to Lusitania, a province of 
ancient Spain, comprising Portugal; 
Portuguese. II. n. Portuguese. 

lust (lust). I. n. Longing desire; 
eagerness to possess; carnal appetite. 
II. vi. Desire eagerly; have carnal de- 
sire. [A. S.] 

luster, lustre (lus'ter), n. 1. Bright- 
ness; splendor; renown. 2. Candle- 
stick ornamented with pendants of 
cut-glass, —-lus'terless, a. Destitute 
of luster. IFr. — L. luceo, shine.] 

lustring- (lus'tring), n. Kind of glossy 
silk cloth. [Fr. lustrine.] 

lustrous (lus'trus), a. Bright; shin- 
ing; luminous. — lus'trously, adv. 

lusli-um (Ius'trum), n. Period of five 
years. [L.l 

lusty (lus'ti), a. Vigorous; healthful; 
stout; bulky.— lustily, adv.— lust'- 
ihood, lustiness, ns. 

lute (lot), n. Stringed instrument of 
music resembling the guitar. [O. Fr. 
lent, Fr. luth; Ger. laute.—Ar. al-"ud— 
al, the, and ud, wood, the lute.] 

lute (lot), luting (lo'ting). I. n. Clay 
for making vessels air-tight, or pro- 
tecting them when exposed to fire. 
II. vt. Close or coat with lute.— luta - 
tion, n. [L. lutum, mud — luo, wash.] 

SiUtneran (lo'ther-an). I. a. Pertain- 
ing to Luther, the' German Protest- 
ant reformer (1483-1546), or to his 
doctrines. II. n. Follower of Luther. 

luxe (lux), n. TuUXury.—JSditionde luxe, 
edition of exceptional excellence and 
beauty in printing, binding, and art- 
istic illustration. [Fr.] 

luxuriant (lugz-o'ri-ant or luk-sho'-), 
a. Exuberant in growth; overabund- 
ant. — luxuriantly, adv. — luxu'- 
riance, luxuriancy, n, 

luxuriate ( lugz-6'ri-at) or luk-sho- ), 
vi. 1. Be luxuriant; grow exuberantly. 
2. Live luxuriously. 

luxurious ( lugz-6'ri-us or luk-sho'-), 
a. 1. Given or administering to lux- 
ury. 2. Softening by pleasui'e.-luxu'- 
riously, o^-luxu'riousaess, n. 

luxury (luks'u-ri or luk'shb-ri), n. 1. 
Free indulgence in rich diet, costly 
things, etc. 2. Expensive rarity. [L.] 
Syn. Epicurism; sensuality; volup- 
tuousness ;lasciviousness;effeminacy. 



lyceum (11-se'um), n. 1. Place devoted 
to instruction by lectures. 2. (In Eu- 
rope) high school, preparatory to the 
university. 3. Association for literary 
improvement. [Orig. the place where 
Aristotle, the Greek philosopher, 
taught, the temple of Apollo Lijkeios, 
the Wolf-Slayei-— lykos, wolf.] 

lyddite ( lid'it ), n. An exceedingly 
powerful explosive. 

lye (li), n. Caustic solution of alkali. 

lying- (li'ing). I. a. Addicted to telling 
lies. II. n. Habit of telling lies.— 
ly'ingly, adv. 

lymph (lirnf), n. 1. Colorless nutritive 
fluid in animal bodies. 2. Vaccine 
virus. [L. lympha.] 

lymphatic(lim-fat'ik). I. a. 1. Pertain- 
ing to lymph. 2. Sluggish; slow. — 
II. n. Vessel which conveys the lymph. 

lynch (linch), vt. Judge and punish 
without the usual forms of law.— 
lynch-law, n. Summary justice ex- 
ercised by the people in cases where 
the regular law is thought inade- 
quate. [From Charles Lynch, of Vir- 
ginia, who so acted.] 

lynx (lingks), n. 
Wild animal of 
the cat-kind 
noted for its 
sharp sight. — 
lynx-eyed, a. 
Sharp - sighted 
like the lynx. 
[L. and Gr. lynx.] 

lyonnaise (le'o- 
nas), a. Lyons style, said of potatoes 
cut in small pieces, boiled and served 
in a sauce of butter, parsley and some- 
times onion. 

lyre (lir), n. 1. Ancient musical ins- 
trument similar to the harp. 2. Lyra, 
one of the northern constellations.— 
ly'rist, n. 1. Player 
on the lyre or harp. 
2. Lyric poet. [Gr. 
lyra.) 

lyrebird (llr'berd), 
n. Australian bird 
about the s ize of 
a pheasant, having 
the 16 tail-feathers 
of the male, when 
spread, arranged in 
the form of a lyre. 

lyric (lir'ik). I. a. 1. 
Pertaining to the 
lyre. 2. Fitted to be 
sung to the lyre. 3. 
Expressive of the individual emo- 
tions of the poet. II. n. Lyric poem. 

lysis (li'sis), n. Gradual recess of a 
disease, — opposed to crisis. 




Lynx. 




Lyrebird. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, but, burn; oil, owl, then. 



323 



madonna 



m (em), n. Thirteenth letter of 

the English alphabet. It is 

silent before n at the begin- 

ing of a word, as in mnemonics. 

m, em (em), n. Quad; quadrat; 

type with a square face, used as 

measurement for type. 

ma(ma),/i. Abbreviated form of Mama. 

ma'am (mam or mam), n. Contrac- 
tion of Madam. 

mabola (ma-bo'la), n. Tree common 
in the Philippine Islands, bearing edi- 
ble fruit. [Native name.] 

macadamize ( mak-ad'am-iz ), vt. 
Cover a road with small broken 
stones, so as to form a smooth, hard 
surface. — macadamiza'tion, n. 
[From. Macadam, who introduced this 
method into England, 1756-1836.] 

macaroni (mak-a-ro'ni), n. 1. Prepa- 
ration of wheat flour in long slender 
tubes. 2. Fool; fop. [It. maccare, 
crush.] 

macaroon ( mak-a-ron' ) , n. Small 
cake made chiefly of almonds, white 
of egg and sugar. [It. macarone.'] 

macaw (ma-ka'), 
n. Large, beau- 
tiful bird of tro- 
p i c a 1 America, 
closely allied to 
the parrot. [Na- 
tive name in the 
W. India Isl- 
ands.] 

mace ( mas), n. 
1. Staff used as 
an ensign of au- 
thority.2. Heavy 
rod used in bil- 
liards. 3. For- 
merly, staff 
headed with a 
heavy spiked 
ball of iron. 
[O. Fr.] 

mace (mas), n. Spice, the second coat 
of the nutmeg. [L. macer—Gr. maker.] 

macerate (mas'er-at), vt. 1. Soften by 
steeping. 2. Conquer one's desires by 
fasting ;mortify the flesh.— macera'- 
tion, n. [L.] 

macbete (ma-cha'ta), n. 1. Heavy 
knife used 'in Spanish - American 
countries. 

Machiavelian (mak-i-a-vel'yan). I. a. 
Politically cunning; crafty; perfldi- 
ous.II. n.One who imitates Machiavel. 

machinate (mak'i-nat ), vt. and m. 
Contrive; plot; scheme.— machina'- 
tion, n. 1. Act of contriving a sche- 
me, esp. an evil one. 2. Artful design 
or plot. [L. machinor.] 





machine (ma-s hen), n. 1. Artificial 
means or contrivance ; instrument 
formed by combining two or more of 
the mechanical powers; engine. 2. 
Supernatural agency m a poem. 3. 
One who can do only wnat he is told. 
4. Controlling influence in party man- 
agement. [Gr. mechane, contrivance.] 

machinery (ma-she>ner-i), n. 1. Ma- 
chines in general. 2. Parts of a ma- 
chine. 3. Means for keeping in action. 
4. Supernatural agency in a poem. 

machinist (ma-she'nist), n. 1. Con- 
structor of machines; one well versed 
in machinery. 2. One who works a 
machine. 

m acker e 1 
(mak'er-el),ra. 
Sea-fish lar- 
gely used for 
food. [O. Fr. 
makerel,-prot>. Mackerel. 

— L. macula, stain.] 

mackintosh (mak'in-tosh), n. Water- 
proof overcoat. [Inventor's name.] 

macrocosm (mak'ro-kozm), n. Whole 
universe. — opp. to microcosm ( man ). 
[Gr. makros, great, kosmos, world.] 

macron ( mak'ron ), a. The sign of 
length over a vowel, as in a, e, l, o, u. 

maculate ( mak'u-lat ). I. vt Stain; 
blur. II. a. Spotted ; blurred ; impure. 

mad (mad), a. [mad'der; mad'dest.] 1. 
Disordered in intellect. 2. Proceeding 
from madness. 3. Violent; furious. 
4. (Colloq.) Angry.— madly, adv.— 
madness, a. [A. S. ge-maed.] 

Syn. Deranged; insane; crazy; chi- 
merical; enraged; rabid; frenzied. 

madam (mad'am), n. Courteous form 
of address to a lady; lady. [Fr.— ma % 
my, and dame, lady.] 

madam e (ma-dam'), n. [pi. mesdames 
(ma-dam').] " My lady; French term 
in addressing a married lady. 

madcap (mad'kap), n. Wild, rash, 
hot-headed person. 

madden (mad'n), vt. and vi. Make oi 
become mad ; enrage ; act as one mad. 

madder ( mad'er ), n. Plant whose 
root affords a red dye. [A. S. maidere.] 

madding- (mad'ing), a. Raging; furi- 
ous; mad; wild. 

made (mad), pa. t. and^a. #. of make. 

mademoiselle ( mad-mwa-zel' ), n. 
Courteous form af address to a young 
lady ; Miss. [Fr. — ma, my, and demoi- 
selle. See damsel.] [asylum. 

madhouse (mad'hows), n. Insane 

madman (mad'man), n. Lunatic; 
insane person. [Etymol. doubtful.] 

Madonna (ma-don'a), n. The Virgin 
Mary, esp. as represented in art. [It. 
= my lady.] 



fate, fat, task, far, tall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mat; note, not, move, wolf; 
- mute, hut, burn; oil. owl, i hen. ■ 



madrepore 



324 



magnetism 



madrepore (mad're-p5r), n. Common 
coral. [Etymology doubtful.] 

madrigal (mad'ri-gal ), n. 1. Elab- 
orate vocal composition in five or six 
parts. 2. Short poem expressing a 
graceful and tender thought. [It. ma- 
drigale, pastoral.] 

madstone (mad'ston), n. Stone re- 
puted to be efficacious in hydropho- 
bia, drawing out the virus when 
applied to the wound. 

maelstrom(marstrom), n. Celebrated 
whirlpool off the coast of Norway. 
[Norw. = grinding stream.] 

magazine ( mae-a-zen' ), n. 1. Store- 
house; receptacle for military stores; 
gunpowder-room in a ship. 2. Recep- 
tacle from which cartridges are fed 
automatically to a gun 3. Periodical 
containing miscellaneous composi- 
tions [Ar. makhzan, storehouse.] 

magenta (ma-jen'ta), n. Delicate pink 
color. [From the battle of Magenta 
in N. Italy, 1859.] 

maggot (mag'ut), n. 1. Footless worm ; 
grub. 2. Whim.— maggoty, a. Full 
of maggots. [Wei. magad, brood.] 

Magi (ma'ji), n. pi. Priests of the Per- 
sians ; wise men of the east. — Ma'gi- 
an. I. a. Pertaining to the Magi. II. 
n. One of the Magi. — Ma'gianism, n. 
Philosophy or doctrines of the Magi. 
[Of Chaldean origin.] 

magic (maj'ik), n. Pretended art of 
producing marvellous results, gener- 
ally by evoking spirits ; enchantment ; 
sorcery. [Fr. See magi.] 

magic (maj'ik), mag'ical, a. 1. Per- 
taining to, used in, or done by, magic. 
2. Imposing or startling in perform- 
ance. — mag'ically, adv. — Magic- 
lantern, optical instrument which 
throws a magnified image of a picture 
on a screen. 

magician (ma-jish'an), n. One skilled 
in magic; sorcerer; necromancer. 

magisterial (maj-is-te'ri-al), a. Per- 
taining to a magistrate of master. 

Syn. Authoritative; despotic; im- 
perious; dogmatical; dictatorial. 

magistracy (maj'is-tra-ffi), n. 1. 
Office or dignity of a magistrate. 2. 
Body of magistrates. [See master.] 

magistrate (maj'is-trat), n. Publie 
civil officer invested with authority. 

Magna Charta (mag'na kar'ta), n. 1. 
Great Charter obtained from King 
John, 1215 A. D. 2. Any fundament- 
al law of similar importance. [L.j 

magnanimity (mag-na-nim'i-ti), n. 
Greatness of soul; mental elevation 
or dignity; generosity. [L. magnus, 
great, and animus, mind.] 




*w<- 



Horseshoe magnet 

and magnetic 

curves. 



magnanimous (mag-nan'i-mus), a. 
Elevated in soul or sentiment; nobly 
unselfish.— magnanimously, adv. 

magnate (mag'nat), n. 1. Noble. 2. 
Man of rank or wealth. [Title of 
nobles of Hungary and Poland — L„ 
magnus, great.] 

magnesia (mag ne'- 
shi-a), n. Single ox- 
ide of magnesium, 
occurring as a light, 
white powder.— 
magne'sian, a. — 
magnesium, n. 
Metallic base of 
magnesia. It burns 
with a flame of 
dazzling whiteness. 
[From Magnesia, a 
city in Thessaly.] 

magnet (mag'net), 
n. Lodestone; iron 
ore which attracts 
iron, and, when freely suspended, 
points to the poles; bar or piece of 
steel to which the properties of the 
lodestone have been imparted. - 
Horseshoe magnet, a magnet b e x t 
so that the two poles are near togeth- 
er. An electric horseshoe magnet is 
constructed by placing two bobbins 
side by side and connecting their 
cores at one end by a bar of soft iron. 
[Gr. magnes, properly "Magnesian" 
stone, from Magnesia, in Thessaly, 
where it was first found or noticed.] 

magnetic (mag-net'ik), magnetic* 
al, a. Pertaining to the magnet; 
having the 
properties of 
the magnet; 
attractive. — 
Mag netic 
curves, ar- 
rangement of 
iron filings 
spread on a 
sheet of paper 
and lightly 
shaken over 
a magnet. 
The curves 
show the di- Magnetic field, 

rection of the 

lines of magnetic influence in the 
magnetic field.— Magnetic Held, region 
affected by a magnet, or by magnetic 
force from a conductor carrying an 
electric current. — magnet'ically, 
adv. 

magnetism(mag'net-izm), n. 1. Cause 
of attractive power of the magnet; 
attraction. 2. Science which treats of 
the properties of the magnet. 




f*te, t%%, teek; far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 

mute, hut r bSrn; oil, pwl, than. 



magnetize 



325 



major 



magnetize (mag'net-iz). I. vt. 1. Ren- 
der magnetic. 2. Attract as if by 
a magnet. II. vi. Become magnetic— 
mag'netizer. n. 

magnificent (mag-nif'i-sent), a. Dis- 
playing splendor or grand power.— 
magnificently, adv. — magnif- 
icence, n. [L. magnu8, great, and 
facio, make.] 

Syn. Glorious; suKime : superb; 
gorgeous; brilliant. See grand. 

magnify (mag'ni-fi), vt. ] . Make great 
or greater. 2. Exaggerate. 3. Praise 
highly. [Fr.— L. magniflco.) 

magniloquent (mag-nil'o-kwent), a. 
Speaking in a pompous style; bom- 
bastic. — magnil'oquently, adv.— 
magnil'oqnence, n. [L,.— may /ties, 
great, and loquor, speak.] 

magnitude ( mag'ni-tud ), n. Great 
size; extent; importance. [L. mayni- 
tudo—magnus, great.] 

magnolia (mag-noli-aj, n. Species of 
trees of beautiful flower and" foliage, 
found chiefly in N. America. [From 
Pierre Maynol, professor of botany at 
Montpellier.] 

magpie (mag'pi), 
n. Chattering 
bird allied to the 
jay, with pied 
feathers. [From 
Mag (Margaret).] 

Magyar ( m a - 

L jar' ), n. 1. One 
of the domin- 
ant race in 
Hungary. 2. 
Their language. 

Maharajah ma- 

ha-ra'ja), n. Sovereign prince in 

India.' [Native name.] 

Mahatma ( ma-hat'ma ), n. On-e of 
a supposed community of Buddhist 
adepts, dwelling in the deserts of Ti- 
bet. [Sansk._=great-souled one. ] 

Mahdi (ma'de), n. Leader of the faith- 
ful Mohammedans against the infi- 
dels. [Ar.=guide.] 

mahlsticls(marstik). See mattlstick. 

mahogany (ma-hog'a-ni), n. 1. Tree of 
tropical America. 2. Its wood, of beau- 
tiful color and grain. [Native So. Am- 
erican name.] [mohammedan. 

Mahomedan, Mahometan. See 

mahont (ma-howf), n. Driver or 
keeper of_ an elephant. [Hind.] 

maid (mad), maiden (ma'dn), n. 
Unmarried woman, esp. a young one; 
virgin. 2. Female servant. [A. S. 
maigden, maid.] 

maiden (ma'dn), a. 1. Pertaining to 
a virgin or young woman. 2. Fresh; 
new. 3. First. 




Magpie. 



maidenhair (ma'dn-har), n. Name 
given to a fern, from the fine hair- 
like stalks of its fronds. 

maidenhood ( ma'dn - hod ), n. Vir- 
ginity, purity, fieshnessi state of an 
unmarried female. 

maidenly (ma'dn-li), a. Becoming 8 
maiden ;_ gen tie; modest. 

mail (mal). I. n. Defensive armor foi' 
the body, formed of steel rings or net 
work; armor generally. W.vt. Clothe 
in maiL [Fr. maille—Li. macula, mesh. \ 

mail (mal). I. n. 1. Bag for the convey - 
ance of letters, etc. 2. Letters, papers 
books, etc., conveyed by the govern 
ment postal service. 3. Person or con* 
veyance by which the mail is carried. 
II. vt. Deliver to the post office. [Fr, 
malle, trunk — O. Ger. malaha, sack."; 

mailable (mal'a-bl), a. Fit to be se^i 
by mail. _ 

maim (mam). I. n. Injury ; mutilation; 
deprivation of an essential part. II 
vt. Bruise; disfigure; injure; lame or 
cripple ; render defective. [O. Fr. 
mehaing, _bruise; defect.] 

main (man), n. Might; strength. [A, 
S.?na?gen_ — mag. root of mat.] 

main (man). I. a. Chief; first in im- 
portance; leading. II. n. 1. Chief or 
principal part. 2. Ocean. 3. Conti- 
nent. 4. Principal pipe. — mainly, 
adv. [O. Fr. maine — L. magnus. great.] 

maindeck (man'dek), n. Principal 
deck of a ship. So in other com- 
pounds, mainmast, main sail, 
mainspring, main'top, main'* 
yard, etc. 

maintain (man-tan'). I. vt. 1. Keep v 
keep possession of. 2. Carry on; keep 
up; support. 3. Make good; support 
by argument; affirm; defend. — 
maintainable, a. That can be sup- 
ported or defended. — main'te* 
nance, n. [Fr. maintenir—L,. manus, 
hand, and teneo, hold.] 
Syn. Vindicate. See aljlege. 

maize (maz), n. Plant, and its fruit, 
called also Indian corn or wheat* 
[Sp. maiz— Haitian mahiz.\ 

majestic ( ma-jes'tik ), a. Having or 
exhibiting majesty; stately; sublime. 

majesty (maj'es-ti), n. 1. Grandeur; 
dignity; elevation of manner or style. 
2. Title of kings and emperors. [L. 
majestas — majus, comp. of magnus* 
great.] 

majolica ( ma-jol'i-ka ), n. Kind of 
painted or enamelled earthenware 
first made_on the island of Majorca, 

major ( ma'jur) . I. a. 1. Greater. 2. 
More important or comprshensive 
II. n. 1. Person of full age. 2. Officer 
in rank between a captain and a lieu* 



iat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wo,*,* 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. , 



majority 



326 



mallet 



tenant-colonel. — ma'jor-do'mo, n. 
Steward.— major-general, n. Offi- 
cer in the army next in rank below a 
lieutenant-general. [L. comp. of mag- 
nus, great.] 

majority (ma-jor'i-ti), n. 1. Greater 
number. 2. Amount by which one 
number exceeds all the others togeth- 
er. 3. Full age (at 21). 4. Office or 
rank of major. 

make (mak). I. vt. [ma'klng; made.] 
1. Fashion, frame, or form. 2. Pro- 
duce; bring about; perform. 3. Force. 
4. Rendor. 5. Represent, or cause to 
appear to be. 6. Turn; occasion; bring 
into a state or condition. 7. Obtain; 
reach. II. vi. 1. Tend; move. 2. Con- 
tribute. 3. Feign or pretend. — Make 
away with, put out of the way, destroy. 
—Make for, move toward ; tend to the 
advantage of. — Make of, understand 
by; effect; esteem.— Make out, discov- 
er; prove; furnish; succeed. — Make 
over, transfer.— Make up to, approach; 
become friendly. — Make up for, com- 
pensate.— mafae'-believe. I. n. Pre- 
tense. II. a. Pretended ; insincere. — 
maker, n. — makeshift, n. Tem- 
porary expedient. [A.S. macian.] 

make (mak), «. Form; texture; man- 
ufacture; brand. 

anal-, prefix. Bad; evil; ill; wrong; 
defective. [Fr. mal L. male, bad.] 

malachite (mal'a-kit), n. Green-col- 
ored mineral, composed essentially of 
carbonate of copper, much used for 
inlaid work. [Gr. — malache, mallow, a 
green plant. J 

malacolosy(mal-a-kol'o-ji),n. Science 
that treats of mollusks. [G. malakos, 
soft, and logos, doctrine.] 

maladministration (mal-ad-min-is- 
tra'shun), n. Bad management, esp. 
of public affairs. [awkward. [Fr.] 

mal adroit (mal-a-droif), a. Clumsy; 

malady (mal'a-di), n. Disease, bodily 
or mental. [Ff. maladie — L. male habi- 
tus, in ill condition.] 
Syn. Indisposition. See disease. 

malapert (mal'a-pert), a. Saucy; im- 
pudent.— mal'apertly, adv.— mal - 
apertness, n. [O. Fr.=ill-bred.] 

mal-apropos (mal-a-pro-po'), adv. 
Unsuitably; out of place. [Fr. mal, 
ill, and apropos, to the purpose.] 

malaria(ma-la'ri-a), n. 1. Noxious ex- 
halations of marshy districts, produc- 
ing fever, etc. ; miasma. 2. Disease so 
produced. —mala'rious, malari- 
al, a. [It. mala aria, bad air.] 

malcontent (mal'kon-tent). I. a. Dis- 
satisfied, esp. in political matters. II. 
n. One who is discontented.— mal- 
content'edness, n. 



inale(mal). I. a. Masculine. II. n. OneoS 
the male sex. [Fr. mdle—L. masculus.] 

malediction (mal-e-dik'shun), n. In- 
vocation of evil. [Li. mal, and dico, 
speak.] [n. Evil-doer. [L..] 

malefactor (mal-e-fak'tur or mal'e-K 

malevolent (mal-ev'o-lent), a. Evil; 
malicious.— malevolently, adv. 

malfeasance (mal-fe'zans), n. Illegal 
or wrongful act ; official misconduct. 

malformation (rnal-far-ma'shun), n. 
Irregular, anomalous structure. 

malice ( mal'is ), n. Disposition to 
harm others; deliberate mischief. 
[Fr. — L». malitia—malus, bad.] 

Syn. Malevolence; malignity; ani- 
mosity; virulence; rancor; grudge; 
bitterness; spite; pique. 

malicious (ma-lish'us), a. Bearing 
ill-will or spite; prompted by hatred 
or ill-will ; with mischievous inten- 
tions.— mali'ciorasly, adv.— mali- 
ciousness, n. 

malign (ma-lm'). I. a. 1. Of evil na- 
ture or disposition towards others; 
malicious. 2. Unfavorable; pernici- 
ous. II. vt. Speak evil of; traduce; 
vilify; slander. — malign' ly, adv.— 
malig-n'er, h. — malignity (ma- 
lig'ni-ti), n. Extreme malevolence; 
virulence; deadly quality. [Fr. malin 
— L. malignus, for maligenus, of evil 
disposition.] 

malignant (ma-lig'nant). I. a. Bent 
on evil; acting maliciously; actuated 
by extreme enmity ; tending to de- 
stroylife. II. n. One who bas ill-will 
or evil intentions.— malignantly, 
adv.— malig'nancy, n. [L.] 

malinger(ma-ling'Sr), vi. Feign sick- 
ness in order to avoid duty. [Fr. ma- 
lingre, sickly, from mal, and O. Fr. 
heingre, emaciated— L. aeger, sick.] 

mall (mal). I. n. 1. Mallet. 2. Game 
played with mallets. 3. (mal) Grounds 
for playing the game;shaded straight 
walk. II. vt. Beat with a mallet; maul. 
[Fr. mail— Li, malleus.] 

mallard (mal'ard), 
n. Common duck 
in its wild state ; 
wild drake. [Fr. 
malart—mdle, male, 
and suffix -ard.] 

malleable (mal'e-a- 
bl), a. That may 
be beaten out or 
shaped by hammer- 
ing.— mal'leable- 
ness, malleability, 
malleus, hammer.] 

mallet (mal'et), n. Wooden hammer, 
[Dim. of mall, hammer.] 




Mallard. 



[Fr. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



mallca* 



327 



manes 



malleus ( mal'e-us ), re. Bone of the 
ear. See cut of labyrinth. 

mallow (mal'o), mallows (mal'oz), 
re. Plant having soft downy leaves 
and relaxing properties. [A. S. malwe.] 

malmsey (mam'zi), re. Sweet Greek 
wine. [Fr. malvoisier.] 

malpractice (mal-prak'tis), re. 1. Evil 
practice or conduct. 2. Impx'oper 
medical or surgical treatment. 

malt ( malt ). I. re. Barley or other 
grain steeped in water, allowed to 
sprout, and dried in a kiln. II. vt. 
Make into malt. III. vi. Become malt. 
IV. a. Containing or made with malt. 
[A. S. mealt, pa. t. of meltan, melt.] 

Maltese (mal-tez'), a. Pertaining to the 
island of Malta in the Mediterranean. 
— Maltese cross, see cut under cross. 

maltreat (mal-tref), vt. Abuse; use 
roughly or unkindly. — maltreat- 
ment, re. 

maltster ( malt'ster ), re. One - who 
makes, or trades in, malt. 

malversation ( mal-ver-sa'shun ), re. 
Fraudulent artifices; corruption in 
office. [Fr. — L. male, badly, and ver- 
sor, turn.] 

mama, mamma (ma-ma' orma'ma), 
re. Mother — used chiefly by young 
children. [Ma-ma, a repetition of ma, 
the first syllable a child utters.] 

mammal (mam'al), re. In zool. One of 
the Mammalia." [L. mamma, breast.] 

Mammalia (mam-ma' li-a), re. pi. In 
zool. Class of animals that suckle 
their young.— mammalian, a. 

mammon (mam'un ),re. 1. (cap) God of 
riches. 2. Riches; wealth. [Gr. ma- 
monas.] 

mammoth (mam'uth). I. re. Extinct 
species of elephant. II. a. Resembling 
the mammoth in size; very large. 
[Russ. mama?it.] 

man (man). I. re. [pi. men.] 1. Human 
being. 2. Grown-up male. 3. Mankind. 
4. Males of human race. 5. One of 
manly qualities. 6. Male attendant. 
7. Husband. 8. Piece used in playing 
chess or draughts.— M an of war, war- 
ship. II. vt. [mann'ing; manned.] 1. 
Supply with men. 2. Strengthen or 
fortify. [A.S. mann.] 

manacle (man'a-kl). I. re. Shackle for 
the wrist. II. vt. Put. manacles on. 
[L. manicula, dim. of manica, sleeve — 
manus, hand.] 

manage (man'aj). I. vt. I. Control. 2. 
Conduct or treat carefully; husband. 
3. Contrive. II. vi. Conduct affairs. — 
manager, re. [Fr. manege— It. ma- 
neggio—Ij. manus, hand.] 

Syn. Guide; divert; command; gov- 
ern; handle; order; transact. 




manageable (man'aj-a-bl), a. That 
can be managed ; governable. 

■management ( man'aj-ment ), n. 1. 
Manner of directing or using. 2. Ad- 
ministration. 3. Skillful treatment. 
4. Managers. 

mandamus ( man-da'mus ), n. Order 
by a higher court to a lower one to 
perform a certain duty. [L. = we 
command.] 

mandarin (man-da-ren'), re. 1. Chinese 
official, civil or military. 2. Small, 
thin-skinned kind of orange. [Mala- 
yan mantri, counsellor.] 

mandatary (man'da-tar-i), re. One to 
whom a mandate is given. 

mandate (man'dat), re. Charge; au- 
thoritative command. [L. mandatum, 
from mando, give into hand — manus, 
hand, and do, give.] 

mandatory (man'da-t5-ri), a. Con- 
taining a mandate or command; pre- 
ceptive; directory. 

mandible (man'di-bl), re. 1. Lower 
jawbone. 2. Either part of a bird's 
bill or beak. 3. Anterior part of mouth 
organs in in- 
sects, etc. - 
mandibu- 
lar, a. [Li. man- 
dibula— mando , 
chew.] 

man do 1 i n 
(man'do-lin),re. 
Instrument of the lute class, with an 
almond-shaped body.[Fr. mandoline.] 

mandrake (man'drak), re. Narcotic 
plant; May-apple. [A corr. of A. S. 
mandragora— Gr. mandragoras.] 

mandrel (man'drei), re. Revolving 
shank to which turners fix their work 
in the lathe. [A corr. of Fr. mandrin, 
mandrel.] 

mandrill (man'- 
dril), re. Large 
kind of African 
baboon with blue 
and red-striped 
cheeks. [Fr.] 

mane (man), re. 
Long hair flow- 
ing from the neck 
of some quadru- 
p e d s, as the 
horse and lion. 
[A. S. manu.] 

manege ( m a n- 
azh'), re. 1. Art of 
horsemanship or 
horse training 
2. Riding-school. [Fr. See manage.) 

maneuver. Same as manceuvre. 

manes (ma'nez), re. pi. Spirits of dead 
ancestors. [L.] 



Mandolin. 




Mandrill. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, more, wolf ; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



manful 



.328 



mansard 



manful (man'fol), a. Full of manli- 
ness; bold; courageous.— manful- 
ly, adv.— inan'fulness, n. 

manganese (mang-a-nez'), n. Hard 
and brittle metal of a reddish-white 
color, an element. [From magnesium.] 

mange (manj), n. Scab or itch of do- 

• mestic animals. [From mangy.] 

manger (man'Jer), n. Eating-trough 
for horses and cattle. [Fr. mangeoire 
—manger, eat.] 

mangle (mangl). vt. Cut and bruise; 
tear in cutting; mutilate; take by 
piecemeal. — mangier, n. [Freq. 
of M. E. manken, mutilate — A. S. 
mancian—Li. mancus, maimed.] 

mangle (mang'l). I. n. Rolling-press 
for smoothing linen. II. vt. Smooth 
with a mangle ; calender. — mang'- 
ler, n. [Dut. mangelen.] 

mango (mang'5), n. 1. Fruit of the 
mango-tree of the East Indies. 2. 
Green musk-melon pickled. [Ma-lay 
mangga.] 

mangrove (man'grov), n. Tree of the 
E. and W. Indies, whose bark is used 
for tanning. [Malayan.] 

mangy (man'ji), a. Scabby.— man'gi- 
ness, n. [From Fr. mangi, eaten. J 

manhood (man'hod), n. 1. State of 
being a man. 2. Manly character. 

mania (ma'ni-a), n. 1. Violent mad- 
ness; insanity.' 2. Excessive or un- 
reasonable desire. [Gr.] 

maniac (ma'ni-ak), n. One affected 
with mania; madman. — maniacal 
(ma-m'a-kal, a. 

manicure ' (man'i-kur) , n. One who 
treats persons' hands and finger nails. 
[L. manus, hand, and cura, care.] 

manifest ( man'i-fest ). I. a. Evident 
to the senses or the mind. II. vt. Show 
plainly. III. n. Invoice of a ship's 
cargo to be exhibited at the custom- 
house.— manifestation, n.— man- 
ifestly, adv. [L. manifestos, palpa- 
ble— manus, hand, and fendo, strike.] 
Syn. Apparent; clear; evident; visi- 
ble; obvious; plain; conspicuous. 

manifesto ( man-i-fes'to), n. Public 
written declaration of the intentions 
of a sovereign or state. [It.] 

manifold (man'i-fold). I. a. Various 
in kind or quality ; many in number ; 
multiplied. II. vt. Make several copies 
of at one time. — manifoldly, adv. 
[A.. S. manig-feald. See many and 

FOLD.] 

manikin (man'i-kin),n. 1. Little man. 
2. Model, exhibiting the different 

f>arts and organs of the human body. 
O. Dut. manneken, dim. of man.] 
manioc (man'i-ok),n. Refined tapioca. 
[Braz. manihoc, cassava plant.] 



maniple (man'i-pl), n. 1. Company of 
foot*soldiers in the Roman army. 2. 
Kind of scarf worn by a R.Cath. priest 
on the left arm. [ L. manipulus — 
manus. hand, andpteo, fill.] 

manipulate(ma-nip'u-lat), vt. and vi. 
Work with the hands; manage; use 
the hands. — manipulation, n. — 
manip'ulator, n. [Low L. manipulo.] 

mankind (man-kind'), n. 1. Human 
race. 2. Men in general, as distin- 
guished from women. [A.S. maacynn. 
See kin.] 

manly ( man'li ), a. Becoming a man ; 
brave; dignified; noble; not childish 
or womanish.— manliness, n. 

manna (man'a), n. 1. Food supplied 

• to the Israelites in the wilderness of 

Arabia. 2. Sweetish exudation from 

many trees, as the ash of Sioily. 

[Heb. —man, gift.] 

manner (man'er), n. 1. Mode of action; 
way of performing. 2. Peculiar habit 
or style. 3. Way; degree. 4. pi. Mor- 
als; deportment. [F. mani&re — L, 
manus, hand.] 

Syn. Custom; fashion; method; car- 
riage; form; kind; mien; look. 

mannerism (man'er-izm), n. Strange 
peculiarity of manner, esp. in literary 
composition.— man'nerist, n. One 
addicted to mannerism. 

mannerly (man'er-li). I. a. Showing 
good-manners- decent in deportment; 
uot,rude. II. adv. With good man- 
ners; civilly — man'nerliness, n. 

mannish (man'isn), a. As applied to 
a woman, masculine; unwomanly. 

manoeuvre (ma-no'ver or ma-nu'-). 
I. n. A dexterous management; stra- 
tagem ; adroit movement in military 
or naval tactics. II. vt. Perform a 
manoeuvre; manage with art; change 
the position of troops or ships.— ma- 
nceu'vrer, n. [Fr. —main, hand, and 
ceuvre— L. opera, work.] [of- war. 

man-of-war (man-of-war'), n- Ship- 

manor(man'ur), 
n. Land belong- 
ing to a noble 
man, or so 
much as he 
formerly kept 
for his own 
use ; jurisdic- 
tion of a court 
baron.— man'- 
or h o u s e, 
manor-seat, 

longing to a manor. [Fr. manoir- 
maneo, stay.] 

mansard (man'sard), n. Roof having 
two slopes of different angle on every 
side. 




Mansard-roof. 



House or seat be- 
L. 



fate, fat, task, far, tall, face, above; me, met, her; mite, mtt; n5te, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut. burn; oil, owl, then. 



THE 

TERRITORIAL GROWTH 

OF THE UNITED STATES 



See flap. Plates XVII, XVIII. 



On June 7. 1776, Richard Henry Lee moved in the Second Continental 
Congress, held at Philadelphia, a resolution asserting that "these united 
colonies are, and of right should be, free and independent States." From 
this resolution, referred to a committee consisting of Jefferson, John Adams, 
Franklin, Roger Sherman and Robert R. Livingston, grew the immortal 
"Declaration of Independence" that received the signature of all the 
delegates on July 4 of the same year, which day is therefore properly 
considered the birthday of the nation. The independence of the "United 
States " was acknowledged by Great Britain in the preliminary treaty of 
peace signed on November 30, 1782. The original thirteen states were, 
in the order in which they ratified the constitution : Delaware, Pennsyl- 
vania, New Jersey, Georgia, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maryland, S. 
Carolina, New Hampshire, Virginia, New York, N. Carolina, Rhode Island. 
On the map the present areas of these thirteen states are shown in dark red. 
In 1783 the actual settlements were confined to a strip along the coast, 
varying between 50 and 200 miles in width. No portion of the present state 
of W. Virginia was settled at that time. It was a part of Virginia; until 
admitted to the Union in 1863. 

The vast territory of Louisiana, undetermined as to boundary line, had 
passed from Spain to France in 1800, but Napoleon, fearing that this dis- 
tant and undeveloped land might be a source of weakness to him in his 
struggle with Great Britain, sold it for $15,000,000 to the United States 
on April 30, 1803. 

Florida was ceded by Spain in the treaty of October 24, 1820, on 
payment of $5,000,000. 

Continued on reverse of Plate XVIII. 






fc /-.'few* H' « K ^ 





Copyright by WH.ILee 1903 



PLATE XVII. PLATE XVIII. 



95 from 91 Greenwich 83 




Laird £c Lee, Publishers. Chicago. 



Continued from reverse of Plate XVII. 

The independent republic of Texas was formed in 1835 when the 
Americans under Gen. Sam Houston defeated the Mexicans, compelling 
them to leave the country. The republic was annexed to the U. S. in the 
spring of 1845, and was created a State in December of the same year. 

On Feb. 2, 1848, at the end of the war with Mexico, that country 
ceded to the U. S. all its northern territory, (including everything north 
and west of the southern boundary of New Mexico, and extending to 
the northern boundary of California and to the Pacific Ocean), the United 
States paying $15,000,000, and assuming some $3,000,000 debts due by 
Mexico to American citizens. 

In a treaty negotiated by James Gadsden, and signed Dec. 30, 1853, 
the U. S. acquired from Mexico a tract of land of 45,000 sq. miles, now 
forming part of Arizona and New Mexico, for $10,000,000. 

Alaska was purchased by the U. S. from Russia for $7,200,000 by 
treaty of March 30, 1867, negotiated by Secretary of State, Wm. H. 
Seward. Area 531,409 sq. miles. 

The Hawaiian Islands, discovered by Cook in 1778, were soon 
colonized by Americans. On Jan. 15, 1893, the native queen Liliuoka- 
lani was deposed, and a republic proclaimed on July 4, 1894. The 
annexation to the U. S. was accomplished by a joint resolution of Con- 
gress July 6, 1898, signed by President McKinley July 7. On Aug. 12, 
it was iormally ratified in Honolulu, and the U. S. flag raised. 

A strong U. S. military force landed on Porto_ Rican soil July 25, 
1898. On August 11 of the same year, a protocol was signed at 
Washington, by which Spain ceded Porto Rico to the U. S., and on Oct. 
18 formal possession was taken. 

The Spanish- American war of 1898 was opened on Sunday, May 1, 
by the brilliant naval victory of Admiral Dewey in Manila Bay, by 
which the U. S. virtually acquired the Philippine Islands. The largest 
of the Ladrones, Guam Island, was occupied by an American force on 
June 20. The Philippines, Guam and Pine Island (West Indies), were 
ceded by Spain to the U. S. in the treaty of Paris, signed on Dec. 10, 
1898, the U. S. paying $20,000,000. 

By a treaty with Great Britain and Germany * 1899, one of the 
Samoan Islands, Tutuila, (with a few smaller islets), became a possession 
of the U. S. It has an excellent harbor, Pago-Pago, and lies on a 
straight line drawn from San Francisco to New Zealand. 

The new Republic of Cuba, on Feb. 16, 1903, ceded to the U. S. 
two ports for naval stations, Bahia Honda, on the north-west coast, and 
Guantanamo, on the south-east coast. 

Pine Island ceded lo Cuba by the United States, July 2. 1903. 



329 



marge 



(mans), n. 1. Dwelling house. 

2. Residence of a clergyman. [Low L. 
mansa, farm — maneo, remain.] 

mansion (man'shun),n. House; large, 
fine house; manor-house. [L. ?nansio.] 

manslaughter (man'sla-ter), n. Kil- 
ling of one unlawfully," but without 
malice or premeditation. 

mantel (man'tl), n. Shelf over a fire- 
place; jambs and top of a fire-place; 
also mantel-piece, mantel- 
shelf. [Doublet of mantle.] 

mantilla (man-til'a). n. Lace ht?ad- 
covering for women. [Sp.] 

mantle (man'tl). I. n. 1. Cloak; loose 
outergarment. 2. Thin fleshy mem- 
brane lining the shell of a mollusk. 

3. Conical net-work impregnated 
with a metallic oxide that becomes 
incandescent when heated ; used over 
a gas-jet to produce incandescent 
gaslight. II. vt. Cover, as with a 
mantle; hide; disguise. III. vi. 1. 
Expand or spread like a mantle. 2. 
Rush to the face and impart a crim- 
son glow, as blood. [O. Fr. mantel, Fr. 
manfeau—lj. mantellum, napkin.] 

mantua (man'tu-a), n. 1. Lady's 
cloak or mantle. 2. Lady's gown. — 
man'tua-ma'ker, n. Maker of 
ladies' dresses. [Prob. arose through 
confusion of Fr. manteau (It. manto), 
with Mantua, in Italy.] 

manual (man'u-al). I. a. Pertaining 
to, made, or used by, the hand. II. n. 
1 . Handbook; handy compendium of a 
age subject. 2. Keyboard of an organ. 
3. Military drill.— manually, adv. 
[L. manualis— manus, hand.] 
Syn. Compend; vademecum. 

manufactory ( man-u-fak'to-ri ), n. 
Place where goods are manufactured. 

manufacture (man'u-fak'tur ), I. vt. 
Make from raw materials into a form 
suitable for use. II. vi. Be occupied 
in manufactures. III. n. 1. Process of 
manufacturing. 2. Anything manu- 
factured. — manufacturer* n. [L. 
—manus, hand, and factura, making.] 

manumission ( man-u-mish'un ), n. 
Act of freeing from slavery. 

manumit(man-u-mit'), vt. [manumif- 
ting; manumit'ted.] Release from 
slavery. [L.— manus, hand, and mitto, 
send.] 

manure (ma-nfir'). I. vt. Enrich land 
with a fertilizing substance. II. n. 
Substance used for fertilizing land.— 
manur'er, n. [From manoeuvre.] 

manuscript ( man'u-skript ). I, a. 
"Written by the hand. II. n. Book or 
paper written by the hand. [L.— 
manus, hand, and scribo, write.] 



Manx (mangks). I. n Language(Celtic) 
of the Isle of Man. II. a. Pertaining to 
the Isle of Man or its inhabitants. 

many(men'i). I. a. [more; most.] Great 
number of individuals; not few; 
numerous. II. n. 1. Great number. 2 
The people.— man'y where, adv. In 
many places. [A.S. manig.] 

map (map). I. n. 1. Representation of 
the surface of the earth, or of part of 
it; chart. 2. Representation of the 
celestial sphere. II. vt. [map'ping; 
mapped.] Draw, as the flgux-e of any 
portion of land; describe clearly. IL. 
mappa, napkin.] 

maple (ma'pl), n. Tree of many spe- 
cies, from the sap of one of which, the 
sugar-maple, sugar is made. [A. S. 
mapul.] 

mar (mar), vt. [mar'ring; marred.] 
Injure by cutting off a part, or by 
wounding; damage; spoil; disfigure. 
[A. S. merran.] [of the flesh. [Gr.] 

marasmus (ma-raz'mus), n. Wasting 

maraud (ma-rad'), vi. Pillage; plun- 
der.— marauder, n. [Fr. = rogue] 

marble (mar-bl). I. n. 1. Species of 
lime stone taking a high polish. 2. 
That which is made of marble, as a 
work of art. 3. Little ball used by boys 
in play. II. a. 1. Made of marble; 
veined like marble. 2. Hard; insensi- 
ble. III. vt. Stain or vein like marble. 
[Fr. marbre— Gr. marmaros—marmairo, 
sparkle.] [of or resembling marble. 

marbly (mav'bli), adv. In the manner 

March ( march ), n. Third month of 
the year, named from Mars, the god 
of war. [L. Martinus {mensis) , (month) 
of Mars.] 

march (march), n. Border; frontier 
of a territory (used chiefly in pi.) 
[A.S.mearc. Doublet of mark.] 

march (march). I. vi. Move in order, 
as soldiers; walk in a grave ar stately 
manner. II. vt. Cause to march. III. 
■it. 1. Movement of troops; regular 
advance. 2. Piece of music fitted for 
marching to. 3. Distance passed over. 

marchioness (mar'shun-es), fern, of 
marquis. 

Marconig'ram ( mar-ko'ni-gram ), tu 
Wireless telegram. 

Mardi gras"Cmar'd§-gra), n. Fantastic 
celebration of the last day of carnival ; 
Shrove Tuesday. [Fr. =f at Tuesday.] 

mare (mar), n. Female of the horse.— 
Mare's nest, absurd, imaginary dis- 
covery. [A. S. mere, fern, of horse.] 

margarin ( mar'ga-rin ), n. Prepara- 
tion made from lard or vegetable oils. 

[Fr.] [MARGIN.] 

marge (marj), n. Edge; brink. [See 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, aDove; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut. burn: oil, owl, then. 



margin 



330 



marquis 



margin (mar'j in), n. 1. Edge; border; 
blank edge on the page of a book. 2. 
Difference between cost and selling 
price. 3. Latitude on which to work 
or depend.— marginal, a. Pertain- 
ing to or placed in the margin. — 
mar'ginally, adv. [L. margo.] 
Syn. Brim; security. See border. 

margrave (mar'grav), n. 1. Lord or 
keeper of the frontiers {marches). 2. 
German nobleman of the same rank 
as an English marquis.— fern, margra- 
vine (mar'gra-ven). [Ger. markgraf— 
mark, border, and graf, count.] [Pr.] 

marguerite ( mar'ge-ret), n. Daisy. 

marigold (mar'i-gold), n. Plant of 
the aster family bearing a yellow 
flower, [mary and gold.] 

marine (ma-ren'). I. «• Of or belong- 
ing to the sea. II. n. 1. Soldier serv- 
ing on shipboard. 2. Whole navy of a 
country. 3. Naval affairs. 4. Picture 
of a sea subject. [Fr. — L. marinus— 
mare, sea, akin to b. mere.] 

mariner ( mar'i-ner ), n. Seaman; 
sailor. [Pr. marinier.] 

marionette (mar-i-o-nef), n. Puppet 
moved by strings. [Pr.] 

marital (mar'i-tal), a. Pertaining to 
a husband or to marriage. [L. mari- 
talis—maritus, husband.] 

maritime (mar'i-tim), ja. 1. Pertain- 
ing to the sea; relating to navigation 
or naval affairs. 2. Situated near the 
sea; having a navy and naval com- 
merce. [L. mar itimus— mare, sea.] 

marjoram (mar'jo-ram), n. Aromatic 
plant used as a seasoning in cookery. 

mark (mark). I. n. 1. Visible sign as 
a dot, line, etc. 2. Object serving as 
a guide. 3. That by which anything is 
known. 4. Visible effect. 5. Thing aim- 
ed at. 6. Distinction. II. vt. 1. Make a 
mark on. 2. Take notice of .— mark- 
er, n. One who marks the score at 
games, as billiards. [A. S. mearc] 

Syn. Badge; proof f trace; symptom; 
token; characteristic; stamp; stand- 
ard; imprint; impress ; eminence. 

mark (mark), n. 1. Obsolete English 
coin, value about $3.22. 2. Monetary 
unit and silver coin of the present 
German Empire, containing exactly 
5 grams of fine silver, value 23.82 
cents. 3. Obsolete silver coin of Ham- 
burg, value about 32c. 

market (mar'ket). I. n. 1. Public place 
for the purpose of buying and sell- 
ing. 2. Sale; rate of sale; value. II. 
vt. and vi. Deal at a market; buy and 
sell.— inar'ketaole, a. Pit for the 
market; salable. [A. S.— L. mercatus, 
market— merx, merchandise.] 




marksman ( marks'man ), n. One 
good at hitting a mark; one who 
shoots well. 

marl (marl). I. n. Clay mixture often 
used as manure. II. vt. Manure with 
marl. [Etym. doubtful.] 

marl (marl), vt. Wind (a rope) with 
marline, twine or the like, securing 
every turn by a peculiar hitch. 

marline (mar'lin). I. n. Small line 
for winding round a rope. II. vt. 
Bind or wind round with marline. 
[Dut. marlijn—marren, bind, andlijn, 
rope.] 

marlinespike (mar'lin-spik), n. Iron 
tool, like a spike, for separating the 
strands of a rope. 

marmalade (mar'ma-lad), n. Jam or 
preserve, orig. of quinces. [Pr. from 
Port, marmelo, quince.] 

marmoset (mar'- 
mo-zet),w. Small 
variety of Amer- 
ican monkey. 
[Pr. marmouset, 
grotesque figure 
in marble.] 

marmot ( mar'- 
mot), n. 1. Ro- 
dent animal 
about the size of 
a rabbit, which 
inhabits the 
higher parts of 
the Alps and Pyrenees. 2. Prairie 
dog. [It. marmotlo — L. mus, mouse, 
and mons, mountain. J 

maroon (ma-ron'), a. Brownish crim- 
son. [Pr. m'arron, chestnut.] 

maroon ( ma-ron' ). I. n. Fugitive 
slave living on the mountains, in the 
W. Indies. II. vt. Put on shore on a 
desolate island. [Fr. marron — Sp. 
cimarron— cima, mountain peak.] 

marplot (mar'plot), n. One who de- 
feats an undertaking by officious or 
blundering interference, [mar and 

PLOT.] 

marque (mark), n. 1. License to 
make reprisals. 2. Ship commission- 
ed for making captures. — Letters of 
marque, license given to a private cit- 
izen to cruise and take the enemy's 
ships. [Fr ] 

marquee ( mar-ke' ), n. Large field- 
tent.. [Fr. marquise, orig. a marchion- 
ess' tent.] 

marquetry (mar'ket-ri), n. Mosaic: 
inlaid work. [Fr. from root of mark.] 

marquis ( m a r'k w i s ), marquess 
(mar'kwes), n. Title of nobility next 
below that of a duke. — fern, mar'- 
chioness. [Pr., from the root of march, 
mark, frontier.] 



Marmoset. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



marqnisate 



331 



mascnline 



marquisate (mar'kwis-at), n. Dignity 
or rank of a marquis. 

marquise (mar-kez'), n. 1. Marchion- 
ess. 2. Sunshade trimmed with lace 
hangings. [Fr.] ' 

marriage (mar'ij), n. Ceremony by 
which a man and woman become hus- 
band and wife; the union of husband 
and wife. [See marry.] [ding. 

Syn. Matrimony; wedlock; wed- 

marriag-eable (mar'ij-a-bl), a. Suit- 
able for marriage; capable of union. 

marrow (mar'6), n. Soft, fatty matter 
in the cavities of the bones; pith of 
certain plants; essence or best part. 
— marrowy , adv. — marrow- 
bone, n. Bone containing marrow. 
[A. S. mearh.] 

marry (mar'i). I. vt. Take for husband 
or wife; unite in matrimony. II. vi. 
Enter into the marriage state; take a 
husband or a wife. [Fr. marie?'— Lt. 
mas, maris, male.] 

Mars (marz), n. 

1. Rom. Myth. 
God of war. 2. 
Astron. Next 
planet beyond 
the earth. [L.] 

Marsala (mar- 

sa'la), n. Light 

wine resem- 
bling sherry, 

from Marsala in 

Sicily. 
Marseillaise 

(mar-sal-yaz'), n. 

French revolutionary hymn, first 

sung by men of Marseilles brought 

to Paris to aid in the Revolution in 

1792. 
marsh (marsh), n. Tract of low wet 

land; morass; swamp; fen. [A. S. 

mersc. See mere, pool.] 
marshal (mar'shal), n. 1. In France, 

officer of the highest military rank. 

2. In the United States, civil officer 
of a federal judicial district, corre- 
sponding to the sheriff of a county. 3. 
Chief officer of some city department, 
as fire-marshal. 4. One who arranges 
and directs the order of a procession, 
etc. ; master of ceremonies. II. vt. 
Arrange in order; lead, as a herald. 
[Fr. marechal—O. Ger. marah, horse, 
and schalh (Ger. schalk), servant.] 

marsh-mallow (marsh'mal-o), n. 1. 
Species of mallow common in mead- 
ows and marshes. 2. Confection made 
from the mucilaginous root of the 
plant. 

marshy (marsh'i), a. Pertaining to or 
like a marsh; abounding in marshes. 
-marshiness, n. 




The planet Mars. 




Martin. 



marsupial (mar-su'pi-al). I. a. Carry- 
ing: young in a pouch. II. n. Marsu- 
pial animal. [Gr. marsupion, pouch.] 

mart (mart), n. Market. [A contrac- 
tion Of MARKET.] 

marten (mar'ten), n. Destructive 

kind of weasel valued for its fur. [A. 

S. mearlh; Icel. mordhr; Ger. marder. 

From root of murder.] 
martial ( mar-shal ), a. Belonging to 

Mars, either the' god of war, or the 

Slanet; belonging to war; warlike.— 
fartial law, law administered by the 
army in times of war or sedition, un- 
der suspension of the civil law. [L. 
— Mars.] 

martin (mar'tin), 
martinet (mar'- 
tin-et), n. Bird of 
the swallow kind. 
[Named after St. 
Martin.] 

martinet(mar-tin- 
et'), n. Strict disci- 
plinarian: stickler 
for regularity in 
details. [From 

Martinet, officer in the army of Louis 
XIV. of France.] 

martingale (mar'tin -gal), n. 1. Strap 
fastened to a horse's girth to hold its 
head down. 2. Short, perpendicular 
spar under the bowsprit. [Fr.] 

Martinmas (mar'tin-mas), n. Church 
festival in honor of St. Martin, on 
Nov. 11. 

martyr ( mar'ter ). I. n. 1. One who 
suffers death for his belief. 2. One who 
submits to persecution or suffer- 
ing for any cause. II. vt. Put to death 
for one's belief. [Gr.= witness.] 

martyrdom (mar'ter-dum). n. Suffer- 
ings or death of a martyr. 

martyrology ( mar-ter-ol'o-ji ), n. 
History of martyrs. — martyrol- 
ogist, n. 

marvel (mar'vel). I. n. Anything as- 
tonishing. II. vi. Wonder. [Fr. mer- 
veille — L. mirabilis, wonderful.] 

marvelous (mar'vel-us), a. Astonish- 
ing beyond belief. — mar'velously, 
adv.— mar'velousness, n. 

Syn. Surprising; wonderful ; incred- 
ible ; miraculous ; astoundiug ; im- 
probable; amazing. 

mascot (mas'kot), n. Object, animate 
or not, whose presence is supposed to 
bring luck. [Fr.] 

masculine (mas'ku-lin), a. 1. Hav- 
ing the qualities of a man; resembl- 
ing a man; robust; bold. 3. Express- 
ing the male gender.— mas'culine- 
ly, adv. — mas'culineness, n. [L. 
—mas, male.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



mash 



332 



masticate 



mash (mash). I. vt. 1. Beat into a mix- 
ed mass; bruise. 2. In brewing, mix 
malt and hot water together. II. n. 1. 
Mixture of ingredients beaten to- 
gether. 2. Mixture of crushed malt 
and hot water. 3. (Slang), object of 
admiration. — masli'y, a. [A. S. masc, 
akin to mix.] 

mask, masque (mask). I. n. 1. Any- 
thing disguising or concealing the 
face. 2. Anything that disguises ; 
pretence. 3. Masquerade. 4. Dra- 
matic performance in which the act- 
ors appear masked. 5. Death-mask; 
cast of the face of a dead person. 6. 
Masker. II. vt. Cover the face with 
a mask; disguise; hide. III. vi. Join 
in a mask or masquerade: be dis- 
guised; revel.— masker, n. One who 
wears a mask. [Fr. masque— Sp. mas- 
cara — Ar. maskharat, jester.] 

mason (ma'sn), n. 1. One who cuts, 
prepares, and lays stones; builder in 
stone. 2. Freemason. [Fr. macon — 
Low L. macio, prob. — O. H. G. mezzo. 
Cf. Ger. steinmetz, mason, and messer, 
knife, j [ freemasonry. 

masonic (ma-son'ik), a. Relating to 

masonry (ma'sn-ri), n. 1. Work of a 
mason; structure of stone or brick. 
2. Art of building in stone. 3. Free- 
masque. See mask. [masonry. 

masquerade (masker-ad')- I. n. 1. 
Assembly of persons wearing masks, 
generally at a ball. 2. Disguise. II. 
vt. Put into disguise. III. vi. Join in 
a masquerade; go in disguise. — 
masquera'der* n. [Fr. mascarade.] 

mass (mas). I. n. 1. Lump of matter; 
quantity; collected body; large quan- 
tity; principal part; main body. 2. 
Quantity of matter in a body. 3. pi. 
The lower classes. II. vt. Form into 
a mass; assemble in masses. [Fr. 
masse— Gr. maza, barley-cake.] 

mass (mas), n. Celebration of the 
Lord's Supper in R. Cath. churches. 
[Fr. messe, from the Latin words ite, 
missa est, "go, (the congregation) is 
dismissed," said at the close of the 
service.] 

massacre (mas'a-ker). I. n. Indiscri- 
minate slaughter, esp. with cruelty; 
carnage. II. vt. Kill with violence 
and cruelty; slaughter. [Fr. — the 
Teut.— Cf. Low Ger. matsken, cut ; Ger. 
metzger, butcher.] 

massage (ma-sazh'). I. n. Method of 
treating or developing the muscles 
and tissues by manipulations, such 
as surface friction, kneading and 
slight pounding with the hand. II. 
vt. Treat by this process. [Fr.] 



masse (mas-sa' ), n. In billiards, sharp, 
vertical stoke. [Fr. — masser, knead.] 

masseur (mas-ser'), n. One who prac- 
tices massage.— fern, masseuse (mas- 
sez'). [Fr.] 

massive (mas'iv), a. Bulky ; weigh ty.— 
inas'sively,ad«.— mas'siveness,n. 

mass-meeting (mas'me-ting), n. Gen- 
eral meeting for some specific pur- 
pose, usually political. [iness,n. 

massy (mas'i), a. Massive. — mass'- 

mast (mast), n. Long upright pole for 
sustaining the yards, rigging, etc., in 
a ship. [A. S. mcest.~\ 

mast (mast), n. Fruit of the oak, 
beech, chestnut, and other forest 
trees, on which swine feed ; nuts; 
acorns. [A. S. mcest. Akin to meat.] 

master (mas'ter). I. n. 1. One who 
commands; lord or owner; leader or 
ruler; teacher; employer; command- 
er of a merchant-ship; officer who 
navigates a ship-of-war under the 
captain. 2. Degree in universities. 8. 
One eminently skilled in anything. 
4. Common title of address to a young 
gentleman. II. a. Belonging to a mas- 
ter; chief; principal. III. vt. Become 
master of; overcome; become skillful 
in; execute with skill. — Master-at- 
arms, n. Non-commissioned officer of 
the first-class on a warship; chief 
police officer on a man-of-war. [O. Fr. 
maistre— L. magister.] 

masterkey (mas'ter-ke), n. 1. Key 
that opens many locks. 2. General 
clue out of many difficulties. 

master less (mas'ter-les), a. Without 
a master or owner; ungoverned; un- 
subdued. 

masterly ( mas'ter-li ), a. and adv. 
Like a master; with the skill of a 
master; skillful; excellent. 

masterpiece (mas'ter-pes), n. Piece 
or work worthy of a master; work of 
superior skill; chief excellence. 

mastership ( mas'ter-ship). n. 1. 
Office of master; rule; dominion. 2. 
Superiority. 

masterstroke ( mas'ter-strok ), n. 
Stroke or performance worthy of a 
master; superior performance. 

mastery (mas'ter-i), n, l. Power or 
authority of a master. 2. Dominion; 
victory; superiority. 

mastic (mas'tik), n. 1. Species of 
gum-resin from the lentisk-tree. 2. 
Cement from mastic. 3. Tree pro- 
ducing mastic. [Fr.— Gr. mastiche — 
masaomai, chew.] 

masticate (mas'ti-kat), vt. Chew; 
grind with the teeth— mastication, 
n. [L. mastico. See mastic] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; rne, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf* 
i mute, hut, hum; oil, owl, then. 



mastiff 



333 



matrix 




mastiff (mas'tif), n. Large and strong 
variety of dog. [O.Fr. mestif, mongrel.] 

mastodon (mas'- 
to-don), n. Ex- 
tinct, animal, 
resembling 
the elephant, 
with nipple- 
like p r o j e c- 
tions on its 
teeth. [Gr. 
mastos, nipple, 
and' odous, 
tooth.] 

mat OnatV I. n. 

1. Texture of 
sedge, rushes, 
etc., for wiping 
the feet on, or 
for covering the floor, etc. 2. Plate ©r 
cardboard laid over a picture, forming 
a border and keeping it from abrasion 
by the glass. II. vt. [mat'ting; mat'- 
ted.] Cover with mats; interweave; 
entangle. [A. S.meatta— L. matta.] 

matadore (mat'a-dor), n. Man who 
kills the bull in bull-fights. [Sp. — 
matar — L. macto, kill.] 

match (mach), n. 1. Splint or strip of 
combustible material tipped at one 
end with a composition that ignites 
by friction. 2. Fuse; slow-match. [Fr. 
mlche — Gr. myxa, wick of a lamp. J 

match (mach). I. n.l. Anything which 
agrees with or suits another thing; 
equal; one able to cope with another. 

2. Contest. 3. Marriage; one to be 
gained in marriage. II. vi. Be of the 
same make, size, etc. III. vt. 1. Be 
equal to; be able to compete with. 2. 
Find an equal to; set against as 
equal; suit. 3. Give in marriage. — 
matcher, n.^ [A. S. gemceca, com- 
panion, mate. J 

matchless (mach'les),;a. Having no 
match or equal. , 

matchlock (mach'lok), n. 1. Lock of 
an old form of musket containing a 
match for firing it. 2. Musket so fired. 

mate (mat ). I. n. 1. Companion; 
equal, male or female of animals that 
go in pairs. 2. In a merchant-ship, 
the second in command; assistant. II. 
vt. Match; marry. III. vi. Pair; be- 
come married. [A. S. ge-maca. Dut. 
moat.] [or companion. 

matcless (mat'les), a. Without a mate 

material ( ma-te ri-al ). I. a. 1. Con- 
sisting of matter; corporeal; not spi- 
ritual; substantial. 2. Essential; im- 
portant. II. n. Esp. in pi. That out of 
which anything is to be made.— ma- 
terially, adv. — mate'rialness, 
materiality, n. [L.] 



materialism(ma-te'ri-al-izm), n. Doc- 
trine that denies the independent 
existence of spirit, and maintains 
that there is but one substance — viz. 
matter. 

materialist ( ma-te'ri-al-ist ), n. One 
who holds the doctrineo'f materialism. 

materialistic (ma-te-ri-al-ist'ik), a. 
Pertaining to materialism. 

materialize (ma-te'ri-al-iz). I. vt. 1. 
Reduce to or regard as matter. 2. 

i— Occupy with material interests. 3. 
Make visible, as a spirit. II. vi. Be' 
come tangible, real. 

materiel (ma-ta-ri-el'), n. That which 
constitutes the materials or instru- 
ments employed in a complex system, 
as distinguished from the personnel, 
or men employed. [Fr.] 

maternal (ma-ter'nal), a. Belonging 
to a mother; motherly. — mater- 
nally, adv. [L. maternus — mater, 
mother.]" [being a mother. 

maternity (ma-ter'ni-ti), n. btateof 

mathematic (math-e-mat'ik), 
mathematical, a. Pertaining to 
or done by mathematics; very accu- 
rate. — mathematically, adv. 

mathematician (math-e-ma-tish'an), 
n. One versed in mathematics. 

mathematics (math-e-mat'iks), n. 
Science of number and quantity, and 
of all their relations. [Gr. mathema, 
learning, science — manthano, learn.] 

matin (mat'in). I. a. Morning; used 
in the morning. II. n. in pi. Morning 
prayers or service. [Fr. — L. matuti- 
num, morning.] 

matinee ( mat-i-n^' ), n. Entertain- 
ment in the afternoon. [Fr. — matin, 
morning, early.] [ralof matrix. 

matrices (mat'ri-sez o^ma'-), n. Plu- 

matrieide (mat'ri-sid), n. 1. Murder- 
er of his mother. 2. Murder of one's 
mother.— mat'ricidal, a. [L. mater, 
and ccedo, kill.] 

matriculate ( ma-trik'u-lat ). I. vt. 
and vi. Admit or be admitted to 
membership by registering, esp. in a 
college; enter a university. II. n. One 
thus admitted to membership. — ma- 
trienla'tion, n. [ma&ricula, register, 
dim. of matrix.] 

matrimony (mat'ri-m5-ni), n. Union 
of husband and wife; nuptial state.— 
matrimonial, a.— matrimoni- 
ally, adv. [L. matrimonium — mater.] 
Syn. Hymeneal; conjugal; connu- 
bial; nuptial; sponsal. 

matrix (ma'triks or mat'riks), n. [pi. 
matrices.] 1. Cavity in which any- 
thing is formed; mold; die. 2. Womb. 
[L.— mater, mother.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, hSr; mite, mit; n5te, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



matron 



334 



May 



matron (ma'trun), n. 1. Married 
woman; motherly, dignified woman. 
2. Female superintendent in a public 
institution, as a hospital.— niatron- 
age ( ma'trun-aj ), matronhood 
(ma'trun-hod), n. State of a matron. 
— matronal (ma'trun-al), a. Per- 
taining or suitable to a matron 
motherly ; grave. — matronly (ma'- 
trun-li), a. Like, becoming, or be- 
longing to a matron; elderly; sedate. 
[L. matrona— mater, mother.] 

matter (mat'er). I. n. 1. That which 
occupies space, and with which we 
become acquainted by our bodily 
senses. 2. That out of which anything 
is made. 3. Subject or thing treated 
of; that with which one has to do; 
condition; state. 4. Cause of a thing. 
5. Thing of consequence. 6. Secretion ; 
pus. 7. Type composed and ready to 
be used in printing. II. vi. Be of im- 
portance; signify.— m after less, a. 
— mat'ter-of-fact. a. Not fanciful; 
dry ; commonplace ; business-like. [L. 
materia, matter.] 

matting (mat'ing), n. 1. Texture for 
covering floors, composed of hemp, 
jute, rushes, grass, etc. 2. Material 
for making mats. 

mattock (mat'uk), n. Kind of pick- 
axe having the iron ends broad in- 
stead of pointed. [A. S. mattuc] 

mattress (mat'res), n. Sort of quilted 
bed stuffed with wool, horse-hair, etc. 
[O. Fr. mater as— Ar. matrah, rubbish 
heap.] 

maturate (mat'u-rat). I. vt. Promote 
the suppuration of. II. vi. Suppurate 
perfectly. — matnra'tion, n. [L. 
maturo — maturus, ripe.] 

maturative(ma-tur'a-tiv). I. a. Matur- 
ing; promoting suppuration. II. n. 
Medicine promoting suppuration. 

mature (ma-tur'). I. a. Fully devel- 
loped ; ripe. II. vt. Bring to perfection ; 
prepare for use. III. vi. 1. Become 
ripe. 2. Become payable, as a bill.— 
mature'ly, adv.— mature'ness, n. 
matur'ity, n. [L. maturus, ripe.] 

Syn. Perfected ; finished ; prepared ; 
completed; digested; ready. 

matutinal(mat-u-tl'nal),a. Pertaining 
to the morning; early. [See matin.] 

maudlin (mad'lin),a. Weeping; silly, 
as if half drunk ; sickly sentimental. 
[From Magdalen.} 

manger, maugre (ma'ger), prep. In 
spite of. [O. Fr. mangre. Fr. malgre— 
L. male, badly, andgratum, agreeable.] 

maul, mall ( mal ). I. n. Heavy 
wooden hammer. II. vt. Beat with a 
maul or something heavy ; abuse ; 
beat. [O. Fr. — L. malleus, mallet.] 




Mausoleum. 



maulstick (mal'stik), n. Stick used 
by painters to steady their hand 
when working. [ Ger. malerstock — 
maler, painter, and stock, stick.] 

Maundy-Thursday (man'di-thurz'- 
da), n. Thursday in Passion-week, 
when royal charity is distributed to 
the poor at Whitehall, London, Eng. 
[M.E. maundee— O.Fr. mande—L,. man- 
datum, command, i. e. the "new Com- 
mandment," to love one another, 
John xiii, 34.] 

mausoleum 
(ma-so-le'um), 
n. Magnifi- 
cent tomb or 
mo n u m e n t. 
[Gr. Mausolei- 
on— Mausolus, 
king of Caria, 
to whom his 
widow erect- 
ed a splendid 
tomb.] 

mauve (mov), 
n. Delicate 
purple color. 
[Fr. — L. mal- 
va, mallow.] 

maverick 
[mav'er-ik), 
n. Unbranded 

cow or calf, subject to be taken up 
by the finder as "unowned." [From 
name of a Texas cattle-raiser whose 
mark of identification was the ab« 
sence of a brand J 

maw (ma), n. 1. Stomach. 2. Craw, in 
birds. [AS. maga. Ger. magen.] 

mawkish (ma'kish), a. 1. Disgusting. 
2. Easily disgusted; squeamish.— 
maw'kisnly, adv. — maw'kish- 
ness, n. [From maggotish.] 

maxillar (maks'il-ar), mamillary, 
a. Pertaining to the jawbone or jaw. 
{Li.— maxilla, jawbone — root of mac- 
erate.] 

maxim ( maks'im ), n. General prin- 
ciple, usually of a practical nature; 
proverb; axiom; aphorism. [L. ma- 
xima (sententia), chief (opinion).] 

maximum (maks'i-mum). I. a. Great- 
est. II. n. Greatest number, quantity, 
or degree.— pi. max'ima. [L., superl. 
of magnus, great.] 

may (ma), vi. [pa. t. might (mit).] Be 
able, allowed, possible; be by chance; 
[A.S. mag, pr. t. oimugan,Xie able, pa. 
t. meahte, mihte.] 

May (ma), n. 1. Fifth month of the 
year. 2. Early or gay part of life. [L. 
Maius{mensis, month), sacred to Maia, 
(the mother of Mercury) — root mag, 
grow.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, rait; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, buru; oil, owl, then. 



may 



335 



mechanic 



may (ma), n. English hawthorn, which 
blossoms in May. [mandrake. 

May-apple(ma'ap-l), n. Fruit of the 

Mayday (ma'da),_a. First day of May. 

may-flower (ma'fiow-er ), n. 1. In 
England, hawthorn. 2. In the U. S., 
trailing arbutus. [appears in May. 

Mayfly (ma'fli), n.Ephemeral fly which 

mayhem (ma'hem), n. Crime of vio- 
lently crippling a person. [See maim.] 

maying (ma'ing), n. Observing May- 
day festivities. 

mayor ( ma'ur ), n. Chief magistrate 
of a city or borough. — mayoralty 
(ma'ur-al-ti), n. Office or term of a 
mayor. ' [Fr. maire — L. major, comp. 
of magnus, great.] 

Maypole (ma'pol), n. Pole erected for 
dancing round on May-day. 

May-queen (ma'kwen), n. Young 
woman crowned with flowers as 
queen on May-day. 

maze (maz). I. n. Place full of intri- 
cate windings; confusion of thought; 
perplexity. II. vt. Bewilder; confuse. 
[From root of Norw. masa, ponder.] 

mazurka ( ma-zor'ka ), n. Lively 
Polish dance." 

mazy (ma'zi), a. Full of windin gs ; in- 
t r i c a t e .— ma'zily, adv.— ma'zi- 
ness,n. [of I. [A. S.] 

me (me), personal pron. Objective case 

mead (med), n. Honey and water fer- 
mented aud flavored. [A. S. medu.] 

mead (med), meadow (med'o), n. 
Rich pasture-ground. [A. S. maed— 
mawan, mow.] 

meadow-lark ( med'5-lark ), n. In 
America, species of oriole, which fre- 
quents meadows and fields. It has a 
sweet, liquid note, butit is not a lark. 

meager, meagre (me'ger), a. Lean; 
poor; scanty; without strength; bar- 
ren. — uiea'grely, adv. — mea'gre- 
ness, rt._[Fr. maigre — ~L.macer, lean.] 

meal (met), n. Food taken at one time; 
act or the time of taking food ; repast. 
[A.S. mael, time.] [A. S. melu.] 

meal (mel), n. Grain coarsely ground. 

mealy (me'li), a. Resembling meal; 
besprinkled as with meal. — meal'i- 
bi e s s, n. — mealy-mouthed, a. 
Too cautious in speech; hypocritical. 

mean (men), a. 1. Low; common. 2. 

Base; sordid. 3. Contemptible. — 

meanly, adv.— mean'ness, n. [A. 

S.maene, wicked.] [vulgar; paltry. 

Syn. Humble; ignoble; abject; vile; 

mean (men). I. a. Middle; coming be- 
tween; moderate. H. n. 1. Middle 
point, quantity, value, or degree. 2. 
Instrument. 3. pi. Inc ome; estate; 
instrument. [O. Fr. meien (Fr. moyen) 
— L. medianus—medius, middle.] 



mean (men). I. vt. [mean'ing; meant 
(ment).] 1. Have in the mind or 
thoughts; intend. 2. Signify. II. vi. 
Be minded or disposed. [A. S. mae- 
nan. Ger. meinen.] 

meander (me-an'der). I. n. Winding 
course; maze; perplexity. II. vi. and 
vt. Flow or run in a winding course; 
flow round. — inean'dering. I. a. 
Winding in a course. II. n. Winding 
course. [Gr., name of a winding 
river in Asia Minor.] 

meaning- (me'ning). I. n. That which 
is in the mind or thoughts; signifi- 
cation; sense intended; purpose. II. 
a. Significant. — meaningly, adv. 

meanness ( men'es ), n 1. Baseness 
or dishonorableness of mind. 2. Low, 
or dishonorable thoughts or actions. 

3. Sordidness; niggardliness. 
meant, pa. t. and pa. p. of mean, vt. 
measles (nie'ziz), n. Contagious fever 

accompanied with small red spots 
upon the skin.— measly (me'zli), a. 
1. Infected with measles. 2. Infected 
with larval tape-worms. [Dut. maselen, 
measles, from masa, spot.] 

measurable (mezh'6r-a-bl), a. That 
may be measured or computed; mod- 
erate.— measurably, adv. 

measure (mezh'or), I. n. 1. That by 
which extent is ascertained or ex- 
pressed. 2. Extent; proportion; stat- 
ed quantity; degree. 3. Rule by which 
anything is adjusted. 4. Moderation. 
5. Means to an end. 6. Metre; musical 
time. II. vt. Ascertain the dimensions 
of; adjust; mark out; allot. III. vi. 
Have a certain extent. [Fr. mesure — 
L. mensura.] 

measured (mezh'ord), a. Equal; uni- 
form; steady; restricted. 

measureless (mezh'or-les), a. Bound- 
less; steady; restricted. 

measurement (mezh'or-ment), n. 1. 
Act of measuring. 2. Quantity found 
by measuring. 

meat (met) n. 1. Anything eaten as 
food. 2. Flesh of animals used as 
food. 3. Animal food other than fish. 

4. Edible portion of fruit, nuts, eggs, 
etc. [A. S. mete — metan, measure, 
deal out.] 

mechanic (me-kan'ik), mechanical 
(me-kan'ik-al). I. a. Pertaining to 
machines or mechanics. 2. Construct- 
ed according to the laws of mechanics. 
8. Acting by physical power. 4. Done 
by a machine. 5. Pertaining to ar- 
tisians. 6. Done simply by force of 
habit. H. n. One engaged in a me- 
chanical trade; an artisan. — me- 
chan'ically, adv. — Me chanical 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; aote, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, buru; oil, owl, then. 



mechanician 



336 



meed 



powers, means of converting a small 
force acting through a great space 




Mechanical Powers. 

1, Lever; 2, Pulley; 3. Wheel and axle. 
4", Inclined plane; 5, Wedge; 6, Screw. 

into a great force acting through a 
small space, or vice versa-, the lever 
and the inclined plane, with their ap- 
plications. 

mechanician (mek-an-ish'an), me- 
chanist (mek'an-ist), n. One skilled 
in mechanics. 

mechanics (me-kan'iks), n. 1. Science 
which treats of machines. 2. Science 
which determines the effect produced 
by forces on a body. 

mechanism (mek'an-izm), n. 1. Ar- 
rangement and action of a machine. 

2. That which acts according to me- 
chanical laws. 3. Mechanical action. 

medal (med'al), n. Piece of metal in 
the form of 'a coin hearing some de- 
vice or inscription, bestowed as a re- 
ward of merit. [Pr. medaille—'L. metal- 
lum, metal.] 

medallion (me-dal'yun), n. 1. Large 
medal; memorial coin. 2. Bass-relief 
of around form. [Fr.] 

meddle (med'l), vi. Interfere officious- 
ly (with or in) ; have to do (with).— 
meddler, n. — meddlesome, a. 
Given to meddling .— med'dlesome- 
ness< n.— med'dling. I. a. Interfer- 
ing in the concerns of others; offi- 
cious. II. n. Officious interposition. 

mediaeval. Same as medieval.. 

medial (me'di-al), a. Noting a mean 
or average. [Low L. medialis — L. 
medius, middle.] 

median (me'di-an), a. Situated in, or 
passing through or along the middle. 
[L. medianus — medius, middle.] 

mediate (me'di-at), I. a. 1. Middle; be- 
tween two extremes. 2. Acting by or 
as a means. 8. Intervening; inter- 
posed. II. vi. Interpose between par- 
ties as a friend of each; intercede. 



III. vt. Effect by mediation. — me- 
diately, adv. — media'tion, n. — 
mediator, n.— mediatorial, a — 

mediato'riaily, adv. [Low. I^.medi- 
atus — L. medius, middle.] [be healea. 

medicable (med'i-ka-bl, a. That may 

medical (med'i-kal)", a. 1. Relating 
to the art of healing diseases. 2. 
Containing that which heals. 3. In- 
tended to promote the study of medi 
cine. — med'ically, adv. [Low L, 
medicalis — L. medicus, pertaining to 
healing,— medeor, heal.] 

medicament (med'i-ka-ment), n. Me- 
dicine; healing application. 

medicate ( med'i-kat ), vt. 1. T r e a t 
with medicine. 2. Impregnate with 
anything medicinal.— medication, 
n. [tending to heal 

medicative (med'i-ka-tiv), a. Healing; 

medicinal (me-dis'in-al), a. Relating 
to medicine; fitted to cure or lessen 
disease or pain.— medicinally, adv. 

medicine (med'i-sin ), n. Anything 
applied for the cure or lessening of 
disease or pain. [L. medicina.] 

medieval, mediaeval (me-di-e'val), 
a. Relating or appropriate to the 
middle ages. [L. medius, middle, and 
aevum, age. ] 

mediocre (me'di-o-ker), a. Middling; 
ordinary.— mediocrity (me-di-ok'ri 
ti), n. [L. mediocris.] 

meditate (med'i-tat). I. vi. Think deep- 
ly; ponder. II. vt. Think on; plan.— 
medita'tion, n. Absorbed thought. 
— med'itative, a. Given to medita- 
tion.— med'itatively, adv. 

Syn. Contemplate ; consider ; re- 
volve; muse; weigh; study; reflect; 
purpose; intend. 

medium (me'di-um), n. [pi. me'diums 
or me'dia. ] 1. Middle place or de- 
greee. 2 Anything intervening. 3. 
Means or instrument. 4. Substance 
in which bodies exist, or through 
which they move. 5. Person through 
whom spirits are alleged to make 
their communications. [L. See me- 
dial, and mid.] 

medlar (med'lar), n. Small European 
tree, with fruit like a small apple. 
[O. Fr. meslier — Gr. mespilon. ] 

medley (med'li), n. 1. Mingled and 
confused mass. 2. Parts of different 
musical compositions or songs run 
together ; potpourri. [O. Fr. medler, 
mix.] 

medulla (me-dul'a), n. 1. Marrow, 2. 
Pith. — medullar, medullary, 
a. [L] 

meed (mSd), w. Deserved reward ; that 
which is bestowed for merit. {A. S. 
med. Ger. miethe, hire.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; cote, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burli; oil, owl, then. , 



meek 



337 



membrane 



meek (mek), a. Submissive.— meek'- 
lj^adv — meekness, n.flcel. mjukr.] 
Syn. Patient; humble; gentle. 

meerschaum (mer'sham), n. 1. Fine 
white clay used for making tobacco- 
pipes. 2. Pipe made of this material. 
[Ger. meer, the sea, and schaum, foam.] 

meet (met), a. Fitting; qualified; 
ada p ted.— meet'ly, adv. — meet'- 
ness. n._ [A.S. ge??iet, fit. See mete.] 

meet (met). I. vt. [meeting; met.] 1. 
Come face to face;encounter.2. Find; 
receive, as a welcome. 3. Answer or 
satisfy. II. vi. 1. Come together; as- 
semble. 2. Have an encounter. III. n. 
Meeting, as of huntsmen. [A.S. metan. 
Low Ger. moeten. Cf. moot.] 

meeting (me'ting), n. 1. Interview. 
2. Assembly. — meeting-house 
(me'ting-hows), n. Building where 
people meet for public worship. 

megaphone (meg'a-fon), n. 1. Instru- 
ment for perceiving ordinary sounds 
at great distances. 2. Large funnel- 
shaped speaking trumpet. 

megalosaurus ( meg-a-lo-sa'rus ), n. 
Extinct gigantic reptile, 40 "feet long. 
[From Gr. megale, large, and sauros, 
lizard.] 




Skeleton of megatherium. 

megatherium (meg-a-the'ri-um), n. 
Extinct eigantic sloth, 13 feet long, 
«xclusive~of the five foot tail. [From 
•Gr. megas, large, and therion, beast.] 

megrim (me' grim), n. Periodical 
headache, usually affecting but one 
side of the head [Fr. migraine, corr. 
of Gr. hernicrania—hemi, half, and kra- 
nion, skull.] 

melancholic (mel'an-kol-ik or -kol'- 
ik), a. Affected with' melancholy; de- 
jected; mournful; dismal; sad. 

melancholy (mel'an-kol-i). I. n. Dis- 
ease causing gloomy, groundless 
fears, and general depression of spir- 
its; habitual dejection. II. a. Gloomy; 
producing grief. [Gr. — melan, black, 
and chole, bile.] [mixture. [Fr.] 

melange (ma-langzh' ), n. Medley; 



melee (ma-la'), n. Hand-to-hand fight? 
scuffle. [Fr.]_ 

melinite (jna'lin-it ), n. High explo- 
sive, composed of picric acid, gun- 
cotton, and gum arabic. [Gr. melinos, 
pale gold-yellow col_or.] 

meliorate (me'li-or-at), vt. Make bet* 
ter; improve- melioration, n. 
[L.—?nelior, better. 1 

melliferous fmel-lifer-us), a. Honey- 
producing. [L. met, honey, and J'ero, 
produce.] 

mellifluent (mel-lif'16-ent), melli- 
fluous(mel-lif'lb-us), a.Flowing with 
honey or sweetness; smooth. — mel< 
lif 'luently, mellif luously, advs. 
—mellifluence, n. [L- mel* and 
jluens—fluo, flow.] 

mellow (mel'o). I. a. Soft and ripe; 
well matured; soft to touch. II. vt. 
Soften by ripeness or age; mature. 
III. vi. Become soft; be matured.— 
mellowness, n. [A.S. mearu. Ger. 
?nollig.] [reed organ. 

melodeon (me-lo^de-un), n. Small 

melodious (me-lo'di-us), a. Full oi 
melody; harmonious.— in elo'dious* 
ly. adv.— melodiousness, n. 

melodrama (mel-o-dra'ina or dra'- 
ma), n. Sensational, romantic drama, 
formerly largely intermixed with 
songs.— melodramatic (mel-o-dra- 
mat'ik), a. Of the nature of the melo» 
drama ; overstrained ; sensational. 
[From Gr. ?nelos, song, and drama, 
drama.] 

melody (mel'o-di), n. 1. Air; tune; 
music. 2. Agreeable succession of a 
series of single musical sounds. — 
melodist, n. [Gr. melodia — melos, 
song, and ode, ode.] 

melon (mel'un), n. Fruit of an annua? 
trailing plant (cucumis melo), compre- 
hending the muskmelon and water- 
melon. [It. melone—Gr. melon, apple.] 

melt (melt), vt. and vi. 1. Make or be 
come liquid; dissolve. 2. Soften. 3. 
Waste away. [A. S. meitan.] 

Syn. Liquefy; thaw; fuse; dissolve; 
relax; mollify; weaken. 

member (mem'ber), n. 1. Limb or 
other functional part of an animal. 2. 
Clause. 3. One of a community. 4. 
Representative in a legislative body.— 
mem'bered, a. Having limbs. — 
membership, n. 1. State of being 
a member or one of a society. 2. The 
members collectively. [L. membruvi.] 

membrane (mem'bran), n. 1. Thin 
tissue which covers the members or 
parts of the body. 2. Film containing 
the seeds of a plant. — membran- 
ous, membranaceous, a. [Fr.— 
L. membrana—membrum.} 



fate, fat, task, far, fftll, fare, above; mS, met, her; mite, mit; dote, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



memento 



338 mercerize 



memento (me-men'to), n. [pi. me- 
men'tos.] Suggestion or notice to 
awaken memory. [L. imper. of me- 
mini, remember!] 

memoir (mem'war or me-mor'), n. 1. 
Familiar narrative of anything as 
remembered by the writer. 2. Short 
biographical sketch. 3. Record of re- 
searches on any subject. 4. Transac- 
tions of a society. [Fr. mimoire—Li. 
memoria, memory.] 

memorable (mem'or-a-bl), a. Deserv- 
ing to be remembered ; remarkable.— 
memorably, adv. 

memorandum (mem-or-an'dum), n. 
[ pi. memoran'dums, memoran'da. ] 
Something to be remembered; a note 
to assist the memory. 

memorial (me-mo'ri-al). T. a. Bring- 
ing to memory; commemorative. II. 
n. 1. That which serves to keep in re- 
membrance; monument. 2. Written 
statement with a petition, laid before 
a legislative or other body-memo'- 
rialist, n. One who writes, signs, or 
presents a memorial.— memorial- 
ize, vt. 1. Commemorate. 2. Petition 
by memorial. 

memory (mem'o-ri), n. 1. Faculty 
of the mind by which it retains the 
knowledge of previous thoughts or 
events. 2. Thing remembered. [See 
memojlk,.] [reminiscence; tradition. 
Syn. Recollection ; remembrance ; 

men, plural of man. 

menace (men'as). I. vt. Threaten. II. 
n. Threat or threatening. [Fr. — L. 
minor, threaten — mineo, be out of 
plumb, project.] [Fr.] 

menage (ma-nazh'), n. Household. 

menagerie (men-azh'e-ri or men-aj'- 
er-i), n. Collection of wild animals, 
for exhibition. [Fr. —manage.] 

mend (mend). I. vt. Remove a fault in. 

II. vi. Grow better. — mend'er, n. 

[Short for amend.] [correct. 

Syn. Repair ; improve ; increase ; 

mendacious (men-da'shus),<z. Lying; 
false. — menda'ciously, adv. [L. 
mendax—mentior, lie.] [falsehood. 

mendacity (men-das'i-ti), n. Lying; 

mendicancy (men'di-kan-si), n. Beg- 
gary. 

mendicant (men'di-kant). I. a. Prac- 
ticing beggary. II. n. Beggar. [L. 
—mendico, beg.] 

menhaden (men-ha'dn), n. Small, 
large-headed fish, found at the Atlan- 
tic Coast of the U. S., valuable as fer- 
tilizer, by its oil and as a substitute 
for sardines; mossbunker; alewife. 
[Corrupted from an American Indian 
name, meaning 'fertilizer'.] 



ial (me'ni-al). I. a. Servile, low, 
II. n. 1. One performing servile work. 

2. Person of servile disposition. 
[From O. Fr. meisnee, household.] 

meningitis (men-in-ji'tis) , n. Inflam- 
mation of the meninges. See meninx. 

meninx (me'ningks), n. [pi. meninges 
(me-nin'jez). ] One of the three mem- 
branes, enveloping the brain and the 
spinal cord: dura mater (outer); ar- 
achnoid (middle); and pia mater 
(inner). [Gr.J 

meniscus (me-nis'kus),?i. [pi. menisci 
or meniscuses.] 1. Crescent. 2. Cres- 
cent-shaped lens. 3. Convex or con- 
cave surface of a liquid in a narrow 
tube. 

mensal (men'sal), a. Monthly. [L.] 

menstrual (meh'stro-al), a. Recurring 
monthly. [L.] 

mensurable (men'sho-ra-bl), a. Meas- 
urable.— mensurabil'ity, n. [L.— 
mensuro, measure.] [to measure. 

mensural (men'shb-ral), a L Pertaining 

mensuration (men-shb-ra'shun), n. 1. 
Act, process, or art of measuring. 2. 
Result of measuring. 

mental (men'tal), a. Pertaining to the 
mind; intellectual.— men' tally, adv. 
[From L. mens, mind.] 

menthol (men'thol), n. Camphor-like 
substance extracted from oil of pep- 
permint. [L. mentha, mint, and -ol.] 

mention (men'shun). I. n. Brief 
notice; remark; hint. II. vt. Notice 
briefly; name. — men'tionable, a. 
[L. mentio— root of mind.] 

mentor (men'tar), n. Wise and faith- 
f ul counselor. — mento'rial, a. [From 
Gr. Mentor, the friend of Ulysses.] 

menu (men'o), n. List of things com- 
posing a repast. [Fr. — L. minutus, 
small, detailed.] 

mephitic (me-flt'ik), a. Offensive to 
the smell; noxious; pestilential. [L.] 

mercantile (mer'kan-til), a. Pertain- 
ing to merchants; ' commercial. [L. 
mercor, trade.] 

mercenary ( mer'se-nar-i ). I. a. 1. 
Hired for money. 2. Actuated by 
the hope of reward ; greedy of gain. 

3. Sold or done for money. II. n. One 
hired ; soldier hired into foreign ser- 
vice. [L. mercenarius—merces, hire.] 

Syn. Sordid; venal; vendible. 

mercer ( mer'ser ), n. 1. Dealer in 
silks. 2. Dealer in notions. [Fr. mer- 
cier, from root of merchant.] 

mercerize (mer's§r-lz), vt. Steep cot- 
ton in a soda or potash solution, by 
which process it shrinks and becomes 
able to be*dyed a more brilliant color. 
[From Mercer, the inventor, 1851.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move wolf- 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



merchandise 



339 



mesmerism 




Mercury. 



merchandise (mer'chan-diz ), n. 
Goods of a merchant; wares. [Fr. 
marchandise.'] 

merchant (mer'chant). I. n. One who 
buys and sells goods; trader. II. a. 
Pertaining to trade or merchandise. 
[Fr. marchand — Li. mercans—mercor, 
trade.] [Trading-ship. 

merchantman (mer'chant-man), n. 

merciful (mer'si-fol), a. Compassion- 
ate; tender; humane.— mer'cifully, 
adv.— mer'cifulness, n. 

merciless (mer'si-les), a. Unfeeling; 
hard-hearted ; cruel.— mer'cilessly, 
adv. — mer'cilessness, n. 

mercurial (mer-ku'ri-al), a. 1. Having 
the qualities said to belong to the god 
Mercury; active; sprightly; fickle; 
changeable. 2. Containing, or consist- 
ing of, mercury. [L.] - 

Mercury (mer'ku-ri), n. 
1. God of merchandise 
and eloquence, and the 
messenger of the gods. 2. 
Planet nearest the sun. 3. 
(I.e.) Quicksilver. 4. Mes- 
senger. [L. Mercurius— merx, 
merchandise.] 

mercy (mer'si), n. 1. For- 
giving disposition; cle- 
mency; leniency; tender- 
ness. 2. Act of mercy; 
favor. [Fr. merci, grace — 
Li. merceSj pay.] [mere. Ger. meer, sea.] 

mere (mer), n. Pool or lake. [A. S. 

mere (mer), a. Pure; alone; simple. 
— mere'ly, adv. Purely ; simply ; 
only; solely. [L. merus, unmixed (of 
wine). ]_ [mcere.] 

mere (mer), n. Boundary. [A. S. ge- 

meretricious ( mer-e-trish'us), a. 1. 
Wanton. 2. Alluring by false show; 
gaudy and deceitful. [L.— mereo, gain.] 

merge (merj). I. vt. Dip; plunge. II. 
vi. Be swallowed up or absorbed. — 
mer'ger, n. Consolidation of two or 
more business concerns, corpora- 
tions, estates, etc. [L*. mergo, sink.] 

meridian ( me-rid'i-an ). I. a. 1. Per- 
taining to mid-day; being on the me- 
ridian or at mid-day. 2. Raised to the 
highest point. II. n. 1. Mid-day. 2. 
Highest point, as of success. 3. Imag- 
inary circle on the earth's surface 
passing through the poles and any 
given place. 4. Imaginary circle, pas- 
sing through the poles of the heavens, 
and the zenith of the spectator, which 
the sun crosses at mid-day. [L.— 
meridies (corr. of medidies), mid-day.] 

meridional (me-rid'i-o-nal), a. Per- 
taining to the meridian'; southern; 
having a southern aspect. — merid'- 
ionally, adv. [L.] 



meringue ( me-rang' ), n. 1. Pastry of 
whites of egg and powdered sugar. 2. 
Tart, pie, etc. , covered with such 
pastry. 

merino (me-re'n5). I. n. 1. Variety of 
sheep having very fine wool, orig. 
from Spain.2. Fabric of merino wool. 
II. a. Belonging to the merino sheep 
or their wool. [Sp. = inspector of 
sheep— L. major.'] 

merit (mer'it). I. n. 1. That which de- 
serves honor, reward, or considera- 
tion; worth. 2. That which is earned ; 
recompense. II. vt. Earn; have aright 
to claim as reward. [L. — mereo, earn.] 
Syn. Value ; excellence ; desert; de- 
merit; reward; deserts. 

meritorious ( mer-i-to'ri-us ), a. De- 
serving of reward, honor, or praise.— 
merito'riously, adv. — merito'- 
riousness, n. 

mermaitl(mer'mad), w. Fabled marine 
creature, having the upper part like a 
woman, and the lower like a fish. — 
masc, mer'man. [A.S. mere, lake, sea, 
and maegd, maid_.] 

meroblast (mer'o-blast), n. Egg con- 
taining food-yolk besides the germ- 
inative protoplasm. [Gr.] 

merriment ( mer'i-ment ), n. Gaiety 
with laughter and noise; mirth; hi- 
larious enjoyment; jollity; frolic. 

merry (mer'i), a. 1. Mirthful; sportful. 
2. Causing laughter.— mer'ril.y, adv. 
— mer'ry-an'dre w, n. Buffoon; 
clown.— mer'ry-go-round, n. Cir- 
cular frame mounted with wooden 
horses, seats, etc., made to revolve by 
machinery, for amusement. — mer'- 
ry-thought, n. Wishbone. [A. S. 
merg, delightful,— Gael, mear.] 

Syn. Cheerful ; gay ; lively ; hila- 
rious; joyful; glad ; delightful. 

mesa (ma'sa), n. Table-land, esp. be- 
tween canons. [Sp.=table.] 

mesalliance (ma-zal-i-ongs'), n. Mis- 
alliance; marriage with one inferior 
in social rank. [Fr.] 

mesdames (Fr. ma-dam'; Eng. mez'- 
damz), n. pi. of madame. 

mesentery ( mez'en-ter-i ), n. Mem- 
brane enveloping the intestines and 
fastening them to the dorsal wall of 
the abdomen.— mesenteric, a. [Gr.] 

mesial (me'zi-al) , a. Middle. [Gr.mesos.] 

mesh (mesh), I. n. Opening between the 
threads of a net; net work. II. vt. 
Catch in a net.— mesh'y, a. Formed 
like network. [A.S. max. Ger. masche] 

mesmeric (mez-mer'ik), mesmer'- 
ical, a. Of or relating to mesmerism. 

mesmerism (mez'mer-izm ), n. Art 
of mesmerizing; hypnotism. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf ; 
mute, hut, bum; oil, owl, then. 



mesmerize 



340 



metaphysics 



mesmerize (mez'mer-iz ), vt. induce 
an extraordinary state of the nervous 
system, in which the operator is sup- 
posed to control the actious of the 
subject: hypnotize. — nies'merizer 
or mes'merist,». One who mesmer- 
izes. [From Mesmer, a Vienna phy- 
sician (1733-1815), who brought mes- 
merism into notice.] 

mesne (men), a. Intermediate; ap- 
plied to a writ issued between the 
beginning and end of a suit. [Norm. 
Fr. mesne, middle.] "^ * 

mesocarp ( mes'o-karp ) , n. Fleshy, 
edible part (between the epicarp and 
endocarp) of a fruit, asa plum. [Gr.] 

mesothorax (rnes-o-tho'raks), n. Mid- 
dle part of an insect's thorax, bearing 
the second pair of legs and the first 
pair of wings. [Gr.] 

Mesozoic (mes-o-z5'ik), n. In geology, 
secondary period, comprising the 
Trias, Jura and Cretaceous. \Gi\] 

mess ( mes ), n. Mixture disagreeable 
to the sight or taste; medley; disor- 
der; confusion. [A form of mash.] 

mess (mes). I. n. 1. Dish or quantity of 
food served up at one time. 2. Num- 
ber of persons who eat together, esp. 
in the army and navy. II. vt. Supply 
with a mess. III. vi. Eat of a mess; 
eat at a common table.— mess-gear, 
n. Outfit of a mess aboard ship, such 
as pots, etc. [O. Fr. mes— L. mitto.] 

message (mes'aj), n. Communication 
sent from one to another. [Fr.— Low 
Li. missatieum= mitto, missus, send.] 

messenger (mes'en-jer), n. Bearer of 

a message; forerunner; precursor. 

Syn. Carrier; harbinger; herald. 

Messiah (mes-si'a), n. Anointed one; 
Christ. — Messi'ahship, n. [Heb. 
mashiach—mashach, anoint.] 

Messianic (mes-si-an'ik), a. Relating 
to the Messiah. 

messieurs ( mesh'tLrz ),n.pl. Sirs; 
gentlemen, used in English as plural 
of Mr., and usually contracted to 
Messrs. [Fr. plural of monsieur.] 

messmate (mes'mat), n. One who eats 
at the same table. 

mestee ( mes-te' ), n. Offspring of & 
white and a quadroon. [W. Indian.] 

mestizo (mes-te'zo), n. Offspring of 
mixed Spanish and American Indian 
parentage. [Sp.— O. Wr.mestis, mixed.] 

met, pa. t. and pa. p. of meet. 

meta-, prefix. Denoting among; be- 
yond; between; over; with; reverse- 
ly; change; resemblance. [Gr.] 

metacarpal ( met-a-kar'pal ), a. Per- 
taining to the part of the hand be- 
tween the wrist and the fingers. [Gr. 
meta, beyond, and karpos, wrist.] 



metal ( met'al ), n. 1. Solid, opaque 
body, such as gold, etc. 2. Character; 
nature. 3. Courage, temper. [Gr. 
metallon, mine, metal. Prob.-- metallao, 
search after.] 

metallic (me-tal'ik), a. Pertaining to 
or like a metal; consisting of metal. 
[L. metallicus.} 

metalliferons(met-al-if 'er-us), (^Pro- 
ducing or yielding metals. [L. Dietal- 
lifer—metallum,meta,l, andfero, bear.] 

metallist ( met'al-ist ), n. Worker in 
metals; one skilled in metals. 

metalloid (met'al-oid), n. One of the 
13 non-metallic' substances, as oxy- 
gen, carbon, phosphorus, etc. 

metallurgist (met'al-ur-jist), n. One 
skilled in metallurgy. 

metallurgy (met'al-ur-ji), n. Art of 
separating metals from their ores.— 
metallnr'gic, a. Pertaining to met- 
allurgy. [Gr. — metallon, metal, and 
ergon, work.] 

metameric (met-a-mer'ik), a. Having 
the same chemical elements- in the 
same proportions and with the same 
molecular weight, but with different 
properties. [ Gr. — meta, and meros, 
part.] 

metamorphic (met-a-mar'fik), a. Ap- 
plied to rocks, Which, though of aque- 
ous origin, have been greatly alter- 
ed by heat. 

metamorphose ( met-a-mar'f5z) , vt. 
Change into another 'form; trans- 
form. [Gr. metamorphosis— meta, over, 
and morphe, form.] 

metamorphosis ( met-a-mar'fo-sis ), 
n. [pi. metamor'phoses.'] Change of 
form or shape; transformation; 
change living beings undergo in the 
course of their development, as from 
caterpillar to butterfly. 

metaphor ( met'a-fur), n. Putting of 
one thing for another which it only 
resembles, as when knowledge is 
called a lamp, or words are said to be 
bitter. [Fr.— Gr. — meta, over, and 
phero, carry.] 

metaphoric ( met-a-for'ik ), meta- 
phorical, a. Pertaining to or con- 
taining metaphor; figurative.— met- 
aphorically, adv. 

metaphrase (met'a-fraz), n. 1. Ver- 
bal translation. 2. Repartee. [Gr.] 

metaphysical ( met-a-fiz'ik-al ), a. 
Pertaining to metaphysics; abstract. 
— metaphys'ically, adv. 

metaphysician (met-a-fi-zish'an), n. 
One versed in metaphysics. 

metaphysics (met-a-fiz'iks), n. 1. 
Science which investigates the first 
principles of nature and thought; 
ontology or the science of being. 2. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit ; note, not, move, 
wolf ; mute, but, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



metaplasm 



341 



mew 



Science of abstract reasoning. [So 
called from certain works of Aristotle 
which followed or were studied after 
his 'physics'. From Gr. met a, after, 
and physica, physics— physis, nature.] 

metaplasm (met'a-plazm), n. Change 
in the letters or syllables of a word. 
[Gr. meta, over, and plasso, form.] 

metargon(niet-ar'gon), n. Atmospher- 
ic element discovered in 1898. [Gr.] 

metatarsus (met-a-tar'sus), n. Part of 
the foot between the tarsus and the 
toes; instep. [Gr.] 

metathesis (me-tath'e-sis), n. Trans- 
position, eso. of letters iu a word, as 
Eng. bird from A. S. brid. [Gr.] 

metatborax(met-a-tho'raks), n. Part 
of the thoraxbetween the mesothorax 
and theabdomen. [Gr.] 

mete (met). I. vt. Measure; apportion. 
II. n. Measure; boundary; limit. [A. 
S. metan, measure.] 

metempsyehosis(inet-emp-sl-ko-sis), 
n. Transmigration of the soul, after 
death, into another living body, 
human or animal. [Gr.] 

meteor (me'te-ur), n. 1. Body which, 
in passing through the eaf th's atmos- 
phere, becomes incandescent and lu- 
minous; shooting-star. 2. Anything 
that transiently dazzles or strikes 
with wonder.— meteoric, a. 1. Per- 
taining to or consisting of meteors; 

'' proceeding from a meteor. 2. Influ- 
enced by the weather. [Gr. — meta, 
beyond, and aeiro, lift.] 

meteorite (me'te-ur-lt). n. Meteoric 
stone. [Gr. meteoros 1 and lithos, stone.] 

meteorologist (me-te-ur-ol'o-jist), n. 
One skilled in meteorology. 

meteorology ( me-te-ur-ol'o-ji), n. 
Science which treats of the atmos- 
phere and its phenomena, esp. of the 
weather. — meteorolog'ic, mete- 
orological, a. [Gr. meteoros, and 
logos, discourse.] 

meter (me'ter), n. One who or that 
which measures, esp. an apparatus 
for measuring the amount of gas 
consumed.— nie'terage, n. 1. Meas- 
urement. 2. Charge for measuring. 

meter, metre (me'ter), n.l. Poetical 
measure or arrangement of syllables ; 
rhythm; verse. 2. Measure of length, 
equal to 89.37 Inches. (See table of 
measures in appendix). [Fr.— L. me- 
trum—Gr. metron. See mete.] 

methane (meth'an), n. Marsh gas. 

metheglin (me-theg'lin), n. Mead. 

methinks (me-thingks'), v. impers. It 
seems to me: I think. — pa. t. nie- 
thonght (me- that'). fA. S. me 
thynceth. Ger. mich duenkt.] 



method (meth'ud), n. 1 Systematic 
procedure. 2. Orderly arraugement 
or process.— methodic (me-thod'ik), 

methodical, a. Arranged with 
method; disposed in a proper man- 
ner.— methodically, adv. [Gr.= 
pursuit,— meta, after, and hodos. way.] 
Syn. System; rule; order; process; 
regularity; way; manner; mode. 

Methodism (meth'ud-izm), n. Prin- 
ciples and practice of the Methodists. 

Methodist(meth'ud-ist), n. 1. One of a 
sect of Christians founded by John 
Wesley (1703— 1791). 2. (m) One who 
observes method. 

methodize (meth'ud-iz), vt. Reduce 
to method; dispose in due order. 

methol (meth'ol), n. Wood alcohol 
(poisonous). [Gr. methu, wine, and ol.] 

me thought. Imp. of methinks. 

mythyl. Same as methol. 

metonymy (met-on'i-mi), n. Trope in 
which one word Is put for another 
related to it, as heart for affection. 
[Gv.—meta, and onovia, name.] 

metope (met'o-pe), n. Space between 
two triglyphs of the Doric frieze. 

metric (met'rik), met'rical, a. Per- 
taining to poetical meter, or to the 
metric system of weights and 
measures, which is founded on the 
French metre; it divides or multiplies 
by ten, aud is therefore a decimal 
system.— metrically, adv. 

metronome ( met'ro- 
nom), n. Device for 
marking exact time 
in music. [Gr.] 

metropolis (me-trop'- 
o-lis), n. Chief city of 
a country or state. [L. 
— Gr. meter, mother, 
and polls, city.] 

nietropolitanfmet-ro- 
pol'it-an). I. a. Belong- 
ing to a metropolis. 
II. n.l. (orig. )Bishop of 
a metropolis or chief 
city. 2. Bishop who 
presides over the other bishops of a 
province. 3. Citizen of a metropolis. 
[L. metropo lit anus. See metropolis.] 

mettle (met'l), n. Ardor or keenness 
of temperament ; spirit ; sprightli- 
ness ; courage. [A metaphor from 
the metal of a blade.] 

mettled (met Id), mettlesome 
(met'1-sum), a. High-spirited; ardent. 

mew (mu), n. Seagull. [A. S. moew. 
Ger. moeve.] 

mew (mu). I. vi. Cry as a cat. II. ft 
Cry of a cat. [Imitative.] 




Metronome. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mQte, hut, burn; oil, owl, Mien. 



mew 



342 



anight 



(mu). I. vt. 1. Shed (feathers); 
molt. 2. Confine as in a cage. II. n. 

1. A place for mewing or confining. 

2. ( in pi. ) Stable ; alley between 
stables. [Fr. mue — muer — muto, to 
change.] [miauler.] 

mewl (mul), vi. Cry as a babe. [Fr. 

mezzo-tint (mez'o-tint), n. Method 
of engraving on copper, by which a 
great variety of light and shade is 
obtained. [It. mezzo, middle, and 
Unto, tint.] [scale. [It.] 

mi (me), n. Third note of musical 

miasm ( mi'azm ), miasma (ml-az'- 
ma), n. [pi. mi'asms, miasmata, (ml- 
az'ma-ta).] Infectious matter floating 
in the air arising from putrefying 
bodies.— miasanal (mi-az'mal), mi- 
asmatic ( mi-az-mat'ik ), a. [Gr.— 
miaino, stain.] 

mica (mi'ka), n. Glittering mineral 
which cleaves Into thin transparent 
plates, sometimes used as glass; isin- 
glass.— mica'ceous, a. [L. = crumb.] 

mice (mis), pi. of mouse. 

Michaelmas (mik'el-mas), n. Church 
festival in honor of the archangel 
Michael, on Sept. 29. 

micKle (mik'l), a. Much. [A.S. micel. 
O. H. Ger. michil. Root of much.] 

microbe (mi'krob), n. Microscopic or- 
ganism, vegetable or animal; disease 
germ. [Gr.— mikros, small, and&ios, 
life.] 

microcosm (mi'kro-kozm), n. Man, 
regarded (by ancient philosophers) as 
a model or epitome of the universe. — 
microscos'mic, micros'mieal, a. 
[Gr. mikros, small, and kosmos, world.] 

micrometer ( ml-krom'e-ter ), n. In- 
strument used with a telescope or 
microscope for measuring very small 
spaces.— raicromet'rical, a. [Gr.] 

microphone (mi'kro-fou), n. Instru- 
ment which, by means of an electric 
current, renders the faintest sounds 
distinctly audible. [Gr.] 

microscope (mi'kro-skop),w. Optical 
instrument for viewing small or min- 
ute objects.— microscopy, a. [Gr. 
—mikos, little, and skopeo, look at.] 

microscopic ( mi-kro-skop'ik ), mi- 
croscopical, a. 1. Pertaining to a 
microscope. 2. Able to discern very 
small objects. 3. Visible only by the 
aid of a microscope.— microscop- 
ically, adv. 

microscopist ( mi'kro-sko-pist ), n. 
One skilled in the use of the micro- 
scope. 

mid (mid). I. a. Middle; situated be- 
tween extremes. II. prep. Amid. [A. S.] 

mid-day (mid'-da), n. Middle of the 
day; noon. , 



middle (mid'l). I. a. 1. Equally dis- 
tant from the extremes. 2. Interme- 
diate ; intervening. II. n. Middle 
point or part.— Middle ages, period 
from the overthrow of the Roman 
Empire in the 5th century to the 
Revival of Learning at the end of the 
15th century. — Middle term, that 
term of a syllogism with which the 
two extremes are separately com- 
pared. [A. S. middel.] 

middle-aged (mid'1-ajd), a. From 35 
to 55 years of age. 

middle-man (mid'1-man), n. Agent 
between two parties; in Ireland, one 
who rents land of proprietors in large 
tracts, and lets it in portions to the 
peasantry. 

middling- (mid'ling), a. 1. Of middle 
rate, state, size, or quality. 2. About 
equally distant from the extremes. 3. 
Moderate. 

middlings (mid'lings), n. pi. Coarser 
part of flour, used for feeding stock. 

midge (mij), n. 1. Common name of 
several species of small dipterous in- 
sects, resembling gnats. 2. Minute 
black fly that stings. [A. S. micge, 
Ger. muecke.] 

midget (mij'et),?i. Very small creature. 
[Dim. of A. S. micge, gnat.] 

midland (mid'iand), a. Distant from 
the coast; inland. 

midnight (mid'nit), n. Middle of the 
night: twelve o'clock at night. 

midriff (mid'rif), n. Diaphragm. [A. 
S. mid, and hrif, belly.] 

midship (mid'ship), a. Being in the 
middle of a ship, — midships, adv. 

midshipman ( mid'ship-man ), n. 
English naval cadet or officer whose 
rank is intermediate between the 
common seamen and the superior 
officers. [In the middle of. 

midst (midst). I. n. Middle. II. prep. 

midsummer (mid'sum-er), n. Middle 
of the summer. _ 

midway (mid'wa). I. n. 1. Middle of 
the way or distance. 2. Middle road. 
3. Part of a fair, set aside for amuse- 
ments. II. adv. Halfway. 

midwife (mid'wif), n. Woman who 
assists others in childbirth. — mid- 
wifery (mid'wif-ri or mid'wif-ri), n. 
Art or practice of a midwife. [A. S. 
mid, together with, and wif, woman.] 

midwinter (mid'win-ter), n. Middle 
of winter^ 

mien ( men ), n. Appearance, esp. of 
the face ; manner ; bearing. [Fr. mine 
—mener, conduct.] 

miff (mif). I. vt. Displease; offend. II. 
n. Fit of petulancy. [Collog.] 

might (mit), pa. t. of may. 



fate, fat, task, far, f all, fare, above ; me, met, her ; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, fften. 



might 



343 



milliliter 



mi 



light (nut), n. Power; ability. 
Might 



and main, utmost strength. 
[A.S. meaht, miht— root of mat.] 

mightiness (mi'ti-nes), n. 1. Power; 
greatness. 2. Title of dignity. 

mighty (mi'ti), a. Having great power; 
very great; exhibiting might; won- 
derful.— mightily, adv. 

mignonette (min-yun-ef), n. Annual 
plant, bearing sweet- scented flowers. 
[Fr., dim. of mignon, darling.] 

migrate ( mi'grat ), vi. Remove from 
one countryto another. — migra'- 
tion (mi-gra'shun), n. Change of 
abode from one country or climate to 
another. — mi'gratory, a. Wander- 
ing. [Li.migro.] 

mikado (mi-ka'd5), n. Title of the 
Emperor of Japan. [Jap. = ' Sublime 
Porte.'] [other form of milk. 

milch (milch), a. Giving milk. [An- 

mild (mild), a. Moderate in temper, 
character, actions or effect. — mild'- 
ly, adv.— mild ness, n. [A. S.] 
Syn. Gentle; kind; soft; tender. 

mildew (mil'du.) I. n. Minute fungi 
on plants. II. vt. Taint with mildew. 
[A.S. mele-deaw.] 

mile (rull), n. 1760 yards. [A.S. — L. 
mille, one thousand (paces).] 

mileage (mil'aj), n. 1. Fees paid by 
the mile for travel or conveyance. 2. 
Length in miles. 

milestone (mil'ston), n. Stone set to 
mark the distance of a mile. 

milfoil (mil'foil), n. Composite herb, 
yarrow, remarkable for the numerous 
divisions of its leaf. [L,.— mille, thou- 
sand, and folium, JeafO [seeds. [L.] 

miliary (mil'i-ar-i), n. Like millet- 
militant (mil'i-tant), a. Fighting; 
engaged in warfare. [L.] 

militarism (mil'i-tar-izm), n. 1. Ex- 
cess of the military spii-it. 2. System 
or policy of keeping up great armies 
and paying excessive attention to 
military affairs. 

military (mil'i-tar-i). I. a. 1. Pertain- 
ing to soldiers or warfare; warlike; 
becoming a soldier. 2. Engaged in 
the profession of arms. II. n. Soldiery; 
army.— mil'itary-mast, n. Mast on 
a warship, mounted with an armored 
tower, turret, etc. [L. militaris— 
miles, soldier.] 

militate (mil'i-tat), vi. 1. Fight; con- 
tend; stand opposed. 2. Weigh; have 
influence. 

militia (mi-lish'a), n. 1. Body of men 
enrolled and drilled as soldiers, but 
only liable to home service. 2. In the 
U. S., whole body of men subject to 
be called into military service by the 
President. — mili 'tiaman, n, [L.] 




milk (milk). I. vt. 1. Draw milk from. 
2. Supply with milk. II. n. 1. White 
fluid secreted by female mammals 
for the nourishment of their young. 
2. Milk-like juice of certain plants. — 
milker, n. One who milks. [A. S. 
meolc. Sanskrit, marj, stroke.] 

milksop ( milk'sop ), n. 1. Piece of 
bread soaked in milk. 2. Effeminate, 
silly fellow. 

milky (milk'i), a. Made of, full of, 
like, or yielding milk ; soft; gentle.— 
milk'ily, adv. — milk'iness, n.— 
Milky Way, n. In astr. Broad, lu- 
minous zone in the sky, composed 
of innumerable stars; Galaxy. 

mill (mil), n. One thousandth part of 
a dollar. [L. mille, thousand.] 

mill (mil). I. n. 

1. Machine for .„> 
grinding by 
crushing be- 
t w e e n two 
hard, rough 
surfaces. 2. 
Place where 
grinding or 
manufacture 
of some kind 
is carried on. 
U.VL1. Grind. 

2. Press or 
stamp in a 

mill. 3. Indent the edges of, as coin. 
4. Clean, as cloth. — mill'dam, 
mill pond, n. Dam or pond to hold 
water for driving a mill. [A. S. miln. 
L. mola—molo, grind.] 

millennial (mil-len'i-al), a. 1. Per- 
taining to a thousand years. 2. Per- 
taining to the millennium. 

millennium (mil-len'i-um), n. Thou- 
sand years during which, as some be- 
lieve, Christ will personally reign on 
the earth. [L. mille, thousand, and 
annus, year.] 

milleped (mil'e-ped), n. Small worm 
with an immense number of legs. [L. 
— mille, thousand, andp^s, foot.] 

miller (mil'er), n. 1. One who runs, or 
works in a mill. 2. Kind of moth. 

millet ( mil'et ), n. Grass yielding 
grain used for food and fodder. [Fr. 
— L. milium —mille, a thousand, from 
the enormous number of its seeds.] 

milliard (mil'yard), n. Thousand mil- 
lions. [Fr.— L^ mille, thousand.] 

millier (mel-ya'), n. Thousand kilo- 
grams; metric ton. [Fr.] 

milligram ( mil'i-gram ), n. One 
thousandth of a metric grain. [Fr.] 

milliliter (mil'ile-ter), n. One thou- 
sandth of a liter. [Fr.] 



Water-mill. 



i, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



millimeter 



344 



mingling 



millimeter(imTi-me-ter), n. One thou- 
sandth of a meter. [Fr.] 

milliner ( mil'in-er ), n. One who 
makes head-dresses for women. — 
millinery (mil'in-er-i), n. 1. Arti- 
cles made or sold by milliners. 2. 
Business of a milliner. [Prob. from 
Milaner, a trader in Milan wares.] 

milling (mil'ing), n. 1. Actof passing 
through a mill. 2. Act of fulling cloth. 
3. Process of indenting coin. 4. In- 
dentation on the edge. 

million (mil'yun), n. Thousand thou- 
sands (1,000,000). [Low L. millio.] 

millionaire (mil-yun-ar'), n. Man who 
has a million in money. [Fr.] 

millionth (mil'yunth), a. and n. Ten 
hundred thousandth. 

millrace (mil'ras), n. 1. Current of 
water that turns a millwheel. 2. Canal 
in which it runs. 

millstone (mil'ston), n. One of the 
two stones used in a mill for grinding 
grain. [builds and repairs mills. 

millwright ( mil'rit), n. One who 

milt, (milt), n. 1. Spermatic organ of 
the male fish. 2. Spleen. [A. S. milte, 
prob.— root of milk.] 

mime (mim), n. 1. Farce ridiculing 
real persons. 2. Actor in such a farce. 
[Gr. mimos.~\ 

mimeograph (mim'e-o-graf), n. In- 
strument by which copies of written 
or typewritten matters are repro- 
duced by means of a stencil made of 
thin paper prepared with paraffine or 
similar substance. [Gr. mimos, imita- 
tion, and graphein, write.] 

mimic (mim'ik), mim- 
ical, a. Apt to copy; 
consisting of ludicrous 
imitation. 

mimic ( mim'ik ). . I. vt. 
[mim'icking; mim'icked.] 
Imitate for sport. II. n. 
One who mimics or imi- 
tates ; buffoon ; servile 
imitator.— mim'icker,7i. 

mimicry (mim'ik-ri), n. 
Act or practice of one who 
mimics. 

mimosa (mi-mo'za), n. Ge- 
nus of leguminous plants, 
including the sensitive 
plant. [From Gr. mimos, 
imitator.] 

minaret ( min'a-ret ), n. 
Turret on a Mohamme- 
dan mosque, from which 
the people are summoned 
to prayers. [Turk, minare. 
Ar. manarat, lighthouse — nar, fire.] 

minatory (min'a-to-ri), a. Threaten- 
ing; menacing. [L. minor, threaten.] 




Minaret. 



mince (mins). I. vt. I. Cut into small 
pieces; chop tine. 2. Diminish or sup- 
press a part in speaking ; pronounce 
affectedly. II. vi. 1. Walk with 
affected nicety. 2. Speak affectedly. 

— Mince-meat, n. Mixture of chopped 
meat, suet, fruit, etc., for making 
pies. — Mince pie, n. Pie made with 
mince meat. [A. S. minsian — min, 
small.] 

mincing (min'sing), a. 1. Speaking 
or walking with affected nicety. 2. 
Glossing over. — min'cingly, adv. 

mind (mind). I. n. 1. Faculty by 
which we think. 2. Whole spiritual 
nature. 3. Choice; thoughts; belief. 
4. Disposition. II. vt. and vi. Attend 
to; intend; care; obey. — minded, 
a. Disposed; determinded. — mind- 
edness,B- mindful, a. Bearing in 
mind; attentive; observant.— in ind- 
fully, acto.— mindfulness, a. 

Syn. Brains ; intellect; sense; soul; 
reason; spirit. 

mine (min), pron. a. Belonging to 
me; my own. [A. S. min.] 

mine (mm), vt. 1. Dig for metal, coal, 
etc. 2. Excavate. 3. Dig underground 
in order to overturn a wall. II. vi. 1. 
Dig or excavate for metals, coal, etc. 
2. Place a mine to blow up anything. 
III. n. 1. Place from which metals, 
etc., are dug. 2. Excavation dug 
under a fortification to blow it with 
an explosive. 3. Buried or submerged 
torpedo. 4. Rich source of wealth.— 
mi'ner, n. [Fr. miner — Low L. mi- 
nare, lead, mine.] 

mineral (min'er-al). I. n. 1. Inorganic 
substance found in the earth or at its 
surface. 2. A.ny substance, neither 
animal nor vegetable, II. a. 1 . Relat- 
ing to minerals. 2. Impregnated with 
minerals, as water. [Low L. minerale 

— miner a, mine.] 

mineralist ( min'er-al-ist), n. One 
versed in or employed about minerals. 

mineralize (min'er-al-iz). I. vt. 1. 
Make into a mineral. 2. Give the prop- 
erties of a mineral to. 3. Impregnate 
with mineral matter. II. vi. Collect 
minerals.— mineraliza'tion, n. 

mineralogical (min-er-a-loj'ik-al), a. 
Pertaining to mineralogy. 

mineralogist ( min-er-al'o-jist ), n. 
One versed in mineralogy. 

mineralogy (min-er-al'o-ji), n. Sci- 
ence of minerals. 

mingle (minglj, vt. and vi. 1. Mix; 
unite into one mass; confuse. 2. Join 
in mutual intercourse. [A.S. mengan.] 

mingling (ming'ling), n. Mixing or 
blending. — ming'lingly, adv. 



fate, fat, task, far, fftll, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, buvu; oil, owl, then. 



miniature 



345 



minutiae 



miniature ( min'i-a-tur ). I. n. 1. 
Painting on a small scale. 2. Small 
or reduced copy. II. a. On a small 
scale; minute. [From Li.miniare, paint 
in minium, red oxid of lead.] 

minim (min'im), n. 1. In med. Smallest 
liquid measure, a drop, 1/60 dram. 2. 
In mus. Note equal to two crotchets. 
[Fr. minime—Tj. minimus, least.] 

minimize (min'i-miz), vt. Reduce to 
the smallest possible proportion. 
[From minim.] 

minimum (min'i-mum), n. {pi. min'- 
ima.] Least quantity or degree possi- 
ble; trifle. [L.] [or working mines. 

mining (ml'ning), n. Art of forming 

minion (min'yun), n. 1. Servile fa- 
vorite, esp. of a prince. 2. Inprint. Size 
of type between nonpareil and bre- 
vier (7-point). [Fr. mignon, darling.] 

This line is set in minion. 

minister (min'is-ter). I. n. 1. Servant 
or agent. 2. Clergyman. 3. One in- 
trusted with the management of s tate 
affairs. 4. Representative of a gov- 
ernment at a foreign court. II vi. 1. 
Attend, as a servant. 2. Perform du- 
ties. 3. Give the things needful. III. 
vt. Furnish. [L.=sevvant.] 

Syn. Priest; clergyman; ambassa- 
dor; delegate. 

ministerial ( min-Is-te'ri-al ), a. Per- 
taining to attendance; acting under 
superior authority; pertaining to the 
office of a minister: clerical executive. 
— ministerially, adv. 

ministration ( min-is-tra'shun ), n. 
Act of ministering or performing 
service ; office or service of a minister. 
[L. ministratio — ministro.] 

ministrative (min'is-tra-tiv), a. Serv- 
ing to aid or assist. 

ministry (min'is-tri), n. 1. Act of min- 
istering. 2. Service; office or duties 
of a minister. 3. Clergy. 4. Body of 
persons employed to administer the 
government ; cabinet ; administra- 
tion. 

mink(mingk) 
n. Small car 
nivorous 
quadruped of , 
the weasel , 
kind, valued 
for its dark 
fur.[Sw. mank.] 

minnow (min'o),^.. Very small fresh- 
water fish. [A.S. myne, small.] 

minor ( mi'nur ). I. a. 1. Less; infe- 
rior in importance, degree, bulk, etc. ; 
inconsiderable; lower. 2. In music, 
lower by a semi-ton. 3. In logic, term 
of a syllogism which forms the sub- 




Mink. 



ject of the conclusion. II. n. Person 
under age (21 years). [L.— root min, 
small.] [der age. 2. Smaller number. 

minority (mi-nor'i-ti),w. 1. Being un- 

Minotaur (min'6-tar), n. Fabled mon- 
ster with a human'body and the head 
of a bull, confined in the Cretan laby- 
rinth. 

minster (min'ster), n. 1. Church of a 
monastery. 2. Cathedral. [ A. S. 
mynster—h. monaster ium.] 

minstrel (min'strel), n. 1. Singer ; 
harper; poet; troubadour. 2. Member 
of a troup of delineators of negro life 
on the southern plantations. —min'- 
strelsy, n. 1. Art or occupation of a 
minstrel. 2. The minstrels. 3. Collec- 
tion of minstrel songs. See minister. 

mint (mint). I. n. 1. Place where 
money is coined by authority. 2. 
Place where anything is invented or 
fabricated. 3. Source of abundant 
supply. II. vt. Coin; invent.— mint- 
er» n. [A. S. mynei, money, — L. 
moneta (the "warning" one), a sur- 
name of Juno, in whose temple at 
Rome money was coined, — moneo y 
warn.] 

mint (mint), n. Aromatic plant pro- 
ducing a highly odoriferous oil. [A.S. 
minte—Li. mentha—Gv. mintha.~\ 

mintage (mint'aj), n. 1. That which 
is minted or coined. 2. Charge made 
for coining. 

minuend (min'u-end), n. Number to 
be lessened by subtraction. [L. minu- 
endum—minuo,J.essen.] 

minuet (min'u-et), n. 1. Slow grace- 
ful dance with short steps. 2. Tune 
regulating such a dance. [Fr. — menu, 
small— root of minor.] 

minus (mi'nus), a. Less. (Represented 
by the sign (— ) before quantities to be 
subtracted). [L.] 

minute (mi-nuf), a. 1. Very small. 
2. Attentive to small things. — mi- 
nute'Iy, adv.— minuteness, n. [L. 
minutus, pa. p. of minuo, lessen.] 

Syn. Diminutive; tiny; fine; exact: 
detailed ; circumstantial ; critical; 
particular; precise. 

minute (min'it). I. n. 1. Sixtieth part 
of an hour or degree. 2. Moment. 3. 
Brief note. 4. (pO Brief reoort of pro- 
ceedings of a meeting. II. vt. Make a 
brief note of.— minute-gun (min'- 
it-gun), n. Gun discharged every 
minute, as a signal of distress or 
mourning.— minute-hand (min'it- 
haud), n. Hand that points to the 
minutes on a clock or watch. [Same 
word as minute, a.]_ 

minutiae (mi-nu'shi-e), n. pi. Small 
particulars or details. [L.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, m5ve, 
wolf ; mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



minx 



346 



misdeal 



minx (mingks), n. Pert young girl. 
[Prom minikin and s.] 

miocene (mi'o-sen), a. In geol. Middle 
division of the tertiary strata. [Gr.— 
melon, less, and kainos, recent.] 

miracle (mir'a-kl), n. Supernatural 
event or act.— mir'acle-play, n. 
Dramatic performance based on 
events in the life of Christ. [L. mira- 
culum, from miror, wonder.] 

miraculous (mi-rak'u-lus), a. 1. Of 
the nature of a miracle; done by su- 
pernatural power. 2. Very wonderful. 
3. Able to perform miracles. — 
miraculously, adv. — mirac'u- 
lousness, n, 




mirage (mi-razh'), n. Optical illusion 
produciug displaced or inverted im- 
ages of objects. Due to mirroring by 
the surfaces of air-strata of different 
temperatures. [See mirror.] 

mi re (mir). I. n. Deep mud. II. vt. 
Plunge aud fix in mire ; soil with 
mud. III. vi. Sink in mud. [Icel. 
myri, bog.] 

mirror (mir'ur). I. n. Looking-glass; 
polished substance in which objects 
may be seen reflected. 2. Pattern. II. 
vt. Reflect as a mirror. [Pr. miroir 
— L. miro, look at.] 

mirth (merth), n. Noisy gaiety; 
laughter. — mirth'ful, a. Merry ; 
jovial.— mirth'fully,aa!t>.— mirth- 
fulncss, n. [A. S.myrth. See merry.] 

miry (mi'ri), a. Consisting of, or 
abounding in, mire ; covered with 
mire.— mi'riness, n. 

Mirza (mer'za), n. Honorory title in 
Persia. After the name it designates 
'royal prince', before 'professor. 1 

mis- prefix. It is either A. S. from root 
of verb miss, or it stands for Pr. mes-, 
— L. minus, less. In both cases it 
signifies wrong, ill. 

misadventure ( mis-ad-ven'tur ) n. 
Unfortunate adventure; ill-luck. 

Syn. Accident; mishap; mischance; 
disaster; calamity. 

misalliance. See mesalliance. 

misanthrope(rnis'an-throp),misan- 
thropist(inis-an'thro-pist) n. Hater 
of mankind.— misanthropic (mis- 
an-throp'ik), misanthropical, a. 
Hating mankind. — misautBarop'- 
ically, adv. — misan'thropy, n. 
Hatred to mankind. [Gr.— miseo, hate, 
and anthropos, man.] 



misapply ( mis-ap-pli' ), vt. Apply 
amiss or wrongly. — misapplica- 
tion, n. 

misapprehend (mis-ap-pre-hend'),t^. 
Misunderstand. — misapprehen'- 
sion, n. 

misappropriate (mis-ap-pr5'pri-at), 
vt. Appropriate wrongfully.— misap- 
propriation, n. 

misbehave (mis-be-hav'J. vi. Behave 
impropex-ly.— naisbeha'vior, n. 

misbelieve (mis-be-lev'), vt. Believe 
wrongly. — misbelief, n.— misbe- 
liever, n. 

miscalculate (mis-kal'ku-lat), vt. Cal- 
culate wrongly.— miscalculation, 
n. [or bad name. 

miscall (mis-kal'), vt. Call by a wrong 

misearriage(mis-kar'ij),rc. 1. Failure. 
2. Ill-conduct. 3. Premature birth. 

miscarry (mis-kar'i), vi. 1. Carry bad- 
ly. 2. Be unsuccessful. 3. Pail of the 
intended effect. 4. Bring forth prema- 
turely. 

miscellaneous ( mis-sel-la'ne-us ), a. 
Mixed; consisting of several kinds.— 
miscella'neously, adv. — miscel- 
la'neousness, n. [Lt.—misceo, mix.] 

miscellany (mis'el-lan-i), n. 1. Mixt- 
ure of various kinds. 2. Collection of 
writings on different subjects. 

mischance (rnis-chans'), n. Ill-luck; 
mishap, misfortune. 

mischief (mis'chif ), n. 1. Evil; dis- 
turbance; damage. 2. Disposition to 
cause trouble. [O. Pr. meschef— mes, 
ill, and chef—L,. caput, head.] 

Syn. Trouble; vexation; disorder; 
harm; injury; detriment; ill. 

mischievous (mis'chiv-us), a. 1. In- 
jurious. 2. Prone to mischief.— mis- 
chievously, adv.— mis'chievous- 
ness, n. 

misconceive (mis-kon-sev'), vt. Con- 
ceive wrongly; mistake. — miscon- 
cep'tion, n. 

misconduct ( mis-kon'dukt ), n. Bad 
conduct. [duct badly. 

misconduct (mis-kon-dukf), vt. Con- 
misconstrue (mis-kon'stro), vt. Con- 
strue or interpret wrongly. — mis- 
construction, n. 

miscount ( mis-kownt'). I. vt. Count 
wrongly. II. n. Wrong counting. 

miscreant (mis'kre-ant), n. Unscru- 
pulous villain. [O- Pr. mescreant, un- 
believing.] 

miscue (mis-ku'), n. In billiards, unin- 
tended slip of the cue from the ball. 

misdate (mis-daf). I. n. Wrong date. 
II. vt. Date erroneously. 

misdeal (mis-del'). I. vt. and vi. Dis- 
tribute (the cards) wrongly. II. n. 
Wrong distribution. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut. burn; oil, owl, then. 



misdeed 



347 



misspell 



misdeed (inis-ded'), n. Bad deed; 
crime. [Bad conduct; petty crime. 

misdemeanor ( mis-de-me'nur ), n. 

misdirect (mis-di-rekf), vt. Direct 
wrongly.— misdiree'tion, n. 

misdo (mis-do'), vt. Do wrongly; com- 
mit a crime or fault. — misdo'er, n. 

misemploy ( mis-em-ploi' ), vt. Em- 
ploy amiss ; misuse. 

mise en scene (mez ong san), n. Set- 
ting of a play on the stage. [Pr.] 

miser (mi'zer), n. Extremely covetous 
person; niggard. [L.=miserable.] 

miserable (miz'er-a-bl),a. 1. Wretch- 
ed or exceedingly unhappy. 2. Caus- 
ing misery. 3. Worthless; despicable. 
— miserably, adv. — mis'erable- 
ness, n. [L. miser abilis— miser.] 
Sya. Pitiable; abject; mean. 

miserly (mi'zer-li) , a. Excessively cov- 
etous; sordid; niggardly. 

misery (iniz'er-i), n. Wretchedness; 
gi-eat unhappiness. [L. miseria.] 

misfeasance (mis-fe'zans), n. Misuse 
of official power; a lawful act done 
in an unlawful manner. 

misfortune ( mis-far'tun ), n. Ill-for- 
tune; evil accident; calamity. 

misgive (mis-giv'). I. vt. 1. Give amiss. 
2. Make apprehensive. II. vi. 1. Hesi- 
tate. 2. Miscarry; break down.— mis- 
giving, n. Failing of confidence; 
mistrust. [tained. 

misgotten (mis-got'n), a. Unjustly ob- 

misgovern (mis-guv'ern), vt. Govern 
ill.— misgov'ernment, n. 

misguide(mis-gid'),«£. Guide wrongly ; 
lead into error. — misgui'dance, n. 

mishap (mis-hap'), n. Ill-luck; mis- 
fortune. 

misimprove (mis-im-prov'), vt. Apply 
to a bad purpose; misuse.— misim- 
prove'ment, n. 

misinform (mis-in-f arm'), vt. Inform 
incorrectly. — misinformation, n. 
— misinform'er, n. 

misinterpret (mis-in-ter'pret), vt. In- 
terpret wrongly.— misinterpreta'- 
tion, 7i.— misinter'preter, n. [ly. 

mis join (mis-join'), vt. Join improper- 

misjoinder (mis-join'der), n. In law, 
incorrect union of parties,or of causes 
of action, in a suit. 

misjudge (mis-juj'),^. and vi. Judge 
wrongly. — misjudgement, n. 

mislay ( mis-la' ), vt. Lay in a wrong 
place, or in a place not remembei*ed. 

mislead ( mis-led' ), vt. Lead wrong; 
guide into error; cause to mistake. 
Syn. Deceive; delude; beguile. 

misletoeo See mistletoe. 

mismanage ( mis-man'aj ), vt. Man- 
age or conduct ill.— mismanage- 
ment, n. 



misname ( mis-nam' ), vt. Call by a 
wrong name. 

misnomer (mis-no'mer), n. Misnam- 
ing; wrong name. [From Fr. nommer, 
name.] 

misogamist(mis-og'a-mist), n. Hater 
of marriage. — misogamy, n. [Gr. 
—miseo, hate, and gamos, marriage.] 

misogynist (mis-oj'i-nist), n. Woman- 
hater.— misog'yny„ n. [Gr.— miseo, 
hate, and gyrie, woman.] 

misplace (mis-plas'), vt. Put in a 
wrong place; set on an improper ob- 
ject.— misplace'ment, 71. 

misprint (mis-print'). I. vt. Print 
wrong. II. n. Mistake in printing. 

misprision (mis-prizh'un), n. Omis- 
sion to notify the authorities (of a 
felony or an act of treason). [O. Fr. 
mesprision, mistake.] 

mispronounce (mis-pr5-nowns'), vt. 
Pronounce incorrectly. — mispro- 
nunciation, n. 

misquote ( mis-kwot' ), vi. Quote 
wrongly.— misquotation, n. 

misreport (mis-re-par t'). I. vt. Report 
wrongly. II. n. False account. 

misrepresent ( mis-rep-re-zent'), vt. 
Represent incorrectly. — misrepre- 
sentation, n. 

misrule (mis-rol'). I. n. Wrong or un 
just rule; disorder; tumult. II. vi. 
Govern badly. 

Miss (mis), n. [pi. miss'es.] 1. Title of 
address of an unmarried female. 2. 
(m) Young woman or girl. [Contract- 
ed from MISTRESS.] 

miss (mis). I. vt. 1. Fail to hit, reach, 
find, or keep. 2. Omit; fail to have. 3. 
Discover the absence of. 4. Feel the 
want of. II. n. Deviation from the 
mark; mistake; fault. [A. S. missan.] 

missal (mis'al), n. Roman Catholic 
mass-book. '[Low L. missale—missa, 
mass.] [missha'pen, a. Deformed. 

misshape (mis-shap'), vt. Shape ill. — 

missile (mis'il). I. a. That may be 
thrown. II. n. Weapon thrown by 
the hand or otherwise. [L. — mitto, 
send.] [wanting. [See miss, vt.] 

missing (mis'ing}, a. Absent ; lost; 

mission (mish'un), n. 1. Sending, 2. 
The business on which one is sent; 
purpose of life. 3. Persons sent on 
a mission; embassy. 4. Station or as- 
sociation of missionaries. [L. missio.] 

missionary (mish'un-ar-i). I. n. One 
sent to propagate religion. II. a. Per- 
taining to mission. [Fr. missionnaire.] 

missive (mis'iv). I. a. That may be 
sent; intended to be thrown or hurl- 
ed. II. n. That which is sent, as a 
letter. [Fr.] 

misspell (mis-spel'),tt£. Spell wrongly, 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



misspend 



348 



mnemonic 




misspend (mis-spend'), vt. [misspend'- 
ing; misspent'.] Spend ill; waste; 
squander. 

misstate (mis-staf), vt. State wrong- 
ly or falsely. — l misstate'ment, n. 

mist (mist).w. 1. Visible watery vapor 
in the atmosphere- 2. Rain falling in 
very fine drops. 3. Anything which 
dims, darkens. [A. S. mist, darkness.] 

mistake (mis-tak'). I.tvt. 1. Undei*- 
stand wrongly. 2. Take one thing or 
person for another. II. vi. Err in 
opinion or judgment. III. n. Taking or 
understanding wrongly; error. — 
mistakable, a. 

mistaken (mis-ta'kn), a. 1. Taken or 
understood incorrectly. 2. Guilty of a 
mistake. 3. Erroneous; incorrect, — 
mista'kenly, adv. 

Mister (mis'ter), n. Sir; title of ad- 
dress to a man, written Mr. [A corr. 

of MASTER.] 

mistime ( mis- 
tim'), vt. Time 
wrongly. 

mistletoe (miz'- 
1-to or mis'l-), n. 
Parasitic plant, 
found on the ap- 
ple and other 
trees. [A. S. 
mistel,~bir& lime, 
and tan, twig.] 

mistral ( mis'tral ), n 
cold northwestern wind, blowing in 
the Mediterranean parts of France. 

mistress (mis'tres), n. 1. Woman hav- 
ing power or ownership. 2. Female 
head of a family, school, etc. 3. Skill- 
ed Woman. 4. Woman loved. 5. Con- 
cubine. 6. Form of address of a mar- 
ried woman (usually written Mrs. and 
pronounced Miss'is. [O. Fr. maistresse 
— L. magistral 

mistrust (mis-trust'). I. n. Want of 
trust or confidence. II. vt. Regard with 
suspicion; doubt.— mistrnst'ful, a. 

misty (mis'ti ), a. Full of mist; dim; 
obscure. — inist'ily, adv. — mist'i- 
ness, n. 

mis understand (mis-un-der-s tand') , 
vt. Understand wrongly; take in a 
wrong sense. — misnnderstand- 
ing, n. Misconception; slight disa- 
greement or difference. [ill; abuse. 

misuse (mis-uz'), vt. Misapply; treat 

misuse ( mis-us' ), n. Improper use; 
application to a bad purpose. 

mite (mit), n. 1. Very small insect, 
cne species of which breeds in cheese. 
2. Anything very small; very little 
quantity. [A.S. mite— root mit, cut.] 



Mistletoe. 



Furious, dry, 




miter, mitre (mi'ter). I. n. 1. Head 
dress worn by the Pope, archbishops 
and bishops in the Roman Catho- 
lic and Greek 
churches. 2. 
In arch. Junc- 
tion of two 
pieces, as of 
molding, at an 
angle. II. vt. 
1. Adorn with 
a miter. 2. 
Join at an 
angle. [Gr. 
mitra, fillet, 
head-dress.] 

mitigab 1 e 
(mit'i-ga-bl), a.Thatcanbe mitigated. 

mitigate ( mit'i-gat ), vt. Soften in 
severity.— mitiga'tion, n. — mit i- 
gative, a. Soothing.— init'igator, 
n. [Li.—mitis, soft.] 

Syn. Alleviate; soften; assuage; 
allay; soothe; appease ; lessen. 

mitrailleuse(mit-ral-yaz'), n. Breech- 
loading gun, consisting of several 
ban-els, which are discharged almost 
simultaneously. [Fr. mitrailler, fire 
grape-shot— mitraille, broken pieces of 
metal— root of mite.] 

mitre, n. See miter. [Mitten, 

mitt ( mit) , n. 1. Fingerless glove. 2. 

mitten (mit'n), n. Glove with a sepa- 
rate cover for the thumb alone, 
[Etymology doubtful.] 

mittimus (mit'i-mus), n. In law. 
Warrant granted for sending to pri- 
son a person charged with a crime. 
[L.=wesend.] [sects. 

Biiity (mi'ti), a. Full of mites or in- 

mix (miks), vt. and vi. Unite two or 
more things into one mass; mingle; 
associate. — mix^er, n. [AS. miscan.] 

mixture (miks'tur), n. 1. Act of mix- 
ing or state of being mixed. 2. Mass 
or compound formed by mixing. 3. 
In chem. Composition in which the 
ingredients retain their properties. 
[L. mixtura.] 

mizzen (miz'n). I. n. In a three-masted 
vessel, the hindmost of the fore-and- 
aft sails, lying along the middle of the 
ship. II. a. Belonging to the mizzen ; 
nearest the stern. — miz'zen-mast, 
n. Mast that bears the mizzen. [Fr. 
misaine—Li. medius, middle.] 

mizzle (miz'l). I. vi. Rain in small 
drops. II. n. Fine rain. [ For mistle, 
freq. from mist.] 

mnemonic (ne mon'ik), mnemon - 
ical, a. Assisting the memory. — 
mnemon'ics, n. Art or science of 
assisting the memory. [Gr.— mnao- 
mai, remember.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
.mute, nut. burn; oil, owl, then. 



moa 



349 



Mognl 



(rno'a), n. Large wingless bird 
of New Zealand, now extinct. 

moan (rnon). I. vi. Make a low sound 
of grief or pain. II. vt. Lament. III. 
n. Audible expression of pain. [A.S. 
maenan.] 

moat (mot). I. n. Deep trench round 
a fortified place, sometimes filled with 
water. II. vt. Surround with a moat. 
[O. Fr. mote, mound, trench.] 

mob (mob). I. n. 1. Disorderly crowd; 
riotous assembly. 2. Lowest classes. 
II. vt. [mob'bing; mobbed.] Attack in 
a disorderly crowd. [From L. mobile 
vulgus, fickle multitude.] 

mobile (mo'bil or mo-bel'), a. That can 
be easily moved or excited; change- 
able; fickle. — mobility, n. Quality 
of being mobile. [Fr.— L. mobilis.~] 

mobilize (mob'i-liz), vt. Get ready for 
active service, as troops. — mobili- 
za'tion, n. [Fr. mobiliser.] 

mobocracy (mob-ok'ra-si), n. Rule or 
ascendency exercised" by the mob. 
[mob, and Gr. krateo, rule.] 

moccasin (mok'a-sin), n. 1. Shoe of 
deerskin or other soft leather, worn 
by the North American Iudians. 2. 
Poisonous snake of the southern U. 
S. [Native word.] 

mocna (mo'ka), n. Variety of coffee, 
grown near Mocha, Arabia. 

mock (mok). I. vt. 1. Mimic in ridi- 
cule. 2. Disappoint the hopes of; 
deceive. II. n. Ridicule; sneer. III. a. 
Imitating reality, but not real; false. 

— mocker, n. — mockingly, adv. 

— mockery, n. 1. Derision; ridi- 
cule. 2. Subject of laughter or sport. 
3. Vain imitation; 

false show. — 
mocking-bird, 
n. North American 
thrush which imi- 
tates sounds. [Fr. 
moquer.] 

modal (mo'dal),a. 
1. Pertaining to a 
mode or mood. 2. 
Consisting in mode or form only. 

mode (mod), a. 1. Manner. 2. Fashion. 
3. Mood. [L. modus, measure.] 
Syn. See method. 

model (mod'el). I. n. 1. Something to 
be copied; pattern; person who poses 
for painter or sculptor. 2. Imitation 
of something on a smaller scale. 3. 
Something worthy of imitation. II. 
vt. 1. Form after a model. 2. Shape. 
3. Make a model or copy of. 4. Form 
in some soft material. III. vi. Practice 
modeling. IV. a. Fit to serve as a 
pattern. — mod'eler, n. [Fr. modele 
— L. modulus, dim. of modus, measure.] 




Mocking-bird. 



modeling' (mod'el-ing), n. Act or art 
of making a model, a branch of sculp- 
ture. 

moderate (mod'er-at). I. vt. 1. Keep 
within bounds; restrain; reduce in 
intensity; make temperate or reason- 
able; pacify. 2. Decide as a modera- 
tor. II. vi: 1. Become less violent of 
intense. 2. Preside as a moderator. 
III. a. Not excessive or extreme; tem- 
perate; of middle rate.— inod'erate- 
ly, adv.— mod'erateness,».— mod- 
eration, n. [L. moderor — modus, 
measure.] 

moderato (mod-er-a'to), adv. In mus. 
With moderate quickness. [It.] 

moderator (mod'er-a-tur), n. 1. One 
who or that which moderates or re- 
strains. 2. President or chairman of 
a meeting. 3. Device for regulating 
the motion of a machine. — mod'er- 
atorship, n. fL.] 

modern ( mod'ern ). I. a. Limited to 
the present or recent time; not an- 
cient. II. n. One of modern times. — 
mod'ernly,acft>.— mod'ernness, n. 
[Fr. — L. modernus — modo, just now.] 

modernize ( mod'ern-iz ), vt. Render 
modern; adapt to the present time. 

modest (mod'est), a. 1. Restrained by 
a due sense of propriety ; not forward. 
2. Chaste. 3. Moderate.— modesty, 
n. Absence ol presumption; decency; 
purity; moderation. — mod'estly, 
adv. [L.— modus, measure.] 

Syn. Bashful; diffident; coy; unob- 
trusive; shy; virtuous; reserved. 

modicum(mod'i-kum), w. Small quan« 
tity. [L. neut. of modicus, moderate.] 

modification (mod-i-fi-ka'shun), n. 1. 
Act of modifying. 2. Changed shape 
" or condition. [L. modificatio.] 

modify (mod'i-fi), vt. 1. Moderate. 2. 
Change the meaning or form of ; vary. 
— modifier, n. — modifi'able, a. 
[Fr. modifier— L. modifico.] 

modish ( rno'dish ), a. According to 
the fashion. — mo'disnly , adv.— mo- 
dishness, n. 

modist (mo'dist), n. One who follows 
the mode orfashion. [ess. [Fr.] 

modiste (mo-desf), n. Ladies' tailor- 

modnlate (mod'u-lat). I. vt. 1. Vary 
or inflect (sounds). 2. Change the key 
or mode. II. vi. Pass from one key 
into another. — modulation, n. — 
modulator (mod'u-lat-ur ), n. [L. 
modulor— modulus dim. of modus.] 

Mogul (mo-gul'),w. 1. Mongol or Mon- 
golian. 2. Large railroad engine with 
three pairs of connected driving 
wheels. —Great Mogul, former ruler 
over Hindustan. 



fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



mohair 



J50 



moment 



mohair(m5'har), n. 1. Fine silken hair 
of the Angora goat of Asia Minor. 2. 
Cloth made of mohair. [O. Fr. mou- 
aire (Fr. moire)— Ar. mukhayyar.] 

Mohammedan (mo-ham'ed-an). I. a. 
Pertaining to Mohammed or to his 
religion. II. n. Follower of Moham- 
med. Also written Mahom'etan, Ma- 
hom'edan. [Mohammed, the great 
prophet of Arabia, born about 570 
A. D.— Ar. muhammad, praiseworthy— 
hamd, praise.] 

Mohammedanism ( mo-ham'ed-an- 
izm), Mohammedism (mo-ham'ed- 
izm), n. Religion of Mohammed, con- 
tained in the Koran. 

moiety (moi'e-ti), n. Half; one of two 
equal parts. [Fr. moitti—Li. medietas 
— medius, middle.] 

moil (moil). I. vt. Daub with dirt. II. 
vi. Toil; drudge. III. n. Defilement. 
[O. Fr. moiler(Fr. mouiller), wet — L. 
mollis, soft.] [See mohair,] 

moire (mwar), n. Watered silk. [Fr. 

moist (moist), a. Damp; humid; 
slightly wet. — moisten (mois'n) L vt. 
Make moist.— moisture (mois'tur), 
n. Dampness. [O. Fr. moiste—Li. mus- 
teus, fresh. See must.] 

molar (molar), a. Pertaining to a 
large mass. ' [From L. moles, mass.] 

molar (mo'lar). I. a. Grinding or used 
for grinding. II. n. Grinding tooth ; 
back tooth. [L. molaris—mola, mill.] 

molasses ( mo-las'ez ), n. Syrup that 
drains from sugar during the process 
of manufacture. [L. mellaceus, honey- 
like— met, honey.] 

mold, mould (mold). I. n. 1. Soil 
rich in decayed matter. 2. That of 
which anything is composed. 3. Mi- 
nute fungus wbich grows on a body in 
a damp atmosphere. II. vt. 1. Cover 
with a mold. 2. Cause to become 
moldy. III. vi. Become moldy. [A. S. 
molde, dust.] 

mold, mould (mold). I. n. 1. Hollow 
form in which anything is cast; ma- 
trix; pattern. 2. Thing molded; form; 
cast; shape; character. II. vt. Form 
in a mold ; fashion. [O. Fr. molle (Fr. 
moule) — L. modulus. See model. ] 

molder, moulder (mold'er), vi. and 
vt. Crumble to mould; turn to dust. 

molding, moulding (mold'ing), ??. 
1. Act of molding. 2. Anything mold- 
ed. 3. Small ornamental projection 
on a wall, etc. 

moldy, mouldy (m51d'i),a. Over- 
grown with mold. — mold'iness, n. 

mole ( mol ), n. Small dark-colored 
patch or protuberance on the human 
skin. [A.S. mal, spot.] 




mole (mol), n. Small animal with very 
small eyes and soft fur, which bur- 
rows in the 

ground and ^^S^|®%" 

casts up lit- 
tle heaps of 
mould. — 
mole'cast, 

mole'hill,ra. Mole. 

Little hill or 

heap of earth cast up by a mole. 
[Short for obsolete Eng. moldwarp, 
mold-caster.] 

mole (mol), n. Breakwater or jetty. 
[Fr.— L. moles, huge mass.] 

mole-cricliet (mol'krik'et ), n. Bur- 
rowing insect with forelegs like those 
of a mole. 

molecular (mo-lek'u-lar), a. Belong- 
ing to or consisting of molecules. — 
molecular'ity, n._ 

molecule ( mol'e-kul ), n. One of the 
smallest particles into which a sub- 
stance can be divided without de- 
stroying its chemical character. [A 
diminutive coined — L. moles, mass.] 

molerat (m51'rat), n. Rat-like animal, 
which burrows like a mole. 

molest (mo-lest'), vt. Disturb. — mo- 
lesta'tion, n. [L. molestus, annoying.] 
Syn. Incommode. See trouble. 

mollient (mol'yent), a. Serving to 
soften; assuaging. [L..— mollis, soft.] 

mollification ( mol-i-fl-ka'shun ), n. 
Act of mollifying; state of being mol- 
lified; mitigation. 

mollify (mol'i-fi), vt. 1. Make soft or 
tender. 2. Assuage; calm; pacify.— 
mol'lifiable, a. — mol'Iifier, n. 
[L. mollifico — mollis, soft, and facio, 
make.] 

mollusk (mol'usk), n. Animal, having 
a soft, inarticulate, fleshy body, as the 
snail and all shellfish.— molluscan 
(mol-lus'kan), molluscous (mol-lus'- 
kus), a. Of or like molluscs.' — mol- 
. lus'can, n. Mollusc. [L. molluscus— 
mollis, soft.] 

Moloch (mo'lok), n. 1. God of the Phe- 
nicians, worshiped by human sacri- 
fices and other cruelties. 2. Any cause 
demanding cruel sacrifices. 

molt, moult (molt). I. vt. andm. Cast 
(feathers) ; change. II. n. Process of 
molting. [Li. muto, change.] 

molten (molt'n), a. 1. Melted. 2. Made 
of melted metal. [Old^a. p. of melt.] 

moment (mo'ment), n. 1. Moving 
cause or force. 2. Importance in effect; 
value. 3. Small portion of time. [Fr. 
— L. momentum— moveo, move.] 

Syn. Consideration ; momentum ; 
weight; instant; twinkling; trice. 



fSte, lat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



momentary 



351 



monograph 



momentary ( mo'men-tar-i ), a. 1. 
Lasting for a moment. 2. Done in a 
moment. — momentarily , adv.— 
mo'mentarinesu, n. 

momentous ( mo-men'tus ), a. Im- 
portance; of great consequence. — 
momentously, adv. — moment- 
ousness, n. 

momentum ( mo-men 'turn), n) [pi. 
moment'a.] Quantity of motion in a 
body (the product of the mass and the 
velocity of the moving body.) 

monachism (mon'ak-izm), n. Monas- 
tic life. 

monad (mon'ad), n. 1. Simple single- 
celled organism. 2. Infusorian with 
a whiplike appendage. [Gr. monas, 
unit.] 

monarch (mon'ark). I. n. Sovereign; 
ruler of a monarchy. II. a. Supreme; 
superior to others. — monarchal, 
monarchic, monarchical, a.— 
mon'archist, n. Advocate of mon- 
archy. — monarchy, n. 1. Govern- 
ment in which the supreme power is 
in the hands of a single person. 2. 
Country ruled by a monarch. [Gr.— 
monos, alone, and archo. rule.] 

monastery (mon'as-ter-i ), n. House 
for monks; convent. [Gr.— mo nastes, 
monk— monos, alone.] 

monastic (mon-as'tik), monastic* 
al, a. 1. Pertaining to monasteries. 
2. Recluse; solitary. — monas'ti- 
cism, n. Monastic life. 

Monday (mun'da), n. Second day of 
the week.— Blue Monday, a Monday of 
idleness, is so called from the Bav- 
arian custom of draping the churches 
in blue on Monday before Lent. [A.S. 
monandaeg.] [to money. 

monetary (mun'e-tar-i), a. Relating 

money (mun'i), n. [pi. mon'eys.] 1. 
Coin. 2. Any currency used as the 
equivalent of coin. 3. Wealth. [O. 
Fr. moneie—Lt. moneta. See mint.] 

moneyed (mun'id), a. 1. Having 
money; rich in money. 2. Consisting 
in money. 

monger ( mung'er ). I. n. Trader ; 
dealer. II. vt. Trade in. [A. S. man- 
gere—mang, mixture.] 

Mongol (mong'ol), Mongolian 
(mong-go'li-an). i. n. One of the race 
inhabiting Central Asia, China, and 
Japan. II. a. Pertaining to Mongo- 
lia or the Mongols. 

mongoos ( m o n g'6 s ), n. Weazel-like 
animal, very destructive to rats, 
snakes, etc. [East Indian name.] 

mongrel ( mung'rel ), I. a. Of a mix- 
ed breed. II. n. Animal of a mixed 
breed. [From A. S. mangian, mix.] 



moniliform (mo-nil'i-farm), a. Re- 
sembling a string of beads. [From L. 
monile, necklace. j 

monism ((mon'izm), n. Doctrine that 
physical and spiritual phenomena are 
based on the same single principle 
(opposed to dualism. ) [Gr. monos, 
single, and -ism.] [in monism. 

monist (mon'ist), n. One who believes 

monition (mon-ish'un), n. Admoni- 
tion ; warning; notice. [L. — moneo, 
remind.] [warning. 

monitive (mon'i-tiv), a. Conveying a 

monitor (mon'i-tur), n. 1. One who 
admonishes; adviser. 2. Pupil ap- 
pointed to preserve order in absence 
of the teacher. 3. Ironclad or steel 
warship having a low deck and one 
or more revolving turrets. — moni- 
torial (mon-i-to'ri-al), a. — moni- 
tory(mon'i-tor-i), a'. [See monition.] 

monk (mungk), n. One of a religious 
community living in a monastery. 
[A. S. munec— Gr. monachos— monos, 
alone.] 

monkey (mung'ki), n. Order of mam- 
malia next to man, having their feet 
developed like hands. — mon'key- 
wrench, n. "Wrench with a mov- 
able jaw. [O. It. monicchio, dim. of 
monna, old woman, granny, ape, 
contr. of madonna.] 

monkish (mung'kish), a. Pertaining 
to, or like, a monk.] 

monk's-hood ( mungks'-hod ), n. 
Aconite, poisonous plant with a 
flower like a monk's hood.] 

m**no- 3 prefix. Single; one. [Gr. monos.] 

monochord (mon'o-kard), n. Musical 
instrument of one string. 

monochromatic (mon-o-kro-mat'ik) , 
a. Of one color only. 

monocle (mon'o-kl), n. Glass for one 
eye. [Gr. monos, single, and L. oculus, 
eye.] 

monocular (mon-ok'u-lar), monoc- 
ulous, a. With or for one eye only. 

monody (mon'o-di), n. Mournful ode 
or poem in which a single mourner 
laments. [Gr. monos, single, and ode.] 

monogamy (m<>n-og'a-mi), n. Mar- 
riage with one person only. — mon- 
og'amous, a. — monog'amist, n. 
[Gr.— monos, one, and gamos, mar- 
riage.] 

monogram (mon'o-gram), n. Several 
letters interwoven or written into 
one. [Gr. monos, alone, and gramma, 
letter.] 

monograph (mon'o-graf), n. Paper 
or treatise written on one particular 
subject. — monographer (mon-og'- 
ra-fer), monograph ist, n. Writer 
of monographs. — monographic 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf, 
mute, hut. bum; oil, owl, then. 



monolith 



352 



moon 



(mon-o-graf'ik), monograph'ical, 

a. 1. Pertaining to a monograph. 2. 
Drawn in lines without colors. — 
monography ( mon-og'ra-fi ), n. 
Representation by one means only, as 
lines; outline drawing.] 

monolith (mon'o-lith), n. Pillar, or 
column, made of a single stone. — 
monolithic, monolith'al, a. [Gr. 
monos, alone, and lithos, stone.] 

monologue (mon'o-log), n. Speech 
uttered by one person ; soliloquy ; 
poem, etc., for a single performer. 
[Gr. monos, alone, and logos, speech.] 

monomania ( mon-o-ma'ni-a ), n. 
Madness confined to one subject, or 
one faculty of the mind.— monoma- 
niac, n. One affected with mono- 
mania. [Gr. monos, alone, and mania, 
madness.] 

monometallism (mon-o-met'al-ism), 
n. 1. Use of only one metal as a stan- 
dard of value. 2. Doctrine that only 
one metal can or should be so used. 
Opposed to bimetallism, 

monomial (mon-o'mi-al), n. Algebraic 
expression of one termonly. [Gr.] 

monomorphic ( mon-o-mar'fik ), a. 
Of the same type of structure; very 
uniformly built. 

monophthong- (mon'of-thang), n. 1. 
Simple vowel sound. 2. Two vowels 
pronounced as one. [See diphthong.] 

monopolize (mo-nop'o-liz ), vt. 1. 
Obtain possession of anything so as 
to be the only seller of it. 2. Engross 
the whole of. — monopolizer, 
monopolist, n. One who mon- 
opolizes oc possesses a monopoly. 

monopoly (mo-nop'o-li), n. 1. Sole 
right or power of dealingin anything. 

2. Exclusive command or possession. 

3. That which is the subject of a mon- 
opoly. 4. Trust, or monopolizing 
combination of persons or corpora- 
tions. [L. monopolism— Gr. monos, 
alone, and poleo, sell.] 

monosyllabic (mon-o-sil-lab'ik), a. 
Consisting of one syllable, or of 
words of one syllable. 

monosyllable ( mon'o-sil-a-bl ), n. 
Word of one syllable. 

monotheism (mon'o-the-izm), n. Be- 
lief in only one God.[Gr. monos, alone, 
and theos, God.] 

monotheist (mon'o-the-ist), n. One 
who believes that there is but one 
God.— monotheistic, a. 

monotone (mon'o-ton), n. 1. Single 
unvaried tone or sound. 2. Succession 
of sounds having the same pitch. — 
monotonous (mo-not'o-nus), a. 1. 
Uttered in one unvaried tone. 2. 
Marked by dull uniformity. — mo- 



not'onously, adv. — monotony 
(mo-not'o-ni), n. [Gr. monos, alone, 
and tonos. tone.] 

monoxide (mo-noks'id or -id), n. Ox- 
ide containing one atom of oxygen in 
each molecule. 

Monseigneur ( mang-san-yer' ), n. 
French title to men 6f high rank. 

Monsieur (mus-ye'),w. [pi. messieurs 
(mas-ye').] Title of address in 
France, corresponding to theEng. Mr. 

Monsignore(m6n-sen-yo're), n. 
Italian title of ecclesiastics of high 
rank. 

monsoon (mon-son'), n. Wind of the 
Indian Ocean, which blows from S. W. 
from April to October, and from the 
N. E. the rest of the year; similar 
winds elsewhere. [Malay musim — 
Ar. mawsim, season.] 

monster ( mon'ster ), n. 1. Anything 
out of the usual course of nature. 2. 
Anything horrible from ugliness or 
wickedness. 3. Unusually large per- 
son or animal. [Fr. — L. motistrum.] 

monstrosity (mon-stros'i-ti), n. Un- 
natural production. 

monstrous (mon'strus), a. Out of the 
common course of nature; enormous; 
wonderful ; horrible.— mon'strous- 
ly, adv. 

monte ( mon'ta), n. Gambling game 
played with cards or dice. [Sp.] 

month (munth), n. One of the twelve 
parts of the year. [A.S. monath—mona, 
moon.] 

monthly (munth'li). I. a. Performed 
in a month; happening or published 
once a mom h. II. n. Monthly publica- 
tion. III. adv. Once a month; in every 
month. 

monument ( mon'u-ment ), n. Any- 
thing that perpetuates the memory of 
a person or event, -monumental, 
a. [L. m,oneo, remind.] 

mood (mod), n. 1. Fashion; manner. 
2. In gram. Form of verbal inflection 
to express the conception of action or 
being. [Same as mode.] 

mood (mod), n. Temporary state of the 
mind; temper. [A.S. mod. Gev.muth.] 

moody (mbd'i), a. Subject to moods; 
fretful.— moodily, adv.— moodi- 
ness, n. 

Syn. Angry; peevish ; gloomy; ca- 
pricious; melancholy; captious. 

moon (mon), n. 1. Satellite which re- 
volves round a planet, esp. round the 
earth. 2. Lunar month. — moon - 
beam,n. Ray of light from the moon. 
—moon Bight. I. n. Light of the 
moon. II. a. 1. Lighted by the moon. 
2. Occurring during moonlight. — 
moon'shine, n. 1. Shining of the 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



moor 



353 



more 



moon. 2. Show without reality. 3. 
Illicit whisky. — moonshiner, n. 
Maker of illicit whisky. [Colloq.] — 
moon'strnck, a. Lunatic. [Lit. 
"measurer", (of time). A. S. mona.] 




Telescopic view of the moon. 

inoor(mor), n. Low peaty soil, partly 
covered with heath.— moorish(rnor'- 

ish), moory (mor'i), a. Resembling 
a moor; sterile; marshy ; boggy. 
[A.. S. mor.] 
moor (mor). I. vt. Fasten a ship by 
cable and ancnor. II. vi.Be fastened by 
cables or chains. [Dut. marren, tie.] 
Moor (mor), n. Native of N. Africa, of 
a dark complexion.— Moorish(mor'- 
ish), a. Belonging to the Moors. [L. 
maurus—Gr. mauros, black.] [ing. 

moorage (mor' aj), n. Place for moor- 
mooring' (mor'ing), n. 1. Act of moor- 
ing. 2. That which serves to moor or 
confine a ship. 3. In pi. Place or con- 
dition of a moored ship. [dian.] 
moose ( mos ), n. American elk. [In- 
moot (mot). I. vt. Propose for discus- 
sion; discuss; argue for practice. II. 
a. Discussed; disputed; subject to 
argument; in question.— moot'able, 
a.— moot'conrt, n. Meeting for ar- 
guing supposed cases. [A. S. motian— 
mot, assembly. See meet.] 
mop (mop). I. n. Instrument for wash- 
ing floors, made of cloth, etc., fasten- 
ed to a handle. II. vt. [mopp'ing; 
mopped.] Rub or wipe with a mop.— 
mop'board,tt.Baseboard.[Wel.mbp.] 
mope (moo), vi. Be silent and dispir- 
ited ; be dull or stupid.— mo'p'ingly, 
adv. [Dut. moppen, pout, sulk.] 



mopish (mo'pish), a. Dull; spirit- 
less; dejected.— mo'pishuess, n. 

moraine (mo-ran'), n. Line of rocks 
and gravel found at the bases and 
edges of glaciers. [Etym. doubtful.] 

moral (mor'al). I. a. 1. Pertaining to 
right or wrong as determined by 
duty. 2. Conformed to rigbt;virtuous. 
3. Capable of moral action; subject 
to the moral law. 4. Instructing with 
regard to morals. 5. Supported by 
reason or probability. II. h. 1. Prac- 
tical lesson given by fable, an event, 
etc. 2. In pi. Manners ; conduct ; 
doctrine or practice of the duties of 
life: moral philosophy or ethics. [Pr. 

— L. moralis~mos, moris, manner, 
custom.] 

morale (mo-raF), n. Mental state as 
regards spirit and confidence, esp. of 
a body of men. [Pr.] 

moralist (mor'al-ist), n. 1. One who 
teaches morals! 2. One who practices 
moral duties. 

morality (mo-ral'i-ti), n. 1. Quality 
of being moral. 2. Practice of moral 
duties ; virtue. 3. Doctrine which 
treats of moral actions; ethics. 

moralize (mor'al-iz). I. vt. Apply to 
a moral purpose; explain in a moral 
sense. II. vi. Speak or write on moral 
subjects ; make moral reflections.— 
mor'alizer, n. 

morally (mor'al-i), adv. 1. In an eth- 
ical sense. 2. Virtually, not in effect. 

morass (mo-ras'), n. Tract of soft, 
wet ground; marsh. [ Dut. -moeras— 
moer, mire.] 

Moravian (mo-ra'vi-an). I. a. Per- 
taining to Moravia or to the Mora- 
vians or United Brethren. II. n. One 
of a Protestant sect, founded in the 
15th century in Moravia, Austria. 

morbid (mar'bid), a. Not sound; due 
to a diseased state. — mor'bidly , adv. 

— morbidness, n. [L. — morbus, 
disease, — morior, die.] 

Syn. Sickly; sick; diseased. 

morbific (mar-bif'ik), a. Causing dis- 
ease. [L.— -morbus, and faoio, make.] 

mordacions (mar-da'sbus), a. Biting; 
sarcastic. [L. mordax—mordeo, bite.] 

mordant (mar'dant). I. a. Serving to 
fix colors, li'.n. 1. Any substance, as 
alum, used to give permanency or 
brilliancy to dyes. 2. Matter to make 
gold-leaf adhere. [Fr., pr. p. of mor- 
dre—lj. mordeo, bite.] 

more (mor). I. a. [Serves as comp. of 
many and much.] 1. Additional; 
other besides. 2. Greater. II. adv. 
To a greater degree, extent, or quan- 
tity ; again. III. n. Greater thing; 
addition. [A. S. mara.] 



£ate, /at, task, far, tall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



moreen 



854 



mortmain 



moreen (mo-ren'), n. Stout woolen 
stuff, used for curtains, etc. [Form 

of MOHAIR.] 

moreover (mor-o'ver), adv. Besides. 

Moresque (mo-resk'), a. Done after 
the manner of the Moors. [It. moresco.] 

morganatic (mar-gan-at'ik), a. Per- 
taining to a marriage of a prince or 
noble with a woman of inferior rank, 
in which neither the latter uor her 
children enjoy the rank or inherit the 
possessions of her husband. [Low L. 
morganatica, gift from a bridegroom 
to his bride. From O. H. G. morgan, 
morning, and geba, gift.] 

morgue (marg), n. Place where the 
bodies of persons found dead are ex- 
posed for identification. [Fr.] 

moribund ( mor'i-bund ), a. Dying. 
[L. moribundus—morior, die.] 

moril ( mor'il ), n. Mushroom with 
many little holes. [Fr. morille.] 

Mormon (mar'mun), n. One of a re- 
ligious sect "in the United States, 
founded in 1830 by Joseph Smith, 
who made an addition to the Bible, 
called the Book of Mormon, from 
Mormon, its alleged author. — Mor'- 
monism, n. Doctrines of this sect. 

morn (marn), n Morning. 

morning* (mar'ning), n. First part of 
the day; early part. [A. S. morgen.] 

morocco (mo-rok'o), n. Goat leather, 
first made in Morocco, Africa. 

morose (mo-ros'), a. Of a sour temper. 
- morosely, a^.-morose'ness, 
n. [L. morosus, — mos, habit, whim.] 
Syn. Ill-humored; crabbed; crusty; 
sullen; gruff; grouchy; surly; churl- 
ish; severe; cross. See moody. 

morphia (mar'fi-a), morphine 
(mar'fin or -fen), n. Narcotic principle 
of opium. [From Gr. Morpheus, god 
of dreams, — morpheo, shape.] 

morphology (mar-fol'o-ji), n. Science 
of the forms assumed by plants and 
animals. [Gr.] 

morris, morrice(mor'is), W.Moorish 
dance, in which bells, rattles, tam- 
bours, etc., are introduced. [Sp. mo- 
risco, Moorish.] 

Morro (mor'o), n. Name of many forts 
in Spanish-speaking countries. [Sp.= 
round.] 

morrow (mor'o), n. 1. Day following 
the present; to-morrow. 2. Next fol- 
lowing day. [M. E. morwe, iovmorwen. 
From root of morning.] [morjs.] 

morse (mars), n. Walrus. [ Russ. 

morsel (mar'sel), n. 1. Bite or mouth- 
ful ; small piece of food. 2. Small 
quantity. [O. Fr. morcel — L. morsus, 
bite.] 



mortal (mar'tal). I. a. 1. Liable to 
die. 2. Causing death; deadly; fata) 
3. Punishable with death. 4. Pertain- 
ing to mortals. II. n. Man; one sub- 
ject to death. — mor 'tally, adv. 1. 
Fatally. 2. In the highest possible 
degree. [L. mortalis—mors, death.] 

mortality (mar-tal'i-ti), n. 1. Condi- 
tion of being "mortal. 2. Death. 3. 
Frequency or number of deaths. 4. 
Human race. 




Mortar. 

mortar (mar' tar), n. 1. Vessel in which 
substances are pounded with a pestle. 

2. *Piece of ordnance, resembling a 
mortar, for throwing shells, etc. 3. 
Cement of lime, sand, and water. [A. S. 
mortere—Li. mortarium, trough.] 

mortgage (mar'gaj). I. n. Convey- 
ance of property, as security for a 
debt,on condition that if debt is duly 
paid the conveyance shall be void. II. 
vt. Pledge, as security for a debt. [Fr. 
—mort, dead, and gage, pledge.] 

mortgagee (mar-ga-je'), n. One to 
whom a mortgage is made or given. 

mortgager (mar'ga-jer), mortgagor 
(mar-ga-jar'), "n. ' One who conveys 
property in pledge or mortgage. 

mortification (mar-ti-fi-ka'shun), n. 
x. Mortifying. 2." Being mortified. 

3. Death of one part of an animal 
body. 4. Subjection of the passions 
and appetites. 5. Extreme vexation. 

Syn. Chagrin; shame; humiliation; 
annoyance; disappointment. 

mortify (mar'ti-fi). vt. 1. Destroy the 
vital functions of. 2. Deaden; subdue 
by severities. 3. Humble. [L. morti- 
Jlco— mors, death, and facio, make.] 

mortise (mar 'tis). I. n. Cavity cut into 
a piece of timber to receive the tenon, 
the piece made to fit it. II. vt. 1. Cut 
a mortise in. 2. Join by a mortise 
and tenon. [Fr. mortaise.] 

mortmain (mart'man), n. Transfer 
of property to "a corporation, which 
is said to be a dead hand, because it 
can never part with it again. [Fr. 
mort, dead, and main, hand.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, f&re, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



mortuary 



355 



motto 




Most 



mortuary (mar'tu-ar-i). I. a. Pertain- 
ing to the burial of the dead. II. n. 
1. Burial-place. 2. Gift claimed by 
the minister of a parish on the death 
of a parishioner. [LowL. mortuarium.] 

mosaic (mo- 
za'ik). I. n. 
Kind of 
work in 
which de- 
signs are 
formed by 
small pieces 
of colored 
marble, 
glass, etc., 
cemented on 
a ground of 
stucco,or in- 
laid upon 
metal. II. a. 
Relating to 

or composed of mosaic. [Fr. mosaique 
— Gr. mouseios, belonging to the 
Muses.] 

Mosaic ( mo-za'ik ), a. Pertaining to 
Moses, the Jewish law giver. 

Moselle (mo-zel'), n. White wine from 
the district of the Moselle, Germany. 

Moslem(moz'lem). I. n. Mussulman or 
Mohammedan. II. a. Of or belonging 
to the Mohammedans. [Ar. muslim— 
salama, submit 
(to God). ] 

mosque(mosk), 
n. Mohamme- 
dan place of 
worship. [Sp. 
mezquita — Ar. 
masjid— sajada, 
bend, adore.] 

mosquito(mus- 
ke'to), n. [pi. mosqui'toes.] Two- 
winged insect, having a sharp pro- 
boscis, with which it attacks men and 
animals, sucking their blood. [Sp. 
dim. of mosca, fly— L. musca.] 

moss (mas ). I. n. Family of crypto- 
gamic plant with a branching stem 
and narrow, simple leaves. II. vt. 
Cover with moss.— moss-rose (mas'- 
roz), n. Variety of rose having" a 
moss-like growth on the calyx. — 
mossy, a. Overgrown or abounding 
with moss. — moss'iness, n. [A. S. 
meos.] 

most ( most ). [superl. of more.] I. a. 
Greatest ; excelling in number. II. adv. 
In the highest degree. III. n. Greatest 
number or quantity.— uiost'ly, adv. 
[A. S. moest.] [note. [Fr.] 

mot (mo),». 1. Witty remark. 2. Bugle 

mote (mot), n. Particle of dust; spot 
or speck; anything small. [A.S. mot.] 




Mosque. 



moth (math), n. 1. Family of insects 
like butterflies, seen mostly at night. 
2. Larva of this insect which gnaws 
cloth. 3. That which eats away 
gradually and silently. — moth- 
eaten, a. Eaten or cut by moths. 

mother (muth'ev). I. n. 1. Female 
parent; matron. 2. That which has 
produced anything. II. a. 1. Received 
by birth, as it were from one's moth- 
er; natural. 2. Acting the part of a 
mother. 3. Originating. III. vt. Adopi 
as a son or daughter.— moth'er-in- 
law, n. Mother of one's husband or 
wife.— moth'er-of-pearl, n. Inter- 
nal layer of the shells of several mol- 
luscs, esp. of thepearl-oyster. 

mother ( mu£/i'er ), n. Dregs or sedl-1 
ment, as of vinegar. [Akin to mud.] 

motherhoo<I(muM/er-hod), n. 3. State 
of being a mother. 2. Qualities or du- 
ties of a mother. 

motherly (muth'er-W), a. Pertaining 
to or becoming a mother; tender.— 
moth'erliness, n. 

niothy (math'i), a. Full of moths. 

motion (ni'o'shun), n. 1. Act or state 
of moving. 2. Single movement; 
change of posture.3. Gait. 4. Power of 
motion. 5. Proposal made, esp. in an 
assembly. 6. Oral request made to a 
court for an order. II. vi. and vt. In- 
dicate by a gesture. [L. motio—mo- 
veo, move.] [motion. 

motionless (mo'shun-les), a. Without 

motive (mo'tiv). I. a. Causing motion. 

II. n. Intent with which a thing is 

done. [Fr. motif — L. moveo, move.] 

Syn. Incentive; inducement; cause; 

reason; design; purpose; stimulus. 

motley (mot'li), a. 1. Consisting of 
different colors. 2. Composed or vari- 
ous elements. [O. Fr. mattele, clotted.] 

motor (mo'tur), n. 1. Mover; that 
which gives motion. 2. Apparatus for 
converting the energy of steam, gas 
watei*, electricity, etc., into motive 
power, as an electric motor. £L.] 

motorboat (mo'tur-bot), n. Boat pro- 
pelled by electric or other motor. 

motorcycle (mo'tiir-si-kl), n. Bicycle 
propelled bv -motor. See atttocyot.,e. 

motorist (mo'tur-ist), n. A chauffeur. 

motorite(mo'tur-it),n. Explosive, fur- 
nishing motive power for torpedoe-.. 

motor m an (mo'tur-man), n. Driver 
of an electric street car. 

mottled (mot'ld), a. Marked with spots 
of various colors, or shades of color. 

motto (mot'o), n. [pi. mottoes (mof- 
6z).] 1. Sentence or phrase expres- 
sive of some guiding principle or 
idea; maxim. 2. Phrase attached to 
a device. [It.] 



(ate, fat, task, far, tail, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, mov9, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



mould 



356 



movement 



mould. Same as mold. 
moult. Same as molt. 
mound (rnownd), n. Bank of earth or 
stone; hillock. [A.S. mund, defense.] 
mount (mownt). I. n. 1. Mountain. 2. 
That upon which anything is fixed or 
mounted. 3. That on which one 
mounts; horse. II. vi. Project or rise 
up; be of great elevation. III. vt. 
Raise aloft; climb; get upon, as a 
horse; put on horseback; put upon a 
support or something that fits for 
use; arrange or set in fitting order.— 
mounter, n. [A.S. munt— L. mons, 
mountain.] 
mountain (mownt'in). I. n. 1. High 
hill. 2. Anything very large. II. a. 
Of or relating to a mountain; grow- 
ing or dwelling on a mountain. — 
mountain-ash, n. Rowan-tree, 
with bunches of red-berries, common 
on mountains. [Fr. montagne— Low 
L. montanea—Lt.mons, montis.] 
mountaineer ( mownt-in-er' ), n. 1. 
Inhabitant of a mountainous region. 
2. One who climbs mountains. 
mountainous (mownt'in-us), a. 1. 
Full of mountains. 2. Large as a 
mountain; huge. 
mountebank ( mownt'e-bank ), n. 
Boastful pretender; quack; charla- 
tan. [ It. montambanco — montare, 
mount, and banco, bench.] 
mounting- (mownt'ing), n. 1. Act of 
mounting, as the setting of a gem; 
rising on high, etc. 2. That which 
sets something off to advantage, sup- 
ports it, or fits it for use. 
mourn (morn), vt. and vi. 1. Grieve. 2. 
Wear mourning. — mourner, n. 
[A. S. murnan, meornan.] 
Syn. Lament. See deplore. 
mournful (morn'fol), a. 1. Mourning. 
2, Causing or expressing sorrow.— 
mournfully, adv. — niourn'f ill- 
ness, n. 
mourninsf (morn'ing). I. a. Grieving; 
lamenting. II. n. 1. Act of express- 
ing grief. 2. Dress of mourners.— 
moiirii'iRgly. adv. 
mouse ( mows ), n. [pi. mice ( mis ).] 
Little rodent animal found in houses 
and in the fields. [A. S. mus, -pl.mys 
—root mus, steal. Cf. Ger. mausen, 
pilfer.] 
mouse (mowz), vi. 1. Catch mice. 2. 
Watch for slily ; prowl.— mou'ser, n. 
moustache (mos-tash'). Same as 

MUSTACHE. 

mouth (mowth), n. [pi. mouths 
(mouthz).] 1. Opening in an animal 
by which its food enters. 2. Cavity 
between lips and pharynx. 3. Open- [ 



ing or entrance, 
etc. 4. Instrument 
er. [A. S. muth.] 

1. Base of /SfV-r 
brain cav- //*^* s ' 
ity, bone. 2, "»<' 
3 and 4. Su- S^ 
petior, mid- ** * 
die and in- 
ferior turbi- 
nate bones. 
5. Opening 
of lacrymal 
duct. 6. 
Hard palate. 
Tongue. 8. Lar- 
ynx. 9. wind 
pipe. 10. Eso- 
phagus. 11. Conti- 
nuation of backbone. 
12. Epiglottis, just 
above the glottis, the 
slit between the vo- 
cal chords. 13. Uvu- 
la. 14. Opening of 
Eustachian tube. 



is of a bottle, river, 
of speaking; speak- 




Vektical Section of 
Human Mouth and 
Adjoining Organs. 



mouth (mowth), vt. and vt. 1. Utter 
with a voice overloud or swelling. 2. 
Make faces.— mouther, n. Affected 
speaker. [mouth. 

mouthed ( mowtht ), a. Having a 

mouthful (mowth'fol), n. [pi. mouth'- 
fuls.] As much as' fills the mouth; 
small quantity. 

mouthpiece (mowth'pes), n. 1. Piece 
of a musical instrument for the 
mouth. 2. Opening in a vessel 3. One 
who speaks for others. 

movable (mo'va-bl). I. a. 1. That may 
be moved, lifted, etc.; not fixed. 2. 
Changing from one time to another. 
II. n. Piece of property, not part of a 
real estate.— mo'vably, adv.— mo'- 
vableness, movabil'ity, n. 

move (mov). I. vt. 1. Cause to change 
place or posture. 2. Set in motion; 
impel. 3. Excite to action; persuade; 
instigate; arouse; provoke. 4. Touch 
the feelings of. 5. Propose or bring 
before an assembly. II. vi. 1. Go from 
one place to another; change place or 
posture. 2. Begin to perform. 3. 
Change residence. 4. Make a motion, 
as in assembly. III. n. 1. Act of mov- 
ing. 2. Act in carrying out a plan. 3. 
Movement, esp. at chess, -mover, 
n. [Fr. mouvoir—Li. moveo, move.] 

movement (mov'ment), n. 1. Act or 
manner of moving. 2. Change of posi- 
tion. 3. Motion of the mind; emotion. 
4. Wheelwork of a clock or watch. 5. 
In mus. Motion of melody, or of parts; 
pace. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



moving 



357 



multipartite 



moving- (mo'ving), a. 1. Causing mo- 
tion. 2. Changing position. 3. Affect- 
ing the feelings; pathetic-mo'- 
viugly, adv. 

mow (mow), n. Pile of hay or grain 
laid up in a barn, also the place where 
stored. [A. S. muga, heap.] 

mow (mo), vt. [mowed; mowed or 
mown.] 1. Cut down, as grass or 
grain. 2. Cut down in great numbers. 
[A. S. mawan.] 

mowed (mod),mown (m5n),a. 1. Cut 
down. 2. Clear of grass or grain. 

mower (rno'er), n. One who mows or 
cuts grass. _ 

mowing- (mo'ing), n. 1. Act of cutting 
down. 2. Land from which grass is cut. 

much (much). I. a. Great in quantity 
or extent. II. adv. 1. To a great de- 
gree. 2. Far; nearly; frequently. III. 
n. 1. Great quantity. 2. Great thing. 
[A. S.micel.] 

mucilage (mu'si-laj), n. Solution of 
sum. used as an adhesive. — muci- 
laginous (mu-si-laj'in-us), a. 

muck (muk), n. 1. Mass of decayed 
vegetable matter. 2. Anythiug low 
and filthy, -mtick'y, a. — muck- 
iness,w. [Icel.myki. Dan. mo^dung.] 

mucous (mu'kus), a. 1. Like mucus; 
viscous. 2. Secreting mucus. 

mucus (mu'kus), n. 1. Slimy fluid on 
the interior canals of the body to 
moisten and protect them. 2. Any 
viscid animal fluid. 3. Gummy sub- 
stance in certain plants. [L.] 

mud (mud), n. Wet, soft earth; mire. 
[Cf. Low Ger. murr, mud.] 

muddle ( mud'l ). I. vt. 1 . Render 
muddy or foul, as water. 2. Make a 
mess of. 3. Confuse, especially with 
liquor. II. n. Confused condition. 

muddy (mud'i). I. a. 1. Foul with 
mud; containing mud; covered with 
mud. 2. Confused; stupid. II. vt. 1. 
Dirty; cover with mud. 2. Render 
dull. — mud'dily, adv. — m u d ' d i- 
ness, n. [structure. 

mudsill (mud'sil), n. Ground sill of a 

muezzin (mu-ez'in), n. Attendant of 
a minaret who cries out the hours of 
prayer. [Ar.] 

muff(muf), n. Warm, soft cover for 
the hands in winter, usually of fur or 
dressed skin. [Cf. Ger. muff.] 

muff (muf). I. n. 1. Bungling per- 
formance. 2. Stupid, silly fellow ; 
bungler. II. vt. andw. Drop (a ball), 
after it was caught. 

muffin (muf'in), n. Light, spongy 
cake. [Etymology doubtful.] 

muffle (muf'l), vt. 1. Wrap up as with 
a muff. 2. Cover up so as to render 
sound dull. [Fr. moujler.] 



muffler (muf'ler), n. Wrap for the 
face and neck. 

mufti (mufti), n. Doctor or official 
expounder of Mohammedan law. [Ar.] 

mug (mug), n. Kind of earthen or 
metal drinking cup. [Ir. mugan.] 

muggy (mug'i) , muggish (mug'ish), 
a. Close and damp. [Icel. mugga, 
dark, thick weather.] 

mugwump ( mug'wump ), n. One 
who acts independently of party in 
politics ; independent voter. [From 
N. A. Indianmugquomp, leader.] 

mulatto (mu-lat'o), n. Offspring of 
one black and one white parent. — 
inula t tress, fern. [Sp. mulato—?nulo, 
mule.] 

mulberry (mul'ber-i), n. 1. Tree, on 
the leaves of which silkworms feed. 
2. Berry of the tree. [L. morus.] 

mulch (mulch). I. n. Loose straw, 
etc. , spread be t ween pi ants to keep the 
soil moist. II. vt. Cover with mulch. 

mulct (mulkt). I. n. Fine. II. vt. Fine, 

— mulc'tuary, a. Imposing a fine. 

[L. mulcta.] [amercement. 

Syn. Penalty; forfeit; forfeiture; 

mule (mul), n. 1. Offspring of a mare 
and an ass. 2. Instrument for cotton- 
spinning. 3. Obstinate person. [L. 
mulus.] [drives mules. 

muleteer (jnu-le-ter'), n. One who 

mulish (mu'lish), a. Like a mule; 
sullen; obstinate.— mu'lishly, adv. 
— mu'lishness, n. 

mull ( mul ), vt. Warm, spice and 
sweeten (wine, ale, etc.). [fabric. 

mull (mul), n. Thin, soft cotton 

mullein, mullen (mul'en), n. Tall 
herb with coarse, woolly leaves and 
spikes of flowers. [A. S. moleg/i.] 

mullet (mul'et), n. Fish nearly cylin- 
drical in form, highly esteemed for 
the table. [Fr. mutet—L,. mullus.] 

mu 1 1 ion (mul'yun)^I. n. Upright di- 
vision between the lights of windows, 
etc., in a Gothic arch. II. vt. Divide 
by mullions. 

mult-, multi-, prefix.- Denoting' 
many; manifold; frequent. [L.] 

multifarious ( mul-ti-fa'ri-us ), a. 
Having great diversity; manifold. -~ 
multifa'riously, adv. [L. multi, 
and varius, diverse.] 

multiform (mul'ti-farm), a. Having 
many forms. — multiformity, n. 

multilateral ( mul-ti-lat'er-al ), a. 
Having many sides. 

multi lineal (mul-ti-lin'e-al), a. Hav- 
• ing many lines. 
|tan lilt i parous (mul-tip'a-rus), a. Pro* 

1 ducing many young atone birth. [L. 

—pareo, bear.] [ing many parts. 

) multipartite (mul-tip'ar-tit), a. Hav- 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, bfiru; oil, owl, then, - 



multiped 



358 



muscadel 



multiped (mul'ti-ped), n. Insect hav- 
ing many feet. 

multiple ( mul'ti-pl). I. a. Having 
many parts; repeated many times. 

II. n. Number or quantity which con- 
tains another an exact number of 
times (without a remainder). [Fr.— 
Li.—multi, andplico, foldj 

multipliable (mul'ti-pli-a-bl), a. Ca- 
pable of being multiplied.' 

multiplicand ( mul'ti-pli-kand ), n. 
Quantity to be multiplied by another*. 

multiplication (mul-ti-pli-ka'shun), 
n. 1. Act of multiplying. 2. Operation 
by which a given number or quantity 
is multiplied. 

multiplicity ( mul-ti-plis'i-ti ), n. 1. 
State of being multiplied or various. 
2. Great number. 

multiplier (mul'ti-pll-er), n. 1. One 
who or that which multiplies or in- 
creases. 2. Number or quantity by 
which another is multiplied. 3. Device 
to increase a power, as electricity, etc. 

multiply (mul'ti-pli). I. vt. 1. Make 
more numerous. 2. Repeat a number 
or quantity as often as another num- 
ber indicates. II. vi. Increase. [Fr. 

See MULTIPLE.] 

multitude ( mul'ti-tud ), n. Great 
number of individuals; crowd.— 
multitudinous ( mul-ti-tu'di-nus ), 
n. Consisting of, or having the appear- 
ance of, a multitude. [L. multitudo.] 

mum (mum). I. a. Silent. II. n. Silence. 

III. inter j. Be silent I [Imitative.] 
mum (mum), n. Kind of sweet, thick 

beer made in Brunswick, Germany. 

mumble (mum'bl). I. vi. 1. Speak in- 
distinctly ; mutter. 2. 
Chew softly; eat with the 
lips close. II. n. Utter in- 
distinctly or imperfectly. 
— mum'bler, n. [Imita- 
tive word.) 

mumm (mum), vt. Mask; 
make diversion in dis- 
guise .— mummer, n. 
Masker; b.uffoon. — 
mum'mery, n. Hypo- 
critical parade. 

Enummy (mum'i),7i. Dead 
body preserved by the 
Egyptian art of embalm- 
ing. [Ar. and Pers. mu- 
mayim, mummy, — Pers. 
mum, wax.] 

mumpish (mump'ish), a. 
Dull; sullen. — mump- 
ishly, adv. — mump'ishness, n. 

mumps (mumps), n. 1. Swelling of 
the glands of the neck, accompanied 
with difficulty of speaking. 2. Fit of 
sullenness. 




munch (munch), vt. and vi. Chew with 
shut mouth.— muncher (munch'er), 
n. [From Fr. manger, eat.] 
mundane (mun'dan), a. Belonging to 
the earth; terrestrial.— mundane- 
ly, adv. [ L. mundanus — mundus, 
world.] 
municipal (mu-nis'i-pal), a. Pertain- 
ing to a corporation or' city.— muni- 
cipality (mu-nis-i-pal'i-ti), n. Com- 
munity under municipal jurisdiction. 
[L. — municipium, free town — munia, 
official duties, and capio, take.] 
munificence (mu-nif'i-sens),7i. Boun- 
tifulness. [L. munificentia — munus, 
duty, present, and facio, make.] 

Syn. Bounteousness; bounty; gener* 
osity; liberality; benevolence. 
munificent (mu-nif'i-sent), a. Gener« 

ous.— munificently, adv. 
muniment ( mu'niment ), n. That 
which fortifies or defends; record for- 
tifying a claim. [L. munimentum—mu- 
nio, fortify,— mo enia, walls.] 
munition (mu-nish'un), n. Materials 

used in war. [L.] 
mural ( mu'ral ), a. Pertaining to, or 
like a wall; steep. [Li.—murue, wall.] 
murder ( mur'der ). I. n. Killing a 
person intentionally and from malice. 
II. vt. 1. Commit murder. 2. Destroy; 
m a n g 1 e. — mur'derer, n.- - mur'- 
deress, n. fern. [A. S. morthor.] 
murderous ( mur'der-us), a. Guilty 
of murder; consisting in, or fond of, 
murder.— mur'derously, acfw. 

Syn. Bloody ; bloodthirsty ; sanguin- 
ary. See cruel. 
muriatic (mu-ri-at'i a. Pertaining 
to, or obtained from, sea-salt; hydro- 
chloric. [L.— muria, brine.] 
murky (mur'ki), a. Gloomy; dark.— 
inurk'ily, adv. — murk'iness, n. 
[A.S. mure] 
murmur ( mur'mur ). I. n. 1. Low, 
indistinct sound, like that of running 
water. 2. Complaint in a low, mutter- 
ing voice. II. vi. Utter a murmur; 
,« grumble.— mur'murer, n. [L. from 

the sound.] 
murmurous fmur'mur-us), a. Attend- 
ed with murmurs; exciting murmur. 
murrain ( mur'in or mur'an), n. 1. 
Cattle plaeue. 2. Food and mouth 
disease. [0. Fr. morine, dead car- 
cass,— L. morior, die.] 
muscadel (mus'ka-del), muscadine 
( mus'ka-dm), muscat (mus'kat ), 
muscatel ( mus'ka-tel ), n. 1. Rich, 
spicy wine. 2. Grape producing it. 3. 
Fragrant and delicious pear. [It. mo- 
scatello, dim. of museato, smelling like 
musk,— L. muscus, musk.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, bum; oil, owl, then. 



muscle 



359 



mustard 






muscle (mus'l), n. 1. Fleshy part in 
au animal body the contraction of 
which produces motion. 2. Physical 
strength. [L. musculus, dim. of mus, 
mouse, from its appearance as if 
creeping under the skin.] 

muscle, mussel (mus'l), n. Marine 
bivalve shell-fish, used for food. [A. 
S. muxle. Ger. muschel. Fr. moule. 
All from L. musculus.] 

Muscovite (mus'ko-vlt). I. n. Inhab- 
itant of Muscovy or Russia. II. a. 
Pertaining to Muscovy; Russian. 

muscular ( mus'ku-lar), a. 1. Per- 
taining to muscles. 2." Having strong, 
well-developed muscles ; brawny. — 
mus'cularly, adv. — muscular- 
ity, n. State of being muscular. 

muse (muz). I. vi. and vt. Study in 
silence. II. n. 1. Deep thought. 2. Ab- 
sence of mind.— musingly, adv. [Fr. 
muser, sniff about, — museau, snout.] 
Syn. Contemplate; meditate; con- 
sider; ruminate; ponder. 

Muse (muz), n. One of the nine classic 
deities, patronesses of the liberal arts. 
[Gr. mousa, prob.— mao, invent.] 

museum (mu-ze'um), n. Collection 
of natural, scientific, or other curiosi- 
ties, or of works of art. [L.— Gr. 
mouseion, temple of the Muses.] 

mush (mush), n. Indian meal boiled 
in water. [Ger. m««, pap, sauce.] 

mush room 
( mush'rom ). 
l.n. 1. Edible 
fungus, wild 
or cultivated 
in rich soil and 
in the dark. 2. 
Any toadstool. 
3. One who 
rises rapidly 
from a low 

condition ; upstart. II. a. Of rapid 
growth, and short duration. [Fr. 
mousser on — mousse, moss.] 

music (mu'zik), n. 1. Combination of 
sounds pleasing to the ear; melody or 
harmony. 2. Science which treats of 
harmony. 3. Art of combining sounds 
so as to please the ear. 4. Musical 
composition. 5. Written or printed 
notation of a musical composition. 
[Gr. mousike ( techne, art ) — mousa, 
Muse.] 

musical(mu'zik-al), a. 1. Pertaining to 
or producing music. 2. Pleasing to 
the ear; melodious. 3. Talented for 
music— musically, adv.— mu'sic- 
alness, n. 

musician(mu-zish'an), n. One skilled 
in music; performer of music. [Fr. 
musicien.] 




Mushroom bed. 




Musk-ox. 



mnsk (musk). I. n. 1. Strong perfume, 
obtained from the male musk-deer. 
2. Hornless deer, in Tibet and Ne- 
paul, secreting musk in bags behind 
the navel. II. vt. Perfume with musk. 
musk-apple, — musk-melon, — 
musk'-rose, etc., so called from 
their musky odor. [Pers.] 

muskalong-e (mus'ka-long), n. Large 
American pickerel, 4—6 feet long. 
[Ind. mas kmoje, long nose.] 

musket (mus'ket), n. Former common 
hand-gunof soldiers.— musketeer 
(mus-ket-er'), n. Soldier armed with 
a musket. — mus'kelry, n. 1. Mus- 
kets. 2. Practice with muskets. [Fr. 
movsquet.] 

musk-ox (musk'- 
oks), n. Small 
animal of the 
ox family in- 
habitating 
Arctic Ameri- 
ca, the flesh of 
Which has a 
strong musky 
smell. 

musk-rat(musk'- 
rat), n. N. Amer- 
ican animal of the shrew family, 
whose skin has a strong musky odor. 

musky (musk'i), a. Having the odor 
of musk.— musk'ily, adv.— musk- 
iness, n. 

muslin (muz'lin), n. Thin cotton 
cloth. [Fr. mousseline— Mosul in Me- 
sopotamia.] 

musquito. Same as mosquito. 

muss (mus). I. n. 1. Disturbance; 
wrangle. 2. Confusion; disorder. II. 
vt. Rumple; disarrange. 

mussel (mus'l), n. Marine and fresh- 
water bivalve mollusk. [A.S.] 

Mussulman ( mus'ul-man ), n. [pi. 
muss'ulmans (-manz).] ' Mohamme- 
dan. [Ar. moslemuna pi. of moslem.] 

must (must), vi. Be obliged physically 
or morally. [A.S. mot, moste.] 

mnst(must). I. n.l. Wine pressed from 
the grape, but not fermented. 2. Mus- 
tiness. II. vt. and vi. Make or turn 
musty. [A.S. — L. mustum — mustus^ 
new, fresh.] 

mustache (mus-tash'), n. Beard upon 
the upper lip. [Fr. moustache — Gr. 
mustax, upper lip.] 

mustang- (mus'tang), n. Ha If -wild 
horse of the plains of Texas, Mexico, 
etc. [Sp. musteno.] 

mustard (mus'tard), n. 1. Plant w*th 
a pungent taste. 2. Its seed groirad 
and used as a condiment [O. Fr. 
moustarde — L. mustum, must, orig. 
used in preparing it.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



muster 



360 



mystify 



muster (mus'ter). I. vt. and vi. Assem- 
blers troops for duty or inspection; 
gather. II. n. 1. Assembling of troops. 
2. Inspection; register of troops mus- 
tered; examination. 3. Display: show. 
—Pass muster, pass inspection uncen- 
sured. — mus'ter- roll, n. Register 
of tbe officers and men in each com- 
pany, troop, or regiment. [O. Fr. 
rnostrer—Ij. monstro, show.] 

musty (mus'ti), a. Mouldy; spoiled by 
damp; sour; foul.— must'ily, adv.— 
must'iness, %. 

mutable (mu'ta-bl), a. Subject to 
change.— mutability, mu'table- 
ness,ft. [L. mutabilis—muto, change.] 
Syn. Inconstant. See fickle. 

mutation ( mu-ta'shun ), n. Change. 

mute (mut). I. a. Incapable of speak- 
ing; dumb; silent; unpronounced. II. 
w.l.One who cannot or does not speak. 

2. Letter which is not pronounced, as 
I in calm. 3. Letter which cannot be 
pronounced without the aid of a 
vowel, as p, b, t, d, k, g. — mute'ly, 
adv.— muteness, n. [L. mutus.] 

mutilate (mu'ti-lat), vt. 1. Maim. 2. 
Remove a material part of. — mu- 
tilator, n. One who mutilates. — 
mutila'tion, n. [L. mutilo—mutilus, 
maimed.] ' , [of mutiny. 

mutineer (mu-ti-ner'), n. One guilty 

mutinous (mu'ti-nus), a. Disposed to 
mutiny; seditious. — mu'tinously, 
adv.— mu'tinousness, n. 

mutiny (mu'ti-ni). I. vi. Rise against 
authority, esp. in military or naval 
service. II.' n. Concerted insurbordi- 
nation. [Pr. muiiner—meute — L. mo- 
tus, motion, rising.] [rebellion. 

Syn. Insurrection; revolt; sedition; 

mutter (mut'er). I. vt.&n&vi. Utter 
words in a low voice ; murmur ; grum- 
ble. II. n. Low utterance; growl. — 
mut'terer, n. [Imitative of sound.] 

mutton (mut'n), n. Flesh of sheep.— 
mutton-chop, n. Slice of mutton 
with a rib. _[Fi\ mouton.] 

mutual (mu'tu-al), a. Reciprocal; 
given and received.— mu'tually,adw. 
—mutuality, n. [Fr. mutuel — L. 
mutuus—muto, change, exchange.] 

muzzle (muz'l). I. n. 1. Mouth and 
nose of an animal ; snout. 2. Cage 
for the mouth to prevent biting. 

3. Mouth of a gun, etc. II. vt. 1. Put 
a muzzle on; restrain from biting; 
silence. [O. Fr. musel (Fr. museau) — 
L. morsus, bite.] [A. S. min.] 

my (mi), poss. a. Belonging to me. 

mycology (mi-kol'o-ji), n. Science 
treating of the fungi or mushrooms. 
[Gr. mykes, fungus, and logos, dis- 
course.] 



mynheer (min-har'), n. Dutch title 
corresponding to the English Mr. or 
sir [D. mijnheer.] 

myography (mi-og'ra-fi), n Descrip- 
tion of muscles and their action. [Gr. 
mus, muscl_e,_ and grapho, write.] 

myopia (mi-o'pi-a), myopy (mi'o-pi), 
n. Nearsightedness. — myopic, a. 
[Gr. myo, close, and ops, eye.] 

myriad (mir'i-ad), n. 1. 10,000. 2. 
Any immense number. [Gr. myrias.] 

myriapod (mir'i-a-pod ), n. Worm- 
shaped articulate animal with many 
jointed legs. [Gr. myrios, number- 
less, and pous, foot.] 

Myrmidon (mer'mi-don), n. 1. One 
of a tribe of fierce warriors under 
king Achilles. 2. One of a ruffianly 
band under a daring leader. [Gr.] 

myrrh (mer), n. Bitter, aromatic, 
transparent gum, exuded from the 
bark of a shrub in Arabia. [Gr. 
myrrha—Av. murr—marra, be bitter.] 

myrtle (rner'tl), n. Ever- 
green shrub with beau- 
tiful and fragr ant 
leaves. [Gr. myrtos.] 

myself (mi-self or mer 
self), pron. I or me, 
in person — used (1) for 
the sake of emphasis 
and (2) instead of me 
with reflexive verbs. 

mysterious (mis-te'ri- 
us), a. Containing myste- 
ry; obscure; incompre- 
hensible. — myste'ri- 
©usly,acto.— myste'ri- 
ousness, n. 

mystery (mis'ter-i), n. 

1. Anything very obscure. 2. That 
which is beyond human comprehen' 
sion. 3. Secret religious rite. [Gr. 
mysterion — mystes, one initiated — 
muo, close the eyes.] 

mystery (mis'ter-i), n. Trade; handi- 
craft. 2. Kind of rude drama of a 
religious nature, performed by crafts- 
men. [O. Pr. mestier, trade. (Fr. metier) 
— L. ministerium.] 

mystic (mis'tik), mystical (mis'tik- 
al), a. 1. Relating to or containing 
mystery. 2. Belonging to mysticism. 
— mys'tically, adv. [See mystery.] 

Mystic (mis'tik), n. One of a sect pro- 
fessing belief in direct intercourse 
with the Spirit of God. 

mysticism (mis'ti-sizm), n. 1. Doc- 
trine of the mystics 2 Obscurity. 

mystify(mis'ti fi), vt. 1. Makeobscure 
or unintelligible; involve in mystery. 

2. Puzzle, hoodwink; fool..— mysti- 
iica'tion, n. [ Fr. mystifier—Gv. mys- 
tes, and lu.facio, make.] 




Myrtle. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf* 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



myth 



361 



narcotic 



rmyth (mith), n. Ancient fabulous le- 
gend founded on a remote event or on 
a phenomenon of nature generally 
personified into a god or hero. 2. Per- 
son or thing existing only in imagina- 
tion. — mythic, myth'ical, a. — 
myth'ically, adv. [Gr. mythos.] 

mythologic (mith-o-loj'ik), mytho- 



logical, a. Relating to mythology; 
fabulous. — mytholog'ically, adv. 

mythologist (mi-thol'o-jist), re. One 
versed in, or who writes on, myths. 

mythology (mi-thol'o-ji ), n. 1. Sys- 
tem of myths; treatise regarding 
myths. 2. Body of legends about the 
gods of a people. 



[jpSij n (en), n. Fourteenth letter of 

Ikil the Ea S lisl1 alphabet. It has 

|^ I two sounds, (1) as in noon and 

lULII (2) as in sing. When final after 
m or I, it is silent, as in con- 
demn, kiln. 

nab (nab), vt. [nab'bing; nabbed 
(nabd).] Seize unexpectedly. [Dan 
nappe, catch.] > 

nabob (na'bob), n. 1. Viceroy or gov 
ernor under the Mogul empire. 2. 
Man of great wealth. [Hind, naiwab 
— Ar. nauwab, governors.] \nacrum. 

nacre (na'kr), n. Mother-of-pearl. [L. 

nadir (na'der), n. Point of the heav- 
ens directly opposite the zenith. [Ar.] 

nag (nag), n. Horse, esp. a small or 
bony one. [Dut. negge, small horse.] 

nag- (nag), vt. and vi. Irritate with con- 
tinuous fault-finding; scold or pester 
continually. [A. S. gnagan, gnaw.] 

Naiad (na'yad), n. Female deity, 
fabled to preside over rivers and 
springs; water nymph. [L. naias.] 

naif. See naive. 

nail (nal). I. n. 1. Horny scale at the 
end of the human fingers and toes. 2. 
Claw of a bird or other animal. 3. 
Pointed spike of metal for fastening 
wood, etc. 4. Measure of length (2}4 
inches). II. vt. Fasten with nails. — 
nail'er, n. — nail'ery, n. Place 
where nails are made. [A. S. nagel.] 

nainsook, (nan-spk'), n. Thick kind 
of muslin. [From the valley of Nain- 
sukh in India.] 

naive (na'ev), a. 1. "With natural or 
unaffected simplicity; artless; ingen- 
uous. 2. Uncritical.— na'ively, adv. 
— naivete (na-ev-ta'), n. [Fr. naif, 
(fern, naive)— Li. nativus, innate.] 

naked (na'ked), a. 1. Uncovered; not 
clothed. 2. Unarmed. 3. Unprovided. 
4. Unconcealed. 5. Mere.— na'kedly, 
adv.— nakedness, n. [A. S. nacod.] 
Syn. Nude; bare; unassisted; desti- 
tute; unprotected; manifest; simple. 

namby-pamby (nam'bi-pam'bi), a. 
Weakly sentimental or affectedly 
pretty. 



name (nam). I. n. 1. That by which a 
person or thing is known or called; 
designation. 2. Reputed character; 
reputation; celebrity. 3. Authority; 
behalf. II. vt. 1. Give a name to; 
designate. 2. Speak of by name. 3. 
Nominate. [A. S. nama.] 

nameless (nam'les), a. Without a 
name; undistinguished. 

namely (nam'li), adv. Thatistosay; 
to wit. (Often represented by viz.) 

namesake(nam'sak),n. 1. One named 
after another. 2. One of the same 
name. 

nankeen (nan-ken'), n. Yellow cotton 
cloth first made at Nankin, in China. 
2. In pi. Trousers made of nankeen. 

nan (nap), I. n. Short sleep. II. vi. 
[nap'ping ; napped.] Take a short 
sleep; doze. [A. S. hnaeppian, nod.] 

nap (nap), n. Woolly surface of cloth. 
[A. S. hnoppa — root of knob.] 

nape (nap), n. Projecting joint of the 
neck behind; rear part of neck. 

naphtha (nap'tha or naf'tha), n. In- 
flammable liquid distilled from coal- 
tar, petroleum, etc. [Gr.— Ar. naft.] 

napiform ( na'pi-farm ), a. Turnip- 
shaped. [L. napus, turnip.] 

napkin (nap'kin), n. Small cloth for 
wiping the mouth, hands, etc., at 
table. [Dim. of Fr. nappe— L. nappa, 
cloth.] - [ threadbare. 

napless (nap'les), a. Without nap; 

narcissns (nar-sis'us) 
n. Genus of flower- 
ing plants compris- 
ing the daffodils, 
jonquils, etc., hav- 
ing narcotic proper- 
ties. [Gr. narkissos 
—narke, torpor.] 

narcosis ( nar-k5'- 
sis), n Stupor pro- 
duced by a narcotic. 

narcotic (nar-kof- 
ik). I. a. Producing 
torpor or sleep ; or, 
in large doses, 
death. II. n. Medicine producing 
sleep or stupor. [Fr.— Gr. narke, tor- 
por.] 




Narcissus. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her, mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mate, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



nard 



362 



nauseate 



nard (hard), n. 1. Aromatic plant; 
spikenard. 2. Unguent prepared 
from it. [Pers.J 

narrate (nar-raf), vt. Tell ; recite , 
give an account of.— narra'tion, n. 
[L. narro — gnarus, knowing] 

narrative (nar'a-tiv). I. a. Narrat- 
ing; garrulous. II. n. Story. 
Syn. Recital^ version. See history. 

narrow (nar'o),. I. a. 1. Of little 
breadth. 2. Limited. 3. Contracted 
in mind; bigoted; not liberal; selfish. 
4.Close;barely sufficient. 5. Accurate; 
careful. II. n. (pi.) Narrow passage, 
channel, or strait. III. vt. and vi. 
Make or become narrow; contract.— 
— nar'rowly, adv. — narrowness, 
n. [A. S. nearu.] 

narrow-minded (nar'6-mm'ded),a. 
Of illiberal mind.— nar'- 
row-mind'edness, n. 




Narwhal. 

narwhal (nar'hwal). n. Sea-unicorn, 
a mammal of the whale family with 
one projecting tusk up to 10 feet long. 
[Dan. narhval.] 

nasal (na'zal), I. a. 1. Belonging to 
the nose. 2. Affected by or sounded 
through the nose. II. n. Letter or 
sound uttered through the nose. [Fr., 
from L. nasus, nose ] 

nascent (nas'ent), a. Beginning to 
exist or grow. [L nascens.] 

nasturtium (nals-tur'shi-um), w.Kind 
of cress with a pungent taste and 
smell, and bearing rich flowers. [L = 
"nose tormenting,"— nasus, nose, and 
torqueo, tortum, twist, torment.] 

nasty (nas'ti), a. 1. Dirty. 2. Obscene. 
3. Stormy. 4. Troublesome. 5. Hate- 
ful.— nastily, adv.— nas'tiness, n. 
[O. E. nasky — Sw. snasMg. Cf. Low 
Ger. unnasch.] 

Syn. Filthy; foul; nauseous; mean; 
disagreeable; dishonorable. 

natal (na'tal).a. Pertaining to birth. 
[L. natalis.]_ [L.—nato, swim.] 

natation (na-ta'shun), n. Swimming. 

natatorium (na-ta-to-'ri-um),«.. Place 
for swimming; swimming school. [L.] 

natatory (na'ta-to-ri), a. 1. Used in 
swimming. 2. Swimming. 

nation (na'shun), n. 1. People of com- 
mon descent, inhabiting a country 
under the same goverment. 2. Race. 
[L. nascor—natus, be born.] 



national (nash'un-al), a. 1. Pertain- 
ing to a nation. 2. Devoted to one's 
own country. — nationality, n. 1. 

Relationship to a particular nation. 
2. Nation. 3. Separate existence as a 
nation.— na'tionalize, vt. Make 
national ; make a nation of. 

native (na'tfv). I. a. 1. From or by 
birth; produced by nature; original. 
2. Inborn. 3. Not foreign. II. n. 1. 
One born in a given place. 2. Original 
inhabitant.— na'tively, adv.— na'- 
tiveness, n. [L. nativus.] 

nativity (na-tiv'i-ti), n. 1. Birth, espe- 
cially of Christ. 2. Time, place, and 
manner of birth. 3. Horoscope. 4. 
Picture representing the birth of 
Christ. [neat. 

natty (nat'i), a. Trim; spruce. [Fron: 

natural (nat'u-ral). I. a. 1. Pertain- 
ing to, produced'by, or according bo, 
nature. 2. Born out of wedlock. II. n. 

1. Idiot. 2. In music, character which 
removes the effect of a preceding 
sharp or flat. — nat'urally, adv. — 
naturalness, n. — Natural history, 
study of animals, plants and minerals. 
—Natural philosophy, physics. 

Syn. Inborn; essential; indigenous; 
regular; legitimate; native; not arti- 
ficial; natal; innate; incident; nor- 
mal; spontaneous; unaffected; unas- 
sumed; affectionate; unregenerate. 

naturalism (nat'u-ral-izm), n. 1. Close 
adherence to nature in art, without 
the rudeness of realism. 2. Doctrine 
deying all supernatural influence. 

naturalist ( nat'u-rai-ist ), n. 1. One 
who studies nature. 2. Believer in 
naturalism. 

naturalize (nat'u-ral-iz), vt. 1. Make 
natural or familiar. 2. Invest (a for* 
eigner) with the privileges of citizen- 
ship. 3. Acclimatize; adopt.— natu- 
ralization, n. 

nature (na'tur), n. 1. Material world. 

2. Creative energy of the material 
universe. 3. Essential qualities; cons- 
titution; character; natural disposi- 
tion. 4. Conformity to that which is 
natural. 5. Natural course. 6. Natu- 
ralness. [L. natura, to be born.] 

naught (nat). I. n. 1. Nothing. 2. Ci- 
pher. II. adv. In no degree. III. a. Of 
no value. [A.S. nath—naiviht—na, not, 
and wihl, whit.] 

naughty (nat'i), a. Bad; mischiev- 
ous; perverse. — naughtily, adv. — 
naughtiness, n. 

nausea (na'she-a), n. Sickness of the 
stomach, with a propensity to vomit; 
loathing. [L. — Gr. nausia, sea-sick- 
ness— naus, ship.] _ [or cause nausea. 

nauseate (na'she-at), vi. and vt. Feel 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, pwl, then. 



nauseous 



363 



necromantic 



nauseous ( na'shus ), a. Disgusting; 
loathsome. — nauseously, adv. — 
nau'seousuess, n. 

nautical (na'tik-al), a. Pertaining to 
ships, sailors, or navigation. [Gr. 
nautikos—naus. ship.] 

nautilus (na'ti-lus), n. [pi. nau'tiluses 
or uau'tili.] Kind of shell-fish fur- 
nished with a membrane which was 
once believed to enable it to sail like 
a ship. [L.] 

naval (na'val), a. Pertaining to the 
navy. [L. havalis—navis, ship.] 
Syn. Nautical; maritime; marine. 

nave (nav), n. Middle or body of a 
church, distinct from the aisles or 
wings. _ [L. navls, ship.] 

nave (nav), n. Hub. [A.S. nafu, boss. J 

navel (na'vl), n. Depression in the 
center of the abdomen. [Dim. of 
wave, hub.] 

navigable (nav'i-ga-bl), a. That may 
be traversed by ships. 

navigate (nav'i-gat). I. vt. 1. Manage 
a ship in sailing. 2. Sail on. II. vi. 
Go in a vessel or ship ; sail.— naviga- 
tion, re. Act, science, or art of sailing 
ships.— navigator (nav'i-ga-tur), n. 
1. One who navigates or sails. 2. Offi- 
cer who directs the course of a ship. 
[Li. navigo— tern's, ship, and ago, drive.] 

navvy (nav'i), n. [Eng.] Labour on 
canals, railways, etc. [Abbrev. from 

NAVIGATOR.] 

navy (na'vi), n. 1. Fleet of ships. 2. 
Whole of theships-of-war of a nation. 
3. Officers and men belonging to the 
war-ships of a nation. [O. Pr.— Li. 
navis, ship.] 

nay (na).I. adv. 1. No. 2. Not only so 
but; yet more. II. n. 1. Denial. 2. 
Negative vote. [Icel. net, Dan. net; 
cog. with no.] [2. Early Christian. 

Xazarene (naz-a-ren'), n. 1. Christ. 

neap (nep). I. a. Low, applied to the 
lowest tides. II. n. Neap-tide. [A S. 
nep, scant._ Dan. knap.] 

neaped (nept), a. Left aground in the 
neap-tide. 

near (ner). I. a. 1. Nigh; not far dis- 
tant. 2. Intimate; dear. 3. Close to 
anything imitated. 4. On the left of a 
team. 5. Direct. 6. Sting.v. II. adv.l. 
At a little distance. 2. Almost. III. 
prep. Close by. IV. vt. Approach.— 
nearly, adv.— near'ness, n. [A. S. 
near, nearer, comp. of neah, nigh. Now 
used as a positive. 

near-sighted (ner'-sit-ed) , a. Seeing 
well only when near.— near-sight- 
edness, n. 

neat (net). I. a. Belonging to the bo- 
vine genus. II. n. Ox or cow. [A. S.— 
neotan, employ. Cf. Ger. nutz, profit.] 




Spiral nebula 
in Canes Venatores. 



neat (net), a. 1. Clean. 2. Well-shaped. 
3. Adroit. — neatly, adv. — neat- 
ness, n. [Fr. net— L. nitidus, shining.] 
Syn. Tidy; trim; finished; spruce; 
nice; pure; cleanly. 

neb (neb), n. Beak; nose; nib. [A. S. 
nebb. Cf . Dut. sneb, and Ger. schnabel.] 

nebula (neb'u- 
la), n. Faint, 
misty appear- 
ance in the 
heavens con- 
sisting mostly 
of a group of 
stars.— neb'- 
ula?, pi. [L.] 

nebular (neb'- 
u-lar), a. Per- 
taining to 
nebulas. 

nebulose(neb'- 
u-los), nebulous (neb'u-lus). a. Mis- 
ty: hazy; vague. — nebulosity, n. 

necessary (nes'es-sar-i.) I. a. 1. Un- 
avoidable. 2. Indispensable; essen- 
tial. 3. Not free. II. n. Requisite- 
used chiefly inpl.— nec'essarily,adv. 
[L. necessarius — ne, not, and cessus, 
yielded.] [necessary. 2. Compel. 

necessitate (ne-ses'i-tat), vt. 1. Make 

necessitous ( ne-ses'i-tus ), a. Very 
poor; destitute; pinching. 

necessity ( ne-ses'i-ti ), n. 1. Quality 
of being needed, or needy. 2. That 
which is necessary. 3. Compulsion. 
Syn. Need; exigency; want; indi- 
gence; penury ; strait; extremity ; des- 
titution; emergency; distress; fate. 

neck (nek), ». 1. Part of an animal's 
body between the head and trunk. ?.. 
Long narrow part. [A.S. hnecca.] 

neckerchief ( nek'er-chif ), n. Ker- 
chief for the neck. 

necklace (nek'las), n. Ornament of 
beads or precious stones worn round 
the neck. 

necktie (nek'tl), n. Scarf or band 
worn round the neck and tied in front. 

necrology (nek-rol'o-ji), n. Register 
of deaths. — necrol'ogist, n. [Gr 
nekros, dead, and logos, list.] 

necromancer ( nek'ro-man-ser ), n. 
One who practices necromancy; sor- 
cerer. 

necromancy (nek'ro-man-si), n. 1. 
Pretended art of revealing future 
events by communication with the 
dead. 2. Enchantment; magic. [Gr. 
nekromanteia— nekros, dead and man- 
teia, prophesying.] 

necromantic (nek-ro-man'tik), a. 1. 
Pertaining to necromancy. 2. Per- 
formed by necromancy. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
- mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, than. 



necropolis 



3G4 



nepenthe 



necropolis (nek-rop'o-lis), n. Ceme- 
tery. [Gr. nekros,_dea,a, andpolis, city.] 

necrosis (nek-ro'sis), n. 1. Death of 
a small part of animal tissue. 2. Dis- 
ease in plants showing in black spots 
over decaying parts of the leaves. — 
necrot'ic, a. Characterized by ne- 
crosis. [Gr.] 

nectar (nek'tar), n. 1. In Gr. myth. Fa- 
bled drink of the Gods. 2. Any deli- 
cious beverage; honey in flowers. [Gr.] 

nectarine (nek'ta-rin). I. a. Sweet 
as nectar. II. n. Variety of peach with 
a smooth rind. [nectar. 

nectarous ( nek'ta-rus ), a. Sweet as 

nectary (nek'ta-ri), n. Part of a flower 
whichsecretes honey. 

nee <na), a. Born. (Used to introduce 
the maiden name of a married 
woman). [P'r.] 

nce«l (ned). I. n. State that requires 
reaef; want. II. vt. Have occasion 
f<->r. [A. S. iiyd, nead.] 

needful (ned'fol), a. 1. Full of need; 
needy. 2. Necessary ; requisite. — 
needfully, adv.— needfulness, n. 

needle (ne'dl), n. 1. Small, sharp- 
pointed steel instrument, with an eye 
for a thread. 2. Anything like a need- 
le, as the magnetized pointer of a 
compass. [A.S. naedel.] 

needle-gnu ( ne'dl -gun ), n. Gun or 
rifle loaded at the breech with a car- 
tridge which is exploded by the prick 
of a needle. [need'lessly, adv. 

needless (ned'les), a. Unnecessary.— 

needs (nedz), adv. Of necessity; indis- 
pensably- [A. S nedes, gen. of nead.] 

needy (ne'di), a. Destitute; very poor. 
— need'ily, adv — need'iness, n. 

ne'er(nar), adv. Contraction of never. 

nefarious ( ne-fa'ri-us ), a. Impious; 
wicked in the extreme; villainous.— 
nefa'riously, adv — nefa'rious- 
ness, n. [L nefarius.] 

negation (ne-ga'shun), n. 1. Denial. 
2. Absence of anything affirmative; 
emptiness. [L. negatio.] 

negative(neg'a-tiv). I. a. 1 That de- 
nies. 2. Implying absence. 3. That 
stops or restrains. II. n. 1. Proposi- 
tion by which something is denied. 
2. In gram. Word that denies. 3. Veto. 
4. Side which denies. 5. Picture in 
which the lights and shades are 
reversed. III. vt. 1. Prove the con- 
trary. 2. Reject by vote; veto.— neg'- 
atively, adv. — neg'ativeness, n. 
[Li.—nego, deny.] 

neglect (neg-lekf). I. vt. 1. Disregard. 

2. Omit by carelessness. II. n. 1. Dis- 

regard; slight. 2. Omission. [L. 

negligo — nee, not, and lego, gather.] 

Syn. Inattention; heedlessness. 



neglectful (neg-lekt'fol), a. Careless; 
accustomed to omit or neglect things; 
slighting.— neglect' fully, adv. 

negligee (neg-li-zha'), n. 1. Easy un- 
dress. 2. Plain, loose house gown. 
[Fr. neglige.] 

negligence ( neg'li-jens ), n. Quality 
of being negligent; habitual neglect; 
carelessness; omission of duty. 

negligent (neg'li-jent), a. Neglecting: 
careless ; inattentive. — negligent- 
ly, adv. 

negotiable (ne-go'shi-a-bl), a. Trans- 
ferable. — negotiabii'-ity, n. 

negotiate (ne-go'shi-at). I. vi. Bar- 
gain; hold intercourse for the pur- 
pose of mutual arrangement. II. vt. 
Arrange for by agreement. — nego- 
tiator, n. — negotiation, n. [L. 
negotiator — negotiiwi, business — nee, 
not, and otium, leisure.] 

negro (ne'gro), n. [fern, ne'gress.] 
One of the black race in Africa. [Sp. 
negro— L. niger, black.] 

negus ( ne'gus ), \n. Punch made of 
portwine, hot water, lemon juice, nut- 
meg, and a little sugar. [Invented by 
ColonelJSTegus about 1705.] 

neigb(na). I.m.Utter the cry of a horse. 
ll.'n. Cry of a horse. [A. S. hnaegan.] 

neighbor (na'bur). I. n. Person who 
dwells near another. II. vi. Live near. 
III. vt. Be near to. [A. S. neahbur — 
neah, near, and gebur, dweller.] 

neighborhood ( na'bur-hod ), n. 1. 
State of being neighbors. 2. Adjoin- 
ing district; vicinity. 3. Neighbors. 
Syn. Vicinity; proximity. 

neighborly ( na'bur-li ), a. and adv. 
Like a neighbor ; friendly ; social. 

neither (ne'ther or nl'thev), a.,pron., 
and con]. Not either. [A.S. naivlher— 
nehwaether — na, no, and hwaether, 
either.] [neck. [So. Afr. Dut.] 

nek (nek), n. Mountain pass; corner; 

Nemesis (nem'e-sis), n. 1. In Gr. myth. 
Goddess of vengeance. 2. Retributive 
justice. [Gr.— nemo, distribute.] 

Neolithic (ne-o-lith'ik), a. Of the later 
part of the " Stone age ", when stone 
implements of higher finish were used 
than in the Paleolithic, or first part. 

neology (ne-ol'o-ji), n. 1, New word or 
expression. 2. New doctrine. [Gr 1 

neophyte ( ne'o-fit ), n. 1. New con- 
vert. 2. Novice. [Gr. neos, new, and 
phytos, grown.] 

nepenthe ( ne-pen'the), nepenthes 
(ne-pen'thez), n. 1. Drug that relieves 
pain. 2. Magic potion bringing obliv- 
ion. 3. Plant having a cup or pitcher 
attached to tbe leaf, often filled with 
a sweetish liquid; pitcher plant. [Gr. 
— ne -pviv., and penthos, grief, sorrow.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



nephew 



365 



neurotomy 




Neptune. 



nephew ( nef'u. or nev'u ), n. [fern. 
niece.] Son of a brother or sister. 
[Fr. neveu—Li. nepos.] 

nepotism (nep'o-tizm), n. Undue fa- 
voritism to one's relations. — nep- 
otist, n. One who practices nepotism. 
[L. nepos, nephew.] 

Neptune ( nep'tun), 
n. 1. In Rom. myth. 
God of the sea. 2. 
Outermost known 
planet, discovered 
in 1846, 2,800,000,- 
000 miles distant 
from the sun. 3. 
Fig. The ocean. [L. 
Neptunus.] 

Nereid (ne're-id), n. 
In Gr. myth. Sea- 
nymph, one of the 
daughters of the 
sea-god Nereus, who attended Nep- 
tune riding on sea-horses. 

nerve (nerv). I. n. 1 Orig. tendon or 
sinew. 2. One of the fibers which con- 
vey sensation from all parts of the 
body to the brain. 3. Physical 
strength. 4. Firmness of mind; cour 
age. 5. Assurance; impudence. II. vt, 
Give strength or vigor to; encoumge 
[L. nervus — root of snake. Cf. Ger 
schnur, string.] [or strength, 

nerveless (nerv'les), a- Without nerve 

nervine (ner'vin). I. a. Acting on the 
nerves; quieting nervous excitement. 
II. n. Medicine that soothes the 
nerves. [L. nervinus.] 

nervous (ner'vus).a. 1. Strong; vig- 
orous. 2. Pertaining to the nerves. 
3. Having the nerves easily excited 
or weak.— n^r'vously, adv. — ner'- 
vousnefc. ' a.— Nervous system, brain, 
spinal choid, and nerves collectively. 
[Fr. nerveux — L. nervosus.] 

nervy (ner'vi), a. Exhibiting nerve or 
fortitude; courageous. 

nescience ( nesh'ens ), n. Want of 
knowledge. [L. nescientia — nescio, be 
ignorant — ne, 
not, and scio, 
know ] 

raest(nest). I. n. 1. 
Place in which 
the eggs of an 
animal are laid 
and hatched. 2. 
Comfortable res- 
idence. 3. Abode 
of a large num- 
ber, often in a 
bad sense. 4. 
Number of boxes 

each inside the next larger. II. vi. 
Build and occupy a nest.— Nest-egg. 1. 




Nest. 



Egg left in the nest to induce the hen 
to lay more. 2. Something laid up as 
a beginniug of a collection. [A. S.] 

nestle (nes'l), vi. 1. Lie close or snug, 
as in a nest. 2. Settle comfortably. 
III. vt. Cherish, as a bird her young. 
[A. S. nestlian.] 

nestling- ( nest'ling ). I. a. Newly 
hatched. II. n. Young bird in the nest. 

net (net). I. n. 1. Instrument of twine 
knotted into meshes for catching 
birds, fishes, etc. 2. Anything like a 
net; snare; difficulty. II. vt. [netf- 
ing; nett'ed.] 1. Form as network. 2. 
Take with a net. 3. Cover with net- 
work. III. vi. Form network. [A. S.] 

net (net). La. l.Pure; unadulterated. 
2. Clear of all charges and deduc- 
tions — opposed to gross. II. vt. [netf- 
ing; nett'ed.] Produce as clear profit. 
[See neat.] 

nether (ne^A'er), a. Beneath another; 
lower. — nethermost, a. Lowest. 
[A. S. neothera.] 

netting- (net'ing), n. 1. Act of form- 
ing network. 2. Piece of network. 

nettle (net'l). I. n. Common plant 
covered with poisonous, stinging 
hairs. II. vt. Fret as a nettle does 
the skin; irritate. [AS. netele]. 

nettlerash (net'1-rash), n. Kind of 
fever characterized by a rash or erup- 
tion on the skin like that caused by 
the stings of a nettle. 

network (net'wurk), n. Piece of work 
or fabric formed like a net. 

neural (nu'ral), a. Pertaining to the 
nerves. [Gr.' neuron, nerve.] 

neuralgia (nu-ral'ji-a), n. Pain in the 
nerves. [Gr. neuron, nerve, and algos, 
pain.] [to neuralgia. 

neuralgic (nu-ral'jik), a. Pertaining 

neurasthenia ( nu-ras-the'ni-a), n. 
Nervous debility. [Gr. neuron,' nerve, 
and asthenia, weakness. 

nenriJity(nu-ril'i-ti), n. Specific func- 
tion of the nerves or nerve-fibers — 
that of conducting nerve force 
(stimuli). 

neurology (nu-rol'o-ji), n. Science of 
the nerves and their functions. 

neurologist ( nu-rol-o-jist ), n. One 
well versed in neurology. 

neurosis (nu-ro'sis), n. Nervous dis- 
ease or affection, as hysteria, neuralgia 
etc. [Gr. neuron, nerve.] 

neurotic (nu-rot'ik). I. a. Relating 
to, or seated in, the nerves. II. n. 1. 
Disease of the nerves. 2. Medicine 
useful for diseases of the nerves. 

neurotomy (nu-rot'om-i), n. Cutting 
or dissection of a nerve. [Gr. neuron, 
nerve, and tome, cutting.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil,_owl, then. ■ 



neuter 



366 



nictate 



neuter (nu'ter). I. a. 1. Taking no 
part with either side. 2. Neither mas- 
culine nor feminine. 3. Intransitive. 
4. Without stamens or pistils. 5. 
Without sex. II. n. 1. One taking no 
part in a contest. 2. Plant having 
neither stamens nor pistils. 3. Sex- 
less animal, as the working bee. [L. 
— ne, not, and uter, either.] 

neutral (nu'tral). I. a. 1. Being neu- 
ter: indifferent; unbiased. 2. Neither 
very good nor very bad. 3. Neither 
acid nor alkaline. II. n. Person or 
nation that takes no part in a con- 
test. — neu'trally, adv. —neutral'- 
ity, n. [L. neutralis— neuter, neither.] 

neutralize ( nii'tral-iz ), vt. Render 
neutral, indifferent or of no effect. 
— neu'tralizer, n. — neutraliza'- 
tion, n. 

never (nev'er), adv. 1. Not ever; at no 
time. 2. In no degree; not. [A.S. nae- 
fre—ne, not, and aefre, ever.] 

nevertheless (nev-er-iAe-les'), adv. 
Not the less; in spite of that. 
Syn. But; however; yet; still. 

new ( nu ), a. 1. Having happened or 
originated lately. 2. Not before known. 
3. Not of an ancient family. 4. Reno- 
vated. 5. Unaccustomed. — newly, 
adv.— newness, n. [A.S. niwe, neowe.) 
Syn. Fresh; recent; modern; novel; 
strange; unusual; untried. 

newel (nii'el), n. 1. Upright post from 
which the .steps of a winding stair- 
case radiate. 2. Large post at foot 
or head of a staircase, supporting 
the handrail. [O. Fr. nual—h nucalis, 
like a nut— nux, nut.] 

newfangled (nu-fang'ld), a. 1. Fond 
of new things. 2. Newly devised. 
[Eng. new, and A. S. fongol, disposed 
to take.] 

new-fashioned ( nii-fash'und ), a. 
Newly fashioned ; lately come into 
fashion. 

Newfoundland (nu'f und-land), n. Va- 
riety of large water-dog from New- 
foundland. 

news (nuz), n. 1. Something new. 2. 
Recent account; fresh information of 
something that has just happened.— 
news-agent, n. Dealer in news- 
papers, magazines, etc.— newsboy, 
newsman, n. Boy or man who deli- 
vers or sells newspapers. — news- 
monger (nuz'mung-er), n. Gossip. 
— news'paper, n. .Paper published 
periodically for circulating news, etc. 

New-Style (nii'-stil), n. Gregorian 
(as opposed to the Julian) method of 
reckoning the calendar. 

newsy (nu'zi), a. Full of news. 



newt (nut), n. Small amphibious ani- 
mal similar to a lizard. [From M. E. 
an ewt—A. S. eft, efeta. Cf. Low Ger. 
efditz, lizard.] 

New Year (nu'yer), New- Year's 
day (nu'yerz-da), n. First day of the 
year; January 1. 

next (nekst). I. a. Nearest in place, 
time, order, degree, rank, relation, 
etc. II. adv. Nearest; immediately 
after. [A. S. neahst, nyhst, superl. of 
neah, near.] 

nib (nib), n. Something small and 
pointed; point, esp. of a pen.— nib- 
bed (nibd), a. Having a nib. [Same 

as NEB.] 

nibble (nib'l), vt. and vi. Bite by 
small nips; eat by bits. — nib'bler, 

n. [Freq. of nip.] 

nibliek (nib'lik), n. Golf club with a 
cup-shaped iron head. 

nice (nis), a. 1. Foolishly particular; 
hard to please; fastidious. 2. Requir- 
ing refinement of apprehension or 
delicacy of treatment. 3. Exact. 4. 
Delicate; dainty. 5. Agreeable; de- 
lightful.— nice'ly, adv.— nice'ness, 
n. — nicety (ni'se-ti), n. 1. Quality 
of being nice. 2. Delicate manage- 
ment; delicacy of perception. 3. Sub- 
tlety; precision. 4. Fastidiousness; 
squeamishness. — To a nicety, with 
great exactness; to a turn. [O. Fr. 
nice, foolish — L. nescius, ignorant.] 

niche (nich). I. n. Recess in a wall for 
a statue, etc. II. vt. Place in a niche. 
[It. nicchia — L. mitulus, sea-shell.] 

nick (nik). I. n. 1. Notch cut into 
something. 2. Score or tally. 3. 
Precise moment of time. II. vt. Cut 
in notches. [Another form of notch.] 

Nich (nik), n. Old Nick: devil. [A. S. 
nicor, Water-spirit. See nix.] 

nickel (nik'el), n. 1. Grayish-white 
metal, very malleable and ductile. 2. 
U. S. nickel coin, of the value of five 
cents. [Sw. and Ger. — Sw. koppar- 
nickel, lump of copper. Cf. Icel. hnikill, 
lump.] [as knick-knack.] 

nicknack (nik'nak), n. Trifle. [Same 

nickname ( nik'nam ). I. n. Name 
given in contempt or sportive famil- 
iarity. II. vt. Give a nickname to. 
[Corrupt, of Mid. Eng. an ekename, an 
additional name. Cf. Sw. oeknamm. 
Low Ger. oekelnam. See eke.] 

nicotine (nik'o-tin or -ten), n. Poison- 
ous volatile alkaloid base obtained 
from the tobacco plant. [After Jean 
Nicot, who sent the first tobacco to 
France f romLisbon.] 

nictate (nik'tat), nic'titate, wtf.Wink. 
— nicta'tion, nictita'tion, n. [L. 
nictare, nod, wink.] 



fate, fat, task, far, f all, fare, above ; m§, met, her,; mite, mit; nOte, not, move, wolf j 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl. Men. ■ 



nidging 



367 



no 



nidging (nij'ing), a. Insignificant. 

nidorous (ni'do-rus),a. Steaming and 
reeking,_as in cooking. [L.] 

niece (nes), n. Daughter of a brother 
or sister. [Fr. niece.'] 

nidns (nl'dus), n. Nest. [Li.] 

niello (ni-el'o),7i. Rich design in black 
on silver ground, or conversely in 
silver on black ground, the black con- 
sisting of an alloy, with which the 
grooves in the silver are filled. [It.— 
L. nigellum, blackish.] 

niggard (nig'ard). I. n. Miser. II. a. 
Meanly avaricious. — nig'garaiy, 
adv.— niggardliness, n. 

nigger (uig'er), n. Negro. [A more En- 
glish form xih&wnegro— L.mge?*,black.] 

nigh (m). I. a. Near; not remote in 
time, etc. ; close. II. adv. Near; almost. 
III. prep. Near to. [A. S. neah.] 
Syn. Adjacent; contiguous. 

night (nit), n. 1. Time from sunset to 
sunrise. 2. Darkness, intellectual or 
moral; state of adversity; death. [A. 
S. niht. prob.— Sans, nac, vanish.] 

nightcap (nit'kap), n. 1. Cap worn at 
night in bed. So nightdress, 
nightgown, nightshirt. 2. Drink 
taken at bedtime. [the night. 

nightfall ( nit'f al ) , n. Beginning of 

nightingale (ni't'in- 
gal), n. Small bird 
celebrated for its 
singing at night. [A. 
S. nihtegale — niht, 
night, and galan, 
sing. See yell.] 

nightly (nit'li). I. a. 
Done or happening 
by night or every 
night. II. By night; 
every night. 

nightmare (nit'mar), n- Dream ac- 
companied with pressure on the 
breast, and a feeling of powerlessness 
of motion or speech. [A. S. niht, nigh, 
and mara, incubus. ]_ 

nightshade (nit'shad), n. Name of 
several plants having narcotic prop- 
erties. 

nihilism (nl'hi-lizm ), n. 1. Belief in 
nothing. 2. In Russia, the system of 
socialists, seeking to overturn all the 
existing institutions of society. [From 
L. nihil, nothing.] [f esses nihilism.] 

nihilist (ni'hi-list), n. One who pro- 
nil ( nil ), n. Nothing. [L. contr. of 
nihil, nothing.] [bus. 

nimbed ( nimbd ), a. Having a nim- 

niinble (nim'bl), a. Light and quick in 
motion.— nimbly, adv.— nim'ble- 
ness, n. [A.S. numol, quick at catch- 
ing,— niman (Ger. nehmen), take.] 
Syn. Agile; quick. See lively. 




Nightingale. 



nimbus (nim'bus), n. 1. Rain-cloud; 

2. Circle or disk of light round the 

heads of saints, etc. [L.] 
nincompoop (nin'kum-pop), n. Fool. 

[From L. non compos (mentis).] 
nine ( nin ), a. and n. Eight and one. 

[A. S. nigon.] [repeated. 

ninefold (nm'fold), a. Nine times 
ninepins (nin'pinz), n. Game in which 

nine large wooden pins are set up to 

be bowled at. [ten. [A.S. nigontyne.] 
nineteen (nin-ten'),a. and n. Nine and 
ninety (nin'ti), a. and n. Nine times 

ten. [A.S. nigontig.\ [ninno, child.] 
ninny (nin'i), n. Simpleton; fool. [It. 
ninth (ninth). I. a. Last of nine; next 

after the 8th. II. n. One of nine equal 

parts. [A.S. nigotha.] [place. 

ninthly ( ninth'li ), adv. In the ninth 
nip (nip), n. Sip. [Ger. nippen, take 

a sip.] 
nip (nip). I. vt. [nip 'ping; nipped.] 1. 

Pinch. 2. Cut off the edge, end, or 

point, as with a pair of pincers. 3. 

Check the growth or vigor of. II. n. 

1. Pinch. 2. Cutting off the end. 3. 
Blast; destuction by frost. — nip'- 
pingly, adv.— [From root of knife. 
Dut. knijpen. Ger. kneipen.] 

nipper (nip'er), n. 1. He who or that 
which nips. 2. One of the 4 fore-teeth 
of a horse. 3. In pi. Small pincers. 

nipple (nip'l), n. 1. Mammilla; teat. 

2. Small projection with an orifice, 
as the nipple of a gun. [A dim. of nib.] 

nit (nit), n. Egg of a louse or other 
small insect. [A. S. hnitu.] 

niter, nitre ( ni'ter ),n. Nitrate of 
potash. [Fr.— Gr. nitron— Ar. nitrun, 
natrun.] 

nitrate (ni'trat), n. Salt of nitric acid. 
—Nitrate of silver, lunar caustic— ni'- 
trated, a. Combined with nitric acid. 

nitric (ni'trik), a. Pertaining to, con- 
taining, or resembling niter. 

nitrogen (ni'tro-jen ). n. Colorless,, 
tasteless and odorless gas forming 
nearly four-fifths of the atmospheric 
air by volume .— nitrog'enons, a. 
[Gr. nitron, and gennao, generate.] 

nitro-glycerine (m-tro-glis'er-in) , n. 
Explosive compound produced by the 
action of nitric and sulphuric acids 
on glycerine. 

nitrous (ni'trus), a. Resembling or 
containing niter. — Nitrous oxide, 
laughing gas. 

nix (niks), nixie (niks'i), n. Water 
spirit, good or bad. [Ger. nix (fern. 
nixe). ] [Short for none.] 

no (no), a. Not any; not one; none. 

no (no), adv. Word of refusal or de- 
nial. [A. S. na, compounded of ne, 
not, and a, ever.] 



(ate, fat, taak, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn: oil, owl, then. 



nob 



368 



nonconformist 



nob (nob), n. Knob; bead. 

nob (nob), n. Superior sort of person. 

[A familiar contr. of nobleman.] 
nobby (nob'i), a. Stylish ; elegant ; 

swell. [Slang.] 
nobility (no-bil'i-ti), n. 1. Superiority 

in rank L character, etc. 2. Peerage. 
noble (no'bl). I. a. 1. Exalted in rank, 

or high birth. 2. High in excellence. 

3. Generous. II. n. Person of exalted 
rank; peer.— nobleman, n. — no- 
bleness, n.— nobly, adv. [Fr.— L. 
nobilis.] 

Syn. Honorable ; lofty. See grand. 

nobody (no'bod-i), n. 1. No person. 
2. Personof no account. 

noeent (no'sent), a. Harmful. 

noctambulist (nok-tam'bu-list), n. 
One who walks in his sleep. [Lt.—nox, 
night, and ambulo, walk.] 

nocturn (nok'turn), n. Religious ser- 
vice at night. [L. noctumus—nox, 
night.] 

nocturnal (nok-tur'nal), a. Pertain- 
ing to night; happening by night; 
roaming at night. 

nod (nod). I. vi. [nod'ding, nod'ded.] 

1. Give a quick forward motion of 
the head. 2. Let the head drop in 
weariness. II. vt. 1. Incline. 2. Sig- 
nify by a nod 3. Be drowsy. III. n. 
Bending forward of the head quickly. 
[Mid. Eng. nodden.] [See node.] 

nodal (no'dal), a. Pertaining to nodes. 
noddle (nod'l), n. Head. [O. Dut. 

knodde,Jmoh.] 
node (nod), n. 1. Knot; knob. 2. One 

of the two points at which the orbit 

of a planet intersects the ecliptic. 3. 

Point where a curve intersects itself. 

4. Joint of a stem or place where the 
leaves grow out. [ L. nodus (for 
gnodus) Allied to knot.] 

nodose (no'dos), a. Having knots or 
swelling joints; knotty. [lump. 

nodule (nod'ul), n. Little knot or 

noise (noiz). I. n. 1. Sound. 2. Over- 
loud sound; din. 3. Loud talk; rumor. 
II. vt. Spread by rumor. [O.Fr. noise.] 
Syn. Clamor; clatter. 

noiseless (noiz'les), a. Without noise; 
silent,— noiselessly, adv.— noise'- 
lessness, n. 

noisome (noi'sum), a. 1. Unhealthy. 

2. Disgusting.— noi'somely, adv. 
Syn. Unwholesome; insalubrious; 

noxious; offensive; destructive. 

noisy (noi'zi), a. Making a loud noise 
or sound ; clamorous ; turbulent. — 
noisily, adv.— noi'siness, n. 

nolle prosequi (nolle pros'e - kwi ). 
Formal discontinuance of a legal 
proceeding, either civil or criminal. 
[L.=Refuse to prosecute.] 



nomad(nom'ad), n. One of a tribe that 
wanders about in quest of game, or of 
pasture. [Gr. nomas— nomos, pasture.] 

nomadic (no-mad'ik), a. Pertaining 
to or resembling nomads ; wandering. 

nomenclature ( no'men-kla-tur), n. 
1. System of naming. 2. Technical 
terms of a science. 

nominal (nom'in-al), a. 1. Pertaining 
to a name. 2. Existing only in name. 
3. Formed from a noun.— nominal- 
ly, adv. [L. nominalis—nomen, name.] 

nominalism (nom'in-al-izm), n. Doc- 
trine that general terms have no cor- 
responding reality either in or out of 
the mind, being mere words. 

nominate (nom'in-at), vt. Name; ap- 
point; propose by name. [L. nomino.] 

nomination (nom-in-a'shun), n. 1. 
Act of power or nominating. 2, State 
of being nominated. 

nominative(nom'in-a-tiv).I.a.l.Nam- 
ing. 2. In gram. Applied to the case 
of the subject. II. n. Case of the 
subject. [who nominates. 

nominator ( nomln-a-tur ), n. One 

nominee (nom-in-e'), n. One nomin- 
ated, or appointed. 

non-. Not, a Latin word used as a 
prefix, as in non-appear'ance, non-at- 
tend'ance, non-compli' ance. 

nonage (non'aj), n. State of being not 
of age ; minority — non'ag-ed, a. 

nonagenarian (non-a-je-na'ri-an), n. 
One ninety years old." [d.— nonageni, 
ninety each.] 

nonce (nons), n. Present time or occa- 
sion. [From for then ones. See once.] 

nonchalance ( nang-sha-langs' ), n. 
Coolness; indifference. [Fr.] 

noncnalant(nang-sha-lang'), a. Care- 
less; reckless; cool; indifferent. [Fr. 
-non, not, and chaloir, get hot.] 

non-commissioned (non-kom-mish'- 
und), a. Not having a commission 
(from the President), as an officer in 
the army or navy below the rank of 
lieutenant. 

non-committal ( non-kom-mit'al ), 
a. Unwilling to express an opinion; 
not pledging to any course or view. 

non compos mentis (non-kom'pos- 
men'tis), n. Not of sound mind. [L.] 

non-coiicurrenee(non-kon-kur'ens), 
n. Dissent; refusal to agree. 

non-conductor ( non-kon-duk'tur), 
n. Substance which does not transmit 
certain properties or conditions, as 
heat or electricity; insulator. 

nonconformist ( non-kon-farm'ist ), 
n. One who does not conform; esp. 
one who refused to conform to the 
established church of England at the 
restoration of Charles II. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf ; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



nonconformity 



369 



north-eastern 



nonconformity (non-kon-farro'i-ti ), 
n. 1. Want of conformity. 2. In En- 
gland, refusal to unite with the estab- 
lished church. 

non-content (non'kon-tent or non- 
kon-tent'), n. 1. One not content. 2. 
In the British House of Lords, one 
giving a negative vote. 

nondescript (non'de-skript). I. a. 1. 
Novel. 2. Odd; unclassifiable, II. n. 

I. Anything not yet described or 
classed. 2. Person or thing not easily 
described or classed. [L. non. not, 
and descriptus, described.] 

none (nun), a. and pron.; sing, snidpl. 
Not one; not any; not the smallest 
part. [A.S. nan—ne, and an, one.] 

nonentity (non-en'ti-ti), n. 1. Want 
of entity or being. 2. Thing not exist- 
ing. 3. Person or thing of no value. 

nones (nonz), n. 1. In the Roman 
calendar, the ninth day before the ides 
—the 5th of Jan., Feb., April, June, 
Aug., Sept., Nov., Dec, and the 7th of 
the other months. 2. In R. C. Church, 
season of prayer observed at noon 
(formerly at 3 p. M., the ninth (nona) 
hour). [L.— nonus, ninth— novem, nine.] 

nonesuch (nun'such), n. Thing supe- 
rior to all others. 

nonfulfillment (non-fol-fil'ment), n. 
Failure or neglect to fulfill, [ration. 

nonillion ( no-nil'yun ), n. See numb- 

non-juring (non-30'ring), a. Not 
taking the oath of allegiance. 

nonobservance (non-ob-zer'vans), n. 
Failure or neglect to observe. 

nonpareil (non-pa-rel'). I. n. 1. Per- 
son or thing without an equal. 2. Un- 
qualified excellence. 3. Small print- 
ing type between minion and agate. 

This line is printed in Nonpareil. 

II. a. Without an equal; matchless. 
[Fr.—non, not, and pareil, equal.] 

nonpayment (non-pa'ment), n. Fail- 
ure or neglect to pay. 

nonplus(non'plus). I. n. State in which 
no more can be done or said; great 
difficulty. II. vt. [non'plusing or non'- 
plussing; non'plused or non'plussed.] 
Throw into complete perplexity; puz- 
zle. [L. non, not, andpZws, more.] 

non-resident (non-rez'i-dent), a. Not 
residing in the place. 

nonresistance (non-re-zis'tans), n. 
Passive submission, as to injustice. 

nonsense (non'sens), n. 1. Absurd talk 
or actions. 2. Trifles. 

Syn. Folly; absurdity; balderdash: 
silliness; stuff; twaddle; trash. 

nonsensical (non-sen'sik-al), a. With- 
out sense; absurd.— nonsensical- 
ly, adv. 



nonsuit (non'siit). I. n. Withdrawal 
of a suit at law, either voluntarily or 
by the judgment of the court. II. vt. 
Order that a plaintiff drop his suit. 

noodle ( no'dl ), n. Simpleton; block- 
head. [Colloq.] 

noodle (no'dl), n. Dough formed in 
strips, dried, and used in soups. [Ger. 
nudel] [treat; corner. [Gael, nine] 

nook (nok), n. Narrow secluded re- 
noon (non). I. n. Mid-day; time when 
the sun is in the meridian. II. a. 
Belonging to mid-day; meridional. 
[A. S. non-tid (noontide) — L. nona 
(hora), ninth (hour). See nones.] 

noonday (non'da), n. Mid-day. 

noontide (non'tid), n. Time of noon; 
mid-day. 

noose (nos). I. n. Loop formed with a 
running knot. II. vt. Tie or catch in 
a noose. [O. Fr. nous, plur. of nou — 
L. nodus, knot.] 

nor (nar), conj. Particle marking the 
second part of a negative proposi- 
tion; correlative to neither or not. 
[Contr. — noiher, a form of neither.] 

noria (no'ri-a), n. Water-raising ma- 
chine driven by the current of a 
river, with travelling buckets ranged 
round the rim of a wheel, submerged 
below and discharging at tne great- 
est point of elevation. [Sp.] 

normal (nar m'al) , a. 1. According to 
rule; regular. 2. Model; standard. 
3. Perpendicular.— norin'ally, adv. 
— Normal school, school for training 
teachers. [L. normalis — norma, rule.] 

Norman (nar'man). I. n. Native or 
inhabitant "of Normandy. II. a. Per- 
taining to the Normans or to Nor- 
mandy. [The invading Northmen 
from Scandinavia gave their name to 
Normandy.] 

Norse (nars). I. a. Pertaining to an- 
cient Scandinavia. II. n. Language of 
ancient Scandinavia. [Norw. Norsk 
(=Northisk). from ^orth.] 

north (narth), n. 1. One of the four 
cardinal" points of the compass; op- 
posed to south. 2. Region, district, 
or part of country lying to the north. 
—north-star, n. North polar star. 
[A. S. north.'] 

north-east (narth-esf). I. n. Point 
between the north and east, equidis- 
tant from each. II. a. Belonging to, 
coming from or moving toward the 
north-east. 

north-easterly (narth-est'er-li), a. 
Toward or coming from the north- 
east. 

north-eastern (narth-es'tern), a. Be- 
longing to the north-east; being in 
the north-east, or in that direction. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



north-oast ward 



370 



notify 



north-eastward ( narth-est'ward ), 
adv. Towards the north-east. 

northerly (narW/er-li)., I. a. Being 
toward the north; from the north. 
II. adv. Toward or from the north. 

northern (nar^'ern), a. Pertaining 
to the north; "being in the north or in 
direction towards it.— northerner, 
n. One living in the north. 

northernmost (nar^'er n-m 6 s t ) , 
northmost (nar'th'mdst), a. Situ- 
ate at the point furthest north. 

northward (narth'ward), north'- 
wardly (nartti'ward-ii). I. a. Being 
toward the north. II. adv. {also 
northwards), toward the north. 

north-west (narth-wesf). I. n. Point 
-it ween the north and west, equi- 
distant from each. II. a. Pertaining 
to or from the no$th-west. 

north-westerly (narth-west'er-li), a. 
Toward or from the'north-west. 

north-western (narth-west'ern), a. 
Pertaining to, or being in, the north- 
west or in that direction. 

Norwegian (nar-we'ji-an ). I. a. Per- 
taining to Norway. II." n. Native of 
Norway. 

A, B and C. Su- 
perior, middle 
and inferior tur- 
binate bones. D. 
Upper jaw-bone. 
E. Uvula, soft 
palate. H. H. Net- 
work of olfact- 
ory nerves. I. Up- 
per jaw branches 
of the tripartite 
nerve K. L. Tip 
of the nose. M. Upper lip. N. Nasal bone. 

nose (noz). I. n. l: Organ of smell. 2. 
Power of smelling; sagacity. 3. Some- 
thing resembliug a nose. II. vt. Smell; 
trace or pry out. III. vi. Smell ; sniff; 
pry. [A. S. nosu.] [horse. 

nosebag (noz'bag), n. Feedbag for a 

nosegay (noz'ga), n. Bunch of fragrant 
flowers; posy; bouquet. 

nosology (nos-ol'o-ji), n. Branch of 
medicine which treats of the classifi- 
cation and nomenclature of diseases. 
—nosological, a.— nosol'ogist, n. 
[ Gr. nosos, disease, and logos, dis- 
course.] 

nostril (nos'tril), n. One of the aper- 
tures of the nose. [A. S. nosthyrl — 
nos, for nosu, nose, and thyrel, door.] 

nostrum (nos'trum), n. Medicine the 
composition of which is kept secret; 
quack or patent medicine. [L.=our 
own.] 




Exterior wall of 
left nostril. 



not (not), adv. "Word expressing de- 
nial, negation, or refusal. [Same as 

NAUGHT.] 

notability (no-ta-bil'i-ti), n. 1. Being 
notable. 2. Notable person or thing. 

notable (no'ta-bl). I. a. 1. "Worthy of 
being noted; remarkable; distin- 
guished. 2. Plain. II. n. Person or 
thing worthy of note.— no'tably, adv. 
Syn. Memorable. See eminent. 

notary (no'ta-ri), n. Officer authori- 
zed to attest signatures in deeds, 
contracts, etc, administer oaths, take 
depositions, etc.— nota'rial, a. [L. 
notarius.] 

notation (no-ta'shun),"w. 1. Act or 
practice of recording by marks or 
symbols. 2. System of signs or sym- 
bols. [Li. notatio — noto, mark.] 

notch (noch). I. n. Nick cut in any- 
thing. II. vt. Cut a nick in. [Se# 
nick, notch.] 

note (not). I. n. 1. That by which a 
person or thing is known ; mark or 
sign. 2. Brief explanation; short re- 
mark; memorandum. 3. Short letter. 
4. Diplomatic paper. 5. In mus. 
Mark representing a sound, also the 
sound itself. 6. Paper acknowledging 
a debt and promising payment, as a 
bank-note, or note of hand. 7. No- 
tice, heed, observation. 8. Reputa- 
tion; fame. II. vt. 1. Make a note of; 
notice. 2. Mark; denote. 3. Record 
in writing. [Pr. — L. nota—gno, root 
of no sco, know.] 

noted (no'ted), a. Well known; cele- 
brated ; eminent.— no'tedly, adv. 

noteworthy (uot'wnr-thi), a. Worthy 
of note or notice. 

nothing (nuth'ing). I. n. 1. No thing. 
2. Non-existence; absence or negation 
of being. 3. No part or degree. 4. 
Of no value or use; trifle. 5. Cipher. 
II. adv. In no degree; not at all.— 
noth'ingness, n. 

notice (no'tis). I. n. 1. Act of noting; 
attention. 2. Information; warning. 
3. Respectful treatment.!!.^. l.Mark; 
see. 2. Attend to. 3. Make observations 
upon. 4. Treat with civility. [Fr.— 
L. notitia—nosco, know.] 

Syn. Observation; heed; note; con- 
sideration; regard notification; inti- 
mation; advice; news; intelligence. 

noticeable (no'tis-a-bl), a. Able to be 
noticed; worthy of observation. — 
no'ticeably, adv. 

notification ( no-ti-fi-ka'shun ), n. 1. 
Act of notifying. 2. Notice given; 
written notice. [See notify.] 

notify (no'tMi), vt. Give notice or in* 
formation to. [Fr. nctifler — L. notue, 
known, and facio, make.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



notion 



371 



numerate 



notion (no'shun), n. 1. Conception; 
opinion; whim. 2. Intention; dis- 
position. 3. Knick-knack ; small 
novelty.— notional, a. [Fr. — L. notio 
—nosco, know.] 

notoriety (no-to-rl'e-ti), ». State of 
being notorious; public exposure. 

notorious (no-to'ri-us), a. Publicly 
known (now used in a bad sense) ; 
infamous. — notoriously, adv. — 
notoriousness,?*. [Low L. notorius, 
making known.] 

notwithstanding* ( not-with-stand'- 
iug). I. adv. and conj. Nevertheless; 
however; yet. II. prep. In spite of. 

nought (nat). I. n. Not anything; 
nothing. II. adv. In no degree. — Set 
at nought, despise. [Same as naught.] 

noun (nown), n. In gram. Name of 
anything; substantive. [O. Pr. non 
(Pr. riom)— L. nomen. See name.] 

nourish (nur'ish), vt. 1. Feed; make 
grow ; briug up. 2. Support ; en- 
courage. — nourishment , n. 1. Act 
of nourishing or the state of being ' 
nourished. 2. That which nourishes; 
food. [Fr. nourrir—Lt. nutrio. ] 

novel (nov'el). I. a. New; unusual; 
strange. II. n. Fictitious tale; ro- 
mance. [L. novus, new.] 

novelette (nov-el-ef), n. Small novel. 

novelist (nov'el-ist), n. Novel-writer. 

novelty ( nov'el-ti ), n. 1. State of 
being novel; newness. 2. Anything 
new or strange. 

November (no-vem'ber), n. Eleventh 
month of the year. [Ninth month of 
the old Roman year; L. novem. nine.] 

novena (no-ve'na), n. (B. C.) Prayers 
said for nine consecutive days . 

novice (nov'is),w. 1. Onenewinany- 
thing; beginner. 2. One newly receiv- 
ed into a religious order or institu- 
tion; probationer. [L. novus, new.] 

novitiate (no-vish'i-at), n. 1. Stateor 
period of being a novice. 2. Novice. 

now (now). I. adv. 1. At the present, 
time. 2. Recently. 3. At the time; 
meanwhile; on the other hand. II. n. 
Presenttime. [A.S.m/.] [sent time. 

nowadays(now'a-daz), adv. Atthepre- 

noway (no'wa), noways (no'waz), 
adv. In no manner or degree. 

nowhere (uo'whar), adv. In no place. 

nowise (no'wiz), adv. In no degree. 

noxious (nok'shus), a. Injurious; des- 
tructive; poisonous; corrupting. — 
nox/iously, adv. — nox'iousness, 
n. [L. noxius—noxa, harm— noceo,hurt.] 

nozzle (noz'l), n. Spout or projecting 
mouth-piece. [Diminutive of nose.] 

N-rays (en'raz), n. Radiant energy 
emitted by active tissues. 

nucleate (no'kle-at). I. vt. To form into 



or around a nucleus. II. vi. To form 
a nucleus; gather around a center. 
— nucleated, a. Having a nucleus. 

nucleus ( nu'kle-us ), n. [ pi. nuclei 
(nu'kle-i) . Central mass ; kernel ; core. 

nudation (nu-da'shun), n. Baring. 

nude(nud) a. Naked; bare; undraped. 
— nude'ly, adv. [L. nudus.] 

nudge (nuj). I. n. Gentle push or jog. 
II. vt. Push gently. [Akin to KNOCK.Cf. 
Prov. Ger. fcnutschen, hue:, squeeze.] 

nudity (nu'di-ti), n. 1. Nakedness. 2. 
pi. Naked parts orfigures. 

nugatory (nu'gato-rl), a. 1. Trifling; 
vain; insignificant. 2. Of no power; 
ineffectual. [L.—nugae, jokes, trifles.] 

nugget (nug'et), n. Lump as of a 
metal. [Etymology doubtful.] 

nuisance (nu'sans), n. 1. That which 
unlawfully annoys or harms. 2. That 
which troubles or is offensive. [Fr. 
— L. noceo, hurt.] [nullits, not any.] 

null (nul), a. Of no force; void. [L. 

nullify (nul'i-fi),^. [nullifying; null- 
ified.] Render void or of no effect. [Fr. 
nullifier— L. nullus, and facio, make.] 
Syn. Revoke; cancel. See annul. 

nullity (nul'i-ti), n. 1. State of being 
null or void; nothingness. 2. That 
which lacks force or efficacy. 

numb (num). I. a. Deprived of sen- 
sation or motion. II. vt. [numbing 
(num'ing); numbed (numd'). ] Make 
numb; deaden. — numbness, n. [A. 
S. numen, pa. p. of niman, take away.] 

number (num'ber). I. n. 1. That by 
which things are counted or com- 
puted. 2. Collection of things; more 
tbanone. 3. Unit in counting; nu- 
merical figure. 4. Metre, verse, esp. 
in pi. 5. In gram. Difference in words 
to express singular or plural.6.pZ. 4th 
book of the Old Test, from its having 
the census of the Israelites. II. vt. 

1. Count. 2. Reckon as one of a mul- 
titude. 3. Mark with a number. 4. 
Amount to. [Fr. nombre—L,. numerus.] 

numberless (num'ber-les), a. 1. With- 
out number. 2. More than can be 
counted. 

numerable (nu'mer-a-bl), a. That 
may be numbered or counted. [L. 
numerabilis.]_ 

nnmeral (nu'mer-al). I. a. Pertaining 
to or consisting of" numbers. II. n. 
Figure used to express a number, as 
the Arabic numerals: 1, 2, 3, etc., 
the Roman numerals: I V X L D M 
etc. [L. numeralis— numerus.] 

numerary (nu'mer-ar-i), a. Belong- 
ing to a certain number. [Fr. mm- 
meraire— Low L. numerarius.] 

numerate (nu'mer-at), vt. 1. Number. 

2. Point off and read, as figures. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; n5te, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, buru; oil, owl, then. 



numeration 



373 



nymph 



numeration (nu-mer-a/shun), n. 1. 
Act of numbering. 2. Method of 
reading numbers. According to the 
English numeration, a billion is repre- 
sented by a unit and 12 ciphers; ac- 
cording to the French numeration, 
followed in the U. S., Germany etc., 
by a unit and 9 ciphers. A trillion has, 
in Engl. 18 ciphers, in Fr. 12, and so 
on:quadrillion, quintillion, sextillion, 
septillion, octillion, nonillion, etc. 

English num. French num. 
Ttiin™ 5 0ne million < One thousand 

iillllon \ millions. \ millions. 

Trim™ 5 One million ( One thousand 

iriUlon I billions. \ billions. 

Quadrillion . . j One million < One thousand 
^ ( trillions. ( trillions. 

numerator (nu'mer-a-tiir), n. 1. One 
who numbers. 2. Upper number of a 
vulgar fraction, which expresses the 
number of fractional parts taken. 

numeric ( nu-mer'ik ), numerical, 
a. Belonging to, or consisting in num- 
ber.— numerically, adv. 

numerous (nu'mer-us), a. Great in 
number; many. — numerously, adv. 
— nu'merousness, n. 

numismatic (nu-mis-mat'ik), a. Per- 
taining to money, coins, or medals. — 
numismatics, n. Science of coins 
and medals. [L. numisma—Gr. no- 
misma, current coin— nomizo, use com- 
monly— nomos, custom.] 

nummary (num'a-ri), a. Pertaining to 
coins. [L. nummarius — nummus, coin.] 

numskull (num'skul), n. Blockhead. 

nun (nun), n. Woman who devotes 
herself to celibacy and seclusion in a 
convent. [A. S. nunna—lu. nonna, nun.] 

nuncio (nun'shi-o), n. Representative 
of the Pope at a foreign court or seat 
of government. [ It. — L. nuncius, 
messenger.] 

nuncupative (nun-kii'pa-tiv), nun- 
cupatory (nun-ku'pa-to-ri). a. Oral; 
verbal; not written. [K— nuncupate, 
call by name.] [nuns. 

nunnery ( nun'er-i ), n. Convent for 

nuptial (nup'shai), a. Pertaining to 
marriage. — nuptials, n. pi. Mar- 
riage; wedding ceremony. [Fr. — L. 
nuplialis — nuptiae, marriage— nubo, 
nuptum, marry.] 

nurse (niirs). I. n. 1. Woman who 
nourishes an infant. 2. One who has 
the care of infants or of the sick. II. 
vt. 1. Tend, as an infant, or a sick per- 
son. 2. Manage with care and econ- 
omy. [O. Fr. nurrice (Fr. nourrice) — 
L.. nutrix—nutrio, nourish.] 

nursery(nur'ser-i), n. 1. Apartment for 
young children. 2. Piece of ground 
where trees, shrubs, etc., are reared. 



nursling- (nurs'ling). n. Infant. 

nurture (nur'tur). I. n. . 1. Act of nour- 
ishing. 2. Nourishment. II. vt. 1. Nour- 
ish. 2. Bring up. [Fr. nourriture.] 
&yn. Nurse; cherish; tend. 

nut ( nut ). I. n. 1. Fruit of certain 
trees, consisting of a kernel in a hard 
shell. 2. Small block of metal for 
screwing on the end of a bolt. II. vi. 
[nutt'ing ; nutt'ed. ] Gather nuts. 
[A. S. hnutu.] 

nutcracker (nut'krak-er), n. Instru- 
ment for breaking open nuts. 

nutgall (nut'gal), n. Nutlike gall, as 
on oak leaves. 

nutmeg- (nut'meg), n. Aromatic ker- 
nel of an E. India tree. [Nut and O. 
Fr. muge, musk.] 

nutrient ( nu'tri-ent ). I. a. Nourish- 
ing. II. n. Anything nourishing. [L. 
— nutrio, nourish.] 

nutriment ( nu'tri-ment ), n. That 
which nourishes; food. — nutri- 
ment' al, a. [L. nutrimentum—nutrio, 
nourish.] 

nutrition (nu-trish'un), n. Act of nour- 
ishing. 2. Process of feeding, and pro- 
moting growth of, bodies. 

nutritious (nu- 
trish'us),a. Nour- 
ishing; promot- 
ing growth. 

nutritive 
(nu'tri-tiv), 
a. 1. Nour- 
ishing. 2. 
Pertaining 
to nutrition. 

nutty (nut'i), a. 
1. Having the fla- 
vor of nuts. 2. 
Full of nuts. 

nux vomica (nuks- 
vom'ik-a), n. Seed 
of an E. Indian tree, from which the 
powerful poison known as strychnine 
is obtained. [L. nux, nut, and vomicus 
—vomo, vomit.] 

nuzzle (nuz'l), 
vi. Poke about 
with the nose, 
like a pig. 

nylghau (nil'- 
ga), n. Asiatic 
kind of ante- 
lope. [Pers.] 

nymph (nimf), 
n. 1. In ancient 
myth. One of 
the goddesses 
who inhabited every region of the 
earth and waters. 2. Pupa or chrysa- 
lis of an insect. [ L. nympha — Gr. 
nymphe, bride; veiled one. Cf. L. nupla.} 




Nux Vomica. 




Nylghau. 



fat©, fat, task, far, fftU, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf} 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. . 



373 



obligation 



o (o), n. Fifteenth letter of the 
English alphabet. It has six 
sounds, as in go, move, son, not, 
orb, wolf. 
O (o), interj. 1. Exclamation of 
wonder, pain, grief, etc. 2. Used in 
solemn address or as expressive of a 
desire or emotion, as "O men of 
Athens; " "O, for an hour of ease." 
oaf (of), n. Foolish child left by the 
fairies in place of another ; dolt ; 
idiot. [A form of elf.] 
oak (ok), n. 1. Tree of many species. 
2. Its timber, very hard and durable. 
[A. S. ac; Icel. eik; Ger. eiche.] 
oak apple (ok'apl), n. A spongy sub- 
stance on the leaves of tne oak, 
caused by insects, so called from its 
likeness to a small apple, called also 

OAKLEAF-GALIi. [of Oak. 

oaken (o'kn), a. Consisting or made 

oakum (6'kuni), n. Old ropes un- 
twisted into loose hemp, used in 
caulking the seams of ships. [A. S. 
acumpa, combed out.] 

oar (or). I. n. Light pole with a flat 
end for rowing boats. II. vt. and vi. 
Row. — oared (ord), a. Having 
webbed feet. [A. S. ar.\ 

oarsman (orz'man), n. One who rows 
with an oar ; one skilled in rowing. 

oasis (o'a-sis oro-a'sis), n. {pi. oases 
(o'a-sez'or o-a'sez). Fertile spot in a 
desert. [L*. — Gr. oasis; from Coptic 
ouahe, a resting-place or dwelling.] 

oat (ot), [oftener in pi. oats (ots)], n. 
Well-known grass, the seeds of which 
are much used as food. [A.S. ata, oat.] 

oaten (o'tn), a. 1. Consisting of an oat 
stem_or straw. 2. Made of oatmeal. 

oath (oth), n. [pi. oaths (o^z).] 1. Sol- 
emn statement with an appeal to 
God as witness. 2. Profane impreca- 
tion. [A. S.^ ath ; Ger. eid ; Icel. eidhr.] 

oatmeal (ot'mel), n. Meal made of 
oats. [tion, as in object. [L.] 

ob-, prefix. Usually denotes opposi- 

obcordate (ob-kar'dat), a. Heart- 
shaped, as a clover leaf. 

obdurate (ob'du-rat), n. Hardened in 
feelings: stubborn. — ob'dnrately, 
adv. — ob'durateness, obduracy, 
ns. State of being obdurate; invinci- 
ble hardness of heart. [L. obduratus— 
ob, against, and duro, harden.] 

Syn. Callous; hardened ; unbending; 
impenitent jinsensible. See stubborn. 

obedience (o-be'di-ens), n. State of 
being obedient; dutifulness. 

obedient (o-be'di-ent), a. Willing to 
obey; dutiful. — obediently adv. 
[Fr.— Li. obedio^\ 

Obeisance (o-be'sans or 6-ba'), n. Bow; 
act of reverence. ' [Fr. obeissance.] 




obelisk (ob'e-lisk), n. 1. Tall, four- 
sided tapering pillar, cut off at the 
top like a flat pyramid. 2. 
In print. Dagger (t). [Gr. 
obeliskos, dim. of obelos, belos, 
dart.] _ 

obese (o-bes'), a. Fat; fleshy. 

— obese'ness, obesity 
( 6-bes'i-ti ), n. Abnormal 
fatness. [L. obesus.] 

obey (6-ba'), vt. 1. Yield obe- 
dience ; do as told. 2. Be 
ruled by. 3. Yield to. — 
obey'er, n. [Fr. obeir — Ii. 
obedio — ob, towards, and 
audio, hear.] 

obituary (o-bit'u-ar-i), I. a. 
Relating to the death of a 
person. II. n. Account of, 
a deceased person or notice 
of his death. 

object (ob-jekf), vt. and vt. obelisk. 
Offer in opposition; oppose. 

— objector, n. [Li.— ob, against, and 
jacio, throw.] 

object (ob'jekt), n. 1. Thing perceived 
or brought before the mind. 2. That 
which is sought; end; motive. 3. That 
on which action is or may be exerted. 

object-glass (ob'jekt-glas), n. Glass 
at the end of a telescope or microsco- 
pe next the object. 

objection(ob-jek'shun), n. 1. Act of ob- 
jecting. 2. Anything opposed ; argu- 
ment against. — objectionable, a. 

objective (ob-jek'tiv), I. a. 1. Relat- 
ing to an object. 2. Being exterior to 
the mind, as opp. to subjective,' that 
which is real or which exists in nature 
in contrast with what is ideal or ex- 
ists merely in the thought of the in- 
dividual. 3. In grain. Belonging to 
the case of the object. II. n. In gram. 
Case of the object. — objectively, 
adv. 

objurgation ( ob-jur-ga'shun ) , n. 
Blaming; reproof; reprehension. [Fr. 
— L. ob, against, and jurgare, chide.] 

objurgatory (ob-jur'ga-to-ri), a. Ex- 
pressing blame or reproof. 

•blate (ob-laf), a. Flattened at oppo- 
site sides or poles; shaped like an or- 
ange.— oblate^ness, n. [L. oblatus.] 

oblation (ob-la'shun) , n. Offering in 
worship or sacred service. [L. oblatio.] 

obligate (ob'li-gat), vt. Bind to adutv. 
moral or legal— obliga'tion, n. 1. 
Act of obliging. 2. Binding force; 
duty. 3. Indebtedness for a favor. 4. 
Bond with penalty on failure.— obli- 
gatory, a. Binding. [See oblige. 1 

oblige (o-blij'), vt. 1. Constrain. £ 
Bind by some favor rendered. 3. Do a 
favor to. [L.— ob, and ligo, bind.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, movs, wojf; 
mute, hut, burn ■ oil, owl. t hen. 



©foJisree 



i74 



obtrude 



obligee (ob-li-je'), n. In law, person 
to whom another is bound. 

obliging ( o-bli'jing ), a. Courteous-, 
civil; kind. 

oblique (ob-lek'), a. 1. Notperpendic- 
cular; not parallel. 2. Not straight- 
forward.— obliquely, adv.— ob- 
.lique'ness, obliquity ( ob-lik'-wi- 
' ti) , ns. [Fr.— L. ob, and liquis, bent, 
slanting.] 

obliterate (ob-lit'er-at), vt. Blot out; 
wear out; destroy.— obliteration. 
n. [L. — ob, over, and litera, letter.]' 

oblivion (ob-liv'i-un) , n. Forgetting ; be- 
iug forgotten. [L.— obliviscor, forget.] 

oblivious (ob-liv'i-us), a. Forgetful; 
causing f orgetf ulness. 

oblong (ob'lang). I. a. Longer than 
broad. II. n. Rectangle longer than 
broad. [L. 0& L over, and longus, long.] 

obloquy (ob'lo-kwi), n. Reproachful 
language. [L.— ob, and Jogwo/sspeak.] 

obnoxious (ob-nok'shus), a. 1. Liable 
to hurt or punishment ; blameworthy. 
2. Offensive. [L. obnoxius, hurtful.] 

oboe. See hautboy. 

obolus (ob'o-lus), n. Ancient Athenian 
silver coin, w ortk three cents. 

obscene ( ob-sen '), #• Offensive to 
chastity ; indecent. — obscene'ly, 
adv. — obscene 'ness, n. — obscen- 
ity (ob-sen'i-ti), n. [Fr.—Li.obscenus.] 

obscuration(ob'sku-ra'shun),7i.Actof 
obscuring or state of being obscured. 

obscure (ob-skur'). I. a. 1. Darkened. 
2. Notdistinct. 3. Unknown; humble. 
II. vt. 1. Darken. 2. Make less plain. 
— obscure'ly, adv.— obscur'ity, n. 
[L. obscurus, akin to Sa,ns,sku, cover.] 

obsequies (ob'se-kwiz), n.pl. Funeral 
rites and solemnities. [L. obsequiae.] 

obsequious (ob-se'kwi-us) , a. Meanly 
servile.— obsequiously, adv. 

observable (ob-zer'va-bl), a. 1. That 
may be observed. 2. Worthy of obser- 
vation.— obser'vably, adv. 

observance (ob'zer'- van s),n. 1. Act of 
observing; performance. 2. Atten- 
tion. 3. Rule ofpractice; rite. 

observant (ob-zer'vant), a. Carefully 
attentive.— observantly, adv 

observation ( ob-zer-va'shun ), n» 1. 
Act or habit of observing. 2. Act of 
noting phenomena in nature. 3. Re- 
mark; opinion. 

observatory (ob-zer'va-to-ri) , n. Place 
for making astronomical and phys- 
ical observations. See cut. 

observe (ob-zerv'). I. vt. 1. Regard 
attentively. 2. Remark. 3. Comply 
with; keep. II. vi. 1. Take notice. 2. 
Comment.— obser'ver,w.[L.o6s(?/'vo.] 

obsolescent (ob-so-les'ent), n. Going 
out of use. [L.] 



obsolete(ob'so-let), a. Gone out of use; 

antiquated.— ob'soleteness, n. 
obstacle (ob'sta-kl), n. Anything that 

stands in the "way. [L. obstaculum— 

ob, and sto, stand.] 
Syn. Obstruction; check; difficulty; 

impediment; hindrance. 
obstetrics (ob-stet'riks), n. Science of 

midwifery. [L.] 
obstinate (ob'sti-nat), a. Blindly or 

excessively firm. — ob'stinacy, n. 

Stubbornness; fixedness that yields 

with difficulty.— ob'stinately, adv. 

[L. obslinatus—ob, and sto, stand.] 
obstreperous ( ob-strep'er-us ), a. 

Making a loud noise; clamorous; 




Yerkes Observatory, Williams Bay, Wis. 
Length of telescope 75 ft. ; focal length 62 
ft. ; diameter of objective 40 inches. 

noisy. — obstrep'erously, adv. [L. 
—ob, and strepere, make a noise.] 
obstruct (ob-strukt'), vt. Block up; 
retard.— obstruc'tion, n. 1. Act of 

obstructing. 2. That which obstructs. 
— obstruct'! ve, a.— obstruct'! ve- 

ly, adv. [L. ob, and struo, pile up.] 
obtain (ob-tan'). I. vt. Get; procure 
by effort ; gain. II. vi. l.Be established ; 
continue in use; become held or pre- 
valent. 2. Succeed.— obtain'able, a. 
[L. obtineo—ob, and teneo, hold.] 
obtrude (ob-trod'). I. vt. 1. Thrust in 
upon when not wanted. 2. Urge upon 
against the will of. II. vi. Thrust 



fate, fat, taak, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf ; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



obtund 



375 



octodecimo 



one's self or be thrust upon atten- 
tion.— obtru'ding, a. — obtrn'sion, 
n.— ©btru'sive a.— obtrusively. 

adv. [L. — ob and tundo, beat.] 

obt mid (ob-tund'), vL Blunt; quell. 

obtuse (ob-tus'), a. 1. Not pointed; 
blunt. 2. Stupid. 3. Inborn. Greater 
than a right angle.— ©btuse'ly, adv. 
— ©btuse'ness, n. [See obtund.] 

obverse (ob-vers'), «• 1. Bearing the 
face. 2. Having the base narrower 
than the top. — ©bverse'ly, adv. [L. 
— ob, towards, and verto, turn.] 

obverse (ob'vers), n. Side of a coin 
containing the head or principal 
symbol.— Opposed to reverse. 

obviate (ob'vi-at), vt. Remove or avoid, 
as difficulties. [L.. obvio, meet — via, 
way.] [evident. [L. obvius.] 

obvious (ob'vi-us), a. Manifest; plain; 

oc-, prefix. Form of ob- before words 
beginning with c, as occur. 

occasion (ok-ka'zhun). I. n, 1, Occur- 
rence. 2. Opportunity. 3. Cause. 4. 
Necessity. II. vt. Bring about.— occa- 
sional, a. Occurring only at times; 
casual. — occasionally j adv. [L. 
occasio — oecido —ob, and cado, casum, 
fall.] [requirement. 

Syn. Incident; chance; use: need; 

Occident ( ok'si-dent ), n. W^st, as 
opposed to the orient or east, —.cci- 
dent'al, a. Western. ["L. occidens, pr. 
p. of oecido, fall or go down.] 

occipital (ok-sip'it-al), a. Pertaining 
to the back part of the head. 

occiput (ok'si-put), n. Back part of 
the head or skull. [L-— ob, and caput, 
head.] [ob, and olaudo, shut in.] 

occlude (ok-klod'), vt. Absorb. [L.— 

occult (ok-kulf). I. a. Hidden; un- 
known; mysterious. II. vt. Hide. — 
©ccult'ly, adv. — occult'ism, n. 
System of pi'etended knowledge 
about the mysteries of life.— ©ccult'- 
ist, n. One who studies, or believes 
in, occultism. [Fr. — L. occulto, hide.] 

occultation (ok-kul-ta'shun), n. Ob- 
scuration or concealment, esp. of a 
heavenly body by another; eclipse. 

occupancy ( ok'u-paH'Si ), n. Act of 
occupying or of taking or holding 
possession; possession; occupation. 

occupant (ok'u-pant), n. ne who 
takes or has possession. 

occupation (ok-u-pashun), v. 1. Act 
of occupying or takin r, possession. 2. 
Employment; vocation. 

Syn. Engagement; use; tenure; pro- 
fession; occupancy; calling; trade. 

occupier (ok'u-pi-er), n. Occupant. 

occupy (ok'u-pi)), vt. 1. Seiz. or hold 
possession of . 2. Cover; fill. 3. Employ; 
busy. [L. occupo~ob, and capio, take.] 



occur (ok-kur'), vi. [occur 'ring; occur- 
red (ok-kurd'). ] 1. Come, or be pre- 
sented, to a sense or the mind. 2. Hap- 
pen; be found here and there. [Li. oc- 
curro—ob, towards, and curro, run.] 

occurrence(ok-kur'ens), n. 1. Happen- 
ing. 2. Anything that occurs ; event. 

ocean (6'shan). I. n. 1. Vast expanse 
of salt water that covers the greater 
part of the surface of the globe. 2. 
Any one of its five great divisions, 
Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic ana 
Antarctic. 3. Immense expanse. [Gr 
Okeanos, name of the supposed vast 
river flowing round the world. ] 

oceanic(o-she-an'ik), a. Pertaining to, 
found or formed in, the ocean. 

ocelot (6'se-lot), n. American leopard- 
cat. [Mex. ocelote.} 

ocher, ocbre (o'ker), n. Impure fer- 
rugineous clay, used as a pigment in 
making paint.— o'eberous, o'ebre- 
ons, a. [Gr. ochros, pale yellow.] 

oct-, ©eta-, octo-, prefix. Having 
eight; consisting of eight. [L. octo— 
Gr. okto, eight.] 

o'clock, (o-klok'), n. Time of day, as 
indicated by the clock. [Contr. from 
"of the clock."] 

octagon (ok'ta-gon), n. Plane figure 
of eight sides and eight angles.— 
©ctag'onal, a. [Gr. okto, eight, and 
gonia, angle.] 

octabedron (ok-ta-he'dron), n. Solid 
figure with eight equal sides, each of 
which is an equilateral triangle.— 
octahe'dral, a. [Gr. okto, and hedra, 
base. ] 

octangular (ok-tang'u-lar), a. Hav- 
ing eight angles. [L. octo, eight, and 

ANGULAR.] 

octave (ok'tav). I. a. Consisting of 
eight. II. n. 1. Eight. 2. That which 
consists of eight. 3. In mus. Eighth 
tone, or interval of twelve semitones; 
any interval of equal length; the 
whole diatonic scale itself. [L,.octavus, 
eight.] 

octavo (ok-ta'vo or -ta'v5). I. a. Hav- 
ing eight leaves to the sheet. II. n. [pi. 
octa'vos.] 1. Book having eight leaves 
to the sheet, contracted 8 vo. 2. Size 
of such a book, 6x9 inches. 

octennial (ok-ten'i-al), a. Happening 
in every eighth year; running eight 
years. [tion. 

octillion (ok-til'yun), n. See numera- 

octo-, See oct-. 

October (ok-to'tier), ft. Tenth month 
of the year. [In the old Roman calen- 
der the eighth nionth,^-0ctfo, eight.] 

octodecimo (ok-to-des'i-mo), a. Hav- 
ing eighteen leaves to the sheet, con- 
tracted!8mo. [L. octodecim, eighteen.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. " 



octogenarian 



376 



officially 




Octopus, crawling 
and resting. 



octogenarian ( ok-to-je-na'ri-an ) 
One who is eighty 
years old. 

octopus (ok-to'-pus 
or ok'to-pus), n. 
Devilfish having 
eight arms. [Pref. 
octo-, and Gr. pons, 
foot,] 

octoroon ( ok-to- 
ron'), n. Offspring 
of a quadroon and 
a white person. 

octroi (ok-trwa'), n. 
Tax on articles 
brought into a city. 
[Pr.] 

octuple (okjtu-pl), a. Eightfold. 

ocular (ok'u-lar). I. a. 1. Pertaining 
to the eye. 2. Received by actual 
sight. II. n. Eye-piece, as of a micro- 
scope. — oc'ularly s adv. [L. ocula- 
rius—oculus,_eye.] [eye diseases.] 

oculist (ok'u-list), n. One skilled in 

odalisque (o'dal-isk),w. Female slave 
in a Turkish harem. [Turk, odaliq.] 

odd (od),a. 1. Not paired with another; 
single. 2. Left over after a round 
number has been taken. 3. Not exact- 
ly divisible by two. 4. Strange. — 
odd'ly, adv. — odd'ness, n [Icel. 
oddi, point, tongue of land, triangle. 
C. A. S. ord, point; Ger. ort, place.] 
Syn. Unmatched. See quaint. 

Odd Fellow (od'fel-o), n. One of a 
secret benevolent society called The 
Independent Order of Odd Fellows. 

oddity (od'i-ti), n. 1. State of being odd 
or singular; strangeness. 2. Queer 
person or thing. 

©dds(odz), n. 1. Difference in favor of 
one against another. 2. More than an 
even wager. 3. Advantage. 4. pi. 
Scraps, miscellaneous pieces, as in 
odds_ and ends. — At odds, at variance. 

ode (od), n. 1. Poem written to be set to 
music. 2_. Noble, dignified poem. [Gr.] 

odious (o'di-us), a. Hateful; offensive; 
repulsive. [See odium.] 

odium (o'di-um),v2.. 1. Hatred. 2. Offen- 
siveness. [L.] 

odometer (o-dom'e-ter), n. Instrument 
for measuring distances traversed. 

odontology (o-don-tol'o-ji), n. Science 
of the nature and growth of the teeth. 
[Gr. odous, tooth, and logos, discourse.] 

odor (o'dur), n. 1. Smell; perfume. 2. 
Reputation. 

odoriferous (o-dur-if'er-us),a. Diffus- 
ing fragrance; perfumed.— odorif- 
erously, adv. [L». odoriferus— odor, 
and fero, bear.] [o'dorously, adv. 

odorous (o'dur-us), a. Fragrant. — 

cecumenical. See Ecumenical. 



oedema (e-de'ma), n. Swelling caused 
by water beneath the skin. [Gr.] 

o'er (or). Contracted from over. 

(Esophagus. See Esophagus. 

of (ov), prep. 1. From; out from. 2. 
Belonging to; relating to. [A. S. of.] 

off (af). I. adv. 1. Away from; not on- 

2. Not to take place. II. a. 1. Most 
distant; on the opposed or further 
side. 2. Free from work or duty, as an 
off day. 3. Other than the usual or 
regular. III. prep. Not on. IV. interj. 
Away! departl [Same as of.] 

offal (of'al), n. Part of an animal unfit 
for use; refuse; anything worthless. 
[off and fall.] 

offence. Same as offense. 

offend (of- fend'). I. vt. Displease; make 
angry; affront. II. vi. Sin; cause anger. 
— offend 'er, n. [L.. ob, against, and 
fendo, strike.] 

offense (of-fens') n, 1. Act of offend- 
ing; affront; insult; outrage. 2. Crime; 
misdemeanor; sin. 3. Umbrage. 

offensive (of-fen'siv). I. a. 1. Causing 
offense; displeasing. 2. Disgusting. 

3. Used in attack. 4. Making the first 
attack. II. n. 1. Act of tbe attacking 
party. 2. Posture of one who attacks. 
— offensively, adv.— offensive- 
ness, n. [See offend.] 

offer (of'er). I. vt. 1. Make a proposal 
to; lay before; present to the mind. 
2. Attempt. 3. Propose to give. 4. 
Present in worship. II. vi. 1. Present 
itself; be at hand, 2. Declare a willing- 
ness. III. n. Act of offering. 2. First 
advance. 3. That which is offered; 
proposal made. [L. ofero — ob, to- 
wards, and fero, bring.] 

offering (ofer-ing), n. 1. Act of mak* 
ing an offer. 2. That which is offered; 
sacrifice. 

offertory (of'er-to-ri), n. 1. Words 
sung or spoken during mass, or while 
a collection is made. 2. Offerings. 

offhand (af 'hand), a. and adv. At once; 
without preparation. 

office (of'is), n. 1. Settled duty or em- 
ployment. 2. Public position of trust 
or profit. 3. Act of worship. 4. Place 
for business. 5. Persons in an office. 
[L. officium — ops, aid, wealth, and 
facio, make. 

officer (of'i-ser). I. n. 1. One who holds 
an office, esp. in the army or navy. 2. 
Constable ;policeman. II. vt. 1. Furnish 
with officers. 2. Command, as officers. 

official (pf-fish'al). I. a. 1. Pertaining 
to an office. 2. Depending on the prop- 
er office or authority. 3. Done by au- 
thority; authoritative. II. n. One who 
holds an office, esp. a civil office.-— 
officially, adv. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, woif, 
mute, but, burn; oil, owl, then. 



officiate 



377 



Olympiad 



officiate (of-fish'i-at), vi. Perform offi- 
cial duties. 

officinal (of-fis'inal), a. Approved, as 
medicine kept prepared by apothe- 
caries. [Fr.— L. officina, workshop.] 

officions (of-fish'us), «. Too forward 
in offering services; intermeddling.— 
officiously, adv. — offi'ciousness, 
n. [L. officiosus.] 

offing: (af'mg), n. Part of the sea with 
deep water distant from the shore. 

offish (af'ish), a. Distant in manner. 

offscouring- (af'skowr-ing), n. Any- 
thing that is rejected or despised. 

offset (af 'set). I. n. 1. Sum or value 
set off against another as an equival- 
ent. 2. Young shoot or bulk. 3. Teu- 
race on a hillside. 4. Horizontal led- 
ge on the face of a wall. 5. In sur- 
veying, perpendicular from the main 
line to an outlying point. II. vt. In 
accounts, place against as an equiv- 
alent; balance. 

offshoot (af 'shot) , n. That which shoots 
off the parent stem; anything grow- 
ing out of another. [dren; issue. 

offspring' (af spring), n. Child; chil- 

oft (aft), often (a,f'n),- adv. Frequent- 
ly; "many times." [A. S.] 

oftimes(af'timz), oftentimes (af'n- 
timz), adv. Many times; frequently. 

ogle (o'gl). I. vt. Look at fondly with 
side glances. II. vi. Practice ogling. 
[Cf. Ger. aeugeln.~\ 

ogre (o'ger), n. Man-eating monster 
or giant of fairy tales. — o'g-ress,/e/w. 
— o'g-reish, a. Like an ogre in char- 
acter or appearance. [Fr.— L. orcus, 
lower world.] [sorrow, etc. 

oh (o),in,terj. Denoting surprise, pain, 

ohm (om), n. Unit of electrical resis- 
tance: the resistance of a column of 
quicksilver 1 sq. millimeter in sec- 
tion and 106 centimeters in length. 
[Prof. Ohm, German electrician.] 

oil (oil). I. n. Greasy liquid of ani- 
mal, mineral or vegetable origin. II. 
vt. Smear or anoint with oil.— oil- 
cake (oil'kak), n. Cake made of flax- 
seed, rape-seed, cotton-seed, etc., 
from which the oil has been pressed 
out.— oilcloth (oil'klath),tt. Painted 
floor-cloth.— oily (oil'i), a. 1. Con- 
sisting of. containing, or having the 
qualities of oil. 2. Greasy.— oil'i- 
ness, n. [O. Fr. oile— L. oleum.] 

ointment (oint'ment), n. 1. Anything 
used in anointing. 2. Greasy sub- 
stance applied to diseased or wounded 
parts. [O. Fr. oignement—Lt. unguen- 
tum—ungo, smear.] 

okra (6'kra), n. Annual plant whose 
mucilaginous seed pods are used for 
soup; gumbo. 



old (old), a. I. Advanced in years. 2. 
Having been long in existence. 3. 
Decayed by time or use. 4. Out of. 
date; ancient. 5. Having the age or 
duration of. 6. Long practiced. 7. 
Long-time; familiar; used as a terra 
of affection or cordiality. — old'- 
ness, ?i. — Old style (often written 
with a date O. S.), the mode of reck- 
oning time before 1752, according to 
the Julian calendar or year of 365J4 
days. [A. S. eald, old.] 
Syn. Aged ; former. See ancient. 

olden (ol'dn), a. Old; ancient. 

oleag-inous(o-le-aj'in-us) , a. Oily. [L.] 

oleander ( o-le-an'der), n. Evergreen 
poisonous shrub with beautiful flow- 
ers. [Fr. corrup. of rhododendron.] 

oleaster ( o-le-as'ter ), n. Wild olive. 
[L.— olea, olive-tree— Gr. elaia, olive.] 

oleiferons (o-le-if'er-us), a. Producing 
oil, as seeds. [L. oleum, and fero, bear.j 

oleograph (6'le-o-graf), n. Print in 
oil-colors to imitate an oil-painting. 
[L. oleum, oil, and Gr. grapho, write.] 

oleomargarine ( o-le-o-mar'ga-rin ), 
n. Substitute for butter, variously 
prepared from beef-tallow, nut-oil, 
cotton-seed oil, etc.; butterine. [L. 
oleum, oil, and margarin.] 

olfactory (ol-fak'to-ri), a. Pertaining 
to or used in smelling. [L. olfacto, 
smell.] 

oligarch (ol'i-gark), n. Member of an 
oligarchy. — oligrarch'al, oli- 
gfarch'ical, a. Pertaining to an oli- 
garchy.— ol'ig-archy, n. 1. State 
governed by a few. 2. Set of few per- 
sons who rule. [Gr.— oligoi, few, and 
arche, rule.] 

olla podrida (ol'ya-p5-dre'da ), n. 1. 
Spanish kind of stew. 2. Incongruous 
mixture, [Sp. = putrid pot.] 

olio (6'li-o), n. 1. Dish of different sorts 
of meat and vegetables boiled togeth- 
er. 2. In music. Medley. 
3. Literary miscellany. 
[So. olla— L. olla, pot.] 

olive (ol'iv), n. 1. Tree 
cultivated around the 
Mediterranean for its 
oily fruit. 2. Its fruit. 
3. Dull green color like 
the unripe olive. [L. 
oliva.] 

Olympiad (o-lim'pi-ad) , 
n. In ancient Greece, a 
period of four years, 
being the interval be- 
tween the Olympic 
games, used in reckon- 
ing time (the date of the 1st Olympiad 
is 776b. a). [G. olympias — Olympia, 
a district in Elis in ancient Greece.] 




Olive branch. 



tfcte, f»t| task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mtt; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, tften. 



Olympian 



378 



opacity 



Olympian (o-lim'pi-an), Olym'pic, 
a. Pertaining to Olympia, where the 
Olympic games were celebrated, or to 
Mt. Olympus, tbe fabled seat of the 
gods. 

omega (6'meg-aoro-me'ga), n. 1. Last 
letter of the Greek alphabet. 2. The 
end. [Gr. o mega, the great or long O ] 

omelet (om'e-let), n. Pancake chiefly 
of eggs. [Pr. omelette.] 

©men(o'men), n. Sign of some future 
event; foreboding. [L.] 

ominous (om'in-us), a. Pertaining to 
or containing an omen, foreboding 
evil ; inauspicious. — ominously, 
adv. [omitted. 

omissible (5-mis'i-bl),a. That may be 

omission ( 6-mish'un ), n. 1. Act of 
omitting or neglecting. 2. That which 
is omitted. [L. omissio.] 

omit (o-mif), vt. [omit'ting;omit'ted.] 
1. Leave out. 2. Neglect; fail. [L. 
omitto—ob, away, and mitto, send.] 

omnibus (om'ni-bus), n. [pi. om'ni- 
buses.] Large four-wheeled vehicle 
for conveying many passengers. [L. 
= for all. Dative pi. of omnis, all.] 

omnipotence (om-nip'o-tens), om- 
ni potency (om-nip'o-ten-si), n. Un- 
limited power. — omnipotent (om- 
nip'o-tent), a. All-powerful. 

omnipresence ( om-ni-prez'ens ), n. 
Universal presence; ubiquity. 

omnipresent ( om-ni-prez'ent), a. 
Present everywhere. [L. omnis, all, 
and present.] 

omniscience ( om-nish'ens ), n. Un- 
limited knowledge or wisdom. 

omniscient ( om-nish'ent), a. All- 
knowing; infinitely wise. — omnis- 
ciently, adv. [L. omnis, all, and 
sciens, knowing.] 

omnivorous (om-niv'o-rus), a. 1. All- 
devouring. 2. Feeding on both ani- 
mal and vegetable food. [L.— omnis, 
all, and voro, devour.] 

on (on). I. prep. 1. In contact with the 
upper part of. 2. To and towards the 
surface of. 3. Upon or in contact 
with. 4. Not off. 5. At, near, or 
during. 6. In addition to. 7. Toward; 
for. 8. At the peril of. 9. In conse- 
quence of. 10. Immediately after. II. 
adv. 1. Above, or next beyond. 2. 
Forward; in succession. 3. In con- 
tinuance. 4. Not off. 5. About the 
body. III. inter j. Go on! proceed I 
[A. S. an.] 

once (wuns). I. adv. 1. One single 
time. 2, At a former time. II. conj. 
After. III. n. One time.-— At once, im- 
mediately ; simultaneously. [A. S. 
anes, gen. of an, one, used as an adv. 
See nonce.] 



on dit (ang-de'). They say. [Fr.] 

one (wun), pron. Person spoken of in- 
definitely as in the phrase one should 
think. |" Merely a special use of the 
numeral one.] 

one (wun), a. 1. Single in number. 2. 
Forming a whole: undivided. 3. The 
same.-it ow«, of one mind. [A.S.an.] 

oneness ( wun'nes ), n. Singleness; 
unity. 

onerous (on'er-us), a. Burdensome; 
oppressive.— on'erously, adv. [L.— 
onus, burden.] 

onesided (wun'sl-ded), a. Limited to 
one side; partial; incomplete.— one- 
si'dedness, n. 

onion (un'yun), n. 1. Common plant, 
with edible bulbous root. 2. Its' 
bulb. JFr. oignon—Li. unio—^unus, one.] 

only (o'n'li). I. a. 1. Single; solitary. 
2. This above all others. II. adv. In 
one manner; for one purpose; singly; 
simply; no more than; merely; bare- 
ly. III. conj. Excepting that; but. 
[A. S. anlic—an, one, and lie, like.] 

onomatopoeia (on-o-mat-o-pe'ya), a. 
1. Formation of a word with resem- 
blance in sound to that of the thing 
signified, as "click", *' cuckoo". 2. 
Such a word itself. 3. Use of such a 
word.— onomatopoet'ic, a. [Gr.— on- 
oma, name, andpoieo, make.] [sault. 

onset ( on'set ), n. Violent attack; as- 

onslaugnt ( on'slat ), n. Furious at- 
tack. [A.S. on, on',' and sleaht, stroke.! 

onto (on'to), prep. Upon, on. 

ontology (on-tol'o-ji), n. Science that 
ti*eats of the principles of pure being. 
— outolog>'ic, ©ntolog'ical, a. — 
ontol'og'ist, n. One versed in ontol- 
ogy. [Gr. on, ontos, being, and logos, 
discourse.] 

onus (6'nus), n. Burden. [L.] 

onward (on'ward). I. a. Advancing; 
advanced. II. adv. Toward a point in 
front; forward, 

onwards (on'wardz), adv. Onward. 

onyx ( on'iks ), n. 1. Agate formed of 
layers of chalcedony of different 
colors. 2 Variety of marble, resem- 
bling onyx; Mexican onyx marble. 
[L.— Gr. onyx, finger-nail, gem.] 

oolite (o'o-lit), n. Kind of limestone, 
composed of grains like the roe of a 
fish. — ©olit'ic, a. [From Gr. oon, 
egg, and lithos, stone.] 

ooze (6z). I. n. 1. Soft mud. 2. Gentle 
flow. II. vi. Percolate, as a liquid 
through pores; leak out slowly. [A. 
S. wase, mud.] 

oozy (o'zi),a. Resembling ooze; slimy. 

opacity ( o-pas'i-ti ), n. Opaqueness; 
obscurity^ 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf* 
mute, hut, buruj oil, owl, then. 



opal 



379 



opposition 



opal (o'pal), n. Precious stone of a 
milky hue, remarkable for its chang- 
ing colors. [Li. opalusA 

opalescent (o-pal-es'ent), a. Reflecting 
a milky or pearly light from within. 

opaque (o-pak'), a. Not transparent.— 
opaque'mess, n. [L. opacus.] 

ope (op), vt. and vi. Open. 

open (o'pn). I. a. 1. Not shut. 2. Free 
of access. 3. Free from trees. 4. Not 
fenced. 5. Not drawn together. 6. Not 
frozen up. 7. Free to be used, etc. ; 
public. 8. Without reserve; frank; 
easily understood. 9. Generous; lib- 
eral. 10. Clear. 11. Unbalanced, as an 
account. 12. Free to be discussed. 13. 
Liable to attack; exposed. 14. Utter- 
ed with the mouth wide open. IJ n. 
Clear space, on land or water. III. vt. 

1. Make open. 2. Bring to view. 3. 
Explain. 4." Begin. IV. vi. 1. Become 
open; unclose; be unclosed, 2. Begin 
to appear; begin. — o'penly, adv.— 
openness, o'pener, n. [A. S.] 

opening' (op'ning), n. 1. Open place; 

breach ; aperture ; opportunity. 2. 

Beginning; first appearance. 
opera (op'er-a), n. 1. Musical drama. 

2. Theater' for exhibiting operas. 
opera-foonffe(op'er-a-b6f), n. Comic 
opera. [Fr. — It. opera-buff a. See 
buffoon.] — opera-glass (op'er-a 
glas), n. Small double telescope for 
use at operas, theaters, etc. [It.— L.. 
opera. See operate.] 

operate (op'er-at). I. vi. 1. Act; exert 
power or strength. 2. Take effect. 

3. Perform surgical work II. vt. 1. 
Effect. 2. Put into activity ; work. 
]L. operor — opera, work.] 

operatic (op-er-at'ik), a. Pertaining 
to or resembling the opera. 

operation (op-er-a'shun), n. 1. Act 
or process of operating. 2. Agency; 
influence. 3. Method of working. 4. 
Action or movement. 5. Surgical 
performance. 

operative (op'er-a-tiv). I. a. 1. Having 
the power of operating or acting. 2. 
Exerting force. 3. Producing effects. 
II. n. Workman in a factory.— op- 
eratively, adv._ 

operator (op'er-a-tur), n. One who 
or that which operates or produces 
an effect. [opera. [It.] 

operetta (op-er-et'a), n. Short, light 

ophidian (of-id'i-ah). I. a. Pertain- 
ing to serpents.* II. n. Serpent; 
snake. [Gr. ophis, serpent.] 

ophthalmia ( of-thal'mi-a), oph- 
thalmy (of'thal-mi), n. Inflamma- 
tion of the eye. [Gr. ophthalmos, eye. 

ophthalmic' (of-thal'mik), a. Pertain- 
ing to the eye; ocular. 




Opossum. 



ophthalmoscope (of-thal'mo-skop), 
n. Instrument for examining the in- 
terior of the eye. [Gr. ovhthalmo8 % 
eye, and skopeo, look at.] 

opiate (o'pi-at). I. a. 1. Any medi- 
cine that contains opium, and induces 
sleep. 2. That which induces rest. 
II. a. Inducing sleep; causing rest. 

opine ( o-pin' ), vi. Judge; suppose. 
[Fr. opiner — Li. opinor, think.] 

opinion (o-pin'yun), n. 1. 
Conviction on probable 
evidence; estimation; no- 
tion. 2. Judgment. 

opinionated (o-pin'yun- 
at-ed), a. Firmly adher- 
ing to one's own opinions; 
obstinate. 

opium (o'pi-um), n. Nar- 
cotic juice of the white 
poppy [L. — Gr. opion, 
dim. from opos,_sap.] 

opodeldoc (op-o-del'dok), 
a. Mixture of soap, alco- 
hol, camphor, etc. 

opossum (o-pos'um), n. 
American quadruped 
v, ILL a prehensile tail. The 
female carries her young in a pouch. 

opponent (op-po'nent). I. a. Opposing. 
II. n. One who opposes, esp. in debate. 

- Syn. Adversary; antagonist; foe; 
pnemy. 

opportune ( op-or-tun' ), a. Present 
;tt a proper time; convenient. — 
opportunely, adv.— opportune'* 
ness, n.— opportunist, n. Politi- 
cian who waits for events before de- 
claring his opinions. [L,.—ob, before, 
near, and portus. harbor.] 

opportunity (op-or-tu'ni-ti), n. Op- 
portune or convenient time; favorablo 
occasion. 

opposable (op-po'za-bl), a. 1. That 
can be resisted. 2. That may be placed 
opposite, as ths thumb to the other 
fingers. 

oppose (op-p5z'),I. vt. 1. Place as an 
obstacle. 2. Resist. 3. Check. 4. 
Compete with. II. vi. Make objection. 
[Fr.— Li. ob, and Fr. poser, place.] 

opposite (op'o-zit). I. a. 1. Placed 
over against; standing in front. 2. 
Contrasted with. 3. Contrary. II. n. 

1. That which is opposed or contrary. 

2. Opponent. [L. oppositus.] 
opposition (op-o-zish'un), n. 1. State 

of being opposite or opposed. 2. Act 
of opposing ; resistance. 3. That 
which opposes ; obstacle. 4. Party 
that opposes the existing administra- 
tion or the party in power. 5. In 
astron. Situation of heavenly bodies 
when 180 degrees apart. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn, oil, owl, then. 



©ppositive 



380 



or ch est ration 



©ppositive (op-poz'-i-tiv), a. That may 
be opposed. 

oppress (op-pres'), vt. 1. Use severely; 
treat harshly; burden. 2. Lie heavy 
upon; constrain; prostrate; depress. 
[Fr.— L. opprimo, oppressue — ob, 
against, and premo, press.] 

oppression (op-presh'un), n. 1. Act 
of oppressing or being oppressed. 2. 
Tyranny; injustice. 3. Dullness; de- 
pression. [Fr.— L.] 

oppressive (op-pres'iv), a. 1. Tending 
to oppress; unjustly severe. 2. Heavy; 
overpowering.— oppress'Ively, adv. 
—oppressiveness, n. [oppresses. 

oppressor (op-pres'ur), n. One who 

opprobrious ( op-pro'bri-us ), a. 1. 
Expressive of opprobrium; abusive. 
2. Infamous; despised. 

opprobrium ( op-pro'bri-um ), n. 1. 
Scurrilous or abusive language; 
abuse. 2. Disgrace; reproach; in- 
famy. [L. ob, against, and probrum, 
reproach.] 

oppugn (op-pun'), vt. Oppose; resist; 
combat. [L.— ob, against, and pugaa, 
fight.] 

optative (op'ta-tiv or op-ta'tiv). I. a. 
Expressing desire. II. n. In gram. 
Mood of the verb expressing wish. — 
op'tatively, adv. [L.—opto, wish.] 

optic (op'tik). I. a. Relating to sight, 
or to optics. II. n. Eye.— ©p'tical, 
a. Optic. [Fr. optique—Qr. optikos— 
root of ops, face.] 

optician (op-tish'an), n. 1. One skilled 
in optics; oculist.' 2. One who makes 
or sells optical instruments. 

optics (op'tiks), n. Science of the na- 
ture and laws of vision and light. 

optimism (op'tim-izm), n. 1. Doctrine 
that everything in the world is ar- 
ranged for the best. 2. Tendency to 
take the most hopeful view of mat- 
ters,— opp. to pessimism. [L. optimus, 
best.] [adheres to optimism. 

optimist { op'tim-ist), n. One who 

option (op'shun), n. Right of choos- 
ing, choice. 2 Right to sell or buy at 
a future time and at a fixed price. [L.] 

optional (op'shun-al), a. Left to one's 
option or choice.— ©p'tionally, adv. 

opulence ( op'u-lens ), n. Means; 
riches; wealth. [opes, wealth. 

opulent (op'u-lent), a. Wealthy. [L. 

opus (o'pus), n. Work. [L.] 

©r (ar), conj. Marking an alternative, 
nnd sometimes opposition. [Short 
for other, modern either.] 

oracle (or'a-kl), n. 1. Answer given 
by the god's. 2. Place where the an- 
swers were given. 3. The deity sup- 
posed to give them. 4. One famed for 
wisdom. [L. oraculum — oro, speak.] 



oracular (o-rak'u-lar), a. I. Delivering 
oracles. 2. Resembling oracles as in 
authority, obscurity, etc. ; prophetic. 

oral (o'ral), a. Uttered by the mouth; 
spoken. — o'rally, a. [L. — os, oris, 
mouth.] [OUTANG. 

orang ( o-rang' ), n. Abbr. of ojrang- 

orange (or'anj). I. n. 1. Tree with a 
delightful gold-colored fruit. 2. Its 
fruit. 3. Color composed of red and 
yellow. II. a. 1. Pertaining to an 
orange. 2. Orange - colored. [Fr. — ^ 
Pers. naranj.] 

Orangeman (or'anj-man), n. Member 
of a secret soeiety 'instituted in 
Ireland in 1795 to uphold Protestant- 
ism, British sovereignty, law and 
order, etc. So called from William of 
Orange. 

orang-outang ( o-rang'o-tang'), n. 
Large anthropoid ape, found in Bor- 
neo and Sumatra. [Malay, orang utau, 
man of the woods-.] 

oration (o-ra'shuri) , n. Elaborate pub- 
lic speech. [Li.—oro, speak.] 

orator (or'a-tur), n. 1. Public speaker; 
man of eloquence. 2.. Spokesman. 
3. Plaintiff; petitioner, —fern, ora- 
tress, or'atrix. 

oratorical (or-a-tor'ik-al), a. Pertain- 
ing to oratory ;'_becomi'ng an orator. 

oratorio (or-a-to'ri-o), n. Kind of mu- 
sical drama," usually founded on a 
Scriptural subject. [It.] 

oratory (or'a-to-ri), n. 1. Art of speak- 
ing in public; eloquence. 2. Apart- 
ment or building for private worship. 

orb (arb). I. n. 1. Circle; orbit. 2. 
Sphere ; celestial body. II. vt. 1. 
Surround. 2. Form into an orb. — 
orbed (arbd), a. Round. [L. orbis.] 

orbicular (ar-bik'u-lar), a. Spherical; 
round. [From L. orbiculus, dim. of 
or&is.] 

orbiculate (ar-bik'u-lat ), ©rbicu- 
lated (ar-bik'u-la-ted), a. Circular.— 
orbicuia'tion, n. 

orbit (ar'bit), n. 1. Path described by 
a celestial body in the heavens. 2. 
Bony cavity for the eyeball.— orbit- 
al, a. [L. orbita— orbis, circle.] 

orchard (arch'ard), n. Garden of fruit- 
trees. [A. S. orceard, orlgeard — wort, 
herb, and geard, garden.] 

orchestra ( ar'kes-tra ), n. 1. In the 
Greek theater, place where the chorus 
danced. 2. Part of a theater for the 
musicians. 3. Performers in an or- 
chestra. 4. Parquet of a theater. — 
orchestral (ar'kes-tral or ar-kes'-), 
a. [Qr.—orcheomai, dance.] 

orchestration ( ar-kes- tra'shun), n. 
Arrangement of music for an orches- 
tra; instrumentation. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. . 



orchid 



381 



original 




Orchid. 



orchid(ar'kid), n Orchidaceous plant 

orchidaceous (ar-ki-da'sh us), a. Re 
lating to a large" na- 
tural order of plants 
with beautiful, fra- 
grant flowers of 
curious shape. [Gr. 
orchis.] 

orchis (ar'kis), n. 
Genus of'orchidace- 
ous plants JGr.] 

ordain (ar-dau'), vt. 

I. Appoint; decree; 
order 2 Invest 
with ministerial 
functions. [ O. Fr. 
ordener—L,. ordino.'] 

ordeal ((ar'de-al), n. 1. Ancient form 
of trial by lot, 'fire, water, etc. 2. Any 
severe trial or examination. [A. S. or- 
del. Ger. urteil, judgment.] 

order (ar'der). I. n. 1. Regular arran- 
gement; method. 2. Proper state. 3. 
Rule, 4. Regular government; tran- 
quility. 5 Command. 6. Class. 7. 
Society of persons. 8. Religious fra- 
ternity. 9. Scientific division of ob- 
jects. 10. System of the parts of 
columns. 11. pi. Christian ministry. 

II. vt. 1. Arrange 2. Command. 3. 
Give an order for. III. vi. Give com- 
mands. [Fr. ordre— L. ordo.] 

orderly (ar'der-li). I. a. In order; re- 
gular; well regulated; quiet. II. adv. 
Regularly ; methodically. III. n. 
Soldier who attends on an officer, esp. 
for carrying official messages. — or- 
derliness, n. 

ordinal (ar'din-al). I. a. Showing order 
or succession. II. n. 1. Number noting 
order. 2. Ritual for ordination. 

ordinance (ar'din-ans),w. That which 
is ordained by authority; local law. 

ordinary (ar'din-ar-i), a. 1. According 
to the common order. 2. Of common 
rank; plain.— ordinarily, adv. 

Syn. Regular; usual; inferior; cus- 
tomary; commonplace; common. 

ordinate (ar'din-at), a. In order ; regu- 
lar.— or'di'nately, acfa;. [See ordain.] 

ordination (ar-din-a'shun), n. 1. Act 
of ordaining'.' 2. Established order. 
[See ordain.] [From ordinance.] 

ordnance ( ard'nans ), h. Artillery. 

ordure ( ar'd'ur ), h. Excrement. [Fr. 
— O. Fr. ord, foul — L. horridus.] 

ore ( or ), n. Metal in its unreduced 
state; metal mixed with earthy and 
other substances. [ A. S. ora — or, 
brass.] 

oread (o're-ad), n. Mountain nymph. 

organ ( ar'gan ), n. 1. Instrument or 
means by which anything is done. 2. 
That by which a natural function is 



carried on. 3. Musical instrument 
with pipes, bellows, and keys. 4. 
Medium of communication. [Gr. or- 
ganon, implement.] [muslin. 

organdy ( ar'gan-di ), n. Very thin 

organic (ar-'gan'ik), organ'ical, a. 
1. Pertaining to an organ. 2. Consist- 
ing of, or containing, organs. 3. 
Produced by the organs. 4. Instru- 
mental. — organically, adv. 

organism (ar'gan-izm), n. 1. Organic 
structure. "2. Living being. 

organist (ar'gan- ist), n. One who plays, 
on the organ. ' 

organization ( ar-gan-i-za'shun ), n, 

1. Act of organizing. '2. State of being 
organized. 3.That which is organized; 
organism. 

organize ( ar'gan -Iz ), vt. 1. Supply 
with organs." 2. Form, as an organiz- 
ed body; arrange, [ment. 

orgasm (ar'gazm), n. Extreme excite- 

orgeat (ar'zhat), n- Sirup made of bar- 
ley (or almonds), sugar and orange- 
flower water. [Fr.— orge, barley.] 

orgies (ar'jiz), n pi. 1. Ceremonies in 
the worship of Bacchus, distinguished 
by furious revelry. 2. Revelry. [Gr. 
orgia, secret rites, — ergo, work.] 

oriel ( o'ri-el ), n. Deep bay window. 
[O. Fr. oriol.) 

orient (o'ri-ent). I. a. 1. Rising, as the 
sun. 2. Eastern. 3. Shining. II. n. 
Part where the sun rises; the east, 
esp, the countries of Asia. [L. Oi'iens, 
pr. p. of orior, rise.] 

oriental (o-ri-en'ta"l). I. a. Eastern; 
pertaining to, in, or from, Asia. II. n. 
Native of the east or Asia. 

orientalism (o-ri-en-'tal-izm), n. Ori- 
ental doctrine,custom,expression,etc. 

orientalist (5-ri-en'tal-ist), n. 1. One 
versed in the eastern languages. 2. 
Oriental. 

orientate (5'ri-en-tat), vt. and vi. 1. 
Turn toward the east. 2. Take one's 
bearings. 3. Place a body, as a crys- 
tal, so as to show the true relations 
of its parts. — orienta'tion, n. 

orifice (or'i-fis), n. Mouth; opening. 
[L. — os, mouth, and facto, make.] 

origin (or'i-jin), n. 1. First existence. 

2. That from which anything first 
proceeds. [L. origo— orior, rise.] 

Syn. Birth ; cause ; derivation ; rise. 
original (o-rij'in-al). I. a. 1. Pertain- 
ing to the origin; first in order or 
existence. 2. Not copied; not trans- 
lated; genuine. 3. Having the power 
to originate, as thought. II. n. 1. 
Origin. 2. First form; precise lan- 
guage used by a writer; untranslated 
tongue. 3. Eccentric person.— orig'- 
inally, adv.— original'ity, n. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, nut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



originate 



382 



ostentations 



originate ( o-rfcj'in-at ). I vt. Give 
origin to; bring into existence. II. 
vi Have origin, begin — ©rig'in- 
ator, n [It. originare — L. origo.] 

origination (5-rij-in-a'shun), n. 1. 
A.ct of originating or of coming into 
existence. 2. Mode of production. 

oriole (or'i-ol), n 1. Golden thrush of 
Europe. 2. American hang-nest bird. 
[O. Fr. oriol — L. aureolus, golden — 
aurum, gold ] [constellations. 

Orion (o-ri 'onj, n. In astr. One of the 

orison (or'i-zun), n. Prayer. [O. Fr. 
— L. oratio-^oro, pray.] 

ormolu (or-mo-16'), n. Brass made to 
look like gold [Fr. = ground gold.] 

ornament (ar'na-ment). I. n. Any- 
thing that adds" grace or beauty. II. 
vt. Adorn.— ornamental, a. Serving 
to adorn or beautify.— ornament- 
ally, adv. — ornamentation, n. 
[Tu.—omo, adorn.] 

Syn. Adorn; beautify; decorate; em- 
bellish; exalt; garnish; grace; honor; 
deck; bedizen. 

ornate (ar-naf), a. Ornamented; dec- 
orated.— ornately, adv.— ornate- 
ness, n. [L. omalus, pa. p. of orno.] 

ornithological (ar-ni-tho-loj'ik-al), 
a. Pertaining to ornithology. 

ornithology (ar-ni-thol'o-ji), n. Sci- 
ence of birds. — ornithol'ogist, n 
One versed in ornithology. [Gr. omits, 
bird, and logos, science.] 

orography (o-rog'ra-fi), n. Science 
of mountains; orolo'gy. [Gr.] 

orotund (o'ro-tund), a. Round, rich 
and musical,— said of the voice. [L. 
os, mouth, and rotundus, round.] 

orphan (ar'fan) I. n. Child bereft of 
father or "mother, or of both. II. a. 
Bereft of parents. III. vt. Bereave of 
parents. [Gr. orphanos.] 

orphanage (ar'fan- a]), n. 1. State of 
an orphan. 2." House for orphans. 

orrery (or'er-i), n. Machine to illus- 
trate the motions of the heavenly 
bodies. [Earl of Orrery.} 

orris (oris), n. Species of iris, the 
dried root of which has a smell of 
violets, used in perfumery. [Prob. a 
corruption of iris.] 

orthodox (ar'tho-doks), a. 1. Sound 
in doctrine ;' believing the received or 
established opinions, esp. in Beligion. 
2. According to the received doctrine. 
-orthodoxy, n. [Gr. orthos, right, 
and doxa, opinion.] 

orthoepy (ar'tho-e-pi or ar-tho'e-pi), 
n. In gram. Correct pronunciation of 
words. — orthoep'ical, a. — or'tho- 
epist. n. One versed in orthoepy. 
[Gr. orthos, right, and epos, word.] 



orthographer (ar-thog'ra-fer),w. One 
who spells words correctly. 

orthographic (ar-tho-graf'ik), or* 
thographical (ar-tho-graf'ik-al), a. 
Pertaining or according to orthogra- 
phy ; spelt correctly.— or t hog rap h'- 
ieaily, adv. 

orthography (ar-thog'ra-fi), n. Cor- 
rect spelling; mode of spelling. [Gr 
—orthos, right, and grapho, write.] 

orthopedy (ar-thop'e-di), n. Cure of 
bodily deformities. [Gr. orthos, right, 
a,n<i pais, child.] 

ortolan (ar'to-lan), n. European sing- 
ing bird oonsidered a great delicacy. 
[It. ortolano—Li.hortolanus.'] 

oscillate (os'il-lat), vi. Move to and 
fro ; fluctuate : vibrate. — oscilla- 
tion, n.— os'ciliatory,a. Swinging. 
[Li. oscillo, swing.] 

ostensoriaam (os-ten-so'r i-u m), n. 
Transparent receptacle in which con- 
secrated host is presented for the con- 
gregation's adoration. 

oscnlate (os'ku-lat), vt. 1. Kiss. 2. 
Touch as two curves that have a com- 
mon curvature at the point of con- 
tact.— oscula/tion, n. U^.—osculum, 
kiss, dim. of os, mouth.] 

oscwlatory (os'ku-la-to-ri), a. Of, f*r 
pertaining to, kissing. 2. Having me 
same curvature at point of contact. 

osier (6'zher). I. n. Willow, especially 
the water-willow. II. a. Made of 
willow twigs. [Fr.] 

osmium (oz'mi-um), n. Gray-colored 
metal found with platinum. It is the 
hardest metal and heaviest body 
known, and is used in electric incan- 
descent lamps. [L— Gr. osme, smell.] 

osprey, ospray (os'pra),?*. Fishhawk 

osseons(os'e-us), a. Bony; resembling, 
or of, bone. [L. osseus—qs,ossis, bone.] 

ossification ( os-si-n-ka'sbun ), n. 1. 
Change or stateof being changed into 
a bony substance. 2. Ossified mass. 

ossify (os'i-fi). I. vt. [os'sifying; os'si- 
fied.] Make into bone or into a bone- 
like substance. II. vi. Become bone, 
[L. ossifico — os, and facio, make.] 

ostensible (os-ten'si-bl), a. Professed; 
avowed; pretended; apparent; not 
real.— ostensibly, adv. — ostensi- 
bil'ity. n. [Li.—ostendo, show.] 

ostentation (os-ten-ta'shun), n. Mak- 
ing a display; ambitious display.— 
osten'sive, «.— osten'sively, adv. 
tiyn. Boasting; pompj parade. 

ostentatious ( os-ten-ta'sbus ), a 1. 
Given to show; fond of self -display; 
pretentious. 2. Intended for display. 
— ostenta'tiously , adv.— oste«ta'« 
tiousness, n. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; m§, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, bum; oil, owl, then, 



osteology 



333 



outlast 



osteology (os-te-ol'o-ji), n. That part 
of anatomy which treats of the 
bones.— osteol'oger, osteologist, 

n. One versed in osteology. [Gr. 
osteon, bone, and logos, science.] 

osteopath (os'te-o-path), n. One who 
practices osteopathy. — osteop- 
athy, n. Treatment of diseases by 
manipulation of bones, muscles, etc. 
[Gr. osteon, bone, and pathos, disease.] 

ostracism (os'tra-sizm), n. Banish- 
ment by ostracizing. 

ostracize (os'tra-fiz), vt. 1. Banish, as 
in ancient Greece, by popular vote 
written on sherds [Gr. ostrakizo — 
ostrakon, shell.] 

ostreophagist ( os-tr§-of'a-Jist ), n. 
One that eats oysters. [Gr. ostreon, 
oyster, an&phagein, eat.] 

ostrich (os'trich), n. Largest of birds, 
found in Africa, remarkable for its 
speed in running, and prized for its 
plumes. [O. P. ostruche — L. avis 
struthio—Gr. struthion. bird.] 

otalgia (o-tal'ji-a), n. Earache. [Gr.] 

other (uth'er), a. and .prow. 1. Different; 
not the same. 2. Additional. 3. Sec- 
ond of two. [A. S. other. Ger. ander.\ 

otherwise (ulh gr-wiz), adv. 1. In an- 
other manner. 2. By other causes. 
3. In other re- 
spects. 

otter (ot'er), n. 
" --".rge kind of 
weasel-like an- 
imal living on 
fish. [A.S. otor, 
oter.] 

otto (ot'o), ottar (ot'ar), attar (af- 
ar), n. Fragrant oil obtained from 
certain flowers, esp. the rose. [Ar. 
'itr—atira, smell sweetly.] 

Ottoman (ot'o-man). I. a. Pertaining 
to the Turkish Empire, founded by 
Othman (or Osman) in 1299. II. n. l. 
Turk. 2. Low, stuffed seat without 
back, first used in Turkey. [Pr.] 

ought, n. Same as aught.. 

ought (at), vi. 1. Be under moral 
obligation. 2. Be proper or neces- 
sary. [Prom owed, pa. t. of owe.] 

ounce(owns), n. 4. Sixteenth part of a, 
pound avoirdupois = 437% troy grs. 
2. Twelfth part q| a pound troy=480 
grs. [L. uncia, twelfth part.] 

ounce (owns), n. Feline carnivorous 
animal of Asia, allied to the leopard. 
[Pr. once.] 

our (owr), a. Pertaining or belonging 
to us. [A. S. ure, gen. pi. of us.] [us. 

ours (owrz), pron. poss. Belonging to 

ourself (owr-self), pron. Myself, (in 
the regal style).— ourselves(-selvz'), 
pi. "We, not others; -us,] 




Otter. 



ousel, ouzel (o'zl), n. Kind of thrush. 
[A. S. osle. Ger. amsel.] 

oust (owst), vt. Eject; expel. [O. Fr. 
oster (Fr. oter), remove.] [session. 

ouster (ows'ter), n. Ejection; dispos- 

out(owt). I. adv. 1. Without, not in. 
2. To or beyond the limit in any sense, 
as of concealment, time, existence, 
supply, control, possession, truth, 
accord, a game, strength, etc. 3. 
Forth; in extension. — Out and away, 
by far.— Out and out, completely; un- 
qualified.— Out of, out from; prompted 
by; from among; without; far from. 
II. n. 1. Person not in office, generally 
in pi. 2. Matter omitted in setting 
up copy. III. inter j. Away I be gone I 
[A. S. ute, ut. Ger. aus.] 

outbid (owt-bid'), vt. Surpass by of 
fering a higher price. 

outbreak; (owt'brak), n. Breaking 
out; eruption. [explosion. 

outburst (owt'burst), n. Bursting out; 

outcast (owt'kast). I. a. Exiled; in- 
jected. II. n. Person banished; exile. 

outcome (owt'kum), n. Issue; conse 
quence. 

outcrop (owt'krop), n. Exposure of 
a stratum at the earth's surface. 

outery(owt'kri), n. Loud cry of dis- 
tress. 

outdo (owt-do')_, vt. Surpass; excel. 

outdoor (owt'dor or owt-dSr'), a. Out- 
side the house ; in the open air. 

outdoors (owt-dorz'), adv. Out of the 
house; abroad. [to inner. 

outer (owt'er), a. External:— opposed 

outermost (owt'er-most), a. Furthest 
out; most distant. 

outface ( owt-fas'), vt. Stare out of 
countenance; defeat by assurance. 

outfit (owt'fit), n. Complete equip- 
ment. 

outflank (owt-flangk'), vt. Extend the 
flank of one army beyond that of an- 
other; turn the flank of. 

outgeneral (owt-jen'er-alX, vt. Outdo 
in generalship. [lay. 

outgo (owt'go), n. Expenditure; out- 
outgoing (owt'go-ing). I. n. 1. Act or 
state of going out. 2. Expenditure. II. 
a. Departing. 

outgrow (owt-gro'). vt. 1. Grow be- 
yond or surpass in growth. 2. Grow 
out of. 

outhouse (owt'hows), n. Small build- 
ing outside a dwelling house. 

outing (owt'ing), n. Act of going out; 
pleasure excursion. 

outlandish (owt-land'ish), a. 1. For- 
eign; strange. 2. Rude; vulgar. [A.S. 
utlendisc] [than. 

outlast ( owt-last' ), vt. Last longer 



fite, >*, frask, far, fall, fare, above i m% met, h€r; mite, mit> note, not, move, wolf; 
-. mute. hut. burn, oil, owl, than. 



outlaw 



884 



over 



otitlrcw (owt'la). I. n. 1. One de- 
prived of the protection of the law. 2. 
Robber or bandit. II. vt. Deprive of 
the benefit of the law; deprive of 
legal force. 

outlawry ( owt'la-ri ), n. Putting or 
being out of the protection of the law. 

outlay (owt'la), n. Expenditure. 

outlet (owt'let), n. Passage out. 

outline (owt'lin). I. n. 1. Outer or ex- 
terior line. 2. Sketch without shad- 
ing; rough draft. II. vt. 1. Draw the 
exterior line of. 2. Delineate; sketch. 

outlive ( owt-liv' ), vt. Live beyond; 
survive. 

©utlook(owt'lok),w. 1. Watch. 2. Pros- 
pect. 2 Place' from Which one looks 
out. 

outlying- (owt'li-ing), a. Lying out or 
beyond; on the exterior or frontier. 

outmaneuver (owt-ma-no'ver ), vt. 
Surpass in manouvring. [marching. 

outmarch(owt-march'),fl£. Surpass in 

outmost ( owt'most ), a. Outermost. 

outnumber ( owt-hurn'ber ), vt. Ex- 
ceed in number 

outpost (owt'post), n. l.Post or sta- 
tion beyond the main body of an 
army. 2. Troops placed there. 

outpour (owt-por'), vt. Pour out. 

outpour (owt'por), n Violent outflow. 

outpouring- (owt'por-ing),n. Pouring 
out; abundant supply. 

output (owt'pot), n. Quantity pro- 
duced within a certain time. 

outrage (owt'raj). I. n. Violence; ex- 
cessive abuse; wanton mischief. II 
vt. Treat with excessive abuse; injure 
by violence. [Pr. — O. Fr. oultrage — 
Low L. ultragium— ultra, beyond.] 
Syn. Affront; insult. 

outrageous (owt-ra'jus),' a. Violent, 
furious; atrocious. — ontra'geous- 
ly, adv.— outra'geousness, h. 

outrank (owt-rangk'), vt. Exceed in 
rank. 

outre (o-tra'), a. Extravagant; over- 
strained. [Fr. oatrer— outre— L,. ultra, 
beyond.] [tend beyond. 

outreach (owt-rech'), vt. Reach or ex- 
outride (owt-rld'). ftf. Ride faster than. 

outrider (owt'ri-der), n Servant on 
horseback who attends a carriage. 

outrigger (owt'rig-er), n. 1. Project- 
ing spar for extending sails or any 
part of the rigging. 2. Apparatus 
fixed to a boat to increase the leverage 
of the oar. 3. Boat with this appara- 
tus. 4. Device fixed to side of a boat 
to prevent upsetting. 

outright (owt'rit), adv. 1. Immedia- 
tely. 2. Completely. 

outrival (owt-iTval), vt. To surpass. 



outrun (owt-run')» Vt. Go beyond- in 

running; exceed. 
outsail (owt-sal'), vt. Sail faster than. 
outset (owt'set), n. Beginning. 
outshine ( owt-shm' ), vt. Excel in 

shining. 
outside (owt'sid). I. h. Surface; ex 

terior; limit II. a. 1. On the outside 

2. Superficial. [member or party 
outsider ( owt'sl-der), n. One not a 
oiitskirt (owt'skert),». Border; outer 

edge. [bold of speech. 

outspoken (owt'spo-ken), a. Frank or 

outspread (owt-spred'), vt. Spread 
out or over. 

outstanding ( owt-stand'ing), a. 
Standing out;unc011ected; remaining 
unpaid. [or spread out; extend. 

outstretch (owt-strech'), vt. Stretch 

outstrip ( owt-strip' ), Vt. Outrun; 
leave behind. 

outvie ( owt-vi' ) , vt. Go beyond in 
vying with; exceed; surpass. 

outvote (owt-vof), vt. Defeat by a 
greater number of votes. 

outward (owt'ward). I. a. 1. Towards 
the outside; external; exterior. II. 
adv. (Also Out'wards.) 1. Toward 
the exterior. 2. To a foreign port. 

outwardly (owt'ward-li), adv. In an 
outward manner; externally. 

outweigh (owt-wa'), vt. Exceed in 
weight or importance. 

outwit (owt-wif), vt. [outwit'ting ; 
outwit'ted.] Surpass in wit or in- 
genuity ; defeat by superior cunning. 

outwork (owt'wurk), n. Minor forti- 
fication outside the principal wall. 

ouzel. Same as ousbjj. 

oval (6'val). I. a. Having the shape of 
an egg. II. n. Anything oval; ellipse, 
— o'vally, adv. [Fr. ovale— L. ovum, 
egg.] 

ovary (o'va-ri), n. Organ or part in 
which an egg or seed is formed. — 
ova'rian, a. [Low L. ovarid — L. 
ovum, egg.] [Egg-shaped. 

ovate (o'vat), ovated (6'va-ted), a. 

ovation (o-va'shun), n. 1. In ancient 
Rome, a lesser triumph. 2. Outburst 
of popular applause. [L. ovatio—ovo, 
shout.] 

oven (uv'n), n. Arched cavity over 
a fire for baking, heating, or drying; 
any apparatus used for the same 
purpose. [A. S. ofen.] 

over (o'ver). I. prep, 1. Above. 2. Across. 

3. About. 4. Through. II. adv. 1. 
Above. 2. Across. 3. From one to 
another. 4. Above in measure; too 
much; to excess. 5. Completely. 6. 
Again. 7. Ended. III. a. 1. Upper or 
outer. 2. Beyond. 3 Past. [A.S.ofer.] 



t&be, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, more, wolfj 
mate, hut, burn; oil, owl, then, • 



overact 



385 



oversee 



overact (6- ver-akt'), vt. and vi. Act to 
excess. 

overalls (o'ver-alz), n Loose trousers 
worn over others to protect them. 

overarch (o-ver-arch'), vt Arch over. 

overawe ( 6-ver-a' ), vt Restrain by 
fear or superior influence 

overbalance (o-ver-bal'ans) I vt. Ex- 
ceed in weight, value, or importance. 
IE. n. Excess of weight or value. 

overbear (o-ver-bar' ), vt. Bear down 
or overpower; overwhelm. 

overbearing: (o- ver-b ar ' ing), a. 
Haughty and dogmatical; imperious. 

overboard (o'ver-bord),a<7f. Over the 
board or side ;_ out of a ship. 

overburden (o-ver-bur'dn), vt. Burden 
overmuch. 

overcast (6-ver-kasf), vt. Cloud ; cover 
with gloom. 2. Sew over slightly. 

overcharge (o-ver-ckarj'),t'£. 1. Load 
with too great a charge. 2. Charge 
too much.— overcharge, n. Exces- 
sive load or burden ; excessive charge. 

overcloud ( o-ver-klowd' ), vt. Cover 
over with clouds.] 

overcoat (o'ver-kot), n. Coat over all 
tlie other dress; greatcoat; top-coat. 

overcome (o-ver-kuui'), vt. and vi. Get 
the better of: conquer, be victorious. 

overdo (o-ver-db'), vt. and vi. 1. Do 
rermuch. 2. Fatigue. 3. Exaggerate. 

overdone (5-ver-dun'), a. 1. Overact- 
ed. 2. Fatigued. 3. Cooked too much. 

overdose (o'ver-dos], n. Too large a 
dose. [much. 

overdose (5-ver-dos'), vt. Dose over- 
overdraw ( b-ver-dra' ), vt. 1. Draw 
overmuch. 2. Draw beyond one's cred- 
it. 3. Exaggerate. 

overdue (6-ver-du'), a. 1. Beyond the 
time at which it is due, or to be paid 
2. Behind the time assigued._ 

overestimate (o-ver-es'tim-at). I. vt. 
Estimate too highly. II. n. Excessive 
estimate 

overflow (o-ver-flo') I vt. Flowo<rer; 
flood; overwhelm; cover, as with 
numbers II. vi._ Run over ; abound. 

overflow (o'ver-flo) , n. 1. Flowing over 
2. Inundation. 3. Superabundance. 

©verflowing(o-ver-fio'ing) I a. Flow- 
ing over; abundant. II. n. Abundance; 
copiousness_. 

overgrow (o-ver-gro'). I. vt. Grow be- 
yond; rise above; cover with growth. 
II. vi Grow beyond the proper size. 

overhand (o'ver-hand). I. a. Over and 
over. II. n. Upper hand;mastery. 

overhang ( o-ver-hang' ), vt. and vi. 
Hang over; project over; impend. 

Overhaul ( 6-ver-haT), vt. 1. Haul or 
draw over, turn over for examina- 
tion. 2. Overtake in a chase. 



overhaul ( o'ver-hal ), n Hauling 
over; examination"; repair. 

overhead (6-ver-hed'), a Over the 
head; aloft; in the zenith. 

overhear (o-ver-ner'), vt. Hear what 
was not intended to be heard; hear 
by accident [issue 

overissue (o'ver ish-u), n. Excessive 

overissue (o-\er-ish*u), vt. Issue in 
excess. 

overjoy (o-ver joi'), vt. Fill with great 
joy; transport with delight or glad- 
ness, [transport. 

overjoy (o'yer-joi), n. Joy to excess; 

overland (o'ver-land), a. Entirely or 
principally by land. 

overlap (o-ver- lap'), vt. Lao over. 

overlay (o-ver-la'), vt. 1. Sp'read over 
2. Cover completely. 3. Overlie; 
smother by lyingupon. 

overleap (o-ver-lep'), vt. Leap over; 
ignore. [upon. 

overlie (o-yer-li') 1 vt Lie above or 

overload (o-ver-lod'), vt. Load or fill 
overmuch._ 

overlook. (o-vevAo'k'),vt. 1. Look over; 
be higher. 2. Inspect. 3. Neglect by 
carelessness or inadvertence. 4. Pass 
by indulgently; pardon. 5. Slight. 

overmaster (o-ver-mas'ter), vt. Con- 
quer; overpower. 

overmatch (o-ver-mach'), vt. Be more 
than a match for; defeat. [Too much, 

overmuch (o-vet'-mucli'), a. and adv 

overnice (o-ver-nis'), a. Fastidious. 

overnight (over-nit'), adv During 
the night. 

overpass (5-ver-pas'), vt. Pass over 

overpay (o-ver-pa'), vt. Pay too much. 

overplus (6'yer-plus), n. Surplus. 

overpower (o-ver-pow'erl , vt. Have oi 
gain power over; subdue. 
Syn. Overcome. See conquer. 

overrate(o-ver-rat'),j>£. Rate too high. 

overreach ( o-ver-rech' ). I. vt. 1. 
Reach or extend beyond. 2. Cheat. II. 
vi. Strike the hindfoot against the 
forefoot, as a horse. 

override (o-ver-rid'), vt. 1. Ride over; 
trample down. 2. Annul; destroy. 3. 
Ride too much. 

overrule (o-ver -rol'), vt. 1. Influence 
by greater power. 2. In law Super- 
sede; reject. 

overrun (o-ver-run') I. vt. 1. Run or 
spread over; grow over 2. Spread 
over and take possession of. 3 Print, 
Carry over parts of Hues, columns, 
etc., in corrections. II. vi. Run over. 
2. Print. Extend beyond the proper 
or desired_ length. 

oversea (o_-ver-se_'), adv. Abroad. 

oversee ( o-ver-se' ). vt. See or look 
over; superintend. 



tile, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; mf, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, miive» woifj 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



overseer 



389 



oxidize 




Overshot wheel. 



overseer ( o-ver-se'er ) , n. One who 
oversees; superintendent. 

overset ( 6-ver-set' ), vt. Turnover; 
upset; overthrow. 

overshadow ( o'ver-shad'6 ), vt. 1. 
Throw a shadow over. 2. Shelter or 
protect. [over another. 

overshoe (o'ver-sho), n. Shoe worn 

overshoot (o-ver-shof). I. vt. 1. Shoot 
over or beyond, as a mark. 2. Pass 
swiftly over. II. vi. Shoot or fly be- 
yond the mark. 

overshot (o'ver- 
sho t), a. Having 
the water fall- 
ing from above, 
as a wheel. 

oversight(o*ver- 
sit), n. 1. Super- 
intendence. 2. 
Failing to no- 
tice ; mistake ; 
omission. 

oversleep (o-ver- 
siep'), vi. Sleep too long. 

overspread ( o-ver-spred' ). I. vt. 
Spread over; scatter over. II. vi. Be 
spread oven 

overstate (o-ver-staf), vt. State over 
or above; exaggerate. — overstate'- 
ment, n- [yond the limits of. 

overstay (_5-ver-sta'), vt. Remain be- 

overstep(o-ver-step'), vt. Step beyond; 
exceed. [much; fill too full. 

overstock(o-ver-stok'), vt. Stock over- 
overstrain ( o-ver-stran'), vt. and vi. 
Strain or stretch too much. 

•T>vert (6'vert),a. Open to view; public; 
apparent.— o'vertly,acto. [Pr ouvert.] 

overtake ( o-ver-tak' ), vt Come up 
with; catch; come upon. 

overtask (over-task'), vt Task over- 
much; impose too heavy a task on. 

overtax(o-ver-taks'),^^.Tax overmuch. 

overthrow ( 6-ver-thro' ), vt. Throw 
down; upset; demolish. 
Syn. Ruin; prostrate. See conquek. 

overthrow ( o'ver-thro ), n. Act of 
overthrowing or state of being over- 
thrown; ruin; defeat. 

overtime (o'ver-tlm), n. Time beyond 
regular hours; extra time. 

overtop (o-ver-top'), vt Rise over the 
top of; surpass; obscure. 

overtrade(o-vei , -trad'), vi. Trade over- 
much, beyond capital or demand. 

overture (o'ver-tur), n. 1. Proposal. 
2. In music. Piece introductory to an 
opera or ballet. [Fr. ouverture.'] 

overturn ( o-ver-turn'), vt. Throw 
down; subvert; ruin. 

overturn, (o'ver-turn), n. State of be- 
ing overturned. [overmuch. 

■fts'ervalue (o-ver-val'u), vt. Value 



overweening(5-ver-we'ning),a.Thmk 
iug too highly; conceited; vain. 

overweigh (o-ver-wa'), vt. Outweigh. 

overweight (6'ver-wat), , n. Weight 
beyond what is required or is just. 

overwhelm (o-ver-hwelm'), vt. Over- 
spread and crush by something heavy 
or strong; immerse and bear down; 
overcome. [See whelm.] 

overwise ( o-ver-wiz' ), a. Wise over- 
much; affectedly wise.— overwise'- 
ly, adv. 

overwork ( o-ver-wurk r ), vt. and vi. 
Work overmuch or beyond the 
strength; tire. 

overwork (6'ver-wurk), n. Excess of 
work; excessive labor. 

overwrought ( over-rat' ), a. Ovei'- 
worked; excited or worked on to ex- 
cess, [form of an egg. 

oviform ( 6'yi-farm ), a. Having the 

oviparous (o-vip'a-rus), a Bringing 
forth eggs. [L. ovum, egg, and pario. 
bring forth.] 

ovipositor ( o-vi-pos'i-ter ), n. Organ 
of insects, etc., with which they de- 
posit their eggs. 

ovoid (o'void), a. Oval or egg shaped. 
[L. ovum, egg, and Gr. eidos, form.] 

ovum (o'vum), n. [pi. o'va.] 1. Egg. 2. 
Germ formed within_the ovary. [L.] 



owe(o),^. and vi 1. Be bound to pay, 
give, or do. 2. Be obliged for. f A. S, 

agan.] 



owl (owl), n. Nocturnal carnivorous 
bird, noted for its large eyes and hoot- 
ing cry. [A.S. ule ] [Dim. of owl.] 

©w3et (owl'et), n. Small or young owl. 

owlish (owl'ish), a Like an owl. 

own (or\),vt. Grant; acknowledge. [A 
S. unnan. Ger. gonnen, to grant.] 

own (on), vt. Possess; have a rightful 
title to. [A.S. agnian — agen, one's 
own.] [A. S. agen. Ger. eigen.] 

own (on), a. Belonging to; peculiar. 

owner (o'rier) n. One who owns or 
possesses.— own'crship, n. 

ox (oks), n. [pi. oxen (oks'n).] 1. Ru- 
minant quadruped of the bovine fanr 
ily. 2. Male of the cow used as a 
beast of draft. [A. S. oxa, pi. oxan.] 

oxalic (oks-al'ik), a. Pertaining to or 
obtained from sorrel. — Oxalic acid, 
very poisonous acid, used for bleach- 
ing straw, in dyeing, etc. 

oxalis (oks'a-iis)>?i. Wood-sorrel. [Gr 
—oxys, acid.l [process of oxidizing. 

oxidation ( oks-i-da'shun ), n. Act or 

oxide (oks'id), n. Compound of oxygen 
and another element. 

ozidizable (oks-i-di'za-bl), a. Capable 
of being oxidized. 

oxidize ( oks'i-dlz ), vt. Change into, 
j or combine with, an oxide. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, than, 



oxygen 



387 



pad 



oxygen (oks'i-jen), n. Gas -without 
taste, color, or smell, forming part of 
the air, water, etc , and supporting 
lii'e and combustion. [Lit. "that 
which generates acids," from Gr. 
oxys, acid, and gennao, generate.] 

oxygenate (oks'i-jen-at), oxygenize 
(oks'i-jen-iz), vt. and vi. Unite with 
oxygen.— oxygena'tion, n. 

oxygenous (oks ij'en us), a Pertain- 
ing to. or obtained from, oxygen. 

oxytone (oks'i ton), a. 1. Having an 
acute sound. 2. Having the acute ac- 
cent on the last syllable. LGr. oxys, 
sharp, and tonos, tone, accent.] 

oyer (o'yer), n. Hearing.— Oyer and ter- 



miner: Name given in some States o\ 
the U. S. to certain courts, usually 
confined to hearing and determining 
criminal cases [Norm. Fr oyer, (Fr. 
ouir) — Li. audire, hear.] 

oyez, oyes (o'yes), inter j. Hear ye 
(Introductory call ot a public crier 
for attention ) [Norm Fr.j 

oyster (ois'ter), n. Edible bivalve sbel* 
fish. [O. Fr. oistre — Lt ostrea—Gv. 
ostreon.joystev.— osteon, bone.] , 

ozone (o'zon), n. Name given to a 
modification of oxygen, being one and 
a half times as dense, showing in- 
creased chemical activity and marked 
by a peculiar smell. [Gr. ozo, smell] 



HP» ( P© )>». Sixteenth letter of 
the English alphabet. With h it 
forms the digraph ph, which is 
pronounced like /, and occurs 
in words derived from the 
Greek. As an initial before n, s, and 
t, it is silent, as in pneumatics, 2jsalm, 
ptomain. It is silent also in the words 
raspberry, receipt, and corps. 

pa (pa), n. Same as papa. 

pabulum (pab'u-lum), n. That which 
feeds or nourishes. [~Li.—pasco, feed.] 

paca(pa'ka), n. So. American Guinea 
pig. [Port.] 

pace (pas). I. n. 1. Space left between 
the feet in one step, measured from 
heel to heel, and varying from 30 to 
36 inches. 2. Step. 3. Gait; rate of 
motion (of a manor beast). 4. Mode 
of stepping in horses in which the 
legs on the same side are lifted to- 
gether; amble II- vt. 1. Measure by 
steps 2 Cause to progress. 3. Regu- 
late in motion. III. vi. 1. Walk; walk 
slowly. 2. Amble.— pacer (pa'ser, n. 
[Fr pas— L. passus, st6p.] 

pachyderm (pak'i-derm), n. [pi. pach.'- 
yderms or pachyderm'ata.J One of 
an old order of non-ruminant, hoofed 
mammals, distinguished for the thick- 
ness of their skin, as the elephant. 
[Gr.— pachys, thick, and derma'sMn.] 

pachyderm ( pak'i-derm ), pachy- 
derm'atons, a. Relating to a pachy- 
derm; thick-skinned. 

pacific (pa-sif'ik), a. Appeasing; mild; 
tranquil.— pacifically, adv. 
Syn. Conciliatory; peaceful; quiet. 

pacification ( pas-if-i-ka'shun ), n. 
Making peace between parties at vari- 
ance. [See pacify.] 

pacificator ( pa-sif'i-ka-tur ), paci- 
fier ( pas'i-fi-er ), n. Peacemaker.— 
pacificatory, a. 



pacifico (pa-sif'i ko; Sp. pa-the'fi.-ko) 
n. Peaceful person ; non-combatant 

pacify (pas'i-fi), vt Make peaceful 
appease; calm; soothe. [L. pacifico 
—pax, peace, and facia, make.] 

pack (pak). I. n. 1. Bundle. 2. Com- 
plete set ot cards. 3. Number of 
hounds hunting, or kept together. 4. 
Number of persons combined for bad 
purposes. 5. Any great number. 6. 
Large area or held of broken ice. 7. 
Wet sheet for closely wrapping up a 
patient. II. vt. 1. Press together and 
fasten up; make tight. 2. Place in 
close order. 3. Select persons for 
some unjust object. — packer, n. 
[Celt, pac] 

package (pak'aj), n. Something pack- 
ed; bundle; bale. 

packet (pak'et), n. 1. Small package. 
2. Dispatch-boat ; vessel plying re- 
gularly between ports. 

packhorse (pak'hars), n. Horse used 
to carry "goods. 

packing (pak'ing), n 1. Act of putting 
in packs or tying up for carriage. 2. 
Material for packing. 

packman (pak'man), n. Peddler or 
man who carries a pack. 

pack-saddle (pak'-sad'l), n. Saddle 
for packs or burdens. 

packthread (pak'thred), n. Coarse 
thread used to sew or tie up packages. 

pact (pakt), n Contract. [L. pactum— 
paciscor, make a contract.] 

pad (pad), n. Thiet on the high-road; 
footpad. [Dut. pad, path.] 

pad (pad). I. n. 1. Anything stuffed 
with a soft material., as a soft saddle, 
cushion, etc. 2 Package of paper for 
writing upon. 3. Sheet of blotting- 
paper; blotter. II. vt. [ pad 'ding; 
pad'ded.] Stuff ; furnish with pads 
or padding. 



**te, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf j 
mute. hut. burn; oil. owl. then. 



padding 



palatal 



padding 1 (pad'ing), n. 1. Soft stuffing 
01 a saddle, etc. 2. Superfluous mat- 
ter introduced into a book or article 
to make it of the desired length. 

paddle(pad'l) L vi. 1. Dabble in water. 
2- How. II. vt. Move with an oar or 
paddle. III. n. 1. Short, broad, spoon- 
shaped oar, used for moving canoes 
2. Blade of an oar. 3. One of the 
boards at the circumference of a pad- 
dle-wheel. [For pattle, a freq. form 
of pat, quick, light stroke.] 

paddock (pad'uk), n. Enclosure for 
pasture, attached or contiguous to a 
stable. [A S.pearroc, park — sparran 
(Ger. sperren), shut in.] [E. Indian.] 

paddy ( pad'i ), n. Rice in the husk. 

padlock (pad'lok). L n. Lock with a 
link to pass through a staple or eye. 
II. vt. Fasten with a padlock. [Ety- 
mology unknown.] 

padrone (padro'ne), n. 1. Patron, 
master. 2. One who imports Italian 
laborers_ and controls their earnings. 

prean (pe'an), n. 1 Song in honor of 
Apollo. 2. Song of triumph. [Gr. 
Paian, an epithet ot Apollo.] 

pagan (pa'gan). I. n. Heathen. II. a. 
Heathen; heathenish. [L. paganus, 
living out in the country; boorish; 
unconverted.] [ism. 

paganism ^pa'gan-izm), n Heathen- 

paganize(pa 7 gan : iz), vt. Render pagan 
or heathen; convert to paganism. 

page (paj), n. Boy attending on a per- 
son of distinction. [Fr.] 

page (paj> I. n. One side of a leal, as 
of a book. II. vt Number the pages 
of. [Fr. — Li.pagina, thing fastened— 
pango, fasten ] 

pageant (paj'ant or pa'-), n. Showy 
exhibition; spectacle; fleeting show. 
—pageantry (paj'an-tri or pa,'-), n. 
[Low L. pagina, stage.] 

pagination (paj-i-na'- 
shun), n. Paging of a 
book; page number. 

pagoda (pa-go'da), n. 
Temple of 'an idol in 
India. [Sp.— Pers. but- 
kadah, idol-temple.] 

paid (pad), a. Receiving ^j5 



wages. [See pay.] 

pail (pal), n. Open ves- 
sel of wood, etc., for 
holding or carrying 
liquids. [O. Fr. paele— Pagoda. 
L. patella, pan.] 

pailful ( pal'fol), n. [pi. pailfuls.] As 
much as fills a pail. 

pain (pan). I. n. Bodily suffering; an- 
guish, careful application; anxiety. 
II. vt. Distress; grieve; hurt. [Fr. 
peine— L. poena, penalty.] 




painful ( pan'fol ), a. Full of pain; 
causing pain; distressing. — pain'* 
fully, adv.— pain'fulness, n. 

painless (pan'les), a. Without pain.— 
pain'lessly,acto._— painlessness, %. 

painstaking ( panz'tak-ing ). I. a 
Taking pains or care; diligent. II n. 
Labor; diligence. 

paint (pant). I. vt. 1. Color. 2. Re- 
present in colors. 3. Describe. II. vi. 

1. Practice painting. 2. Lay colors 
on the face. III. n. Coloring substance; 
pigment; rouge.— painter, n. [Fr. 
pemdre—Li. pingo, pict-, paint.] 

painter (pan'ter), n. Rope used to 
fasten a boat. [ Mid. Eng. panther, 
fowler's noose, through O. Fr.— L. 
panther, hunting-net, —Gr. pantheros, 
catching all— pan, neut. of pas, every, 
and ther, wild beast.] 

painting (pant'ing), n. 1. Act or em- 
ployment of laying on colors, or of 
representing objects by colors. 2. 
Picture 

pair (par). I. n. 1. Orig. Set of things 
used together, as pair of stairs. 2. 
Two things used or belonging togeth- 
er. II. vt. Join in couples. III. vi. 1. 
Be joined in couples. 2. Fit as a coun- 
terpart.— Pair off. 1. Go off in pairs. 

2. Make an arrangement with one of 
an opposite opinion by which the 
votes of both are withheld. [Fr. paire 
—Lt.par, equal.] 

pajamas (pa-ja'maz), pyjamas (pi- 
ja'maz). n. pi. 1. Loose trousers worn 
in India by either sex. 2. The same 
with loose covering for the upper 
part of the body also. [Hindoo.] 

pal (pal), n. 1. Partner; mate; chum. 
2. Companion in crime; accomplice. 
[Gipsy. (Slang.)] 

palace (pal 'as), n. Royal house; splen- 
did house or building. [Fr. palais— L. 
Palatium, the Roman emperor's resi- 
dence on the Palatine Hill at Rome.] 

paladin ( pal'a-din ), n. Knight of 
Charlemagne's household ; knight- 
errant. [Fr.] 

palaeontology. See paleontology 

palaeolithic (pa-le-o-lith'ik) , n. Se* 

NEOLITHIC. 

palanquin (pal-ang-ken'),ft. Carriage 
f ->r one person, borne on the shoulders 
of men. [Javanese, palanki.] 

palatable (pal'at-a-bl), a. . Agreeable 
to the palate or taste; savory.— pal- 
atably, adv. 

palatal (pal'at-al). I. a. 1. Pertaining 
to the palate. '2. Uttered by aid of 
the palate. II. n. Letter pronoun' ed 
chiefly by the aid of the palate, a» ch, 
j, y, i, and e. 



f&t«, fat, tsisk, far, ffjll, fare, above;. m9, met, b§r } mlte t mit; note, not, move, wo#V> 
wite, nut. buru; oil, owl, then, 



palate 



389 



palmetto 



palate (palat), n. 1. Roof 01 the 
mouth. 2. Taste: relish.— palatine 

(pal'a-tin), a. Of the palate. [O. Fr. 
palat— Li. palatum.'] 

palatial (pa-la'shal), a. Pertaining to 
a palace; royal; magnificent. 

palatine (pal'a-tin). I. a. 1. Belong- 
ing to a palace. 2. Having royal rank. 
II. n. One having royal privileges. 

palaver (pal-a'ver), n. 1. Idle talk; 
talk intended to deceive. 2. Confer- 
ence, esp. with savages. [Port, pa- 
lavra—lj. parabola, parable.] 

pale (pal). I. n. 1 Narrow piece of 
wood used in inclosing grounds. 2. 
Anything that incloses ; inclosure ; 
limit; district. II. vt Inclose with 
stakes; encompass. [Fr.pal— Lt.palus, 
stake.]_ 

pale (pal). I. a. 1. Not ruddy or fresh 
of color; wan. 2. Of a faint luster or 
hue; dim. II. vt.ana vi. Make or turn 
pale.— -pale'ly, adv. — paleness, n. 
[Fr. — L. pallidus, pale.] 

paleontology, palaeontology (pa- 
le-on-tol'o-ji),7i. Science of the ancient 
life ot the earth, or of its fossil re- 
mains. — palseontolog'ical, a. — 
palaeontologist, n. [Gr palaios, 
ancient, on, ontos, being, and logos, 
discourse.] 

Paleozoic ( pa-le-o-zo'ik ), a. Of the 
oldest division of the geological se- 
ries, comprising the Silurian, Devo- 
nian, Carboniferous and Permian 

palestra ( pa-les'tra), n. Gymnasium. 
[Gr. — palaio, 
wrestle.] ^ _^ 

palette (pal'et), 
n. Little board 
on wh ic h a 
painter mixes 
his colors. [Fr.] 

palfrey(pal'fri), 
n. Saddle- 
horse, esp. for a lady. [Fr. palefroi.] 

palimpsest (pal'imp-sest), n. Parch- 
ment which has been written upon 
twice, the first writing having been 
erased to make room for the second. 
[Gr.— palm,a,ga,in,a,n& psestos, rubbed..] 

palindrome (pal'in-drom), n. Word, 
verse, or sentence that reads the 
same either backward or forward, as 
madam. [Gr.—palin, back, and dromos, 
running.] [inclosure. 

paling (pa'ling), n. Pales in general ; 

palingenesis ( pal-in-jen'e-sis ), n. 
Second birth; regeneration. [Gr.] 

palisade(pal-i-sad').I.^.Fence of point- 
ed stakes firmly fixed in the ground. 
II. vt. Surround with a palisade. [Fr. 
palissade—Li. palus, stake.] [wan. 

palish (pa'lish), a. Somewhat pale or 




Palette. 



pall ( pal ), n. Cloth over a coffin.— 
pallbearer, n. One of those who 
attend the coffin at a funeral [L. 
palla, mantle.] 

pall (pal), vt. and vi. Make or become 
vapid ;"lose, or rob of , strength, life, 
spirit, or taste. [Wei. pallu, fail.] 

Palladium(palla'di-um), n. 1. Statue 
of Pallas, on the preservation of 
which the safety of ancient Troy was 
supposed to depend. 2. Any safeguard. 
3. Rare metal found with platinum. 
[Gr. palladion— Pallas, Minerva.] 

pallet (pal'et), n. 1. Palette. 2. Shap- 
ing tool used by potters. 3. Instru- 
ment for spreading gold-leaf. 4. Pro- 
jection on the escapement of a watch- 
engaging the teeth of the wheel. 
[From palette] 

pallet(pal'et), n. Mattress or couch of 
straw. [Fr. paillet—paille, straw.] 

palliate (pal'i-at), vt. 1. Soften by 
favorable representation. 2. Mitigate 
without curing.— pallia'tion, n. [L. 
palliatus, cloaked, — pallium, cloak.] 
Syn. Cloak; cover; conceal; hide; 
extenuate; ease; relieve. 

palliative (pal'i-a-tiv). I. a. Serving 
to palliate. II. n. That which palliates. 

pallid (pal'id), a. Pale; having little 
color; wan. [L. pallidus.'] 

pall-mall (pel-mel'), n. Old game, in 
which a ball was driven through an 
iron ring with a mallet. [O. Fr. pale- 
maille— It pallamaglio — O. Ger. palla, 
ball, and It. maglio, mallet.] 

pallor (pal'ur), n Paleness. [L.] 

palm (pam). I. n. 1. Inner 
part of the hand between 
wrist and fingers. 2. Trop- 
ical branchless tree of 
many varieties, bearing 
at the summit large 
leaves. 3. Palmleaf 
borne in token of 
victory or rejoic- 
ing. II. vt. 1. Con- 
ceal in the palm of 
the hand. 2. (with 
off) Impose by 
fraud. [Li. palma.] 

palmar (pal'mar), 
a. 1. Pertaining to Palms. 

the palm of the Sago Oil. Cocoa, 
hand. 2. Belong- 
ing to the under side of a wing. 

palmary (pal'ma-ri), a. Worthy of 
the palm; excellent. 

palmate (pal'mat), palmated (pal'- 
ma'tad), a. 1 Shaped like the palm of 
the hand. 2. Entirely webbed, as feeu 
[L. palmatus — palma. See palm.] 

palmetto (pal-met'o), n. Name for 
several fan-palms. [Sp. — L. palma.] 




fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit, note, not, move, wolf; 
. mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



palmist 



390 



panicle 



palmist (pal'mist or pa'mist), n. One 
who tells fortunes by the lines of 
the palm of the hand.— pal'mistry, 
n. 

Palm-Sunday (pam'sun'da), n. Sun- 
day before Easter, the day Christ en- 
tered Jerusalem, when palm branches 
were strewn in his way. 

palmy (pam'i), a. 1. Bearing palms. 2. 
Flourishing; victorious. 

palpable ( pal'pa-bl ), a. That can be 
touched or felt.; readily perceived ; 
gross. — palpability, pal'pable- 
ness, ns. — palpably, adv. [ L. 
palpdbilis—palpo , touch.] 

Syn. Tangible; evident; manifest; 
glaring; obvious; unmistakable. 

palpitate (pal'pi- tat), vi. Move often 
and quickly; beat rapidly; throb.— 
palpita'tion, n. [L. See palpable.] 

palpus (pal'pus), n. Feeler. [L.] 

palsy (pal'zi). I. n. Paralysis. II. vt. 
[pal'sying; pal'sied. ] Affect with 
palsy;' deprive of action or energy; 
paralyze. [From paralysis ] 

palter (pal'ter), vi. Trifle; dodge; 
shuffle; equivocate. [From paltrv.] 

paltry (pal'tri), a. Mean; vile; worth- 
less.— pai'trily, adv. — pal'triness, 
n. [Low Ger. poller, rag, sherd.] 

pampas (pam'pas), n. 2)1- Vast plains 
in S. America. ^Peruvian.] 

pamper (pam'per), vt. 1. Feed luxu- 
riously or to the full ; glut. 2. Gratify 
to the full, indulge to excess.— pam'- 
perer, n. [Low Ger. pampen—pampe, 
pap made of meal.] 

pamphlet (pam'flet), n. 1. Small 
book consisting of one or more sheets 
stitched together. 2. Short essay or 
treatise. [Etym. doubtful.] 

pampnleteer(pam-flet-er'), n. "Writer 
of pamphlets. 

pan (pan), n. Rounded hillock; skull. 
[So. African Dutch.] 

pan (pan). I. n. 1. Broad shallow vessel 
for domestic use. 2. Part of a flint- 
lock that holds the priming, 3. Skull. 
4. Stratum of hard ground below the 
soil. II. vt. and vi. 1. Wash, as gold 
from dirt. 2 Yield (with out), as 
gold or profit. [A. S. panne.] 

pan-, panto-, prefix. All ; alto- 
gether. [Gr. pas, pasa, pan, all.] 

panacea (pan-a-se'a), n. All-healing 
remedy ; universal medicine. [Gr. 
panakeia—pas, pan, all, and aJceomai , 
heal.] [ers, boiled to a pulp. [Sp.] 

panada (pa-na'da), n. Bread or crack- 
Panama (pan'a-ma or pa-na-ma'), n. 
Fine hat of the'West Indies and South 
America, plaited of the undeveloped 
leaf of the screw-pine. [Panama,, ciiy 
and Republic, Central America. 



Pan-American (pan-a-mer'i-kan) , a. 
Of all divisions of America collective- 
ly. [Gr. pan, all,_and American.] 

pancake (pan'kak), n. Thin cake of 
eggs, flour, and milk fried in a pan. 

pancreas (pan'kre-as), n. Gland sit- 
uated under and behind the stomach, 
secreting a saliva-like fluid which 
enters the duodenum and assists di- 
gestion in the intestines; sweetbread. 
— pancreat'ie, a. Pertaining to the 
pancreas. [Gr. pan, all, and kreas, 
flesh.] 

pandect (pan'dekt), n. 1. Treatise 
containing the whole of a science. 2. 
(P), pi. Digest of Roman civil law 
made by command of the Emperor 
Justinian. [Gr. pan, all, and dechomai, 
receive.] 

pandemonium (pan-de-mo'ni-um), n, 
1. Abode of demons or evil spirits. 2. 
Place or state of noisy disorder. [Lit. 
"place of all the demons,"— Gr. pan, 
all, and daimon, demon.] 

pander (pan'der). I. n. One who pro- 
cures for another the means of grati- 
fying unlawful desires. II. vt. and 
vi. Minister to the gratifying of. 
[From Pandarus, in the story of 
Troilus and Cressida.] 

pane (pan), n. Plate of glass. [Fr. pan, 
lappet, pane— L. pannus, cloth.] 

panegyric (pan-e-jir'ik), n. Oration 
or eulogy in praise of some person or 
event. — panegyr'ie, panegyr'- 
ical, a. Laudatory.— panegyr'ical- 
ly, adv. [Gr. panegyrikos, fit for a na- 
tional gathering— pan, all, and agyris, 
gathering.] 

panegyrize ( pan'e-jir-iz ), vt. Write 
or pronounce a panegyric on; praise 
highly. 

panel (pan'el). I. n. 1. Inarch. Com- 
partment with raised margins; board 
with a surrounding frame. 2. Thin 
board on which a picture is painted. 
3. Schedule containing the names of 
those summoned to serve as jurors; 
jury. II. vt. Furnish with panels.— 
paneling, n. Panel-work. [Low L. 
panellus, dim. of L. pannus, cloth.] 

pang ( pang), n. Violent momentary 
pain; paroxysm of extreme sorrow; 
throe. [Etymology doubtful.] 

panic (pan'ik). I. n. Extreme or sudden 
fright; outburst of terror. II. a. Of 
the nature of a panic; extreme or 
sudden; imaginary. [Gr. — Pan, the 
gt>d of the woods, who was supposed 
to cause sudden frights.] 

panicle (pan'i-kl), n. In hot. Form of 
inflorescence in which the cluster 
is irregularly branched, as in oats. 
[L. panicula, tuft.] 



late, fat, task, far fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wol/' 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



pannier 



391 



par 



pannier (pan'yer), n. 1. One of two 

baskets slung across a horse, for car- 
rying light produce to market. 2. In 
arch. Corbel. 3. Bustle for a woman's 
skirt. [Fr. — L. panarium, bread- 
basket.] [armed. 

panoplied (pan'o-plid), a. Completely 

panoply ( pan'o-pli ), n. Full suit of 
armor. [Gr. — pan, all, and hopla, 
arms.] 

panorama ( pan-o-ra'ma or -ra'ma ), 
n. 1. Complete view oh all sides." 2. 
Picture representing a number of 
scenes unrolled and made to pass be- 
fore the spectator.— panoramic, a 
[Gr. pan, all, and horama, view, sight, 
— horao, see.] 

pansy (pan'zi), n. Species of violet; 
heart's-ease. [Fr. pensie, thought.] 

pant ( pant ), vt. and vi. 1. Breathe 
hard; gasp. 2. Throb. 3. Desire ar- 
dently. [Imitative.] 

pantag-raph. Same as pantograph. 

pantaloon (pan-ta-lon'), n. 1. In pan- 
tomines, a ridiculous character that 
wears a garment consisting of trous- 
ers and stockings in one piece; buf- 
foon. 2. pi. Garment covering the 
abdomen and the legs down to the 
ankles; trousers, pants. [Fr. pan- 
talon — It. pantalone — Pantaleone (Gr. 
"all-lion"), patron saint of Venice.] 

pantheism (pan'the-izm), n. Doc- 
trine that nature or the universe is 
Gbd. [Gr. pan, all, and theism.] 

pantheist ( pan'the-ist ), n. Believer 
in pantheism.— pantheistic, pan- 
theistical, n. 

pantheon (pan'the-on or -the'on), n. 

1. Temple dedicated to all the gods. 

2. Complete mythology. [Gr. pan, ail, 
arid theos, god ] 

panther (pan'ther), n. 1. Fierce, 
spotted, carnivorous quadruped 
found in Asia and Africa. 2. In Amer- j 
ica, mountain-lion, jaguar, puma.[Fr. 
panthlre — L. panthera — Gr. panther.] 

pantograph 
( pan't5-graf ), 
n. Instrument 
for copying 
drawings, esp. 
on a different 
scale from the 
original. [ Gr. 
pan, every- 
thing, and graphein, write.] 

pantomime (pan'to-mim), n. 1. One 
who expresses his meaning by mute 
action. 2. Representation or enter- 
tainment in dumb-show. — panto- 
mimic, pantomim'ical, a.— pan- 
tomim'ically, adv. [Gr. pas, pan- 
tos, all, and mimos, imitator.] 




Pantograph. 



pantoniimist ( pan'to-mi-mist ), n. 
Actor in a pantomime. 

pantry (pan'tri), n. Room or closet for 
provisions. [Fr paneterie — Lt.panis, 
bread.] 

pants. Abbrev. from pantaloons. 

pap (pap), n. 1. Soft food for infants. 
2 Pulp of fruit. 3. Support or nour- 
ishment. 4. Nipple; teat. [From the 
first cries of infants.] 

papa (pa-pa' or pa'pa), n. Father. [A 
reduplication of one of the first utter- 
ances of a child.] 

papacy (pa'pa-si), n. Office or author- 
ity of the Pope. 2. Popes collectively. 
3. Roman Catholic religion. [Low L. 
papatia—papa, father.] 

papal(pa'pal), a. Belonging or relating 
to the Pope, papacy, or the Roman 
Catholic Church. 

papaw (pa-pa'), n Tropical tree of the 
genus cdrica, or its edible fruit. 2. 
Same as pawpaw. 

paper (pa'per). I. n. 1. Material made 
in thin sheets from a pulp of rags, 
straw, wood, etc. 2. Piece of paper. 3. 
Document. 4. Newspaper. 5. Essay or 
literary contribution, generally brief. 
6. Paper-hangings. 7. Negotiable in- 
strument. 8. Package contained in a 
paper wrapping. II. a. Consisting or 
made of paper. III. vt. Cover with 
paper. [From papyrus.] 

papering- (pa'per -ing),n. 1. Operation 
of covering or hanging with paper. 
2. Paper itself. 

papier-mache ( pap-y a-ma-sha' ) , n. 
Pulped paper, moulded into forms 
and japanned. [Fr.=paper mashed.] 

papilla (pa-pil'a), n. [pi. papill'ae.] 1. 
One of the minute elevations on the 
skin, esp. on the upper surface of the 
tongue and on the tips of the fingers, in 
which the nerves terminate 2. Nip- 
ple-like protuberance.— pap'illary , 
a. [L..] [O. Fr.= little butterfly.] 

papillote (pap'i-lot), n. Curl paper. 

papist (pa'pist), n. Roman Catholic. 
— papist'ic, a. [Fr.] 

papoose, pappoose ( pa-pos' ), n. N- 
American Indian baby. ' 

pappus ( pap'us ), n. Downy excre- 
scence, as the seeds of the dandelion, 
[Lt.=old man, gray hair.] 

papyrus (pa-pi'rus), n. [pi. papy'ri.] 
1. Egyptian reed, from the inner 
rind (called byblos) of which the an- 
cients made their paper. 2. Manu- 
script on papyrus. [Gr. papyros.] 

par (par), n. Equal value; equality of 
nominal and market value; equality 
of condition. — At par, at the face 
value; at neither a discount nor a 
premium. [L.par, equal.] 



fate, fat, tank, far, fall, fare, above; m6, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf -, 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. . 



parable 



892 



paranoia 



parable (par'a-bl), n. Fable or alle- 
gory in which some fact or doctrine 
is illustrated. [Gr. parabole—para, 
beside, and ballo, throw.] 

parabola (par-ab'o-la), n. Conic sec- 
tion formed by the intersection of the 
cone with a plane parallel to one of 
its sides. [Gr. See parable.] 

parabolic (par-a-bol'ik), parabol- 
ical (par-a-bol'ik-al), a. Belonging 
to, or of the form of, a parabola. 

parachute ( par'a-shbt), n. Apparatus 
resembling a huge umbrella for de- 
scending safely from a balloon. [Fr. 
—parer, guard against, and chute,fa,ll.] 

paraclete (par'a-klet), n. Comforter; 
Holy Spirit^ [Gr. parakletos.] 

parade (par-ad'). I. n. 1. Arrangement 
of troops for display or inspection. 2. 
Place where such a display takes 
place. 3. Public procession. 4. Pom- 
pous display. II. vt. 1. Show off. 2. 
Marshal in military order. III. vi. 1. 
Walk about as if for show. 2. Pass in 
military order. 3. March in proces- 
sion, [Fr.— Sp. parada, place for mili- 
tary exercise.] 
Syn. Display; ostentation; show. 

paradigm (par'a-dim), n. Illustration, 
esp. in gram., example of the inflection 
of a word. [Gr. paradeigma — para, 
beside, and deiknymi, show.] 

paradise (par'a-dis), n. 1. Garden of 
Eden. 2. Heaven; any place or state 
of blissful delights. — paradisiac 
(par-a-dis'i-ak), paradisiacal (par- 
a-di-si'a-kal)," a. — Bird of Paradise, 
Eastern bird closely allied to the 
crow, remarkable for the splendor of 
its plumage. [Gr. paradeisos, park.] 

paradox(par'a-doks), n. 1. That which 
is contrary to received opinion. 2. 
That which is apparently absurd but 
really true. [Gr. para, contrary to, 
and doxa, opinion.] 

paradoxical (par-a-doks'ik-al), a. 1. 
Of the nature of a paradox. 2. In- 
clined to paradoxes. — paradoxic- 
ally, adv. — paradox'icalness, n. 

paraffiiie, paraffin ( par'a-fin ), n. 
Wax-like substance, obtained from 
coal-tar, petroleum, etc. [L.— parum, 
too little, and affinis, allied, (because 
of its chemical inactivity). ] 

paragoge (par-a-go'je),n. Unmeaning 
lengthening of "a word or syllable, as 
tyrant for tyran, without-en for with- 
out. [Gr.—paragein, prolong.] 

paragon (par'a-gon) , n. Pattern of per- 
fection, model" of excellence. [O. Fr.] 

paragraph (par'a-graf). I. n. 1. Dis- 
tinct part of a discourse or writing. 2. 
Short article in a newspaper. 3. Mark 
(!), used to denote the beginning of a 



paragraph, or as a reference mark. 
II. vt. 1. Mark in the margin. 2. 
Form into paragraphs. 3. Mention 
in a paragraph. — par'agrapher, n. 
Writer of paragraphs or brief notices. 
— paragraph'ic, paragraphical, 
a. [Gr. — para, beside, and grapho, 
write.] [ordered motor function. 

parakinesis (par-a-ki-ne'sis), n. Dis- 

parallax (par'a-laks), n. 1. Apparent 
change in the position of 'an object 
caused by change of position in tbe 
observer. 2. In astr. Apparent differ- 
ence in the position of a celestial ob- 
ject, as observed from different points 
of view.— parallactic, parallac- 
tical, a. [ Gr. = deviation, — para, 
beside, and allasso, change.] 

parallel (par'al-lel). I. a. 1. Extend- 
ed in the same direction and equidis- 
tant in all parts. 2. With the same 
direction or tendency; running in ac- 
cordance with. 3. Resembling in all 
essential points; like; similar. II. n. 
1. Line always equidistant from an- 
other. 2. Line marking latitude. 3. 
Likeness. 4. Comparison. 5. Counter- 
pare. 6. Trench dug parallel with the 
outline of the fortress. 7. Mark (||), 
denoting a reference. III. vt. 1. Place 
so as to be parallel. 2. Correspond. 
to. [Gr.— para, beside, and allelon.] 

parallelepiped ( par-al-lel-e-pi'ped 
or -pip'ed) parallelopiped, n. Reg- 
ular solid bounded by six plane par- 
allel surfaces. [Gr.— parallelos, and 
epipedon, plane surface.] 

parallelogram ( par-al-lel'o-gram ), 
n. Plane four-sided figure, the opposite 
sides of which are parallel and equal. 
[Gr. parallelos, and gramma, line. J 

paralogism (pa-ral'o-jism), n. Error 
in reasoning. [Gr.] 

paralysis (par-al'i-sis), n. Loss of the 
power of motion or sensation in any 
part of the body; palsy. [Gr.— para, 
beside, and lyo, loosen.] 

paralytic (par-a-lit'ik). I. a. Afflicted 
with or inclined to paralysis. II. n. 
One affected with paralysis. 

paralyze (par'a-llz),v£. 1. Strike with 
paralysis or palsy. 2. Make useless. 

paramount (par'a-mownt), a. Supe- 
rior to all others". [O. Fr. par amont, 
by that which is at the top.] 
Syn. Chief; principal; supreme. 

paramour (par'a-m6r),%. Lover, (now 
used in a bad sense). [Fr.=by love.} 

paranoia (par-a-noi'a), n. Form o\ 
monomania" presenting systematized 
delusions. — paranoi'ac, n. Person 
affected with paranoia. [Gr —para^ 
beside, wrong, and noein, think.] 



gate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



parapet 



803 



park 



parapet (par'a-pet), n. Rampart 
breast-high ; breast-high wall on a 
bridge, etc.— par apeted, a. Having 
a parapet. [It.— parare, protect, and 
peito, breast.] 

paraphernalia (par-a-fer-nali-a), n. 
pi. Ornaments of dress; trappings; 
equipments. [la.parapherna—Gv.para, 
beyond, and pherne, dowry.] 

paraphrase (par'a-fraz). I. n.l. Say- 
ing of the same thing in other words. 
2. Explanation of a passage. 3. Loose 
or free translation. "II. vt. Say the 
same thing in other words; render 
more fully ; interpret or translate 
freely, ill. vi. Make a paraphrase. 
[Gr.— para, beside, and phrazo, speak.] 

paraphrastic ( par-a-fras'tik ), a. Of 
the nature of a paraphrase.— para- 
phras'tically, adv._ 

paraplegia (par-a-ple'ji-a), n. Paral- 
ysis of the lower half of the body. 
[Gr.] 

parasite (par'a-sit), n. 1. Hanger-on; 
sycophant; toady. 2. Plant nourished 
by the juices of another. 3. Animal 
which lives on another. — parasitic 
(par-a-sit'ik), parasitical, a. Like 
a parasite; fawning; living on other 
plants or animals.— parasit'ically, 
adv.— parasitism, n. [Gr. parasilos 
—para, beside, and sitos, food.] 

parasol (par'a-sol), n. Small umbrella 
used as a sunshade. [L. parare,^zxxj , 
and sol, sun.] 

parboil (par'boil), vt. Boil in part. 
[ Orig. boil thoroughly — Fr. par, 
through, mistaken for part.] 

parbuckle (par'bukl), n. Double 
sling made of a rope for moving a 
cask on an inclined plane. 

parcel (par'sel). I. n. 1. Portion; 
quantity. 2. Package. II. vt. Divide 
into portions. [Fr. parcelle—L,. parti- 
cula, dim. of pars, part.] 

parch (parch), vt. and vi. 1. Burn 
slightly; scorch. 2. Become very dry; 
shrivel. 

parchment (parch'ment), n. Skin of 
a sheep or goat, etc., prepared for 
writing on. [Fr, parchemin—Iu. perga- 
mena (c/i,arta. paper), from Gr. Perga- 
mos, in Asia Minor, where it was in- 
vented. ] 

pard (pard), n. 1. Panther; leopard. 
2. In poetry, any spotted animal. [Gr. 
pardos.] 

pardon (par'dn). I. vt. Forgive; ex- 

. cuse ; remit the penalty of. II. n. 
Forgiveness; remission of a penalty 
or punishment.— par'doner, n. [L. 
per-, for-, and dono, give.] 

pardonable ( par'dn-a-bl ), a. That 
may be pardoned; excusable. 



pare (par), vt. 1. Cut or shave the 
surface, rind, etc., off. 2. Diminish 
by littles. [Fr. parer—lu.paro, prepare.] 

paregoric (par-e-gor'ik), n. Medicine 
that assuages pain ; tincture of opium. 
[L — Gr. paregoreo, soothe, encour- 
age.] 

parent ( par'ent ), n. 1. Father or 
mother. 2. That which produces; 
cause. [L. parens— pario, beget.] 

parentage ( par'en-taj ), n.l. Birth; 
extraction ; descent. "2. State of being 
a parent. 

parental (pa-ren'tal), a. Pertaining 
to or becoming parents; affectionate; 
tender.— parentally, adv. 

parenthesis (pa-ren'the-sis), n. [pi. 
paren'theses (-sez).] 1. "Word, phrase, 
or sentence put in or inserted hi an- 
other grammatically complete with- 
out it. 2. One of the two marks ( ) 
used to show this. [Gr.— para, beside, 
en, in, and thesis, placing.] 

parenthetic (par-en-thet'ik), paren- 
thetical, a. Expressed in a paren- 
thesis: using parentheses.— paren- 
thetically, adv. [sis. [Gr.] 

paresis (par'e-sis[, n. Motor paraly 

parhelion (par-he'li-un), n. [pi. par- 
he'lia.] Bright light sometimes seen 
near the sun; mock sun. [Gr. para, 
beside, near, and helios, sun.] 

pariah (pa'ri-a),w. In Hindustan, one 
who has lost his caste; an outcast. 
[Tamil.] 

Parian (pa'ri-an), a. Of Paros,island in 
the Aegean Sea, where a fine white 
marble is found. 

parietal (pa-ri'et-al), a. 1. Pertaining 
to walls. 2. in anai. Forming the sides 
or walls. 3. In bot. Growing from 
the inner lining or wall of another 
organ. [L.— paries, wall.] 

paring- (par'ing), n. That which is 
pared off; rind. 

parish (par'ish). I. n. 1. District un- 
der one pastor. 2. Ecclesiastical dis- 
trict having officers of its own and 
supporting its own poor. 3. In Louis- 
iana, county. II. a. Belonging or relat 
ing to a parish; employed or sun- 
ported by the parish. [Gr. paroilfa, 
neighborhood,— para, near, and oi/cos, 
dwelling.] 

parishioner ( par-ish'un-er ), n. One 
who belongs to or is connected with a 
parish. 

parity (par'i-ti), n. State of being 
equaJ; resemblance; analogy. [ L. 
paritas—par.] 

park(park). I.n. 1 . Piece of ground en- 
closed for recreation, ornament or as 
a game preservation. 2. In mil. Space 
in an encampment occupied by the 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; m§, met, her; mite, mitj n5te, not, move, wolf; 
route, hut, burn; oil, owl, tften, 



parlance 



594 



parsonage 



artillery, wagons, horses, etc. II. vt. 

I, Enclose in a park. 2. Bring together 
in a body, as artillery. [A.S. pearroc. 
See PADDOCK.] 

parlance (par''.ans), n. Conversation; 
idiom of conversation; phrase. [Fr. — 
Variant, pr. p. of parler, speak.] 

parley (par'li). I. vi. 1. Speak with an- 
other ; confer. 2. Treat with an enemy. 

II. n. 1. Talk. 2. Conference with an 
enemy in war. [Fr. parler, speak— 
Li. parabola — Gr. parabole, parable, 
speech, word. See parable.] 

parliament (par'li-ment)i n. 1. Meet- 
ing for consultation. 2. Legislature of 
the United Kingdom of Great Britain 
and Ireland, consisting of the sover- 
eign, lords, and commons. [Fr. parle- 
ment— parler, speak.] 

parliamentarian ( par-li-men-ta'ri- 
an), n. One versed in parliamentary 
rules and usages. 

parliamentary (par-li-men'ta-ri), a. 

I. Pertaining to a parliament.' 2. Ac- 
cording to rules of legislative bodies. 

parlor (par'lur), n. 1. In England, 
sitting-room. 2. In the U.S., drawing- 
room. [Fr.parloir— parler, speak.] 

parochial (par-6'ki-al), a. 1. Of or re- 
lating to a parish. 2. Local. [L. See 

PARISH.] 

parody (par'o-di). I. n. Caricature of 
a poem made by applying its words 
and ideas with a burlesque effect. II. 
vt. [par'odying; par'odied.] Apply in 
parody. — parodist, n. One who 
writes a parody. [Gr.— para, beside, 
and ode, ode.] 

parole (par-ol'). I. n. 1. Word of honor 
(esp. by a prisoner of war, to fulfil 
certain conditions). 2. Daily password 
in camp or garrison. II. vt. Release on 
parole. III. a. Given byword of mouth. 
[Fr. — L. parabola, parable, speech, 
saying. See parable. ]_ 

paronomasia (par-o-no-ma'zhi-a), n. 
Pun. [Gr. —para, and onama, name.] 

paronymons ( par-on'i-mus ), a 1. 
Of the same origin, as wise, wisdom, 2. 
Of like sound, but different spelling 
and meaning, as all and awl, heir and 
air. 3. Derived with a slight change, 
as peduncle — L. pedunculus. [Gr. — 
para and onoma, name.] [Pr.] 

paroquet ( par'o-ket ), n. Parrakeet. 

parotid (par-of id). I. a. Near the ear. 

II. n. Salivary gland near the ear, 
discharging saliva (in man, opposite 
the second molar tooth). 

paroxysm (par'oks-izm), n. 1. Fit of 
acute pain occurring at intervals. 2. 
Fit of passion. 3. Sudden violent ac- 
tion [Gr.— para, beyond, and oxys, 
sharp.] 




Australian zebra grass- 
parrakeet. 



paroxysmal (par-oks-iz'mal), a Per- 
taining to or occurring in paroxysms. 

paroxytone (par-oks'i-ton), n. Word 
accented on the penult. [Gr.] 

parquet, parquette (par-kef). I. n. 
Floor space of a theater between the 
orchestra and dress-circle. II. a. Made 
of parquetry. [Fr. dim. of 
pare, park.] 

parrakeet (par'a-ket), 
Small long-tailed parrot. 
[Sp. periquito, dim. of 
perico, parrot.l 

parricidal ( par'i-sl- 
dal), a. Pertaining to 
or committing 
parricide. 

parricide(t)ar'- 
ri-sid ), n. 1. 
Murderer of a 
father or moth- 
er. 2. Murder 
of a parent or 
ancestor. [Fr.— L. parricidalox patri- 
cida — pater, father, and caedo, slav.] 

parrot (par'ut), n. Tropical climbing 
bird, with brilliant plumage and a 
hooked bill, some of them remarkable 
for their faculty of imitating the Hu- 
man voice. [From Fr. Perrot, dim.'of 

P%€VV& I*Gt6r 1 

parry ( par'i ). 'I. vt. [par'rying; par'- 
ried.] Ward or keep off ; turn aside. II. 
n. [pi. parries.] 1. Defensive move- 
ment. 2. Brilliant attack or defense. 
[Fr. parer—Li. paro, prepare.] 

parse (pars), vt. and vi. Tell the parts 
of speech of a sentence and their rela- 
tions.— par's in g-, n. [L. pars, part."] 

parsee <, par'se or par-se' ), n. One of 
the adherents of the ancient Persian 
religion, in India. [ Pers. Parsi, 
Persian.] 

parsimony (par'si-mo-ni), n. Exces- 
sive economy.— parsiinonious(par- 
si-mo'ni-us), a. Unduly economical or 
frugal. — parsimo'niously, adv.— 
parsimo'niousness, n. [L. parsi- 
monia—parco, spare.] 

Syn. Niggardliness ; penuriousness ; 
sparingness ; stinginess ; closeness. 

parsley (pars'li), n. Bright-green pot 
herb. [Fr. persil — A.S. peter sil. From 
Gr. petroselinon.] 

parsnip (pars'nip), n. Plant with car- 
rot-like root, poisonous in its wild 
state, but edible when cultivated. 
[Ij. pastinaca.] 

parson (par'sn),?*. Priest; incumbent 
of a parish; clergyman. [O. Fr. per' 
sone, parson— L. persona, person.] 

parsonage (par'sn-aj), n. Residence 
of a clergyman. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. . 



part 



395 



party 



part (part). I. n. 1. Portion, quantity, 
or number making up with others a 
larger quantity or number. 2. Pro- 
portional quantity. 3. Share; interest. 
4. Side or party. 5. ActioD. 6. Char- 
acter assigned to an actor in a play. 

7. One of the melodies of a harmony. 

8. pi. Qualities; talents. II. vt. 1. 
Divide; make into parts. 2. Put or 
keep asunder. III. vx. 1. Be or become 
separated; be torn asunder; break. 
2. (with with) Relinquish; let go. 3. 
Depart; take leave. 4. Have a share. 
— Part of speech, one of the classes of 
words.— In good part, favorably. [Fr. 
—L. pars, partis.] 

Syn. Division; section; piece; con- 
cern; fraction^ moiety; function. 

partake (par-tak'), vt. and vi. Take or 
have a part in; have something of the 
properties, etc.— parta'ker, n. 

parterre ( par-tar' ) , n. S y s t e m of 
flower-plots in a garden. [Pr. — L. 
per terrain, along the ground.] 

partial (par'shai), a. 1. Relating to a 
part only; not total or entire. 2. In- 
clined to favor one party; having a 
preference.— partially, adv. [Fr.— 
Low L. partialis— L. pars, part.] 

partiality (par-shi-al'it-i), n. 1. Quali- 
ty of being partial or inclined to favor 
one party or side. 2. Liking for one 
thing more than others. 

participant(par-tis'f-oant). I. a. Par- 
ticipating: sharing. II. n. Partaker. 

participate ( par-tis'i-pat ), vi. Par- 
take; have a share. — participa- 
tion, n. [L. par ticipo— pars, part,and 
capio, take.] 

participial (par-ti-sip'i-al), n. 1. Of 
the nature of a participle. 2. Derived 
from a participle. 

participle (par'ti-si-pl), n. "Word par- 
taking of the nature of both adjective 
and verb. [L. participium—particeps, 
sharing— pars, part and capio, take.] 

particle (par'ti-kl), n. 1. Little part; 
very small portion. 2. In physics. 
Minutest part into which a body can 
be divided. 3. In gram. Indeclinable 
word, or one not to be used alone [Pr. 
— L. particula, dim. of pars, partis. J 

particular (par-tik'u-lar). I. a.l. Per- 
taining to a single person or thing; 
special. 2. Worthy of special atten- 
tion. 3. Concerned with things single 
or distinct; exact. 4. Giving details; 
circumstantial. 5. Nice in taste. II. 
n. 1. Distinct or minute part; single 
point. 2. pi. Details. — In particular, 
specially; distinctly.— particular- 
ly, adv. [L. particular is.} 

Syn. Specific; separate; individual; 
distinguished; precise; peculiar. 



particularity (par-tik-u-lar'i-ti), n. 
1. Quality of being particular 2. Mi- 
nuteness of detail. 3. Single act or 
case. 4 Something peculiax*. 

particularize (par-tik'u-lar-iz). I. vt. 
Mention the particulars of; enumer- 
ate in detail. II. vi. Mention, or at- 
tend to, single things "or minute de- 
tails. 

parting- (part'ing). I. a. 1. Putting 
apart; separating. 2. Departing. 3. 
Given at parting, II. n. 1. Act of 
parting. 2. Division. 3. In geol. Pis- 
sure in strata. 

partisan (par'ti-zan). I. n. Adherent 
of a party or faction. II. a. Adhering 
to a party.— partisanship, n. [Fr. 
—It. partigiano~Lt. partior.] 

partition (par-tish'un). I n. 1. Act 
of parting or dividing. 2. State of 
being divided. 3. Separate part. 4. 
That which divides; wall between 
apartments. 5. Place where separa- 
tion is made. II. vt. 1. Divide into 
shares. h z. Divide into parts by walls, 
lines, etc. [Li. partitio— partior.] 

partitive (par'ti-tiv).; I. a. >.Parting; 
dividing ; distributive. II. n. In 
gram. Word denoting a part or parti- 
tion.— par'titively, adv. [degree. 

partly (part'li), adv. In part; in some 

partner (part'ner), n. Associate, esp. 
in business.— partnership, n. 

Syn. Coadjutor; confederate; com- 
panion; comrade; partaker; partici- 
pator; mate; assistant; friend; help- 
mate. See COLLEAGUE. [PARTAKE. 

partook ( par-tpk' ). Past tense of 

partridge (par'trij), 
n. European gallina- 
ceous game bird. (In 
U.S. the ruffed grouse 
is often called par- 
tridge.) [Fr. perdHx 
— L. perdix, perdicis— 
Gr. perdix. ] 

parturient (par-tu'- 
ri-ent), a. About to 
bring forth; bringing 
forth; fruitful. 

parturition (par-tii- 
rish'un ), n. Act of bringing forth. 
[Pr.— L. parturitio —parturio.] 

party (par'ti). I. n. 1. Organization 
of persons to promote certain prin- 
ciples or measures. 2. Company met 
for a particular purpose; an assem- 
bly. 3. One concerned in any affair. 
4. Single individual spoken of. 5. 
Inmil. Detachment. II. a. 1. Belonging 
to a party. 2. Consisting of different 
parties, parts, or things. [Fr. parti— 
O. Fr. partir— L,. partior, divide, from 
pars, part.] 




Partridge. 



fate, fat, tast, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her ; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
■jiute, hut, burn; oil, owl, ihen. 



party-colored 



396 



passport 



party-colored ( par-ti-kul'iird ), a. 
Colored differently at different parts. 

party-wall (par'ti-wal), n. Wall upon 
the dividing line between two premi- 
ses, which each owner has a right to 
use for supporting his structure, etc. 

parvenu (par've-no), n. Upstart; one 
newly risen into notice or power. [Fr . ] 

pasch (pask), n. Jewish Passover; 
Christian Easter. — pasch-egg, n. 
Easter egg. — paschal (pas'kal), a. 
Pertaining to the Passover, or to 
Easter. [Gr. pascha — Hebr. pesach, 
pass over. ] 

pasha, pacha (pa'sha or pash-a' ), n. 
Title of Turkish officers who are gov- 
ernors of provinces or hold high 
naval and military commands. [Pers. 
basha—padshah—pad, protecting, and 
shah, king.] ["of a pasha. 

pashalic (pa-sha'lik), n. Jurisdiction 

pasquin ( pas'kwin ), n. Satire; lam- 
poon.— pasquinade ( pas-kwin-ad' ), 
I. n. Lampoon. II. vt. Attack by lam- 
poons. [It. from the name of a witty 
Roman, transferred to a mutilated 
statue, on which satires were posted.] 

pass (pas), vi. [pas 'sing ; passed or 
past.] 1. Move from one place to an- 
other. 2. Change from one state to 
another. 3. Circulate; be regarded. 
4. Go by; go unheeded or neglected; 
elapse, as 3ime; move away; disap- 
pear ; c o m e to an end. 5. Go 
through inspection; be approved; be 
tolerated. 6. Happen. 7. Fall, as by 
inheritance. 8. Thrust, as with a 
sword. 9. Decline to play a card, etc., 
in one's turn. II. vt. 1. Go by, over, 
beyond, through, etc. 2. Spend. 3. 
Omit; disregard. 4. Surpass. 5. En- 
act. 6. Cause to move; send; transfer. 

7. Give forth. 8. Approve. 9. Give 
circulation to. 10. Thrust.— Come to 
pass, happen. [From L. passus, step.] 

pass (pas), n. 1. That through which 
one passes; narrow passage ; narrow 
defile. 2. Passport. 3. State or con- 
dition. 4. Thrust. 5. Movement of the 
hand.— pass'booh, n. Book that pas- 
ses between a trader and his customer 
in which credit purchases are enter- 
ed.— passkey, n. Key enabling one 
to pass or enter a house; key for open- 
ing several locks. — pass'word, n. 
Private word enabling one to pass or 
enter a camp, or by which a friend is 
distinguished from a stranger. 

passable (pas'a-bl), a. 1. That may be 
passed, traveled, or navigated. 2. 
That will bear inspection; tolerable. 

8. That may be circulated. — pass'- 
ableness, w.~pass'atoly, adv. 



passage (pas'aj), n. 1. Act of passing. 

2. Journey; course. 3. Time occupied 
in passing. 5. Way; entrance; pass; 
ford. 6. Enactment of a law. 7. Right 
of passing. 8. Occurrence. 9. Single 
clause or part of a book, etc. 10. Mi- 
gratory habits. 11. Encounter. 12. 
Movement of the bowels. 

passe (pas-sa') , a. [fern, passee.] Past; 
out of use; faded. [Fr.] 

passenger (pas'en-jer ), n. One who 
travels in some public conveyance. 
[Fr. passager, with inserted n, as in 
messenger, porringer, nightingale.] 

passepartout (pas par-to'), n. 1. Pass 
key. 2. Engraving of a frame, in which 
that of any picture or page may be 
inserted. 3. Light picture frame of 
glass and cardboard. 

passer ( pas'er ), n. One who passes. — 
pass'er-by, n. One who passes by. 

passing (pas'ing). I. a. 1. Goingby. 2. 
Surpassing. II. adv. Exceedingly. 

passion (pash'un), n. 1. Strong feeling 
or agitation of mind, esp. rage. 2. Ar- 
dent love. 3. Eager desire. 4. State of 
the soul when receiving a strong im- 
pression. 5. Endurance of an effect, 
as opposed to action. 6. Sufferings, 
esp. the death of Christ. [L. passio— 
passus, pa. p. of patior, _suEer.] 

passionate (pash'un-at), a. 1. Moved 
by passion. 2. Easily moved to anger. 

3. Intense.— pas'sionately, adv. 
passion-flower (pash-un-flow'er), n. 

Flower so called from a fancied resem- 
blance to a crown of thorns, the em- 
blem of Christ's sufferings. 

passionless (pash'un-les), a. 1. Free 
from passion. 2. TranquiL 

passion-play (pash'un-pla), n. Relig- 
ious drama representing the suffer- 
ings of Christ. 

passive (pas'iv), a. 1. Suffering; um*e- 
sisting; not acting. 2. In gram. Ex- 
pressing the suffering of an action. — 
passively, adv.— pas'siveness, n. 
— passiv'ity, n. 1. Passiveness; 
inactivity. 2. In physics, tendency of 
a body to preserve a given state, as 
motion or rest; vis inertiae. 

Syn. Unopposing; enduring; sub- 
missive; patient. See inert. 

passover (pas'o-ver), n. Annual feast 
of the Jews, to celebrate the destroy- 
ing angel's passing over the houses of 
the Israelites when he slew the first- 
born of the Egyptians. 

passport (pas'port), n. 1. Written 
warrant granting permission to trav- 
el in a foreign country. 2. Permission 
to pass in or out of port, or through 
the gates. [Fr. —passer, pass, and 
port, harbor.] 



fate, fat, taak, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
-; mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then, 



past 



397 



pathology 



past (past) . I. pa. p. of pass and a. Gone 
by; elapsed-, ended. II. prep. 1. Far- 
ther than. 2. Out of reach of. 3. No 
longer capable of. III. adv. By.— The 
past, that which has passed, esp. time. 

paste (past). I. n. 1. Dough prepared 
for pies, etc. 2. Cement of flour and 
water. 3. Anything mixed up to a 
viscous consistency. 4. Kind of glass 
for making artificial gems. II. vt. 
Fasten with pas^te.— paste' board, n. 
Stiff board made of sheets of paper 
pasted together. [O. Fr. paste — Gr. 
paste, salted mess of food.] 

pastel (pas'tel), n. 1. Colored crayon. 
2. Picture drawn with pastels. [Fr.— 
L. pastillus, small loaf, dim. of pastus, 
food— pasco, pastus, feed.] 

pastern (pas'tern), n. Part of a horse's 
foot from the fetlock to the hoof. [O. 
Fv.pasturo?i— pas£w/'£,pasture, tether.] 

pasteurize (pas'tur-iz or pas-tur'Iz), 
vt. and vi. 1. Render immune to, or 
cure, a disease, esp. hydrophobia, by 
the inoculation of virus. 2. Sterilize. 
[After Louis Pasteur, Fr. scientist.] 

pastil (pas'til), pastille (pas-tel'), n. 

1. Small cone of charcoal and aro- 
matic substances, burnt to perfume a 
room. 2. Small aromatic lozenge. 3. 
Pastel. [Fr.— L. pastillus, small loaf; 
doublet of PASTEL.] 

pastime (pas'tim),7i.Thatwhichserves 

to pass away the time; amusement. 

Syn. Recreation; diversion; sport; 

entertainment; play. [shepherd.] 

pastor (pas'tur), n. Clergyman. [L.= 

pastoral (pas' tur-al). I. a. 1. Relating 

to shepherds or shepherd life; rustic. 

2. Relating to the pastor of a church. 

3. Addressed to the clergy of a diocese. 
II. n. 1. Poem delineating country 
life. 2. Letter of a pastor to his con- 
gregation. 

pastorate (pas'tur-at), pastorship 
(pas'tur-ship), n. Office of a pastor. 

pastorly ( pas'tiir-li), a. Becoming a 
pastor. 

pastry (pas'tri), n. 1. Articles of food, 
chiefly of paste or dough; crust of 
pies. 2. Act or art of making articles 
of paste.— pas'trycook., n. One who 
cooks or sells pastry. [From paste.] 

pasturage (past'ur-aj), n. 1. Business 
of feeding cattle. 2. 'Pasture. 

pasture (pas'tur). I. n. 1. Grass for 
grazing. 2. Ground covered with grass 
for grazing. II. vt. Feed on pasture; 
supply with grass. III. vi. Feed on 
pasture; graze. [O. Fr.— L. pastura— 
pasco, pastum, graze.] 

pasty (pas'ti). I. a. Like paste. II. n. 
l.Meat pie. 2.Pie covered with a crust. 



pat (pat). I. n. Light, quick blow as 
with the hand. II. vt. [patt'ing; patt'- 
ed.] Strike gently ; tap. [From the 
sound.] [Celt., as Ir. pait, lump.] 

pat (pat), n. Small lump, as of butter. 

pat (pat), ad. Fitly; at the right time 
or place. [FromPAT, light blow.] 

patadeon (pa-ta-da'on), n. Loose cloth 
worn as a skirt by Philippine women. 

patch (pacb). I. vt. 1. Mend with a 
piece. 2. Repair clumsily. 3. Make up 
of pieces. II. n. 1. Piece sewed or put 
on. 2. Small piece of ground. [Etym. 
doubtful.] 

patchouli (pa-cho'li), n. Perfume dis- 
tilled from the dried branches of an 
Eastern shrub. [Tamil— patchei, gum, 
and elei, leaf.] 

patchwork (pach' wurk) , n. 1. "Work 
formed of patches or pieces sewed to- 
gether. 2. Thing patched up or 
clumsily executed. [O. Fr.] 

pate (pat), n. Head; top of the head. 

patella (pa-tel'a), n. [pi. patellae (pa- 
tel'e).] Knee-cap. [L. dim. of patina, 
pan.] [in the Lord's Supper. 

paten (pat'en), n. Plate for the bread 

patent (pat'ent or pa'tent). I. a. 1. 
Open; conspicuous; public. 2. (pat'- 
ent) Protected by a patent. II. n. 
Official document, conferring the sole 
right for a term of years to the pro- 
ceeds of an invention. III. vt. (paf- 
tent) Grant or secure by patent. [Fr. 
— L. patens.] [of being patented. 

patentable (pat'en-ta-bl), a. Capable 

patentee (pat-en-te'),/i. One who holds 
a patent. 

paternal (pa-ter'nal), a. 1. Fatherly; 
showing the disposition of a father. 
2. Hereditary. — paternally, adv. 
[Fr. paternel— L. pater, father.] 

paternity (pa-ter'ni-ti), n. 1. Relation 
of a father to his offspring. 2. Origin- 
ation; authorship. [L. pater nitas!] _ 

paternoster ( pat-er-nos'ter or pa'- 
ter-nos'ter), n. Lord's Prayer. [L. 
= "Our Father." The first two words 
of the Lord's Prayer inLatin.] 

path (path), n. 1. Way; track; road. 2. 
Course of action; conduct. [A.S.paeth, 
path. Ger. pfad.] 

pathetic (pa-thet'ik). La. Affecting the 
tender emotions ; touching. II. n. 
Style or manner fitted to excite emo- 
tion.— pathetically, adv. [Gr. pa- 
thetikos.] [path; untrodden. 

pathless ( path'les ), a. Without a 

pathology (pa-thol'o-ji), n. Science 
of diseases. — pathol'og-ist, n. One 
versed in pathology. — pathologic, 
pathological, a. — patholog- 
ically, adv. [Gr.— pathos, suffering, 
and logos, discourse.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, tften. , 



pathos 



398 



pave 



pathos (pa'thos), n. That which ex- 
cites the tender emotions, as pity, 
sorrow, etc. [Gr. pathos, suffering, 
passion.] [2. Course of action. 

pathway (path'wa), n. 1. Footpath. 

patience ( pa'shens ), n. Quality of 
calmly enduring. [See patibnt. j 

patient (pa'shent). I. a. 1. Sustaining 
pain, etc., without repining. 2. Not 
easily provoked. 3. Persevering. 4. 
Expecting with calmness. II. n. 1. 
One who bears or suffers. 2. Person 
under medieal treatment.— pa'tient- 
ly, adv. [L. patiens, -entts, pr. p. of 
potior, hear.] 

patois (pat-wa'), n. Provincial dialect. 
[Ft.— O. Fr. patrols— L. patriensis, 
native.] 

patriarch (pa'tri-ark), n. 1. One who 
governs his family or tribe by pater- 
nal right. 2. In Eastern churches, a 
dignitary superior to an archbishop. 
—patriarchal ( pa-tri-ark'al ), pa- 
triarchic(pa-tri-ark'ik), a. [Gr. patri- 
archs — patria, lineage, and arohos, 
ruler.] 

patrician ( pa-trish'an ). I. n. Noble- 
man in ancient Rome, being a descend- 
ant of the first Roman senators; 
nobleman. II. a. Pertaining to a patri- 
cian or nobleman; noble. [L. patri- 
cius— pater, father.] 

patrimonial ( pat-ri-m5'ni-al ), a. 1. 
Pertaining to a patrimony. 2. In- 
herited from ancestors.— patrimo- 
nial ly, adv. 

patrimony (pat'ri-m5-ni), n. 1. Right 
or estate inherited from a father or 
one's ancestors. 2. In England, church 
estate or revenue. [L. patrimonium.] 

patriot (pa'tri-ut), n. One who loves 
and serves his country. [Gr. patriotes, 
fellow-countryman.] 

patriotic ( pa-tri-ot'ik ), a. Like a pa- 
triot, actuated by love of one's coun- 
try.— patriotically, adv. 

patriotism(pa'tri.ut J izm),w.Qualityof 
being patriotic ;love of one's country. 

patrol ( pa-trol' ). I. vt. and vi. 1. Go 
the round's in a camp or garrison. 2. 
Perambulate a certain beat, as a 
policeman. II. n. 1. Marching round 
of a guard in the night. 2. Guard 
which makes a patrol. -patrol'man, 
n. One who patrols; policeman. [Fr. 
patrouiller, march in the mud.] 

patron (pa'trun or pat'-), n. Protect- 
or; one who patronizes or counte- 
nances. — patroness ( pa'trun-es ), 
fern. [L. pair onus— pater, father.] 

patronage (pat'run-a5 or pa'-0, n. 1. 
Support of a patron. 2. Guardianship. 
3. Right of bestowing offices, privi- 
legetsor(in England) church benefices. 



patroness (pa'trun-es), fern, of pa* 

TBON. 

patronize (pat'run-Iz or pa'-), vt. Act 
as patron toward ; support , assume 
the air of a patron to ; trade with ; be 
a customer of.— pat'ronizer, n.— 
pat'ronizing-ly, adv. 

patronymic (pat-ro-nim'ik). I, a. De- 
rived from the name of a father or 
ancestor. II. n. Name taken from one's 
father or ancestor. [Gr. pater, father, 
and oraoraa, name.] 

patten (pat'en), n. 1. Shoe with thick 
wooden sole; clog. 2. Base of a pillar. 
[Fr. patin, skate, clog.] 

patter (pat'er). I. vi. Strike with a 
quick succession of slight sounds, as 
hail. II. n. Quick succession of slight 
sounds. [A freq. of pat.] 



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Zoellner's pattern. 

pattern ( pat'ern ), n. 1. Person or 
thing to be copied ; model ; example 
2. Style of ornamental work.— Zoeh- 
ner's pattern, a curious optical illu- 
sion, consisting of parallel lines, that 
seem not parallel on account of slant- 
ing intersecting lines. [Fr. patron.'] 

patty (pat'i), n. Little pie. [Fr. pdt£.] 

paucity (pa'sit-i)., n. Smallness of 
number or "quantity. [L. paucitas — 
pauci, few.] [ Paul. 

Pauline (pa'lin), a. Of the Apostle 

paunch (panch or panch), n. 1. Abdo- 
men. 2. First and largest stomach of 
a ruminant. [O. Fr. panche— Li.pantex.] 

pauper (pa'per), n. One supported by- 
charity or some public provision. [L.] 

pauperism (pa'per- izm), n. State of 
being a pauper. 

pauperize (pa'per-iz), vt. Reduce to 
pauperism. — pauperization, n. 

pause (paz). I. n. 1. Temporary stop, 
2. Cessation caused by doubt. 3. In 
music, mark showing continuance of 
a note or rest. II. vi. Make a pause. 
[Gr. pausis,—pauo, cause to cease.] 
Syn. Cessation; suspense; hesitation. 

pave (pav), vt. 1. Lay with stone, etc., 
so as to form a level surface forwalk- 
ing or driving on. 2. Prepare, as a 
way or passage. [Fr. paver— Ij. pavio, 
beat down.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fftll, fare, above; m§, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf, 
mQte. hut. burn; oil. owl, then. 



paTcment 



399 



pear 



pavement (pav'ment), n. 1. Paved 
causeway or" floor. 2. That with which 
anything is paved. [L. pavimentum.] 

pavilion (pa-vil'yun), n. 1. Tent. 2. 
Ornamental' building, often turreted 
or domed. [Fr. pavilion — L. papilio, 
butterfly ,_ ten t.l 

pavior (pa'vi-ur), n. 1. One who paves. 
2. Heavy instrument for driving pav- 
ing stones. 

paw(pa).I. n. 1. Foot of a quadruped 
having claws. 2. Hand. II. vi. Draw 
the forefoot along the ground like a 
horse. III. vt. 1. Scrape with the 
forefoot. 2. Handle with the paws. 
[Wei. pawen.] 

pawl (pal). I. n. Short pivoted "bar 
engaging in a notch of a wheel and 
thus preventing its turning back. II. 
vt. Stop with a pawl. [Wei. pawl.] 

pawn (pan). I. n. Something given 
as security for the repayment of 
money. II. vt. Give in pledge. [Fr. 
pan—L. pannus, cloth. ] . 

pawn (pan), n. Piece in chess. [0. Fr. 
paon, foot-soldier.] 

pawnbroker (pan'bro-ker),re. Broker 
who lends money on pawns or pledges. 

pawner (pa'ner), n. One who gives a 
pawn or pledge as security for money 
borrowed. 

pawpaw (pa'pa), n. Shrub or tree of 
central U.S.',' or its fruit. [Sp.papayo.] 

pax ( paks ), n. 1. Small tablet repre- 
senting some scene from the life of 
Christ, used in the Catholic Church. 
2. Kissof peace. — Paxvobiscum, peace 
be with you. [L. = peace.] 

pay (pa), vt. [pay'ing; paid.] 1. Sat- 
isfy; make satisfaction. 2. Discharge 
a debt. 3. Requite with what is deserv- 
ed; reward; punish. 4. Be worth the 
trouble; recompense. II. n. 1. That 
wh&h satisfies; money given for serv- 
ice; salary; wages. 2. Requital; re- 
ward. — • Pay of, pay in full and dis- 
charge. — Pay one in his own coin, 
treat him as he has treated you.— Pay 
out, cause to run out, as a cable; 
slacken.— Pay the debt of nature, die. 
[Fr. payer— "L. pacare, appease.] 

pay (pa), vt. Cover with tar, as in 
There's the devil to pay. [O. Fr. peter 
— L. picare—pix, pitch.] 

payable (pa' a-bl), a. 1. That may be 
legally collected. 2. To be paid. 

payee (pa-e'), n. One to whom money 
is paid, or to be paid. 

paymaster (pa'mas-ter), n. Officer or 
agent who pays soldiers, employees, 
etc. 

payment (pa'ment), n. 1. Act of pay- 
ing. 2. That which is paid; recom- 
pense; reward. 



pea (pe), n. [pi. peas (single seeds), and 
pease (as a mass).] Common legu- 
minous vegetable. [A. S. pisa — L. pi- 
sum, pea.] 

peace ( pes). I. n. 1. State of quiet; 
freedom from disturbance; freedom 
from war; friendliness. 2. Calm; rest; 
harmony; silence. II. interj. Silence, 
hist!— Hold one's peace, be silent. [O. 
Fr. pais— la. pax, peace.] 

peaceable (pes'a-bl), a. 1. Disposed 
to peace. 2. Quiet; tranquil.— peace'- 
ably, adv.— peace'ableness, n. 
Syn. Undisturbed; serene; still. 

peaceful (pes'fol). a. Peaceable; calm; 
pacific— peacefully, adv. 

peach ( pech ), n. Tree with delicious 
fruit, containing a seed in a very hard 
stone. — peach'blow, n. Beautiful 
purple or pinkish glaze on Oriental 
porcelain. — peach'y, adv. [Fr. pSche 
— L. Persicum(malum), 
Persian (apple).] 

peach (pech), vt. and 
vi. Accuse; inform 
against; turn inform- 
er. [From impeach.] 

peacock (pe'kok ), n. 
Large gallinaceous 
bird remarkable for 
the beauty of its 
plumage.named from 
its cry. —fern, pea'hen. 
— peafowl, n, Pea- 
cock or peahen. [Mid. 
'Eng.pocok— A. S.~pawe 
—Li.pavo, peacock.] 

pea-jacket (pe-jak'- 
et) , n. Coarse thick 
jacket worn esp. by 
seamen, [pea- — Dut. pij, coat of 
coarse thick cloth, and jacket.] 

peak (pek), n. 1. Pointed end of any- 
thing. 2. Steep summit of a moun- 
tain. 3. Upper outer corner of a sail 
extended by a gaff or yard, also the 
extremity of the gaff. 4. Narrow part 
of a ship's hold, fore or aft. [Celt. 
peac, sharp-pointed object.] [point. 

peaked (pekt), a. Pointed; ending in a 

peal (pel). I. n. 1. Loud sound, as of 
thunder. 2. Set of bells tuned to 
each other. 3. Changes rung upon 
a set of bells. II. vi. and vt. Resound 
like a bell; utter or give forth loud or 
solemn sounds; celebrate. [Short for 
appeal.] 

peanut (pe'nut), n. 1. Trailing plant 
which ripens its fruit, called peanut, 
earth-nut, ground-nut, or goober, un- 
der ground. 2. Fruit of the plant. 

pear (par), n. Fruit of the pear-tree, 
an orchard-tree of many varieties. 
[A. S. pera ovperu—Li. pirurn, pear.] 




Peacock. 



fate, fat, task, far, fah, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn-, oil, owl, then. 



pearl 



400 



pedicel 



pearl (perl). I. n. 1. Shining gem, 
found in several shellfish, but most 
in the mother-of-pearl oyster. 2. Any- 
thing round and clear; anything very 
precious; jewel. 3. In print. Size of 
type intermediate between agate and 
diamond. 

This line is set in pearl type. 

II. a. Made of, or belonging to, pearls. 
[Fr. perle—Lt. pirula, dim. of pirum, 
pear, or— L. pilula, dim. of pila, ball.] 

pearl-ash (perl'-ash), n. Carbonate of 
potash. 

pearly (per'li), a. Containing or re- 
sembling pearls; clear; pure; trans- 
parent, [vincial. [From pert.] 

peart (pert), a. Lively; chipper. Pro- 
peasant (pez'ant), n. In Europe, one 
whose occupation is rural labor. — 
peasantry (pez'ant-ri), n. Peasants, 
collectively. [O. "Fr. paisant— pais, 

pease (pez), pi. of pea. [country-] 

peat (pet), n. Decayed vegetable mat- 
ter cut out of boggy places, dried for 
f uel.— peat'y, a. [From A. S. betan, 
make or mend a fire.] 

pebble (peb'l). I. n. 1. Small round- 
ish stone. 2. Transparent and color- 
less rock-crystal. 3. Lens made of 
rock-crystal. II. vt. Give (leather) 
the appearance of being covered with 
small prominences.— pebbly (peb'li). 
a. Full of pebbles. [A. S. papol (-stan), 
pebble (stone). Akin to L. papula, 
pustule.]_ 

pecan (pe-kan'), n. Tall hickory tree 
of central and southern U. S., bearing 
edible, smooth-shelled nuts. [Sp. 
pacano, of American origin.] 

peccable (pek'a-bl), a. Liable to sin. 
— peccability, n. [L. peccabilis — 
pecco, -atum, sin.] 

peccadillo (pek-a-dil'o), n. [pi. pec- 
cadillos.] Trifling sin; petty fault. 
[Sp. pecadillo, dim. ofpecado—Jj. pec- 
catum, sin.] 

peccant (pek'ant), a. 1. Sinning; 
transgressing ; guilty. 2. Morbid ; 
offensive; bad.— pec'cantly, adv. — 
peccancy, n. [L. peccans, pr. p. of 
pecco, sin. J 

peccary (pek'a-ri), n. Hog-like wild 
quadruped of South America. [S. 
American name.] 

peck (pek), n. 1. Dry measure =2 gal- 
lons, or M of a bushel. 2. Large quan- 
tity, as of trouble. 

peck (pek). I. vt. and vi. 1. Strike or 
pick with the beak. 2. Pick up with the 
beak. 3. Strike with anything point- 
ed 4. Strike with repeated blows. II. 
n. Sharp, quick stroke. — peckish, 
<z. Hungry. [Later form of pick.] 



pecker (pek'er), n. 1. One who pecks; 
woodpecker. 2. Tool for pecking. 

pecten (pek'ten), n. 1. CombY comb- 
like part. 2. Pubic bone. 

pectinal (pek'ti-nal).o. Pertaining to, 
or like, a comb. 

pectoral (pek'to-ral). I. a. Relating to 
the breast or chest. II. n. 1. Pectoral 
fin. 2. Medicine for the chest.— pec'- 
torally, adv. [L,. pectoralis — pectus, 
breast.] 

peculate ( pek'u-lat ), vt. Embezzle; 
steal.— peculation, n. — pecula- 
tor, n. [ L. peculor—peculium, priv- 
ate property.] _ 

peculiar ( pe-ku'li-ar ), a. One's own; 
appropriate; unusual; strange.— pe- 
culiarly, adv. — peculiarity, n. 
[L.—peculium, private property. 
Syn. Individual. See particular. 

pecuniary (pe-ku'ni-ar-i), a. Relating 
to money.— pecuniarily, adv. [L. 
pecuniarius—pecunia, money.] 

pedagogic (ped-a-goj'ik), pedagog- 
ical, a. Relating to teaching. 

pedagogics (ped-a-goj'iks), pedago- 
gy (ped'a-go-ji), n Science of teaching. 

pedagogue (ped'a-gog), n. Teacher; 
school-master. [Gr. paidagogos—pais, 
boy, and ago, lead.] 

pedal ( ped'al or pe'dal ). I. a. Pertain- 
ing to a foot. II. n. Lever moved by 
the foot; treadle. III. vt. and vi. Op- 
erate a pedal; use the pedals, as of a 
bicycle. [L. pedalis—pes, foot.] 

pedant(ped'ant), n. One making a vain 
and useless display of learning. [It. 
pedante, prob. — Gr. paideuo, instruct. 

See PEDAGOGUE.] 

pedantic (pe-dan'tik), pedant'ical, 

a. Vainly displaying knowledge. 

pedantry (ped'ant-ri), n. Vain and 
useless display of learning. 

pedate (ped'at), a. Palmate; having 
divisions like toes. 

peddle ( ped'l ), vt. and vi. 1. Travel 
about with small-wares for sale. 2. Be 
busy about trifles. — ped'dler, n. 
[See PEDLAR.] 

pedestal (ped'es-tal), n. Foot or base 
of a pillar, etc. [Sp.— It,, piedestallo— 
L. pes, foot, and It. stallo, place.] 

pedestrian (pe-des'tri-an). I. a. Going 
on foot; performed on foot. II. n. 
One journey ing_ on foot; expert walk- 
er. [L. pedestris—pes, pedis, foot.] 

pedestrianism ( pe-des'tri-an-izm ), 
n. Practice of a pedestrian. 

pedicel ( ped'i-sel ), n. 1. Stem that 
supports a single flower when there 
are several on a peduncle. 2. Foot- 
stalk or stem by which a leaf or fruit 
is fixed on the tree. [Fr. pSdicelle—li. 
pediculus, dim. of pes, foot.] 



i, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, 
mute, hut. burn; oil, owl, then. 



rolf; 



pedigree 



401 



pen 



pedigree (ped'i-gre), n, 1. Genealog- 
ical tree; register of descent from an- 
cestor. 2. Lineage, genealogy. [Ety- 
mology doubtful.] 

pediment (ped'i-ment), n. Triangular 
or circular ornament, which serves 
as a decoration over gates, doors, etc. 
— pediment'al, a.[Etym. doubtful.] 

pedlar, pedler, peddler (ped'ler), 
n. One who peddles; one who travels 
about the country carrying commod- 
ities for sale. — ped'lary, ped'lery, 
n. 1. Pedlar's small wares. 2. Ped- 
lar's employment. [Older form peddar 
or pedder, one who carries wares in 
aped, provincial E. for basket.] 

pedobaptisin ( pe-do-bap'tizm ), n. 
Baptism of infants. [Gr.] 

pedometer (ped-om'et-er), n. Instru- 
ment, somewhat like a watch, by 
which the steps of a pedestrian are 
registered and thus the distance cov- 
ered is measured. [L. pes, foot, and 
Gr. melron, measure.] 

peduncle (pe-dung'kl), n. 1. Flower- 
stalk supporting a cluster of flowers 
or but a single flower. 2. Any similar 
stem or stalk. — peduncular, pe- 
dunculate, pedunculated, a. 
[Low 'Lt.pedunculus— L. pes, foot.] 

peek (pek), vi. Peep; look slyly. 
[Form of peep.] 

peek-a-boo (pek'-a-bo), n. Play to 
amuse children, peeping from behind 
something and crying boo! 

peel (pel). I. vt. Strip off the skin or 
bark; bare. II. vi. Come off, as the 
skin. III. n. Skin, rind, or bark. [Fr. 
peler, from L. pellis, skin.] 

peel (pel), n. Baker's wooden shovel. 
[Fr. pelle—L. pala, spade.] 

peep (pep), vi. Chirp, or cry, as a 
young chicken. [Imitative.] 

peep (pep). I. vi. 1. Look through a 
narrow space. 2. Look slyly or close- 
ly. 3. Begin to appear. II. n. 1. Sly 
look. 2. Beginning to appear. [Same 
as the above word. Fr. piper, chirp 
like a bird (said of a bird-catcher), 
beguile, look out slyly.] 

peeper (pe'p§r), n. 1. One that peeps. 

2. Chicken just breaking the shell. 
peer (per),n. 1. Equal. 2. Associate. 

3. In Great Britan, a member of the 
House of Lords. — fern, peer'ess. [O. 

*Fr. (Fr. pair)— L. par, paris, equal J 

peer (per), vi. Look narrowly; peep; 
pry. [Low Ger. piren, draw the eye- 
lids together.] 

peerage (per'aj), n. 1. Rank or digni- 
ty of a peer. 2. Body of peers. 

peerless (per'les), a. Having no peer 
or equal; matchless. — peer'lessly, 
adv. — peer'lessness, n. 




Pelican. 



peevish (pe'vish), a Habitually fret- 
ful; easily annoyed; hard to_please. 
— pee'vishly, adv.— peev isliness, 

n. [Etyin, doubtful.] 
Syn. Cross ; querulous. See fretfui.. 
peg (peg). I. n. 1. Wooden pin. 2. One 

of the pins of a musical instrument. 

II. vt. [pegg'iug; pegged.] Fasten 

with a peg.— pegged, a. Fastened 

or supplied with pegs. [Scand.] 
pelage (pel'aj), n. Fur; hair. 
pelagic (pe-laj'ik), a.Pertaining to the 

deep sea. [Gr. pelagos, ocean.] 
pelf (pelf), n. Riches ^ 

( in a bad sense ) ; 

money. [O. Fr. pel- 

fre, booty. Allied 

to PILFER.] 

pelican (pel'i-kan), 
n. Large water- 
fowl, having an 
enormous bill, with 
pouch on lower 
mandible for stor- 
ing fish. [Gr. peli- 
kan—pelekus 1 axe.] 

pelisse (pe-les'), n. Long outer robe, 
orig. of fur, worn by ladies. [Fr.— L. 
pellis, skin.] 

pell (pel), n. 1. Skin; pelt; hide. 2. 
Roll of parchment, fo. Fr. pel, (Fr. 
peau)— Li. pellis, skin.] 

pellet(pel'et), n. Little ball; small pill. 
[Fr. pelote — L. pila, ball.] [film. 

pellicle (pel'i-kl), n. Thin skin or 

pell-mell (pel-mel'), adv. Mixed con- 
fusedly; promiscuously. [O. Fr. pesle- 
mesle ( Fr. pele-mile), "mixed with a 
shovel."] 

pellucid (pel-lo'sid), a. Perfectly 
clear; transparent. — pellu'cidly, 
adv.— pellu'cidness, n. [L. pelluci- 
dus —per, perfectly, and lucidus, clear 
— luceo, shine.] 

pelt (pelt), n. Raw hide; hide with 
the hair or wool on. 

pelt (pelt). I. vt. Strike with pellets, 
or with something thrown. II. n. 
Blow from a pellet or from some- 
thing thrown. [See pellet.] 

peltry (pelt'ri), n. Skins of furred 
animals; furs. 

pelvis (pel'vis), n. Bones forming a 
cavity for the support of the abdom- 
inal viscera. [L. = basin.] 

pemmican, pemican (pem'i-kan), 
n. ( Orig. ) a N. American Indian 
preparation, consisting of lean veni- 
son, dried, pounded, and pressed into 
cakes, now used in Arctic expeditions. 

pen (pen). I. vt. [pen'ning; penned.] 
Shut up; confine in a small enclos- 
ure. II. n. Small enclosure. [A. S. 
pennan, shut up.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



pen 



402 



pcnnate 



pen (pen). I. n. Instrument used for 
writing with ink, formerly of the 
feather of a bird, hut now of steel, 
etc. II. vt. [pen 'ning; penned.] Write 
with a pen. [L. penna, feather.] 

penal (pe'nal ), a. 1. Pertaining to 
punishment. 2. Incurring punish- 
ment. 3. Used or inflicted as a pun- 
ishment.— pe'nally, adv. [L. poenalis 
—poena, punishment.] [ fine. 

pens»lty (pen'al-ti), n. Punishment; 

penance ( pen'ans ), n. Self-imposed 
punishment; repentance; R. C. sacra- 
ment, consisting of contrition, con- 
fession, satisfaction and absolution. 

Penates (pe-na'tez), n. pi. Ancient 
Roman deities protecting homes. [L.] 

pence (pens), n. Plural of penny. 

penchant (pang-shang' or pen'chant), 
?i.Inclination;decided taste. [Fr. pr.p. 
oipenc/ier, incline — ~L. pendeo, hang.] 

pencil (pen'sil ). I. n. 1 . Small hair 
brush for laying on colors. 2. Pointed 
instrument for writing or drawing 
without ink. 3. Collection of rays of 
light converging to a point. II. vt. 
Write, sketch, or mark with a pencil. 
[O. Fr.piw^-L. penicillum, painter's 
brush.] 

penciled (pen'sild ), a. 1. Written 
or marked with a pencil. 2. Having 
pencils or rays; radiated. 3. In hot. 
Marked with fine lines, as with a pen- 
cil. 

pend ( pend ), vi. Await adjustment; 
be undecided. [L. pendeo, hang.] 

pendant (pen'dant), n. 1. Anything 
hanging, esp. for ornament. 2. Long- 
narrow flag, at the head of the prin- 
cipal mast in a ship. 3. Counter-part; 
one of a pair, as of paintings. [Fr.— 
pendant, pr. p. of pendre, hang— L. pen- 
dens, -e?itis, pr.p. of pendeo, hang.] 

pendency ( pen'den-si ), n. Hanging in 
suspense; state of being undecided. 

pendent (pen'dent), a. 1. Hanging. 2. 
Projecting.— pend'entfty, adv. [I*. 
pendens.] 

pending: ( pen'ding ). I. a. Hanging; 
remaining undecided: not terminat- 
ed. II. prep. 1. During. 2. Until. [An- 
glicized form of Fr. a pendant.} 

pendulous ( pen'du-lus ), a. Hanging; 
swinging. — pend'ulously, adv. — 
pend'ulousness, pendulos'ity, 
n. [ L. pendulus— pendeo, hang. ] 

pendulum ( pen'du-lum ), n. Weight 
so hung or suspended from a fixed 
point as to swing freely. [L. neut. of 
pendulus, hanging.] 

penetrable ( pen'e-tra-bl ), a. 1. That 
may be penetrated or pierced by an- 
other body. 2. Capable of having the 
mind affected.— penetrahil'ity, n. 



penetrate (pen'e-tr at). I.vt. 1. Thrust 
into the inside; pierce into. 2. Affect 
the feelings. 3. Understand; find out. 
II. w.Make way; pass inwards.— pen- 
etrating", a. 1. Piercing; sharp. 2> 
Discerning; subtle. [L. penetro.] 

penetration (pen-e-tra"shun). ». 1. 
Act of penetrating or entoring. 2 
Acuteness; discernment. 

Syn. Discrimination; insight; judg« 
ment; sagacity; judiciousness. 

penetrative(pen'e-tra-tiv), a. l.Tend 
ing to penetrate; piercing. 2. Saga- 
cious; affecting the mind. 

penguin (pen'gwin), n. Short-winged 
aquatic bird in the southern hemi- 
sphere. [Etymology doubtful.] 

peninsula (pen-in'su-la), n. Land so 
nearly surrounded by water as to be 
almost an island. [L.— paene, almost, 
and insula, island.] 

peninsular (pen-in'su-lar), a. 1. Per- 
taining to a peninsula. 2. In the 
form of a peninsula. 3. Inhabiting a 
peninsula. — peninsular'ity, w. 1. 
State of a peninsula. 2. Habiting a 
peninsula. 3. Narrow-mindedness. 

penitence ( pen'i-tens ), n. State of 
being penitent; sorrow for sin. 
Syn. See contrition. 

penitent (pen'i-tent). I. a. Suffering 
pain or sorrow for sin; contrite; re- 
pentant. II. n. 1. One grieved for sin. 
2. One under a sentence of penance.— 
penitently, adv. [Fr.— L. poenitens, 
— poeniteo, cause to repent,— poena, 
punishment.] 

penitential(pen-i-ten'shal),a.Per tam- 
ing to, or expressive of, penitence. 

penitentiary (pen-i-ten'sha-ri). I. a. 
Relating to penance; penitential. II. 
n. 1. Prison in which convicts sen- 
tenced to penal servitude are confined. 
2. One who does penance for sin. 

penknife (pen'nif), n. Small pocket- 
knife (orig. for making and mending 
quill pens.) 

penman (pen'man), n. 1. Man skilled 
in the use of the pen. 2. Author. 

penmanship (pen'man-ship), n. 1. 
Art of writing. 2. Manner of writing; 
handwriting. [skilled in writing. 

penmasten* ( pen'mas-ter ), n. One 

pen-name ( pen'nam ), n. Author's 
assumed name; pseudonym, nom de 
plume. 

pennant (pen'aht), n. 1. Long nar- 
row piece of bunting at the mast- 
heads of war-ships ; streamer. 2. 
Short rope to which a tackls is hooked. 
[Fr. pennon— L. penna, wing, feather.] 

pennate (pen'at), pennated (pen'- 
a-ted), a. Winged. [L. pennatm— pen- 
na, feather, wing.] 



Tate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn: oil, owl, then. 



penniless 



403 



peony 



penniless (pen'i-Jes), a. Without a 

penny; without money ; poor. 
penning (pen'ing), n. 1. Act or art of 

writing. 8. Wording. 

pennon (pen'un), n. Small flag, either- 
pointed at the fly or of swallow-tail 
form, and attached to the lance or 
spear of a knight. [See pennant.] 

penny (pen'i), n. 1. English bronze 
coiu, of the value of four farthings, 
or one twelfth of a shilling, equal to 
two cents in U. S. money. — pi. pen- 
nies (pen'iz), denoting the number 
of coins, pence (pens), the amount of 
pennies in value. 2. In U. S., cent. 
3. In combination, pound; as in ten- 
penny nails = 1000 nails to every 10 
pounds. [A. S. pening, penig, of un- 
certain origin.] 

penny-a-liner ( pen'i-a-li'ner), n. 
One who writes for a public journal 
at so much a line ; writer for pay. 

pennyroyal (pen'i-roi-al), n. Species 
of mint. [L. puleium regium.] 

pennyweight (pen'i-wat), n. Twenty- 
four grains of troy weight. 

penny-wise ( pen'i-wiz ), a Saving 
trifling amounts at the risk of losing 
larger ones. [See pound-foolish.] 

pennyworth (pen'i- wurth), n. Pen- 
ny's worth of anything; good bar- 
gain. 

penology ( pe-nol'o-ji ), n. Science 
that treats of punishment and pre- 
vention of crime, management of 
prisons, etc. [L. poena, and -logy.] 

pensile (pen'sil), a. Hanging ; sus- 
pended. [Lt. pensilis—pencleo, hang.] 

pension (pen'shun). I. n. 1. Stated 
allowance to a person for past ser- 
vices. 2. Boarding house or school. 
II. vt. Grant a pension to. [L. pensio, 
payment.] 

pensionary (pen'shun-ar-i). I. a. 1. Re- 
ceiving a pension. 2. Consisting of a 
pension. II. n. One who receives a 
pension. [receives a pension. 

pensioner (pen'shun-er), n. One who 

pensive (pen'siv), a. 1. Thoughtful; 
reflecting. 2. Expressing thoughtful- 
ness with sadness.— pen'sively, adv. 
— pen'siveness, n. [Fr. — L. penso, 
weigh.] 

penstock (oen'stok), n. 1. Close con- 
duit for supplying water to a mill, 
etc., furnished with a flood gate. 2. 
Barrel of the pump in which the pis- 
ton plays, [pen, pipe, and stock.] 

pensnm (pen'sum), n. Extra task im- 
posed as a nunish men t. [L.] 

pent, pa. £.~and pa. p of pen, shut up. 

pentachord (peu'ta-kard), n. Musical 
instrument with five strings. [Gr.— 
pente, five, and chorale, string.] 



pentacle (pen'ta-kl), n. 1. Five-point- 
ed, starlike, geometrical figure. 2. 
Medal or magic charm. 

pentad (pen'tad), n. Five; set of five 
things; period of five years. [Gr.] 

pentagon(pen'ta-gon),7i. Plane figure 
having five angles and five sides.— 
pentagonal, a. [Gr. —pente, five, 
and gonia, angle.] [as pentacle, 1. 

pentagram ( pen'ta-grarn), n. Same 

pentahedron ( pen-ta-he'dron ), n. 
Solid figure having five equal bases 
or sides.— pentahedral, a. Having 
five equal sides. [Gr. pente, five, and 
hedra, seat, base.] 

pentameter ( pen-tam'e-ter ). I. n. 
Verse of five measures or feet. II. a. 
Having five feet. [G.— pente, five, and 
metron, measure.] 

Pentateuch(pen'ta-tuk), n. First five 
books of the Old Testament. [Gr. 
Pentateuchos —pente, five, and teuchos, 
tool, book,— teucho, prepare.] 

Pentecost (pen'te-kost), n. 1. Jewish 
festival on the fiftieth day after the 
Passover, in commemoration of the 
giving of the Law. 2. Whitsuntide.— 
Pentecostal (pen-te-kos'tal), a. [Gr. 
pentekoste {hemera), fiftieth (day).] 

penthouse (pent'hows), n. Shed pro- 
jecting from, or adjoining, a main 
building. [Fr. appentis — L. appendi- 
cium, appendage.] 

pentroof ( pent'rof ), n. Roof with a 
slope on one side only. [Fr. pente, 
slope —pendre, hang, and roof.] 

penult (pe-nulf or pe'nult), penult- 
ima ( pe-nul'ti-ma). n. Syllable last, 
but one. [L. penultima— pcene, almost, 
and ultimus, last.] 

pennltimate ( pe-nul'ti-mat ). I. a. 
Last but one. II. n. Penult. [See 
penult.] 

pennmbra(pe-num'bra),n. 1. Partial 
shadow round the perfect shadow of 
an eclipse. 2. Part of a picture where 
the light and shade blend. [L. pcene, 
almost, and umbra, shade.] 

penurious (pe-nu'ri-us), a. l.Scanty.2. 
Excessively economical. — penu'ri- 
ously, adv. — penu'riousness, n. 
Syn. Sordid._ See avaricious. 

penury (pen'u-ri), n. Want; absence 
of means or resources; poverty. [L- 
penuria. Akin to Gv.peina, hunger.] 

peon (pe'on), n. 1. Foot soldier; mes- 
senger. 2. Day laborer; debtor com- 
pelled to work for his indebtedness.— 
peonage, ». Kind of servitude in 
So. America. [Sp.] 

peony (p§'o-ni), n. Plant having beau- 
tiful large flowers. [O. Fr. pione (Fr, 
pivoine)—Li. paeonia.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fan, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



people 



404 



percussive 




Pepper. 



people (pe'pl). I. n. 1. Persons gen- 
erally. 2. Inhabitants. 3. Nation. 
4. Populace. — pi. peoples ( pe'plz ), 
races; tribes. II. vt. Stock with peo- 
ple or inhabitants. [Fr. peuple — L. 
populus.] 

peplum ( pep'lum ), 
n. [pi. pep'la.] An- 
cient, large upper 
woman's garment. 
[Gr.] 

pepper (pep'er). I. 
n. l. Plant and its 
fruit, with a hot, 
pungent taste. 2. 
Pepper-caster. 1 1. 
vt. 1. Sprinkle with 
pepper 2. Pelt. — 
Pepper and salt, dot- 
ted or speckled in 
gray and black, or white, gray and 
black. [A. S. pipor — L. piper — Gr. 
peperi — Sans, pippala.] 

peppercorn (pep'er-karn), n. Berry of 
the pepper plant; something of little 
value. Jof garden cress. 

pepper-grass (pep'er-gras), n. Kind 

peppermint(pep'er-mint), n. Species 
of mint, aromatic and pungent; 
essence or liquor distilled from the 
plant. 

peppery (pep'er-i), a. Possessing the 
qualities of pepper; hot; pungent. 

pepsin, pepsine (pep'sin), n. One of 
the essential constituents of the gas- 
tric juice, which aids in digestion. 
[Fr. — Gr. pepsis, digestion, — pepto, 
cook, digest.] 

peptic (pep'tik), a. 1. Relating to, or 
promoting, digestion. 2. Having a 
good digestion. — peptic'ity, n. 
Good digestion; eupepsia. [Gr.pepti- 
kos— pepto, cook, digest.] 

peptone (pep' ton), n. One of the albu- 
minoids into which the nitrogenous 
elements of food (albumin, casein, 
etc.) are converted by the gastric and 
pancreatic juiees. [Gr.] 

per,- prefix. 1. Through; thoroughly; 
by; to the end; bad. 2. In chemistry it 
is used to denote that the compound 
is the highest of a certain series. 

per, prep. By means of; for each; by 
the. [Li.] [By chance; perhaps. 

peradventure (oer-ad-ven'tur), adv. 

perambulate ( per-am'bu-lat ), vt. 
Walk through or over; pass through 
to survey. *» perambulation, n. 
[L.— per, through, and ambulo, walk.] 

perambulator (per-am'bfi-la-tur), n. 
1. One who perambulates. 2. In- 
strument for measuring distances on 
roads. 3. Light carriage for a child. 
4. Wheel chair. 



percale (per-kal'), n. Fine cotton 
goods, with linen finish. [Fr.] 

perceivable (per-se'va-bl), a. Percep- 
tible.— percei'vably, adv. 

perceive ( per-sev' ), vt. Obtain knowl- 
edge through the senses; understand. 
— percei'ver, n. [L. perdpio — per, 
perfectly, and capio, take.] 

Syn. See; hear ; feel; know; observe; 
apprehend. See discern. 

per cent (per sent) By the hundred; 
for or from each hundred. [L. per, by, 
and centum, hundred.] 

percentage (per-sen'taj), n, Kate or 
proportion by the hundred. 

perceptible (per-sep'ti-bl), a. That 
can be perceived; that may be 
known ; discernible.— percep'tibly, 
adv.— perceptibility, n. 

perception (per-sep'shun), n. 1. Act 
of perceiving; discernment. 2. In phil. 
Gaining knowledge from the action 
of an object upon the mind. 

perceptive ( per-sep'tiv ), a. Having 
the power of perceiving or discern- 
ing. — perceptivity, n. Quality of 
being perceptive. 

perch (perch), n. Common food fish 
of many varieties. [Fr. perche — Gr. 
perke—perkos, dark-colored, spotted.] 

perch (perch). I. n. 1. Rod, pole, etc., 
on which birds roost. 2. Elevated seat 
or position. 3. Measure = 5 x /£ yds- II. 
vi. Sit or roost on a perch; settle. III. 
vt. Place, as on a perch. [Fr. perche— 
I^.pertica, long staff, rod.] 

perchance ( per-chans' ), adv. By 
chance; perhaps. [Fr. par cas, from 
lu.'per, by, and L. root of chance.] 

percheron (per'she-ron), n. .Large, 
stout horse, first bred in Perche, a 
region of northern France. 

percipient (r>er-sip'i-ent). I. a. Per- 
ceiving; having the faculty of percep- 
tion. II. n. One who perceives.— per- 
cip'iency, n. 

percolate ( per'ko-lat ) , vt. and vi. 
Strain through; filter. — percola- 
tion, n.^- percolator, n. Filtering 
vessel. [L.—per, through, and colo, 
strain.] [trary. [L.] 

per contra (per con'tra ). On the con- 

percursory(per-kur'so-ri), a.Cursory, 
running over quickly or lightly. 

percussion (per-kush'un), n. 1. Strik- 
ing of one body against another; col- 
lision. 2. Shock produced by collision. 

3. Impression of sound on the ear. 

4. In med. Tapping upon the body to 
find the condition of an internal organ 
by the sounds. [ L. percussio—per, 
thoroughly,and quatio, shake, strike.] 

percussive (per-kus'iv), a. I. Strik- 
ing against. 2. Played by striking. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf j 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, ffteji. 



perdition 



405 



perianth 



perdition (per-dish'un), n. 1. Utter 
loss or ruiu. 2. Utter loss of hap- 
piness in a future state. [L. perditio 
— perdo, lose.] 

peregrinate (per'e-grin-at), vi. Travel 
about.— peregrination, w.-per'- 
egrinator, n. One who travels 
about. [Li. per, through, and ager, 
land.] 

per e nipt ( per-emt' ), vt. Destroy ; 
quash; kill. [L.— perimo, take away 
entirely.] 

peremptory (per'em-to-ri), a. Pre- 
cluding debate ; authoritative ; dog- 
matical ; absolute.— peremptorily, 
adv.— per'emptorlness, n. 

peren'nial(per-en'i-al).I. a. 1. Lasting 
through the year. 2. Perpetual. 3. 
In bot. Lasting more than two years. 
II. n. Plant that continues for many 
years, though flowering annually. — 
peren'nially, adv. [L. perennis — 
per, through, and annus, year.] 

perfect (per'fekt). I. a. 1. Done thor- 
oughly or completely; completed; 
not defective. 2. Unblemished. 3. 
Possessing every moral excellence. 4. 
Completely skilled or acquainted. 5. 
In gram. Expressing an act com- 
pleted. II. vt. (or per-fekt'). Make 
perfect or complete; finish. — per- 
feeter, n. [Fr.— L. perfectus, pa.p. of 
perflcio—per, and J 'ado, do.] 

perfectible ( per-fek'ti-bl ), a. That 
may be made perfect.— perfectibil- 
ity, n. Quality of being perfectible. 

perfecting (per-fek'ting), a. Printing 
on both sides. 

perfection (per-fek'shun), n. 1. State 
of being perfect. 2. Perfect quality 
or acquirement. 

perfectionist (per-f ek'shun-ist), n. 1. 
One who pretends to be perfect. 2. 
Enthusiast in religion or politics.— 
perfec tionism, n. 

perfective (per-fek'tiv), a. Tending 
to make perfect. — perfec'tively, 
adv. 

perfectly (per'fekt-li), adv. In a per- 
fect manner; completely; exactly. 

perfectness (per'fekt-ness), n. State 
or quality of being perfect; consum- 
mate excellence. 

perfervid ( per-fer'vid ), a. Very hot, 
fervent, or ardent. [L.j 

perficient (per-fish'ent). I. a. Actual ; 
effectual. II. n. One who does a com- 
plete or lasting work, as endowing 
a charity. [L.] 

perfidious (per-fid'i-us), a. Faithless; 
unfaithful; violating trust or confi- 
dence ; treacherous.— perfidiously, 
adv.— perfid'iousness, n. 



perGdy ( per'fi-di ), n. Faithlesness; 
treachery. [L. perfidia—perfidus, faith- 
less— per, away from, and. fides, faith.] 

perflation ( per-fla'shun ), n. A.ct of 
blowing through._ [L.] 

perfoliate (per-f o'li-at), a. Having a 
stem that seems to pass through the 
leaf. [L.] [be perforated. 

per for able (per'fo-ra-bl), a. That may 

perforate(per'fo-rat),^.Bore through ; 
pierce; make a hole through.— per- 
foration, n. 1. Act of boring or 
piercing through. 2. Hole through 
anything. — perforator, n. Instru- 
ment for perforating or boring. [L. 
perforo—per, through, and foro, bore.] 

perforce ( per-fors' ), adv. By force; 
of necessity. [L. per, by, and jFokoe.j 

perform (per-farm'), vt. and vi. 1. Do. 
2. Carry out. 3. Act ; play. [Fr. parfour- 
nir—par=L.per,a,nd.fournir, furnish.] 
Syn. Achieve; consummate; accom- 
plish; discharge; execute; represent; 
effect; transact; fulfill; furnish. 

perforinable (per-f arm' a-bl), a. Capa- 
ble of being performed; practicable. 

performance ( per-f arm'ans ), n. 1. 
Act of performing; carrying out of 
something. 2. Something done. 3. 
Public execution or exhibition. 

performer (per-farm'er), n. One who 
performs, esp. one who makes a public 
exhibition of his skill. 

perfume (per'fum or per-fum'), n. 1. 
Sweet-smelling scent; pleasant odor. 
2. Anything which yields a pleasant 
odor. II. vt. ( per-fum' ). Fill with a 
pleasant odor; scent. [Fr. parfum — 
Li. per, through,_and fumus, smoke.] 

perfumer ( per-f u'mer ), n. 1. One who 
or that which perfumes. 2. One who 
trades in perfumes. 

perfumery ( per-fu'mer-i ), n. 1. Per- 
fumes in general. 2. Art of preparing 
perfumes. 

perfunctory (per-fungk'to-ri) a. Care- 
lessly performed; negligent; slight.— 
perfune'torily, adv. — perfunc'- 
toriness, n. \_Lt.-per, through, and 
fungi, do.] [through. [L.] 

perfuse (per-f uz'), vt. Spread over or 

perbaps ( per-haps' ), adv. It may be; 
possibly. [L. per, by, and haps, pi. of 

HAP.] 

peri (pe'ri),7i. In Persian mythology, a 
male or female elf, a descendant of fal- 
len angels. [Pers. pari.~[ 
jteri-, prefix. Around; about; near. [Gr.] 
periantb ( per'i-anth ), n. Floral en- 
velope of those plants in which the 
calyx and corolla are not easily distin- 
guished. [Gr. peri, around, about, and 
anthos, flower.] 



fat, task, far, fa.ll, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



pericarditis 



406 



periwig- 



In- 



pericarditis (per-i-kar-di'tis), n. 
fiammation of the pericardium. 

pericardium ( per-i-kar'di-um ), n. 
Membrane which surrounds the heart. 
— pericardiac, pericardial, pe- 
riear'dian t a. [ Late L. — Gr. peri- 
kardion —pen, and kardia, heart. J 

pericarp (per'i-karp), n. Seed-vessel 
of a plant, as a nut, pea-pod, apple, 
etc. — pericarp'ial, a. [Gr. peri, 
around, and karpos, fruit J 

pericranium ( per-i-kra'ni*um ), n. 
Membrane that surrounds the crani- 
um. [Gr. — peri, and kranion, skull.] 

periculous (pe-rik'u-lus), a. Danger- 
ous; hazardous. [L.] 

peridrome (per'i-drom), n. Open gal- 
lery, between the walls of a building 
and the surrounding columns. [Gr.] 

perigee ( per'i-je ), n. Point of the 
moon's orbit nearest the earth, — 
opposed to apogee. [From Gr. peri, 
near, and ge, earth.] 

perihelion! (per-i- 
he'li-un), perihe- 
liura (per-i-he'li- 
um), n. Point of | 
the orbit of a 
planet or comet 
nearest to the sun, 
— opposed to aphe- 
lion. [Qr.peri, and 
helios, sun.] 

peril (per'il). I. n. 
ger; danger. II. vt. Expose to danger; 
risk. [Pr. piril — L. periculum, dan- 
ger, trial, experiment, — periri, try.] 

perilous ( per'il-us ), a. Pull of peril; 
dangerous.— perilously, adv. 

perimeter (per-im'e-tSr), n. Circuit or 
boundary of any plane figure, or sum 
of all its sides.— perimeicrical, per- 
taining to the perimeter. [Gr.—peri, 
and metron, measure.] 

perineum (per-i-ne'um), n. Region of 
the body between the thighs. [Gr.] 

period (pS'ri-ud), n. 1. Time in which 
something is performed. 2. In astr. 
Time occupied by a body in its revo- 

, lution. 3. Stated and recurring inter- 
val of time. 4. Series of years. 5. 
Length of duration. 6. Time at which 
anything ends. 7. Conclusion. 8. Mark 
at the end of a sentence. 9. Complete 
sentence. [ Pr. periode — Gr. peri, 
around, a,n<ihodos, way.] 

periodic (pe-ri-od'ik), periodical, a. 
1. Pertaining to a period. 2. Happen- 
ing by revolution. 3. Occurring at 
regular intervals. 4. Pertaining to 
periodicals.— periodically, adv. 

periodical (pe-ri-od'ik-al), n. Maga- 
zine or other publication which ap- 
pears at regular periods. 



€> 

S, Sun i P, Perihe- 
lion i A, Aphelion. 

Exposure to dan- 



periodicity (pe-ri-o-dis'it-i), n. State 
of being periodic' 

periosteum ( per-i-os'te-um ), n. Fi- 
brous membrane surrounding the 
bones. [Gr. peri, and osteon x bone.] 

periotic (per-i-o'tik), a. Surrounding 
the inner ear. [Gr. peri, and ot-, ear.] 

peripatetic (per-i-pa-tet'ik). I. a. 1. 
Walking about. 2. Pertaining to the 
philosophy of Aristotle, who taught 
while walking up and down in the 
Lyceum at Athens. II. n. 1. Pedes- 
trian. 2. Adherent of the philosophy 
of Aristotle. — peripatet'icism, n. 
Philosophy of Aristotle. [Gr.— peri, 
and pateo, walk.] 

periphery (per-if'er-i), n. Circum- 
ference of a circle or any figure.— 
peripheral, a. [Gr. peri, and phero, 
carry.] 

periphrase (per'i-fraz ). I. n. (also) 
periphrasis(per-if'ra-sis), 1. Round- 
about way of speaking; circumlocu- 
tion. 2. In rhet. Figure employed to 
avoid a trite expression. II. vt. and vi. 
Use circumlocution. [Gr. periphrasis 
—peri, round, and phrasis, speaking.] 

perish ( per'ish ), vi. 1. Pass away 
completely. 2. Be destroyed, ruineu, 
or lost. [M.E. perisshen—Fr. pirissa?it, 
pr. p. of pSrir— L. perire, perish.] 
Syn. Die; decay; waste away. . 

perishable (per'ish-a-bl), a. That may 
perish; subject to speedy decay. — 
per'ishably, adv. — per'ishable- 
ness, n. 

perisoma ( pe-ri-so'ma ), n. Covering 
of the body of an invertebrate ani- 
mal. [Gr.] 

perisperm (per'i-sperm), n. Albumen 
stored up in a seed outside of the 
embryo-cell. [Gr.] 

peristaltic ( per-i-stal'tik ), a. Con- 
tracting in waves running down the 
alimentary canal (intestines). [Gr.— 
peri, and stellein, compress, set.] 

peristyle (per'i-stil), n. Range of col- 
umns round a building or square. 
[Gr.— peri, and stylos, column.] 

peritoneum ( per-i-to-ne'um ), n. 
Membrane lining the abdominal cav- 
ity and enveloping the viscera. [Gr, 
peri, and teino, stretch.] 

peritonitis (per-i-to-m'tis), n. Inflam- 
mation of the peritoneum. 

perityphlitis (per-i-tif-li'tis), n. In- 
flammation of the vermiform appen- 
dix and its connective tissues. [Gr. 
peri, and typhlos, blind, (caecum). ] 

perivisceral (per-i-vis'e-ral), a. Sur- 
rounding the viscera. [Gf. peri, and 
L. viscera.] 

periwig (per'i-wig), n. Wig. TO. Dut. 
peruyk— Fr. perrugue, peruke.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, m 
mute, hut. burn 



et, her; mite, mit; note, cot, move, wort; 
; oil, owl, then. 



periwinkle 



407 



persecute 



periwinkle (per'i-wingk-1), n. Creep- 
ing evergreen plant. [A. S. pervincae, 
from L. vincio, bind.] 

periwinkle (per'i-wingk-1), n. Small 
univalve mollusk. [Corrupted by con- 
fusion with preceding noun. Prom 
A.S. pinewincla, of doubtful meaning.] 

perjure (per'jor ), vt. Make guilty of a 
false oath, —perjurer, n. [L. per- 
juro, forswear.] [jury. 

perjured ( per'jord ), a. Guilty of per- 

perjury (per'jo-ri), n. False swearing ; 
act of willfully giving false evidence 
on oath. [L. perjurium.] 

perk (perk). I. a. Trim; spruce. II. 
vt. Make smart or trim. III. vi. Hold 
up the head with smartness. [W. 
perc,pert, trim, smart. See pert.] 

permanence ( per'ma-nens ), per'- 
manency, n. State" or quality of 
being permanent; continuance in the 
same state; duration. 

permanent (per'ma-nent), a. Lasting; 
durable ; fixed. — permanently, 
adv. [L. per, a,nd_maneo, continue.] 

permeable (per'me-a-bl),a. That may 
be permeated.— per'meably, adv.— 
permeability, n. [L. permeabilis.] 

permeate (per 'me- at), vt. Pass 
through the pores of; penetrate and 
pass through.— permea'tion, n. [L. 
per, and meo, go ] 

permissible ( per-mis'i-bl), a. That 
may be permitted; allowable.— per- 
missibly, ady. 

permission (per-mish'un), n. 1. Act 
of permitting. 2. Liberty granted; 
allowance; leave. [Pr.— L. permissio.] 

permissive (per-mis'iv), a. 1. Grant- 
ing permission or liberty ; allowing. 
'Z. Granted. — permis'siveiy, adv. 

permit ( per-mit' ), vt. [ permit'ting; 
permit'ted.] 1. Give leave to. 2. Con- 
sent to. 3. Afford means. 

Syn. Allow; admit; endure; suffer; 
stand; tolerate; grant. 

permit (per-mif or per'mit), n. Per- 
mission; warrant; license. [L. per, 
and mitto, send.] 

permutable (per-mu'ta-bl), a. That 
may be exchanged. [L. muto, change.] 

permutation (per-mu-ta'shun), n. 1. 
Act of changing one thing for an- 
other. 2. In math. Arrangement of 
things or letters in every possible 
order. 

pernicious (per-nish'us), a. Hurtful; 
destructive; highly injurious.— per- 
niciously, adv. — perni'cious- 
ness, n. [L. per, completely, and 
nex, necis, death by violence.] 

pernickety (per-nik'e-ti), a. 1. Requir- 
ing minute attention and painstaking 
labor. 2. Pussy; precise in trifles. 



perone (per'o-ne), n. Smaller bone of 
the leg: fibula. [Gr.=pin.J 

peroration (per-o-ra'sbun), n. 1. Con- 
clusion of a speech. 2. Speech. [L. 
[L.— per and oro, speak. 

peroxid (per-oks'id), n. That oxid of 
a given base which contains the larg- 
est amount of oxygen. 

perpendicular o 

(per-pen-dik'u-lar). 
I. a. 1. Exactly 
upright. 2. In A 
geom. At right an- c 

gles to a given line D c B and A c u 
or surface. II. n. being right angles, 
Perpendicular the straight line u 
line or plane. — C is perpendicular 
perpendic'u- to ab. 
larly, adv.— per- 

pendicular'ity, n. [L. — per and 
pendo, hang— pan, wall. See pane.] 

perpetrate (per'pe-trat), vt. Perform; 
commit (usually in a bad sense).— 
per'petrator, n.— perpetra'tion, 
n. [L. per, thoroughly, and patro, 
perform— root of potent.] 

perpetuable (per-pet'u-a-bl), a. That 
may be made perpetual. 

perpetual ( per-pet'u-al ), a. Never 
ceasing. — perpet'uaily, adv. [L. 
per, and peter e, strive, tend.] 

Syn. Everlasting; endless; unceas- 
ing; continual; continuous; constant. 

perpetuate (per-p6t'u-at), vt. Make 
perpetual; preserve from extinction 
or oblivion.— perpetua'tion, n. 

perpetuity (per-pe-tu'i-ti), n. 1. State 
of being perpetual; endless duration. 
2. Something perpetual. 

perplex (per-pleks'), vt. 1. Make diffi- 
cult to understand. 2. Embarrass; 
puzzle. 3. Tease with suspense or 
doubt. [L. perplexus, entangled, — 
plecto, plait, braid.] 

perplexity (per-pleks'i-ti), n, State 
of being perplexed; intricacy; em- 
barrassment; doubt. 

perquisite (per'kwi-zit), n. 1. Allow- 
ance granted beside the fixed wages or 
salary. 2. Pee allowed an officer for 
extra service. [L. — quaero, seek, ask.] 

perron ( per'un ), n. Ornamental, ex^ 
ternal flight of steps. [O. Fr. — L. 
petra, stone.] [perukes or wigs. [Fr.] 

perruquier (pe-ro-ki-a')» n. Maker of 

perry (per'i), n. Pear cider. [Fr. poire".] 

perscrute (per-skrbf), vt. Investigate 
thoroughly. [L.] 

persecute (per'se-kut), vt. 1. Pursue 
so as to injure or annoy; harass. 2. 
Annoy or punish, esp. for religious 
or political opinions.— persecutor, 
n. — per'secutrix, n. fern. [L. per, 
thoroughly, and sequor, follow.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then, . 



persecution 



408 



persuasion 



persecution ( per-se-ku'shun ), n. 1. 
Act or practice of persecuting. 2. 
State of being persecuted. 

perseverance (per-se-ver'ans), n. Act 
or state of persevering. [L. perseve- 
rantia— per, and severus, strict.] 

persevere (per-se-ver'), vi. Persist; 
pursue anything steadily. — perse- 
ver'ingly, adv. 

persiennes (per-si-en'), n. pi. Exterior 
window blinds, made of thin wooden 
slats, movable in a frame. [Fr.] 

persimmon (per-sim'un ), n. 1. Tall 
tree, bearing orange-red plum-like 
fruit, very astringent when green, but 
edible when ripe. 2. Its fruit; date- 
plum. [Am. Ind.] 

persist (per-sisf ), vi. Continue in a 
course; persevere. — persist'ingly, 
adv. [Li. per, through, and sisto, cause 
to stand— sfo, stand.] 

persistence (per-sis'tens), persist- 
ency ( per-sis' ten-si ), n. Quality of 
beiug persistent; perseverance ; obsti- 
nacy; duration. 

persistent (per-sis'tent), a. 1. Persist- 
ing; tenacious. 2. Fixed. 3. In bot. 
Remaining till or after the fruit is 
ripe.— persist'ently, adv. 

person(per'sun), n. 1. Character repre- 
sented, as on the stage; character. 2. 
Individual; living soul. 3* Outward 
appearance, etc. ; body. 4. In gram. 
Distinction in form, according as the 
subject of the verb is" the person 
speaking, spoken to, or spoken of.— 
In person, by one's self, not by a 
representative. [ L. persona, mask 
used by players.] 

personable (per'sun-a-bl), a. 1. Hav- 
ing a well-formed body or person ; of 
good appearance. 2. Qualified to main- 
tain pleas in court, or to take any- 
thing granted. 

personage (per'sun-aj), n. 1. Person. 
2. Character represented. 3. Individ- 
ual of eminence. 

persona grata (per-so'na gra'ta), n. 
Person in favor or acceptable. [L.] 

personal (per'sun-al), a. 1. Belonging 
to a person; peculiar to a person or 
his private concerns. 2. Pertaining to 
the external appearance. 3. Done in 
person. 4. Applying offensively to 
one's character. 5. In gram. Denoting 
the person. 

personality (per-sun-al'i-ti), n. 1. 
That which constitutes distinction of 
person ; individuality. 2. Personal re- 
mark or reflection. 

personally (per'sun-al-i), adv. 1. In 
a personal or direct manner; in per- 
son. 2. Individually. 3. Concerning 
one's self. 



personalty ( per'sun-al-ti ), n. Per* 
sonal estate; movable property. 

personate ( per'sun-at ), vi. Assume 
the character of; represent; describe. 
— personation, per'sonator, ns< 

personify (per-son'i-fi), vi. 1. Ascribe 
to any inanimate object the qualities 
of a person. 2. Impersonate; embody. 
— personification, n. 

personnel (per-sun-neV), n. Persona 
constituting a body, as the army— opr 
posed to matiriel, the stores, guns, etc. 

perspective (per-spek'tiv). I. n. 1. 
View ; vista. 2. Art of delineating 
objects on a plane surface as they ap- 
pear to the eye. 3. Picture in perspec- 
tive. 4. Telescope; magnifying glass. 
II. a. Pertaining, or according, to 
perspective. [L. per, through, and 
specio, look.] 

perspectively (per-spek'tiv-li), adv, 
According to the rules of perspective. 

perspectograpny ( per-spek-tog'ra- 
fi), n. 1. Science of perspective. 2. 

I Art of drawing according to the rules 
of perspective. 

perspicacious ( per-spi-ka'shus ), a, 

Of clear or acute understanding. — 

perspica'ciousness, n. [L. perspi- 

cax-perspicio, see through.] 

/SVrc..Keen; pene; rating. See shrewd. 

perspicacity ( per-spi-kas'i-ti ), n. 
State of being perspicacious or acute 
in discerning. 

perspicuity(per-spi-ku'i-ti), n. Clear- 
ness; freedom from obscurity. 

perspicnous (per-spik'u-us), a. Clear 
to the mind; not obscure or ambig- 
uous. — perspicuously, adv. — 
perspic'uousness, n. [L. perspi* 
cuus—perspicio, see through.] 

perspiration (per-spi-ra'shun), n. 1. 
Act of perspiring. 2. That which is 
perspired; sweat. 

perspiratory ( per-spi'ra-to-ri ), a. 
Pertaining to, or causing, perspira- 
tion. 

perspire (per-spir'), vi. and vt. Emit 
through pores of the skin ; sweat. 
[L.— per, and spiro, breathe, blow.] 

persuade (per-swad'), vi. 1. Influence 
successfully by argument, advice, ex- 
postulation, etc. 2. Counsel; urge. 3. 
Convince. — persuader, n. — per- 
sua'dable, a. [L. per, and suadeo, 
advise.] 

persuasible (per-swa'si-bl), a. Capa- 
ble of being persuaded. — persua'* 
sibleness, persuasibil'ity, ns. 

persuasion (per-swa'zhun), n. 1. Aci 
of persuading. 2. State of being per- 
suaded. 3. Settled opinion; creed. 4 
Party adhering to a creed. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then, 



persuasive 



409 



pestle 



persuasive (per-swa/siv), a. Having 
the power to persuade ; influencing 
the mind or passions. — persua- 
sively, adv. — persua'siveness, n. 

pert (pert). I. a. Lively ; forward ; 
saucy. II. n. Saucy person. — pert'- 
ly, adv.— pert'ness, n. [A form of 

PERK. ] 

pertain (per-tan'), vi. Belong; relate; 
refer. [O. Fr. partenir—~L. pertineo— 
p^rand teneo, hold.] 

pertinacious (per-ti-na'shus), a. Hol- 
ding obstinately to an opinion or pur- 
pose; dogged. — pertinaciously, 
adv.— pertina'ciousness, n. [Fr. — 
Li. pertinax. See tenacious.] 
Syn. Firm. See stubborn. 

pertinacity (per-ti-nas'i-ti), ^.Quality 
of being unyielding; obstinacy. 

pertinent (per'ti-nent), a. Pertaining 
to a subject. — per'tinently, adv. — 
pertinence, per'tinency, ns. 

Syn. Relevant; apposite; appropri- 
ate; fit; pat; material; suitable; apt 
adapted; proper. 

perturb (per- turb'), vt. Disturb great- 
ly; agitate. [L. per, and turbo, dis 
turb.] [may be disquieted 

perturbable (per-tur'ba-bl), a. That 

perturbation (per-tur-ba'shun), n 
1. State of being perturbed; disquiet 
of mind. 2. In astr. Deviation of a 
heavenly body 
from its nor- 
mal orbit. 

perulie(per'ok 
or pe-rbk'), n. 
Artificial cap 
of hair; wig. 
[Fr. perruque 
— It. parrucca 
(Sp. peluca) — 
Li. pilus, hair.] 

perusal (pe-rb'zal), n. Act of perus- 
ing; examination; study. 

peruse (pe-roz'), vt. Read attentively; 
read over or through. — peru'ser, n. 
[L. per and use.] 

Peruvian (pe-ro'vi-an). I. a. Pertain- 
ing to Peru in S.' America. II. n. 
Native of Peru. 

pervade (per-vad'), vt. Go through; 
penetrate; spread all over. [L. per, 
and vado, go.] 

pervasion (per-va'zhun), n. Passing 
through the whole of a thing. 

pervasive (per-va'siv), a. Tending, or 
having power, to pervade. 

perverse (per-vers'), a. Turned aside, 
around or the wrong way; obstinate 
in the wrong; stubborn; vexatious. — 
perverse'ness, perversity, n. — 
perversely, adv. 




Perukes. 



perversion (per-ver'shun), n. 1. Act 
of perverting. 2. Diverting from the 
true object. 3. Turning from the 
truth or propriety. 4. Misapplication. 

perversive (per-ver'siv), a. Having 
power, or tending, to pervert or cor- 
rupt. 

pervert (per' vert), n. Apostate; one 
who has forsaken his religion or 
party. 

pervert (per- vert'), vt. Turn from the 
right course; change from its true 
use; corrupt. — pervert'er, n. [L. 
per "to the bad,'" and verto, turn.] 

pervertible (per-ver'ti-bl), a. Able to 
be perverted. 

pervious (per'vi-us), a. Penetrable.— 
per'viously, adv. — pervious- 
ness, n. [L. pervius—per, and via, 
away.] [noying. Colloquial. 

pesky (pes'ki), a. Troublesome; an- 

pessimism (pes'i-inizm), n. 1. Doc- 
triue that this world is the worst 
possible o>- that everything is ordered 
for the worst. 2. Tendency to look 
too much, or exclusively, on the dark 
side of things or of life.— Opposed to 
optimism. 

pessimist (pes'i-mist), n. 1. One who 
believes in the doctrine of pessimism. 
2. One inclined to a dark view of 
things or of life.— Opposed to optimist. 
— pessimist'ic a. [From L. pessi- 
mus, worst]. 

pest (pest), /*. 1. Deadly epidemic dis- 
ease; plague. 2. Anything destruct- 
ive. [Fr. peste—Li. pestis, contagious 
disease.] 

pester (pes'ter), vt. Disturb; annoy. 
[O. Fr. empestrer (Fr. empitrer) , en- 
tangle, — Low L. pastorvum, the foot 
shackle of a horse at pasture.] 

pestbonse (pest'hows), n. House or 
hospital for persons afflicted with 
contagious disease. 

pestiferous (pes-tif'er-us), a. Bear- 
ing pestilence; pestilent; noxious; 
annoying.— pestiferously, adv. [L. 
pestis, and jero, bear.] 

pestilence (pes'ti-lens), n. Contagious 
deadly disease. 

pestilent (pes'ti-lent), a. 1. Produ- 
cing pestilence. 2. Hurtful to health 
and life; mischievous; troublesome. 
— pes'tilently, adv. [Fr. — L.] 

pestilential (pes-ti-len'shal ), a. Of 
the nature of pestilence; producing 
pestilence; destructive.— pestilen'- 
tially, adv. 

pestle ( pes'l ). I. n. Instrument for 
pounding anything in a mortar. II. 
vt. Pound with a pestle. [O. Fr. pestel 
— L. pistillum —pinso, pistum, pound.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn.; oil, owl, i hen. 



pet 



410 



phautastic 



pet (pet). I. n. 1. Tame and fondled 
animal. 2. Darling; favorite child. 3 



dulged; favorite. [Celt, as Ir. peat, 
Gael, peata.] [petalon, leaf.] 

petal ( pet'al ), n. Corolla-leaf. [Gr. 

petard ( pe-tard' ), n. Engine of war, 
used to break down barriers, etc., by 
explosion. \Yv.— peter, break wind, 
explode.] 

petary (pe'ta^ri), n. Peat bog. 

petiole (pet'i-ol), n. Leaf-stalk. [Fr.— 
L. petiolus, little foot.] 

petit (pet'i), a. Petty; small; inferior. 
— Petit jury, jury to try cases, as dis- 
tinguished from grand jury. [Pr.] 

petite (pe-tef), a. Small; little; tiny. 
[Fr. fern, of petit.] 

petition ( pe-tish'un ). I. n. Request; 
prayer; supplication. II. vt. Present 
a petition to; supplicate. [L. petitio 
—peto, ask.] 

petitionary (pe-tish'un-ar-i), a. Con- 
taining a petition; supplicatory. 

petitioner (pe-tish'un-er), n. One who 
offers a petition or prayer. 

petitioning ( pe-tish'un-ing ), n. Act 
of presenting a petition; entreaty; 
solicitation. 

petrel (pet'rel), n. Small ocean bird, 
which appears during flight to touch 
the surface of the waves with its feet. 
[Prob. so called in allusion to St. 
Peter's walking on the sea.] 

petrifaction (pet-ri-fak'shun), n. 1. 
Turning or being turned into stone. 
2. That which is made stone. 

petrifactive (pet-ri-fak'tiv), petrif- 
ic ( pe-trif'ik ), a. Having the power 
to change into stone. 

petrify ( pet'ri-fl). I. vt. [pet'rifying; 
pet'ritied.] l.Turn into stone. 2. Make 
callous. 3. Fix in amazement. II. vi. 
Become stone, or hard like stone. [L. 
petra, rock, and facio, make.] 

petroleum (pe-tro'le-um), n. Liquid 
inflammable substance issuing from 
certain rocks; coal oil. [Lit. "rock 
oil," — L. petra, rock and oleum, oil.] 

petroleur (pa-tio-ler'), n. Incendiary. 
—fern, petroleuse (pa-tro-lez'). [Fr.] 

petrology (pet-rol'o-ji), n. Science of 
rocks. [Gr.] 

petticoat (pet'i-kot ), n. Loose under- 
garment worn by females. 

pettifogger (pet'i-fog-er), n. Lawyer 
who practices only in petty or paltry 
cases. [Petty, and prov. E. Jogger, 
huckster, cheat.] 

pettifoggery ( pet'i-fog-er-i) , n. 1. 
Practice of a pettifogger. 2. Mean 
tricks; quibbles. 



pettish ( pet'ish ), a. Peevish ; fretful. 
— pet'tishly? adv. -pet'tishness, n. 

pettitoes ( pet'i- toz), n. pi. Feet of a 

pig. [hidden; in reserve. [It.] 

petto ( pet'6 ), n. Breast. — In petto, 
petty (pet'i), a. Small; inconsiderable; 

contemptible. — pet'tily, adv.— pet'- 

tiness, n. [Fr. petit, of Celtic origin.] 
petulance (pet'u-lans), pet'ulancy, 

n. Peevishness ;_fr'etfulness. 
petulant ( pet'u-lant ), a. Peevish; 

fretful ; irritable.— pet'ulantly, adv. 

[L. petulans, attacking frequently.] 
Syn. Capricious. See peevish. 
petunia ( pe-tu'ni-a ), n. Ornamental 

plant with funnel-shaped corollas. 
pew (pu), n. Inclosed seat for several 

persons in a church. [ O. Fr. pui, 

raised place.— L. podium, projecting 

seat in the amphitheatre.— Gr. podion. 

footstool.] [fly-catcher. [Imitative.] 
pewee ( pe'we ), n. Small American 
pewit (pe'wit), pewet (pe'wet), n. 

Lapwing, a bird with a black head 

and crest, common in moors. [From 

its cry. Cf. Dut. piewit or kiewit. Ger 

kiebitz.] 
pewter (pu'ter), n. 1. Alloy of tin and 

antimony with lead or with copper. 

2. Vessels made of pewter. [O. Fr. 

peutre.] 
phaeton ( f a'e-tun ), n. Kind of open 

pleasure-carriage on four wheels, 

named after Phaeton, the fabled son 

of Helios, the sun-god, whose chariot 

he attempted to drive. 
phalanges (fa-lan'jes), n. pi. Bones of 

the fingers and toes. 
phalangigrade ( fa-lan'ji-grad ), a. 

Walkingjon thephalah- 

ges, as a camel. 
phalanx ( fal'angks or 

fa'-), ft. [pi. phalanges.] 

1. A mass of heavv 

armed infantry drawn 

up in ranks and files 

close and deep. 2. Any 

compact body of men. 



[Gr.] 
phs 




antasm (fan'tazm), 
n. [pi. phan'tasms, 
phantas'mata.] 1. Fan- 
cied vision; mental im- 
age. 2. Specter; appari- 
tion. [Gr. pkantasma— 
phaino, shine.] Phalanges. 

phantasmagoria 
(f an-taz-ma-go'ri-a) , n. Exhibition of 
dissolving views projected upon a flat 
surface by a magic-lantern. [Gr. pkan- 
tasma, appearance, and agora, assem- 
bly.] [TASTIC, FANTASY. 

phautastic, phan'tasy. See fan- 



fite, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, Men. 



phantom 



411 



Philomel 



phantom ( fan'tum), a.l. .Phantasm; 

apparition. 2. Delusion; illusion. 3. 

Lay figure. 
Pharisaic (far-i-sa'ik),pfaarisa'ical, 

a. Pertaining to or like the Pharisees; 
hypocritical.— pharisaically, adv. 
— pharisa'icalness, n. 
Pharisaism ( far'i-sa-izrn), phari- 

seeism (far'i-se-izna), n. 1. Practice 
and opinions of the Pharisees. 2. Strict 
observance of outward forms in reli- 
gion without the spirit of it. 3. 
Hypocrisy. 

Pharisee (far'i-se), n. One of a reli- 
gious school among the Jews, marked 
by their strict observance of the law 
and of religious ordinances. [Gr. pha- 
risaios — Heb. parash, separate.] 

pharmaceutic (far-ma-su'tik), phar- 
maceutical, a. Pertaining to the 
■ knowledge or art of pharmacy.— 
pharmaceu'tically, adv. 

pharmaceutics (far-ma-su'tiks), n. 
Science of preparing medicines. 

pharmaceutist (f ar-ma-su'tist), 
pharmacist ( far'ma-sist ), n. One 
who practices pharmacy. 

pharmacopoeia (far-ma-ko-pe'ya), n. 
Book containing directions for the 
preparation of medicines. [Gr. phar- 
makon, andpoieo, make.] 

pharmacy (far'ma-si), n. Art of pre- 
paring and mixing medicines. [Fr. 
pharmacie—Gv. pharmdkon, drug.] 

pharos (fa'ros), n. Lighthouse or bea- 
con, so named from the famous light- 
house on the island of Pharos in the 
Bay of Alexandria, Egypt. 

pharyngotomy ( f ar-ing-got'o-mi ) , 
n. Cut into the pharynx. [Gv.—phar- 
yngx and temno+cx\X,.~\ 

pharynx (far'ingks), n. Cavity form- 
ing the upper part of the gullet, be- 
tween mouth and esophagus, — pha- 
ryngeal, a. [Gr.] 

phase (faz), phasis (fa'sis), n. [pi. 
phas'es.] 1. Appearance. 2. Illumin- 
ated surface exhibited by a planet. 3. 
Particular state at any time of a phe- 
nomenon which undergoes a periodic 
change, as the moon. [Gr. phasis — 
root pha-, shine.] 

pheasant ( fez'ant ), n. 1. Gallina- 
ceous bird highly valued as food. 2. 
American ruffed grouse. [Pr. faisan 
— Gr. Phasianos, of Phasis, a river 
flowing into the Black Sea.] 

phenix, phoenix (fe'niks), n. Fabu- 
lous bird said to exist 500 years sin- 
gle, to cremate itself, and to rise again 
from its own ashes, — the emblem of 
immortality. [Gr. phoinix.] 

phenol (ie'rxol) , n. 1. Carbolic acid. 2. 
Compound of benzene. 



phenomenal (fen-om'en-al), a. 1. Per- 
taining to a phenomenon. 2. Wonder- 
ful.— phenomenally, adv. [ful. 
Syn. Extraordinary. See wondeh- 

phenomenon (fen-om'en-on), n. [pi. 
phenom'ena.] 1. Something as it is 
perceived (not necessarily as it really 
is). 2. Observed result. 3. Remark- 
able or unusual appearance. [ Gr. 
2)liainoiiienon—phaino, sbow.] 

pliial (fi'al), n. Small glass vessel or 
bottle; vial. [Gr. phiale.] 

philander (fi-lan'der), vi. Make love. 
[Gr.— phileo, love and aner, man.] 

philanthropic(fil-an-throp'ik),phil- 
anthrop'ical, a. Loving mankind; 
showing philanthropy; benevolent, — 
philauth rop'ically, adv. 

philanthropist (fil-an'thro-pist), n. 
One who loves and wishes to serve 
mankind. 

philanthropy(fil-an'thro-pi), n. Love 
of mankind; good-will towards all 
men. [Gr. — philos, loving, and art,' 
thropos, man.] <s 

philatelist (fil-at'e-list), n. One who 
collects postage-stamps. [Gr. phileo, 
love, and teles, tax.] 

philharmonic (fil-har-mon'ik ), a. 
Loving harmony or music. [Gr. phi- 
los, loving, and harmonia, harmony.] 

philhellenist ( f i 1-h e l'e n-i s t ), n. 
Friend of the Greeks. 

philibeg-. See filibeg. 

Philippic (fil-ip'ik), n. 1. One of the 
orations of Demosthenes against 
Philip of Macedonia.2.(l.c.)Discourse 
full of bitter invective. [L.— Gr.] 

Philistine (fi-lis'tin), n. 1. One of the 
ancient inhabitants of south-western 
Palestine, enemies of the Israelites. 
2. Person without liberal ideas; un- 
cultured person of sordid interests. 
— Philis'tinism, n. 

philogynist (fi-loj'i-nist), n. Lover 
of women. [ Gr. phileo, love, and 
gyne, woman.] 

philomath (fil'o-math), n. Lover of 
learnin g. [Gr . phileo , lo ve, and mathos, 
learning.] [in philology. 

philologist(til-ol'o-;jist), n. One versed 

philology (nl-ol'o-ji), n. Science of 
language; study of etymology, gram- 
mar, rhetoric, and literary criticism. 
— philolog'ic, philological, a.— 
philolog'ically, adv. [Gr. philos, 
loving, and logos, discourse, speech.] 

philomel (fil'o-mel), philomela (hi- 
o-me'la), n. Nightingale. [Gr. Philo- 
mela, daughter of Pandion, king of 
Athens, fabled to have been changed 
into a nightingale.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fail, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mQte. hut, bum; oil, owl, then. 



philopena 



412 



photogravure 



philopena (fil-o-pe'na), n. 1. Present 
made as a forfeit in a game in which 
two persons enter upon a playful 
test. 2. The game. 3. Double kernel 
in a nutshell giving occasion for the 
game. 4. Salutation in the game. 

pliiloprogenitiveness ( fil-o-pro- 
jen'-i-tiv-nes), n. Instinctive love of 
offspring; fondness for children. [Gr. 
philos, loving, and L. progenies, prog- 
eny.] 

philosopher (fil-os'o-fer), n. 1. One 
versed in or devoted to philosophy. 2. 
One who acts calmly and rationally. 

philosophic ( fil-o-sof'ik ), philo- 
sophical, a. 1. Pertaining or accord- 
ing to philosophy. 2. Skilled in or 
given to philosophy. 3. Rational; 
calm.— philosophically, adv. 

philosophize (fll-os'o-flz), vi. Reason 
like a philosopher. 

philosophy (fil-os'o-fi), n. 1. Knowl- 
edge of the causes of phenomena. 2. 
Collection of general laws or princi- 
ples belonging to a department of 
knowledge. 3. Reasoning. 4. Partic- 
ular philosophical system. [Gr. phi- 
losophia— philos, loving, and sophia, 
wisdom.] 

philter, philtre (nTter), n. Charm 
or spell to excite love. [Gr. phillron.] 

phiz (fiz), n. Face. [Abbreviated — 

PHYSIOGNOMY.] 

phlebotomy (fle-bot'o-mi), n. Act of 
letting blood. [Gr. phleps, vein, and 
tomos, cutting.] 

phlegm (flem), n. 1. Thick, slimy 
matter secreted in the throat, and 
discharged by coughing. 2. Slug- 
gishness; indifference. [Gr. phlegma, 
flame, inflammation, humor.] 

phlegmatic ( fleg-mat'ik ), phleg- 
mat'ical, a. 1. Abounding in or gen- 
erating phlegm. 2. Sluggish; not 
easily excited.— phlegmat'ically, 
adv. [Gr. phlegmatikos — phlegma.'] 

phlox ( floks ), n. American garden 
plant of many varieties, with showy 
flowers. [Gr.=flame — phlego, burn.] 

phoenix. Same as phenix. 

phone ( fon ), n. Common abbrevia- 
tion Of TELEPHONE. 

phonetic (fo-net'ik), phonetlcal 
(fo-net'ik-al), a. 1. Pertaining to, or 
according to, the sound of the voice. 
2. Representing the separate ele- 
mentary sounds. 3. Vocal.— phonet- 
ics, n. sing. Science of sounds, esp. 
of the human voice. — phonetical- 
ly, adv. [Gr. phonetikos—phone,sound..] 

phonic ( fon'ik ), a. Pertaining to 
sound. — phon'ics, n. Science of 
so»nd ; acoustics. 



phonograph (fo'no-graf), n. Instru- 
ment by which articulate speech or 
other sounds can be recorded and 
mechanically reproduced at will from 
the record, almost in the original 
tones. [Gr. phone, sound, and grapho, 
write.] 

phonographer ( fo-nog'ra-fer ), n. 
One versed in phonography. 

phonography (fo-nog'ra-fl), n. 1. Art 
of representing spoken sounds, each 
by a distinct character. 2. Phonetic 
shorthand. 3. Art of constructing or 
using phonographs. — phono- 
graphic, a. — phonograph'ical- 
ly, adv. 

phonology (fo-nol'o-ji), n. Science of 
the elementary spoken sounds; pho- 
netics. — phonolog'ical, a.— pho- 
nologist, ra.One versed in phonology. 
[Gr. phone,so\md,an(l logos, discourse.] 

phonotype ( fo'no-tip ), n. Type or 
sign representing a sound, [Gr. phone, 
sound, and typos, type.] 

phosphate ( fos'fat ), n. Salt formed 
by the combination of phosphoric acid 
with a base. 

phosphoresce (fos-for-es'), vi. Shine 
like phosphorus in the dark. 

phosporescent ( fos-for-es'ent ), a. 
Shining in the dark like phosphorus. 
— phosphores'cence, n. 

phosphoric (fos-for'ik), phosphor- 
ous (fos'fur-us), a. Pertaining to or 
obtained from phosphorus. 

phosphorus (fos'fur-us), n. Yellowish 
non-metallic substance, so inflamma- 
ble that it must be kept under water. 
It is slightly luminous in the dark. 
[Gr. —p/ios, light, smdphoros, bearing.] 

photo (fo'to), n. Abbreviated form of 

PHOTOGRAPH. 

photo-engraving(f5'to-en-gra'ving), 
n. Producing by photographic means 
a relief-block or plate for printing. 

photograph (fo'to-graf). I. n. Pic- 
ture produced by photography. II. vt. 
and vi. Practice photography. 

photographer (f5'tog'ra-fer), n. One 
who practices photography. 

photographic (fo-to-graf'ik), pho- 
tographical ( fo-to-grat'ik-al ), a. 
Pertaining to or done by photography. 
—photographically, adv. 

photography (fo-tog'ra-fi), n. Art of 
producing pictures by the action of 
light on chemically prepared surfaces. 
[Gr. phos, photos, light, and grapho, 
draw.] 

photogravure (fo-to-gra-vur' ), 1. n. 
Producing by the action of light and 
by etching, a metal plate for printing. 

■ 2. Picture so produced. [Gr. phos, 
light, and Fr. gravure, engraving.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf} 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



photolithograph 



413 



pibroch 



photolithograph (fo-to-lith'o-graf), 
n. Print from a stone prepared by 
aid of photography. 

photometer (fo-tom'et-er), n. Instru- 
ment for measuring the intensity of 
light. [Gr. phos, light, and metron, 
measure.] 

photophone (fo'to-fon), n. Appara- 
tus for transmitting articulate speech 
to a distance along a beam of light. 
[Gr. phos, light, and phone, sound.] 

photosphere (fo'to-sfer), n. Lumin- 
ous envelope round the sun's globe, 
which is the source of light. [Gr. 
phos, light, and sphere.] 

phragma (frag'ma), n. [pi. phrag'- 
mata.] Partition; diaphragm. [Gr.] 

phrase (fraz). I. n. 1. Part of a sen- 
tence; short pithy expression; form 
of speech. 2. In music, short clause 
or portion of a sentence. II. vt. Ex- 
press in words. [Fr.— Gr. phrasis — 
phrazo, speak.] 

phraseology ( fra-ze-ol'o-ji ), n. 1. 
Style or manner of expression or use 
of phrases; peculiarities of diction. 
2. Collection of phrases. [Gr. phrasis, 
phrase, and logos, science.] 
Syn. Diction: style; language. 

phrenitis (fre-ni'tis), n. 1. Inflam- 
mation of the brain. 2. Delirium. 

phrenologist (fren-ol'o-jist), n. One 
who believes or is versed in phren- 
ology. 

phrenology (fren-ol'o-ji), n. Theory 
of Gall and his followers, which con- 
nects the mental faculties with cer- 
tain parts of the brain, and professes 
to discover the character from a sur- 
face-examination of the skull.— 
phrenological, a. — phrenolog- 
ically, adv. [Gr. phren, mind, and 
logos, science. ] 

phthisic (tiz'ik), phthisis (thi'sis), 
n. Consumption of the lungs. [Gr. 
phthio, waste away.] 

phthisical (tiz'ik-al), a. Pertaining 
to or having phthisic; consumptive. 

phylactery (fl-lak'ter-i), n. Among 
the Jews, a slip of parchment inscrib- 
ed with passages of Scripture, worn 
on the left arm and forehead.— phy- 
lacter'ic, phylacter'ical, a. [L. — 
Gr. phylakterion—phylasso, guard.] 

phylloxera (fil-loks'er-a), n. Genus of 
insects destructive to" grape vines. 
[Gr. phyllon, leaf, and zeros, dry, 
withered.] 

physic (fiz'ik). I. n. 1. Science of 
medicine. 2. Art of healing. 3. Medi- 
cine; cathartic. II. vt. [physicking; 
physicked.] 1. Give medicine to. 2. 
Purge. 3. Cure. [Gr. physike ( techne ), 
natural (art). ] 



physical (fiz'ik-al), a. 1. Pertaining 
to nature or natural objects. 2. Per- 
taining to natural philosophy. 3. 
Known to the senses.— phys'ically, 
adv. [Gr. physifcos— physis, nature.] 

physician (n-zish'au), n. One skilled 
in the use of physic or the art of heal- 
ing; one who prescribes remedies for 
diseases. [physics. 

physicist (fiz'i-sist), n. One versed in 

physics (fiz'iks), n. Science of the 
phenomena of nature and the general 
properties of matter as affected by 
energy; natural philosophy. It has 
four branches: 1. Mechanics or dyna- 
mics(forcein general.) 2. Gravitation. 
3. Molecular physics (composition of 
matter, cohesion, etc.) 4. Physics of 
the ether (light, radiation, electri- 
city, etc.) [Gv.—physis, nature.] 

physiognomy ( fiz-i-og'no-mi ), n. 1. 
Art of knowing a person's disposition 
from the features. 2. Expression of 
countenance. 3. Face. — physiog- 
nom'ic, physiognom'ical, a. — 
physiognoni'ically, adv. — phys- 
iog'nomist, n. [Gr. physis, nature, 
and gnomon, indicator.] 

physiography (fiz-i-og'ra-fi), n. Phys- 
ical geography. 

physiology ( fiz-i-ol'o-ji ), n. Science 
of the functions of living beings, — a 
branch of biology. — physiolog'ic, 
physiological, a. — physiolog'- 
ically 9 adv.— physiologist, n. [Gr. 
physis, nature, and logos, science.] 

physique (fl-zek'), n. Physical struct- 
ure or natural constitution of a per- 
son. [FrJ 

pi, pie (pi). I. n. Printing types jum- 
bled together. II. vt. Mix up types 
indiscriminately. [Origin uncertain.] 

pia mater (pi'a-ma'ter), n. Membraue 
immediately investing the brain and 
spinal cord. [L. = tender mother.] 

pianist (pi-a'nist), n. One who plays 
on the niano, or one well skilled in it. 

piano (pi-a'no), adv. Softly.— pianis'- 
simo, adv. Very softly ._ [It.] 

pianoforte (pi-a-no-for'ta), (generally 
shortened to) piano ( pi-a'no ), n. 
Musical instrument with wires struck 
by little hammers moved by keys. [It. 
piano, plain, and forte, strong.] 

pianola (pi-a-no'la), n. A mechanical 
device for playing the piano. 

piazza (pi-az'a), n. 1. Place or square 
surrounded by buildings. 2. Walk 
under a roof supported by pillars. 
[It.— L.platea, broad street.] 

pibroch (pe'brokh), n. Martial music 
of the Scottish bagpipe. [Gael. _?;«)- 
baireachd, pipe-music— piobair, piper— 
piob, pipe, bagpipe.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met. her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



pica 



414 



P*S 



pica, (pi'ka), n. Printing type, equal 
to 12 points. [L.= magpie.] 

This line is set in pica. 
This line is set in small pica. 

picador (pik-a-dor'), n. In bull-fight- 
ing, a mounted lancer who first at- 
tacks the bull, goading him to fury. 
[Sp. = pricker.] 

picayune(pik-a-un'),w. 1. Formerly,in 
Louisiana, etc., the Spanish half -real 
=6!£ cents. 2. Coin of little value,as a 
five -cent nickel. [ Probably — Fr. 
picaillon, farthing.] 

piccalilli (pik'a-lil-li)» n. Pickle made 
of various vegetables, chopped and 
spiced.] [child, esp. of the negro race. 

piccaninny (pik'a-nin-i), n. Baby or 

pick(pik). I. vt. 1. Prick with a sharp- 
pointed instrument. 2. Peck, as a 
bird. 3. Open with a pointed instru- 
ment, as a lock . 4. Pluck or gather, 
as flowers etc. 5. Separate (from). 6. 
Choose ; select. 7. Seek, as a quarrel. 
8. Pilfer; take from. II. vi. 1. Do 
anything nicely. 2. Eat by morsels. 
III. n. 1. Sharp-pointed instrument. 
2. Choice.— pick'er, n. [A.S. pycan.] 

pickaninny. See piccaninny". 

pickax, pickaxe (pik'aks), n. Pick- 
ing tool used in digging. [Corr. of 
M. E. pikois— O. Fr. plcois, pike.] 

picked (pikt), a. Selected. 

pickerel ( pik'er-el), n. 1. Species of 
North-American pike. 2. Any young 
fish of the pike family. 

picket (pik'et). I. n. 1. Pointed stake 
used in fortification. 2. Small outpost 
or guard. II. vt. 1. Fortify or fence 
with pointed stakes. 2. Fasten to a 
stake, as a horse. 3. Post as a van- 
guard. [Fr. piquet, dim. olpie, pike.] 

pickle (pik'l). I. n. 1. Brine in which 
substances are preserved. 2. Anything 
so preserved. 3. Disagreable posi- 
tion. II. vt. Season or preserve with 
salt, vinegar, etc. [Dut. pekel, Ger. 
poekel. Akin to Sc. pickle, grain (of 
salt).] [for nicking locks. 

picklock (pik'lok), n~. Instrument 

pickpocket (pik'pok-et), n. One who 
steals from other people's pockets. 

picnic (pik'nik). I. n. Short excursion 
into the country by a pleasure-party, 
taking their own provisions. II. vi. 
[pic'nicking ; pic'nicked.] Go on a 
picnic. [Rhyming name, from E. pick, 
eat by morsels.] 

pictorial (pik-to'ri-al), a. 1. Relating 
to pictures. 2. Illustrated by pictures- 
— picto'rially, adv. 



picture (pik'tur). I. n. 1. Represen- 
tation, as a painting, photograph, 
drawing etc. 2. Resemblance; image. 
3. Vivid description in words. II. vt. 
Paint; represent; describe vividly. 
[ L. pictura— pingo,pictus, paint.] 

picturesque (pik-tur-esk'), a. Like a 
picture; fit to make a picture.— pic- 
turesque'ly, adv.— picturesque^ 
ness, n. [It. pittoresco.] 

pie (pi), n. Magpie. [Fr.] 

pie (pi), n. 1. Quantity of meat or 
fruit baked in a crust of prepared 
flour. 2. Same as pi. [Gael, pighe, pie.] 

piebald (pi'bald), a. Of various colors 
in patches. [For pie-balled,— pie (mag- 
pie), and Wei. bal, white streak on a 
horse's forehead.] 

piece (pes). I. n. 1. Part of anything. 
2. Single article. 3. Separate perfor- 
mance. 4. Literary or artistic com- 
position. 5. Gun. 6. Coin. 7. In- 
stance; example. II. vt. Enlarge by 
adding apiece; patch. III. vi. Unite; 
join.— pie'cer, n. [O. Fr. piece — L. 
petium, patch of ground,— pes, foot.] 

piecemeal (pes'mel). I. a. Made of 
pieces or parts; single. II. adv. In 
pieces or fragments; by pieces; grad- 
ually. [PiBCEand MEAL.] 

piecework (pes'wurk), n. Work done 
by the piece or job. 

pied ( pid), a. Variegated like a mag- 
pie ; marked with large spots of vari- 
ous colors. [barb. 

pie-plant (pi'plant), n. Garden rhu- 

pier (per), n. 1. Mass of stone-work 
between the openings of a building, 
also that supporting an arch, bridge, 
etc. 2. Mass of stone or wood-work 

Projecting into the sea ; wharf. — 
Her-glass, mirror covering the whole 
or greater part of a pier between two 
openings in the wall. [M. E. pere— 
Fr. pierre, stone.] 

pierce (pers), vt. and vi. 1. Make a 
hole through. 2. Force a way into.— 
pier'cer, n. [Fr. percer.] 

Pietist (pi'e-tist), n. 1. One of a class 
of religious reformers in Protestant 
Germany.about 1,700. 2.(p.)Onewho 
makes an undue display of piety. 

piety (pi'et-i),?i.Dutifulness and vener- 
ation; loving obedience. [Fr. pUU— 
L. pietas.] [holiness. 

Syn. Devotion: sanctity; godliness; 

pig (pig). I. n. 1. Young swine. 2. 
Oblong mass of unforged metal, as 
first extracted from the ore, so called 
because it is made to flow when 
melted in channels called pigs, bran- 
ching from a main channel called the 
sow. II. vi. [pig'glng; pigged.] Live 
like pigs. [Etymology doubtful.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fftll, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf j 
mute, hut, bum; oil, owl, then. 



pigeon 



41S 



pimple 




Fan-tail pigeon. 



pig-eon (pij'un), n. "Well-known bird; 
dove.— pigeon-English,H,.(Perhaps 
from business En- 
glish) . Jargon com- 
posed of corrupted 
English, Portugue- 
se, Chinese, etc., used 
by foreign merchants 
in dealings with Chi- 
namen. [Fr.— L. pi- 
pio, young bird, — 
pipio, chirp.] 

pigeon-nole ( pij'un-hol). I. n. 1. 
Hole or niche in which pigeons lodge 
in a dovecot. 2. Division of a case for 
papers, etc. II. vt. 1. Place in a 
pigeon-hole; file away. 2. Put aside; 
ignore. [pigs. 

piggish (pig'ish), a. Behaving like 

pig-iron (pig'-i'urn), n. iron in pigs 
or rough bars. 

pigment (pig'ment), n. 1. Any sub- 
stance for coloring. 2. Substance 
that gives color to parts of animals 
and vegetables. [L. pigmentum—pingo, 

pigmy. Same as pygmy. [paint.] 

pigtail (pig'tal), n. Hair of the head 
tied behind in the form of a pig's tail. 

pike (pik), n. 1. Weapon 
with a shaft and spear- g^^g^^i 
head, formerly used by << ..... 
foot soldiers. 2. Voracious 
fresh-water fish (so called 
from its pointed snout.) 
3. Turnpike. [A. S. pic] 

piked ( pikt ), a. Ending 
in a point. 

pilaster ( pi-las'ter ), n. 
Square pillar or column, 
usually set within a wall. 
— pilas'tered, a. Fur- 
nished with pilasters or 
inserted pillars. [Fr. pi- 
lastre—Lt. pila, pillar.] 

pile (pil). I. n. 1. Heap; 
mass. 2. Large building. 
3. Form of electric bat- 
tery. II. vt. Lay in a pile or heap; 
heap up; amass. [Fr.— L. pila, ball.] 

pile (pil). I. n. Large stake driven 
into the earth to support founda- 
tions or to form a dam. II. vt. Drive 
piles into. [A. S. pit — L. pila, pillar.] 

pile(pil), n. 1. Hairy surface. 2. Nap on 
cloth. [L. pilus, hair.] [pila, ball.] 

piles (pllz), n. pi. Hemorrhoids. [L. 

pilfer (pil'fer), vt. and vi. Steal small 
things; steal by petty theft. [O. Fr. 
pel/re, booty.] 

pilgrim(pil'grim),w. l.One who travels 
to a distance to visit a saGred place. 2. 
Wanderer. [Fr. pelerin (for pelegrin) 
— Li. peregrinus, foreigner — pereger, 
traveler— per, through, and a^er.land.] 




Pilaster. 



pilgrimage (pil'grim-aj), n. Journey 
of a pilgrim; journey to a shrine or 
other sacred place. 

pill (pil), n. 1. Little ball of medicine. 
2. Anything unpleasant that has to 
be taken or accepted. [Fr. pilule — L. 
pilula, dim. of pila, ball.] 

pillage (pil'aj). I. n. 1. Act of plunder- 
ing. 2. Plunder. II. vt. Plunder. — 
pillager, n. [Fr.—piller, plunder.] 
Syn. Depredation; robbery; pilfer- 
ing; rapine; booty; spoils. 

pillar (pil'ar), n. 1. Detached sup- 
port, differing from a column in that 
it is not necessarily cylindrical, or of 
classical proportions. 2. Anything 
that sustains. [O. Fr. piler (Fr. pilier) 
—Low L. pilare— L. pila, pillar.] 

pillared (pil' ard), a. 1. Supported by 
a pillar or pillars. 2. Having the form 
of a pillar. 

pillion (pil'yun), n. Cushion behind 
a saddle. [Gael, pillean, i>a,d—peaU, 
skin.] 

pillory (pil'ur-i). I. n. Wooden frame, 
having holes through which the head 
and hands of a criminal were put as 
a punishment. II. vt. [ pill'orying; 
pill'oried. ] Punish in the pillory. 
[Fr. pilori.] 

pillow (pil'o). I. n. 1. Cushion filled 
with feathers for resting the head on. 
2. Any cushion. II. vt. Lay on for sup- 
port.— pillow-ease, n. Outer cover 
ing for a pillow.— pillow-sham, n. 
Ornamental cover iaid over a pillow, 
when not used. [A. S. pyle.] [soft. 

pillowy (pil'o-i), a. Like a pillow; 

pilose (pi'los), a. Hairy; downy; pi- 
lous. [L. —pilus, hair.] 

pilot(pi'lut). I. n. 1. One who conducts 
ships in and out of a harbor, along a 
dangerous coast, etc. 2. Guide. II. 
vt. Conduct as a pilot.— pi'lot-boat, 
n.- Boat in which pilots cruise off 
shore to meet incoming ships.— 
pi'lot-bread, n. Ship-biscuit. — 
pi'lot-engine,w. Engine sent ahead 
to see that the track is clear. [ Dut. 

ftiloot, — peilen, sound, and loot, (Ger. 
oth, E. lead), sounding-lead.] 

pilotage (pl'lut-aj), n. 1. Act of pilot- 
ing. 2. Fee or wages of pilots. 

pilons (pilus), a. Hairy; consisting 
of hair; hair-like, pilose. 

pirn en ta (pi-men'ta), pimento (pi- 
men'to), n. 1. Jamaica pepper; all- 
spice. 2. Evergreen tree producing 
it. [Port.— L. pigmentum.] 

pimple (pim'pl), n. Small swelling or 
pointed prominence of the cuticle.— 
pim'pled, pim'ply, a. Having 
pimples. [A. S. pipel.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her ; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf ; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, Men. 



pin 



416 



piping- 



pin (pin). I. n. 1. Sharp-pointed in- 
strument, esp. for fastening articles 
together. 2. Anything that holds parts 
together. 3. Peg used in musical in- 
strument for fastening the strings. 4. 
Ornament attached with a pin, as 
breastpin, scarf pin, etc. II. vt. [pin'- 
ning; pinned.] 1. Fasten with a pin. 
2. Hold fast, as if transfixed with a 
pin. [L. pinna, penna, feather, peg.] 

pinafore(pin' a-f or) , n. Loose co vering 
of cotton or linen over a child's dress, 
orig. pinned to its front. 

pincers. Same as pinchers. 

pinch (pinch ). I. vt. 1. Gripe hard; 
squeeze; nip. 2, Distress; gripe. 3. 
Straiten; put in straits; press. 4. Ar- 
rest and imprison. (Slang). II. vi. 1. 
Bear or press hard. 2. Live sparingly. 
III. n. 1. Close compression with the 
fingers. 2. What can he taken up by 
the compressed fingers. 3. Gripe; 
distress. — On a pinch, in case of an 
emergency. [Fr. pincer.] 

pinchbeck ( pinch'bek ), n. Yellow 
alloy of five parts of copper to one of 
zinc, resembling gold. [From the 
inventor, Christopher Pinchbeck.] 

pinched (pincht), a. 1. Nipped; squeez- 
ed ; compressed. 2. In straits. 3. 
Thin; peakish. [which pinches. 

pincher (pin'cher), n. One who or that 

pinchers (pin'cherz), pincers (piu'- 
serz), n. Instrument for seizing any- 
thing, esp. for drawing out nails, etc. 

pincushion (pin'kosh-un), n. Case or 
cushion for holding pins. 

Pindaric (pin-dar'ik). I. a. After the 
style of Pindar, a Greek lyric poet. 
II. n. Pindaric ode; irregular ode. 

pine (pin), n. Northern cone-bearing, 
resinous tree, furnishing valuable 
timber. [A. S. pin— Li. pinus (for pic- 
nus), " pitch tree "—pix,picis, pitch.] 

pine (pin), v$. Waste away under pain 
or mental distress. [A. S. pinan, tor- 
ment, frompin, pain— Ij. poena.] 

pine-apple ( pm-ap'l ), n. Tropical 
plant, and its delicious fruit, shaped 
like a pine-cone. 

pinery (prner-i), n. 1. Place where 
pine-apples are raised. 2. Pine forest. 

ping pong (ping pang), n. Table ten- 
nis. [Imitative.] 

pinion ( pin'yun ). I. n. 1. Wing. 2. 
Joint of a wing most remote from the 
body. 3. Smaller wheel with cogs 
working into others. II. vt. 1. Confine 
the wings of. 2. Cut off the pinion. 3. 
Confine by binding the arms. [Fr. 
pignon—Ju. pinna, wing.] 

pink (pingk), vt. 1. Stab or pierce. 2. 
Ornament with eyelet-holes, scallops, 
etc. [A,S. pyngan— L. pungo, prick.] 



pink (pingk). I. n. 1. Plant with beau- 
tiful flowers. 2. Shade of light-red 
coJor like that of. the flower. 3. That 
which is supremely excellent; flower. 
II. a. Of a color called pink. [Ety- 
mology doubtful.] 

pin-money (pin'mun'i ), n. Money 
allowed to a wife for private expenses. 

pinnace (pin'as ), n. 1. Small vessel 
with oars and sails. 2. Boat with eight 
oars. [Fr. pinasse—L,. pinus, pine.] 

pinnacle (pin'a-kl), n. High point 
like aspire. [Fr.— L. pinna, feather.] 

pinnate (pin'at), a. 1. In bot. Shaped 
or arranged like a feather. 2. Inzool, 
Furnished with fins. — pin'nately, 
adv. [L. pinnatus— pinna, feather.] 

pint (pint), n. Measure of capacity = 
Vz quart or 4 gills. [Probably from 
a mark upon a larger measure. Fr. 
pinte— Sp. pinta, mark, pint,— L.pingo, 
paint.] 

pintle (pin'tl), n. 1. Long iron bolt. 
2. Upright bolt or pin, as in a hinge, 
or on a boat to hang the rudder on. 
[Dim. of pin.] 

pinworm (pin'wurm), n. Small worm 
infesting the rectum, esp. of children. 

piny (pi'ni), a. Full of pine-trees. 

pioneer (pi-o-ner'). I. n. One who goes 
before to prepare the way. II. vt. Act 
as pioneer to. [Fr. pionnier — pion, 
foot-soldier.] 

pious (pi'us), a. 1. Having reverence 
and love for the Deity. 2. Done under 
the cloak of piety. — pi'ously, adv. 
[Fr. pieux— L. pius.] 
Syn. Devout; godly; reverential. 

pip ( pip ), n. Disease of fowls, with 
formation of phlegm in mouth and 
throat. [Fr. pSpie, a corr. of L. pituita, 
rheum.] [pin.] 

pip (pip), n. Seed of fruit. [FromPiP- 

pip (pip), n. Spot on cards. Corr. of 
provincial Eng.jpicA—Fr. pique, spade.] 

pipe (pip). I. n. 1. Musical instrument 
consisting of a long tube. 2. Any 
long tube. 3. Tube of clay, etc., with a 
bowl at one end for smoking tobacco. 

4. Cask containing about 126 gallons. 

5. Peeping, whistle, or chirping of a 
bird. II. vt. and vi. Play upon a pipe; 
whistle; call with a pipe, as on board 
ships. — pi'per, [A. S. pipe. Imita- 
tative of sound.] _ 

pipeclay (pip'kla), n. White clay 
used for making tobacco pipes and 
fine earthenware. [Fr.] 

pipette (pi-pet'), n. Small tube or can. 

piping (pi'ping) , a. 1. Playing on a 
pipe. 2. Shrill. 3. Whistling; utter- 
ing shrill cries. 4. Accompanied by 
the sounds of the peaceful flute. 5. 
Boiling; hissing. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owL then. 



pipkin 



417 



pithless 



pipkin (pip'kin), n. Small earthen 
pot, or jar. [Dim. of pipe.] 

pippin (pip'in), n. Variety of apple. 
[From O. Fr. pepin, apple-tree raised 
from the seed.] 

piquant (pe'kant), a. Stimulating to 
the taste ; pungent ; racy. — pi'- 
quantly. adv.— piquancy, n. [Fr. 
pr. p. of piquer, prick. ] 

pique(peq). I. n. Wounded pride ; spite. 

II. vt. 1. Wound the pride of. 2. Offend. 

3. Pride or value (one's self). [Fr.] 

Syn. Resentment; grudge; vexation. 

pique (p§-ka/) , n. Fabric with inwoven 
pattern of small points. [Fr.] 

piquet (pe-kef), n. Game at cards. 
[Said to be named from inventor.] 

piracy (pi'ra-si), n. 1. Robbery on the 
high seas. 2. Infringement of copy- 
right; literary theft. 

pirate (pi'rat). I. n. 1. Robber or 
plunderer on the high seas. 2. One 
who appropriates the literary labors 
of another without permission. II. 
vt. and vi. Practice piracy. [Li.pirata 
— Gr. peirates—peirao, attempt.] 

piratical (pi-rat'ik-al), a. 1. Pertain- 
ing to a pirate. 2. Practicing piracy. 
— piratically, adv. 

pirogue (pi-rog'),w. Canoe made from 
a hollowed tree. [W. Jnd.] 

pirouette (pir-6-ef). I. n. Whirling 
or wheeling about, esp. in dancing. 
II. vi. Execute a pirouette. [Fr. 1 

piscatorial (pis'- 
ka-to'ri-al), pis- 
catory (pis'ka- 
to-ri), a. Relat- 
ing to fishes or 
fishing. 

Pisces (pis'ez), n. 
Twelfth sign of 
the zodiac. [L. 
pi. of piscis.fish.] 

pisciculture(pis' 
i-kul-tur), n. 
Rearing of fish by artificial methods. 
[L. piscis, fish, and ctilture.] 

pish (pish), inter). Exclamation of 
contempt. 

pistachio(pis-ta'shi-o) ,n. Nut growing 
around the Mediterranean. [Gr.pista- 
kion—Pers. pista.] 

pistil (pis' til), n. Seed-bearing organ 
in the center of a flower, so called 
from its likeness to the pestle of a 
mortar. [L. pistillum.] 

pistol (pis'tul), n. Small hand-gun. 
[Orig. a dagger, Fr. pistole— It. pistola, 
said to be from Pistoja (orig. Pistola), 
a town in Italy.] 

pistole (pis-tol'), n. Spanish gold coin 
worth about $3.85. [So called because 
■mailer than the crowns of France.] 




Pisces. ($Q 



piston (pis'tun), n. Short solid cylin- 
der, fitting and moving fox-ward and 
backward within another hollow one. 
[Fr.— It. pistone. See pestle.] 

pit(pit). I. n. 1. Hole in the earth : abyss. 

2. Hole used as a trap for wild beasts. 

3. Hollow of the stomach. 4. Inden- 
tation left by smallpox. 5. Main floor 
of a theater. 6. Inclosure for a fight, 
as of dogs. 7. Shaft of a mine. 8. 
Stone, as of a cherry. II. vt. [pitf' 
in'g; pitt'ed] 1. Mark with pits of 
little hollows. 2. Set in competition. 
— Pit saw, saw for two men, one above 
and one below. [A. S. pytt—la. puteus, 
a well.] 

pitapat (pit'a-pat), adv. With palpi- 
tation or quick beating. [A repetition 
of pat.] 

pitch (pich). I. n. Black shining sub- 
stance obtained by boiling down com- 
mon tar. II. vt. Smear with pitch. 
[A. S. pic— L. pix.] 

pitch (pich). I. vt. 1. Throw. 2. Fix 
or set in array. 3. Fix the tone. II. 
vi. 1. Settle, as something pitched. 2. 
Come to rest from flight. 3. Fall 
headlong. 4. Fix the choice. 5. En- 
camp. 6. Rise and fall, as a ship. 
III. n. 1. Throw; cast. 2. Point or 
degree of elevation or depression; 
degree of slope. 3. In mus. Height or 
a note. 4. In mech. Distance between 
the centers of two teeth.— pitch'er, 
n. One w r ho pitches. [A form of pick.] 

pitched (picht), a. 1. Fully prepared 
and planned, as a battle. 2. Sloped. 

pitcher (pich'er), n. Large-mouthed 
jug. [O. Fr. picker— root of bea.ker.] 

pitcher-plant ( pich'er-plant ), n. 
Tropical plant with vase-shaped 
leaves holding water like pitchers. 

pitchfork ( pich'fark ), n. Fork for 
pitching hay, etc. " 

pitchpipe(pich'pip), n. Small oipe 
with which the voice or a tune is 
pitched. 

pitchy (pich'i), a. Having the qualities 
of pitch; smeared with pitch; black 
like pitch; dark; dismal. 

piteous (pit'e-us), a. Pitiful. — pit- 
eously, adv.— pit'eousness, n. 

Syn. Miserable; woful; sorrowful; 
doleful; sad; compassionate; paltry. 

pitfall (pit'fal),?i. 1. Pit slightly cov- 
ered, so that wild beasts may fall in 
and be caught. 2. Any hidden snare. 

pith (pith), n. 1. Soft substance in the 
center of stems of plants, feathers, 
etc. 2. Condensed substance; quint- 
essence. [A. S. pitha. Akin to pit, 
stone. ] 

pithless (pith'les), a. Wanting pith, 
force or energy. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



pittiy 



418 



plan 



pithy (pith'i), a. 1. Full of pith. 2« 

Forcible; terse.— pithily, adv. 
pitiable (pit'i-a-bl), a. Deserving pity ; 

affecting.— pitiably, adv. 
pitiful (pit'i-fol),a. 1. Compassionate. 

2. Causing pity. 3. Despicable.— pit' - 

i fully, adv.— pit'ifulness, n. 
pitiless (pit'i-les), a. Without pity.— 

pitilessly, adv.— pit'ilessness,, n. 
pitman ( pit'- 

man), n. 1. One 

who works in a 

pit, 2. Connect- 
ing rod. 
pittance (pit'- 

ans), n. Small 

portion, as of 

food. [Fr. pi- 

tance.] 
pituitary (pif- 

u-i-ta-ri)body, 

small two-lob- 

ed part of the 

brain, back of 

the nose; pitui- 
tary gland. [Li. 

pituita, mucus, 

phlegm.] 




Temporal lobes. 3. 3- 



Brain viewed from 

below. 
Pituitary gland. 2, 2- 
fontal lobes. 4, 4. 
Cerebellum. 5. Medulla oblongata. (5. Pons 
Varolii. 7. Corpus callo6um. 8. Optic nerve. 
9. Olfactory track. 

pity (pit'i). I. n. 1. Sympathy with a 
sufferer. 2. Cause of commiseration. 
II. vt. [pit'y-ing; pit'ied.] Commiser- 
ate. [O. Fr. pite— Ij.pietas.] 

pivot (piv'ut). I. n. Pin on which any- 
thing turns. II. vt. and vi. Place, or 
turn, on a pivot. [Fr.— It. piva, peg,— 
Low L. pipa, pipe.] 

pixy, pixie (piks'i), a. Fairy. 

pizzicato (pit-si-ka'to), a. Plucked or 
twanged with a finger. [It.] 

placable (pla'ka-bl), a. That may be 
appeased ; forgiving. — pla'cably, 
adv." placabil'ity, pla'cableness, 
ns. [L. placabilis—placo, appease.] 

placard (pla-kard' or plak'ard). I. n. 
Poster. II. vt. 1. Post placards upon. 
2. Announce by posters. [Fr.] 

placate (pla'kat), vt. Appease ; pacify ; 
conciliate. [L,.—placeo, please.] 

place ( plas). I. n. 1. Space; locality; 
spot. 2. Existence. 3. Position. 4. 
Stead. 5. Short street. II. vt. 1. Put 
in place or condition. 2. Invest. 3. 
Ascribe. [Fr.— L. platea, broad street.] 

placer (plas'er),w. Deposit of valuable 
mineral found in particles in alluvi- 
um, beds of stream, etc. [Sp.] 

placid (plas'id), a. Peaceful.— plac'- 
idly, adv. — placidity, plac'id- 
ness, ns. [L. placidus—placeo, please.] 



placket (plak'et), n. 1. Pocket. 2. 
Slit in a skirt. [O. Fr. placquette. 
patch.] [—plat fond, flat bottom. J 

plafond (pla-fond'j, n. Ceiling. [Fr. 

plagiarism (pla'ji-a-rizm), n. 1. Act 
or practice of plagiarizing. 2. What 
is plagiarized [plagiarizes. 

plagiarist (pla'ji-a-rist), n. One who 

plagiarize (pla'ji-a-riz), vt. Take from 
the writings of another without 
acknowledgment. 

plagiary (pla'ji-ar-i). I. n. Plagiarist. 
II. a. Practicing literary theft. [Fr e 
plagiaire— L. pta^iariws.man-stealer,— 
plaga, net.]_ 

plague (plag). I. n. 1. Great natural 
evil. 2. Deadly epidemic or pestilence. 
3. Anything troublesome. II. vt. 
[pla'guing; pla'gued.] 1. Infest with 
calamity. 2. Vex. [L.. plaga, blow.] 
Syn. Tantalize. See trouble. 

plaice (plas), ^.Flounder. [O.Fr.plais.] 

placenta (pla-sen'ta), n. "Vascular 
organ attaching the fetus to the 
womb— placental, a. 

plaid (plad or plad ). L n. 1. Loose 
oater garment consisting of a rectan- 
gular piece of checked woolen cloth, 
chiefly worn by the Highlanders of 
Scotland. 2. Goods of any quality or 
material of a tartan or checked pat- 
tern. II. a. Made of or resembling a 
plaid; checkered with bars. [GaeL 
plaide, blanket, contracted olpeallaid, 
sheepskin.] 

plaided(plad'ed), a. 1. Wearing a plaid. 
2. Made of plaid; tartan. 

plain (plan). I. a. Without elevations 
or cover, ornaments, difficulty, etc. 
II. n. Level land. — plainly , adv. 
— plainness, n. [Fr.— L. planus.] 

Syn. Even; flat; level; frank; art- 
less; smooth; open; simple; sincere; 
homely; uneducated; evident. 

plaint (plant), n. Lamentation; com- 
plaint. [O. Fr. pleinte — L. plango % 
beat the breast in mourning.] 

plaintiff (plan'tif), n. One who com- 
mences a suit in law. [Fr. plaintif. 
See plaint.] 

plaintive ( plan'tiv ) a. Expressing 

- sorrow; lamenting. — plain t'ively, 
adv.— plaint'iveness, n. [Same as 

PLAINTIFF.] 

plait (plat). I. n. 1 .Fold; doubling. 2. 
Braid. II. vt. 1. Fold; double in nar- 
row folds. 2. Interweave; braid. [O. 
Fr. ploit— L. plico, fold.] 

plan (plan). I. n. 1. Drawing of a 
building machine, etc. 2. Scheme. 3- 
Method. II. vt. [plann'ing; planned.] 
1. Make a sketch. 2. Form in design, 
[Fr.— L. planus, flat.] 
Syn. Diagram; plot. See scheme. 



fStfi, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



planary 



410 



plate 



planary (pla'na-ri), a. Lying in one 
plane; flat. 

planchette ( plan-shet' ), n. Small 
heart-shaped board on three sup- 
ports, two of which have castors, 
while the_third has a leadpencil-point. 

plane (plan). I. n. 1. Level surface. 2. 
In geom. Even superficies. II. a. 1. 
Plain; even; level. 2. Pertaining to. 
lying in, or forming, a plane. III. vt. 
Make level. [ Fr. — L. planus. See 
plain, even.] 

plane ( plan ). I. n. Carpenter's tool. 
II. vt. Make a surface (as of wood) 
level or smooth.— pla'uer,/;. 1. Plan- 
ing-machine. 2. Wooden block used 
to level the face of a form of type 
before printing. 

\^ ./ Mam V^_^-/ Eabtm Venus MercuRv 

iZZTta Satubn Neorw«.e U«*nv» 

The Plaxets. 

The figures indicate the proportional 

sizes approxitnatively. 

planet (plan'et), n. One of the bodies in 
the solar system which revolve round 
the sun. [Gr. planetes, wanderer.] 

planetarium ( plan-e-ta'ri-um ), n. 
Machine showing the motions and 
orbits of the planets. 

planetary(plan'e-tar-i), a. 1. Pertain- 
ing to the planets. 2. Consisting of or 
produced by planets. 3. Erratic; re- 
volving. 

planetoid (plan'et-oid), n. Very small 
planet; asteroid. [Gr. planetes, and 
eidos, form.] , 

plane-tree (plan'tre), n. Tall tree of 
many varieties. The American plane- 
tree ( sycamore, buttonwood ) has 
leaves like the maple's. [Pr. plane— L. 
platanus—Gr. platanos—platys, broad.] 

planimeter ( pla-nim'e-ter ), n. In- 
strument for measuring a plane area. 

planish (plan'ish), vt. Make smooth 
by planing or hammering. 

planisphere (plan'i-sfer), n. Projec- 
tion of the celestial sphere on a plane. 

plank (plangk). I. n. 1. Long, plain 
piece of timber, thicker than a board. 

2. One of the parts of a political pro- 
gram (platform). II. vt.l. Cover with 
planks. 2. Split and cook on a board. 

3. Tag down. JL. planca, board.] 
planner (plan'er), n. One who plans 

or forms a plan; projector. 
plano-concave ( pla-no-kon'kav ), a. 
Plane on one side and concave on the 
other. 



plano-convex ( pla-no-kon'veks ), a. 
Plane on one side and convex on the 

other. 

plant (plant). I. n. 1. Shoot, sprout, 
or slip. 2. Herb, or any vegetable 
growth smaller than a tree or shrub. 
3. Tools, material and fixtures of a 
trade or business. II. vt. 1. Put into 
the ground for growth. 2. Furnish 
with plants. 3. Set in tfhe mind. 4. 
Establish. [A. S. planta — L,. i)lanta.] 

plantain (plan'tan), n. 1. Tree of trop- 
ical countries, with broad leaves. In 
shape and fruit it resembles the ba- 
nana closely. 2. "Weed with large 
spreading leaves. [From the root of 

PLANT.] 

plantation (plan-ta'shun), n. 1. Place 
planted. 2. Large farm or estate un- 
der control of an overseer. 

planter (plan'ter), n. 1. One who plants 
or introduces. 2. Owner of a planta- 
tion. 

plantigrade (plan'ti-grad). I. a. That 
walks on the sole of the foot. II. n. 
Plantigrade animal, as man or bear. 
[L. planta, sole, and gradior, walk.] 

plaque (plak), n. Ornamental plate 
of china or other ware upon which 
pictures are painted. [Fr.] 

plash(plash). I. n. 1. Dash of water. 2. 
Puddle; shallow pool. II. vi. Splash.— 
plash y, a. Abounding with plashes 
or puddles; watery. [From thesound.] 

plaster (plas'ter). I. n. 1. Something 
that can be molded into figures. 2. 
Composition of lime, water, and sand 
for overlaying walls, etc. 3. In med. 
External application spread on cloth, 
etc. II. a. Made of plaster. III. vt. 1. 
Cover with plaster. 2. Cover with a 
plaster, as a wound. [A.S. plaster, O. 
Fr. piastre — L. emplastrum. mold.] 

plasterer ( plas'ter-er ), n. One who 
plasters, or one who works in plaster. 

plastering (plas'ter-ing), n. 1. Act of 
covering with plaster. 2. Plaster work 
of a building. 

plastic (plas'tik), a. 1. Having power 
to give form. 2. Capable of beinj 
molded. [Gr. plastikos—plasso. mold.] 

plasticity ( plas-tis'it-i ), n. State or 
quality of being plastic. 

plastron (plas'trun), n. 1. Breast 
plate. 2. Lower shell, as of a tortoise. 

plat (plat), n. Flat stretch of high 
ground. [So. African Dutch.] 

plat (plat), n. Piece of ground; piece 
of groundlaid out. [A form of plot.] 

plate ( plat ). I. n. I. Thin piece of 
metal. 2. Wrought gold and silver. 3. 
Household utensils in gold and sil- 
ver, or covered (plated) with gold or 
silver. 4. Flat dish. 5. Engraved plate 



fi»>9, fftt, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mitj note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, fften. . 



plateau 



420 



pleasurable 



of metal, stereotype, electrotype, 
etc. 6. Horizontal timber in or on a 
wall to receive the ends of other tim- 
ber. 7. Inphotog. Sheet of glass with a 
coating, sensitive to light. II. vt. 1. 
Overlay with a coating of plate or 
metal. 2. Beat into thin plates. — 
plate-glass, n. Fine kind of glass, 
cast in thick plates. [O. Fr. — Gr. 
platys, broad.] 

plateau ( pla-to'), n. [pi. plateaux. ] 
Broad flat space on an elevated posi- 
tion; table-land. [Fr.] 

platen (plat'en), n. Slab; flat plate; 
part of printing machine which sup- 
ports the tympan. [Fr. platine.] 

platform (plat'farm), n. 1. Raised 
level scaffolding."' 2. Statement of 
principles to which a body of men 
declare their adhesion. [Fr. plate- 
forme, thing of "flat form. ] 

platina (plat'in-a), platinum (plaf- 
in-um), n. "White precious metal, 
very hard and ductile, but very infu- 
sible. [Sp. platina— plata, silver.] 

plating- (p 1 a'- 
ting), ». 1. 
Process of 
overlaying 
with a coating 
of pi ate or 
metal. 2. Thin 
coating of 
metal. 

p 1 a t i tu d e 
(plat'i-tud), n. 
1. That which 
exhibits dullness. 2. Trite remark; 
truism. 

Platonic (pla-ton'ik), a. 1. Relating to 
PJato, the Greek philosopher, or his 
philosophical opinions. 2. Pure and 
passionless. — Platon'ically, adv. 

Platonism (pla'ton-izm), n. Philoso- 
phical opinions of Plato. — Pla'ton- 
ist, n. Follower of Plato. 

platoon (pla-ton'), n. 1. Body of sol- 
diers in a hollow square. 2. Number 
of recruits assembled for exercise. 3. 
Subdivision of a company. [Fr. pelo- 
ton, ball, group,— pelote— L. pila, ball.] 

plattdeutsch(plot'doitsh), a. German 
as SDOken along the coast of Ger- 
many. [Ger. platt, flat, level, and 
deutsch, German.] 

flatter (plat'er), n. Large flat dish. 

plaudit (pla'dit), n. Applause; praise 
bestowed. [L. plaudite, praise ye!] 
Syn. Acclamation; approval. 

plausible (pla'zi-bl), a. Superficially 
convincing; apparently right; spe- 
cious. — plausibly, adv. — plan'- 
sibleness, plausibil'ity, ns. [L. 
plausibilis—plaudo, praise.] 




Electric plating. 



play (pla). I. vi. 1. Engage in exercise 
or a game; sport. 2. Trifle. 3. Move 
irregularly. 4. Operate. 5. Act in a 
theater. 6. Perform on a musical in- 
strument. 7. Practice a trick. 8. Act 
a character. 9. Gamble. II. vt. 1. 
Put in motion. 2. Perform upon. 3. 
Perform. 4. Act a sportive part. 5. 
Compete with. [A. S. plegan, play. 
Ger. pflegen.] 

play (pla), n. 1. Exercise for amuse- 
ment; amusement. 2. Friendly con- 
test. 3. Gaming. 4. Action or use. 5. 
Manner of dealing, as fair-play. 6. 
Dramatic composition. 7. Movement. 
8. Room for motion; liberty of action. 
— playfellow, play'mate, ns. 
Fellow or mate in play or amuse- 
ments. — play 'house, n. 1. Theater, 

2. Structure for children to play in.— 
play 'thing, n. Toy. 

player (pla'er), n. One who plays ; 

actor of plays or dramas; musician. 
playful (pla'fol), a. Given to play; 

sportive.— playfully, adv. — play'- 

fulness, n. 
playwright (pla'rit), n. "Writer or 

adapter of plays for the stage. 
playing-card (pla'ing-kard), n. One 

of a set of fifty-two cards used in 

playing games, [marketplace. [Sp.] 
plaza (pla'za), n. Public square or 
plea (pie), n. 1. Defendant's answer to 

the plaintiff's declaration. 2. What* 

ever is alleged in support of a cause. 

3. Excuse; apology. 4. Urgent en- 
treaty. [O. Fr. plait — Low. L. placi- 
turn, pleasure, decision.] 

plead (pled). I. vi.l. Enter a plea in a 
lawsuit. 2. Argue in support of a 
cause against another. 3. (with) 
Seek to persuade. II. vt. 1. Discuss 
by arguments. 2. Allege in pleading. 
3. Offer in excuse. — plead'er, n. 
[Fr. plaider — root of plea.] 

pleading (ple'ding). I. a. Imploring. 
II. n. (pi.) In taw. Statements of the 
two parties in a law suit. 

pleasant (plez'ant), a. Pleasing; 
cheerful. — pleas'antly, adv. — 
pleas'antness, n. [Fr. plaisant.] 

Syn. Agreeable; pleasing; gratify* 
ing; acceptable; charming; welcome 
amiable; good-humored. See lively. 

pleasantry (plez'ant-ri), n. Jocular- 
ity; raillery. [Fr. plaisanterieJ] 

please (plez). I. vt. 1. Delight. 2. 
Satisfy. II. vi. Like; choose. [O. 
Fr. plaisir— L. placeo, please.] 

pleasing (ple'zing), a. Giving pleas- 
ure; agreeable.— pleasingly, adv. 

pleasurable (plezh'6r-a-bl), a. Giv- 
ing pleasure; gratifying'.— pleas'ur- 
ably, adv. — pleas'urableness, n. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



pleasure 



421 



plot 



jileasore (plezh'or), n. 1. Agreeable 
emotion ; gratification. 2. Amuse- 
ment. 3. What the will prefers; pur- 
pose; command; approbation. — 
pleasure-boat, n. Boat used for 
amusement. — pleasure-ground, 
n. Ground laid out in an ornamental 
manner. TFr. plaisir — Li. placeo.] 

pleb (pleb), n. 1. The common people. 
2. A freshman. 

plebeian (ple-be'i-an). I. a. Pertaining 
to the common people ; vulgar. II. n. 
One of the common people. [L.] 

plebiscite (pleb'i-set), n. Decree 
passed by the votes of an entire na- 
tion. [Fr. — L. plebiscitum, "decree of 
the people," from plebs, the people, 
and scitum,6.ecree,—scisco—scio, know.] 

plectrum (plek'trum), n. Small in- 
strument with which the strings of a 
harp, etc., are twanged. [L.] 

pledge (plej). I. n. 1. Security; surety. 
2. Promise. 3. Good will, expressed 
by drinking together. II. vt. 1. Give 
as security. 2. Engage for by prom- 
ise. 3. Drink to the health of. — 
pledger, n. [Q. Fr. plege.] 

Pleiads (ple'yads), Pleiades, (ple'- 
ya-dez), n. pi. 1. In myth. Seven 
daughters of Atlas and Pleione, after 
death changed into stars. 2. In astr. 
A group of seven stars in the shoul- 
der of the constellation Taurus. 

plenary (pie na-ri), a. Full ; entire ; 
complete. [Low L. — L. plenus, full.] 

plenipotentiary (p 1 e n - i - p-o -ten'- 
sha-rl). I. a. With full powers. II. n. 
Negotiator invested with full powers, 
esp. a special ambassador. [L. plenus, 
full, and pqtentia, power.] 

plenist (ple'nist), n. One who denies 
the possibility of a vacuum, holding 
that all space is filled with matter of 
some kind. [completeness. 

plenitude ( plen'i-tud ), n. Fullness; 

plenteous ( plen'te-us ), a. 1. Fully 
sufficient. 2. Fruitful. 3. Rich. 

Syn. Copious; abundant; bountiful; 
abounding. See ample. 

plentiful ( plen'ti-fol ), a. Copious ; 
abundant; yielding abundance. 

plenty (plen'ti). I. n. Full supply ; 
abundance. II. a. Abundant; many. 
[O. Fr. plente—L,. plenus, full.] 

plenum (ple'num), n. 1. Space consid- 
ered as in every part filled with mat- 
ter. —Opposed to vacuum. 2. Enclosed 
quantity of gas of greater than its 
natural density. [L. = full.] 

pleonasm (ple'o-nazm) , n. 1. Use of 
more words than are necessary. 2. 
Redundant expression.— pleonastic 
(ple-o-nas'tik), a. Redundant. [Gr. ple- 
onasmos—pleion, more, — pleos, full.] 



plesiosaurus (ple-si-o-sa'rus), n. Fos- 
sil reptile. [Gr. plesibs, near, and 
sauros, lizard.] 




Skeleton of Plesiosaurus. 

plethora (pleth'o-ra), n. 1. Excessive 
fullness of blood. 2. Over-fullness. — 
plethor'ic, a. Having a full habit of 
body, or the vessels too full of fluids. 
[Gr. plethore, fullness— pleos, full.] 

pleura (plo'ra), n. [pi. pleu'rae.] One 
of two delicate serous membranes 
which cover the lungs and line the 
cavity of the chest. [Gr.=rib, side.] 

pleurisy (plo'ri-si), n. Inflammation 
of the pleura. [Gr. pleuritis ( nosos, 
disease)— pleura. \ 

pleuro-pneumonia (plo'ro-nu-mo'- 
ni-a), n. Inflammation of the pleura 
and lungs. [Gr. pleura, and pneumones, 
the lungs.] 

plexus ( pleks'us ), n. Network, as of 
fibers, nerves, vessels, etc. — Solar 
plexus, rxexmovls. of nerves and ganglia, 
situated behind the stomach. 

pliability (pli-a-bil'i-ti),pliableness 
(pli'a-bl-nes), h. Quality of being plia- 
ble or flexible. 

pliable (pli'a-bl), a. 1. Easily bent or 
folded; supple; flexible; tractable. 2. 
Easily persuaded. 

pliant (pli'ant), a. Bending easily; 
flexible. 2, Tractable; easily persuad- 
ed. — pli'antly, adv.— pliancy, n. • 

pliers (pli'erz), n. pi. Pincers for seiz- 
ing and bending. 

plight (plit). I. n. 1. Dangerous or 
uncomfortable condition. 2. Security; 
pledge; engagement; promise. II. vt. 

I. Pledge; give as security. 2. Be- 
troth. [A.S. pliht, ris\z—plion, imperil. 
Dut. pligt, Ger. pflicht, obligation.] 

plinth (plinth), n. 1. Square mem- 
ber forming the lowest part of the 
base of a column or pedestal. 2. Pro- 
jecting face at the bottom of a w r all. 
[L. plintkus—Gv.plinthos, brick.] 

Pliocene (pli'o-sen), n. Most recent 
division of the Tertiary age. [Gr. 
pleion, more, and Tcainos, new.] 

plod ( plod ), vi. [plod'ding; plod'ded.] 
Travel laboriously; trudge on stead- 
ily; toil.— plodder, n. [Orig. "wade 
through pools,'"— Ir. plod, pool.] 

plot (plot). I. n. Small piece of ground. 

II. vt. [plot'ting; plot'ted.] Make a 
map or plan of. [A. S. plot, patch ol 
land.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fail, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, tften. 



plot 



422 



pluperfect 



plot (plot). I. n. 1. Scheme; conspir- 
acy; stratagem. 2. Chain of inci- 
dents in the story of a play, etc. II. 
vi. [plowing; plott'ed.] Scheme; form 
a scheme of mischief; conspire. III. 
vt. Devise secretly. [Fr. com/plot 
— L. complicitum — complico, fold to- 
gether.] [conspirator. 

plotter (plotter), n. One who plots; 

plough, ploughable, etc. Same as 

PLOW, PLOWABLE, etc. 

plover (pluv'er), n. Kind of wading 
bird. [Rain-bird, Pr. pluvier — L. plu- 
via, rain.] 

plow (plow). I. n. 1. Instrument for 
turning the soil. 2. Tillage. II. vt. Turn 
up with the plow; furrow. [Icel. plogr, 
plow.] [being plowed; arable. 

plowable (plow'a-bl), a. Capable of 

plow'boy (plow'boi), n. Boy who 
drives or guides horses in plowing. 

plowman (plow'man), n. [pi. plow'- 
men.] Man who plows; husbandman; 
rustic. 

plowshare (plow'shar), n. Part of a 
plow which cuts the ground. [See 

SHEAR.] 

pluck (pluk), vt. 1. Pull away. 2. 
Snatch. 3. Strip. [A. S. pluccian. Ger. 
pjluecken.] 

pluck (pluk), n. 1. Heart, liver, and 
lungs of an animal, plucked out after 
it is killed. 2. Courage; spirit. 3. 
Act of plucking. 

plucky (pluk'i), a. Having pluck or 
spirit.— pluck'ily, adv.— pluck'i- 
ness, n. 

plug- (plug). I. n. 1. Something used 
to stop a hole. 2. Piece of pressed 
tobacco. 3. High silk hat (slang). 4. 
Worthless horse (slang). II. vt. 
[plug'ging; plug'ged. ] Stop with a 
plug; drive plugs into. [Dut. plug, 
peg. Ger. pflock.] 

plum (plum), n. 1. Edible stone-fruit 
of various colors. 3. Tree producing 
it. 3. Raisin. [A.S. plume— L. prunumJ\ 

plumage (plo'maj), n. All the feathers 
of a bird. [Fr.— plume, feather.] 

plumb ( plum ). 1. n. Mass of lead or 
other material, hung on a string, to 
show the perpendicular position. II. 
a. Perpendicular. III. adv. Perpen- 
dicularly. IV. vt. 1. Adjust by a plumb- 
line. 2. Make perpendicular. 3. Sound 
the depth of water by a plumb-line. 4. 
Supply (a building) with plumbing. 
[Pr. plomb — L. plumbum, lead.] 

plumbago (plum-ba/go), n. 1. Graph- 
ite; blacklead. 2. Genus of plants; 
leadwort. [L.] 

plumber (plum'er), n. One who sup- 
plies or repairs plumbing. 



plumbing ( plum'ing ), n. 1. Piping 
and other apparatus for conveying 
water, gas, etc., throughout a build- 
ing. 2. Business of arranging and 
fitting pipes for conducting water, 
gas, etc. 

pluuib-line(plum'lln),w. Line attach- 
ed to a mass of lead, or other weight 
to show the perpendicular; plummet. 

plumb-rule (plum'rbl), n. Narrow 
board with a straight line drawn 
along the middle, and a plumb-line. 

plume (plom). I. n. Feather or tuft of 
feathers, worn as an ornament. II. vt. 
1. Sort the feathers of, as a bird. 2. 
Adorn with plumes. 3. Strin of feath- 
ers. 4. Boast;vaunt,(used reflexively). 
— plu'my,a. Feathery; covered with 
feathers or plumes. [Fr.— L. pluma, 
small soft feather.] 

plummet ( plum'et ), n. Weight of a 
plumb-line. [Fr. plombet, dim. of 
plomb, lead.] 

plumose (plo'mos), a. 1. Having 
feathers. 2. Like a feather. 

plump (plump). I. adv. Falling straight 
downward. IL a. Downright; unqual- 
ified. III. vt. and vi. Drop or fall sud- 
denly, or heavily, or all at once. — 
i>lump'ly,aeft;. [Imitation of sound.] 

plump (plump), a. Fat and rounded. 
-plumpness, n. [Dut. plomp, lum- 
pish.] 

plumule (plo'mul), n. 1. Downy 
feather. 2. Bud of a young plant 
between the cotyledons. 

plunder ( plun'der ). I. vt. Seize the 
property of , unlawfully. II. n. That 
which is so seized.— plun'derer, n, 
[Ger. pluendern — plunder, baggage. 
Cf. Low Ger. pluennen, rags.] 
Syn. Pillage. See bob. 

plunge (plunj). I. vt. 1. Cast suddenly 
into water or other fluid. 2. Force 
suddenly ( into ). II. vi. 1. Sink sud- 
denly into any fluid; dive. 2. Rush 
headlong, as a horse; rush into dan- 
ger; bet or speculate recklessly. III. n. 
Act of plunging. [Fr. plonger (It. 
piombare, fall like a plumb-line) — L. 



., lead.] 
plunger (plun'jer), n. 1. One who or 

that which plunges ; diver. 2. Long 
solid cylinder used as a forcer in 
pumps. 3. Venturesome speculator. 

plunging (plun'jing). I. a. Rushing 
headlong; pitching downward. II. n. 
1. Putting or sinking under water, 
or other fluid. 2 Act of a horse trying 
to throw its rider. 

pluperfect (plo'per-fekt), a. In gram. 
Noting that an action happened be- 
fore some period referred to. [L. plus- 
quam-perfectum, more than finished. J 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, aboye; me, met, her; mite, mitj note, not, more, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



plural 



423 



point 



plural (plb'ral). I. a. Containing or 
expressing more than one. II. n. In 
gram. Form denoting more than one. 
— plu'rally, adv. [Fr.— L. pluralis— 
plus, more.] 

plurality (plo-ral'i-ti), n. 1. State of 
being plural. 2. Number consisting of 
more than one. 3. Majority. — Plur- 
ality of votes: Excess of votes cast 
for any one of three or more candi- 
dates over those east for any one of 
the others. 

plus (plus). I. a. 1. More by; in- 
creased by. 2. More than nothing. 3. 
Denoting more than nothing, as the 
plus sign (+). II. n. Surplus; re- 
mainder; profit. [L. plus, more.] 

plush (plush), n. Variety of cloth 
woven like velvet, but having its pile 
(hairy surface) uncropped. [Fr. pel u- 
che—Li. pilus, hair.] 

Pluto (plo'to), n. In Roman mythology, 
the god of the infernal regions,brother 
of Jupiter and Neptune. 

plutocracy (plo-tok'ra-si), n. Govern- 
ment by the wealthy.— plutocrat 
(plu r to-krat), n. One who has power 
or influence through his wealth. [Gr. 

floutokratia — ploutos, wealth, and 
rateo, rule.] 

Plutonian (plo-to'ni-an), Plutonic 
(plo-ton'ik), «• 1- Infernal; dark. 2. 
In geol. Formed by the agency of heat 
at a depth below the surface of the 
earth. [Gr. Ploutonios— Plouto n,Pluto, 
the god of the nether world.] 

pluvial (plo'vi-al), a. Pertaining to 
rain;- rainy. [L. pluvialis—pluvia, 
rain.] [pluv'ius. See pluvial.]. 

pluvious (plo'vi-us), a. Rainy. [L. 

ply (Pli)- L vt - !• Work at or use 
steadily. 2. Urge. 3. Fold; bend. II. 
vi. 1. Work or go steadily. 2. Make 
regular passages between two ports. 
III. n. Fold; bent; direction. [Fr. 
plier, bend, fold,— L. plico, bend.] 

pneumatic (nu-mat'ik), pneumat'- 
ical.ff, 1. Relating to air; consisting 
of air; moved by air or wind. 2. Per- 
taining to pneumatics.— pneumat'- 
ically, adv. [Gr. pneuma, wind, air,— 
pneo, blow, breathe.] 

pneumatics (nu-mat'iks), n. Science 
which treats of the mechanical prop- 
erties of air and other gases. 

pneumatologist ( nu-mat-ol'o-jist ), 
n. One versed in pneumatology. 

pneumatology ( nu-mat-ol'o-ji ), n. 
Science of air and other elastic fluids. 
[Gr. pneuma, wind, and logos, science.] 

pneumonia (nu-mo'ni-a), n. Inflam- 
mation of the lungs. [Gr. ivompneu- 
mnn, lung— pneuma, air.] 



pneumonic (uu-mon'ik), a. Pertain- 
ing to the lungs. 

poach (poch), vt. Cook eggs, breaking 
them into boiling water. [Etymology 
doubtful. ]_ 

poach (poch), vt. and vi. 1. Intrude 
on another's premises in order to steal 
game. 2. Steal game.— poacher, n. 
One who poaches or steals game. [Fr 
pocher, pocket.] 

pock (pok), n. Small elevation of the 
skin containing matter, as in sma.'- 
pox. — pock'mark, n. Mark, pit, oi 
scar left by smallpox. [ A. S. poc, 
pustule.] 

pocket (pok'et). I. n. 1. Pouch or bag, 
attached to a garment. 2. Cavity in a 
rock containing gold, ore, coal, etc. 
II. vt. 1. Put in the pocket. 2. Take 
stealthily.— pock'et°book, n. Book 
for holding money carried in the 
pocket. [ Fr. pochette, dim. of poche, 
pouch.] 

poo" (pod). I. n. Covering of the seed of 
plants, as the pea or bean. II. vi. 
[podd'ing; podd'ed.] Produce pods. 
[Allied to pad.] 

poem(po'em), n. Composition in verse. 
[Gr. poiema— poieo, do or make.] 

poesy (po'e-si), n. 1. Art of composing 
poems. 2. Poetry. 3. Posy. [Fr. poesie 
—Li. poesio — Gr. poiesis —poieo, do or 
make.] 

poet (po'et), n. One skilled in making 
poetry.— poetess, n. fern. [L. poeta 
— Gr. poietes— poieo, do or make.] 

poetaster (po'et-as-ter),?i. Writer ol 
doggerel. [Freq. of poet.] 

poetic (po-et'ik), poetical, a. 1. Per- 
taining or suitable to poetry. 2. Ex- 
pressed in poetry. 3. Marked by poetic 
language. 4. Imaginative.— poetic- 
ally, adv_. In a poetic manner. 

poetry (po'et-ri), n. 1. Art of express- 
ing in melodious words the creations 
of feeling and imagination. 2. Utter- 
ance in song. 3. Metrical composi- 
tion. [O. Fr. poeterie.] 

poi (poi), n. Fermented food from the 
root of the taro. [Hawaiian], 

poignant (poin'ant), a. 1. Penetrating. 

2. Pointed. — poig-n'antly, adv. — 
poignancy, n. [Fr. — O. Fr. sting.] 

poinsettia (poin-set|i-a), n. Euphor- 
bia puloherrima, a plant with scarlet 
leaves and yellow flower; used for 
decoration; Mexican flame ieaf. 

point (point), n. 1. Sharp end. 2. 
Mai'k made by a sharp instrument. 

3. In geom. That which has neither 
length, nor breadtli, nor thickness. 4. 
Mark showing the divisions of a sen- 
tence. 5. In mus. Dot at the right 
hand of a note, to raise its \alue one- 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



point 



424 



polemic 



half. 6. In print. Unit of type meas- 
urement, in U. S. =1/12! of a pica. 7. 
Very small space. 8. Moment of 
time. 9. Small affair. 10. Single 
thing. 11. Single assertion. 12. Pre- 
cise thing to be considered. 13. Any- 
thing intended. 14. Exact place. 15. 
Degree. 16. That which stings, as 
the point of an epigram. 17. Lively 
turn of thought. 18. That which 
awakens attention. 19. Peculiarity. 
20. Unit of count in a game. 21. 
Needle point lace. II. a. Made with 
the needle, said of lace. [Fr. (It. 
punta)—Li. punctum—pungo, prick.] 

point (point). I. vt. 1. Give a point 
to; sharpen. 2. Aim. 3. Direct one's 
attention. 4. Punctuate, as a sentence. 
5. Fill the joints (of a wall) with mor- 
tar and smoothe them with the point 
of the trowel. II. vi. 1. Direct the 
finger towards an object. 2. Show 
game by looking, as a dog. 

point-blank ( point-blangk ). I. a. 
Aimed straight at the mark; direct. 
II. adv. Directly. [Fr. point-Mane, 
white spot (in the target).] 

pointed ( point'ed ), a. 1. Having a 
sharp point; sharp. 2. Direct; per- 
sonal. 3. Keen; telling. 4. In arch. 
Having arches sharply pointed; 
Gothic— pointedly, adv. 

pointer (poiut'er), 
n. 1. One t who or 
that which points. 

2. Dog trained to 
point out game. ^l&*p8§333S^ 

3. Hint or secret •- -^^ 
information; tip. Pointer. 
{Slang.) 

pointless (point'les), a. Having no 
point; blunt; dull; wanting keenness 
or smartness. 

poise (poiz). I. vt. andm. 1. Balance; 
make of equal weight. 2. Weigh. 3. 
Be in doubt. II. n. 1. Weight; balance; 
equilibrium. 2. That which balances; 
regulating power. [O. Fr. poiser—L,. 
penso, weigh.] 

poison (poi'zn). I. n. 1. Substance 
having injurious or deadly effects, as 
on the human body, 2. Anything 
malignant or infectious. II. vt. In- 
fect or kill with poison.— poisoner, 
n— poisonous, a. [Fr.— L. potio, 
potion— pofo, drink.] [bag.] 

rpoke (pok), n. Bag; pouch. [Ir. poc, 

poke (pok). I. vt. Thrust or push 
at, against, or into, with something 
pointed. II. vi. Grope or feel. III. n. 1. 
Act of pushing or thrusting; thrust. 
2. Lazy person; dawdler. — poke- 
bonnet, n. Bonnet with a projecting 
yront. [Ir. poc, blow. Gael, puc, push.] 



poker (po'ker), n. Game of betting on 
cards. [Dan. pokker, devil. Cf. Ger. 
poch, name of a game similar to pok- 
er, and pocher, the card called joker.] 

poker (po'ker), n. Iron rod for poking 
or stirring a fire. 

poking- (po'king), a. Drudging. 

poky (po'ki), a. 1. Stupid; slow. 2. 
Cramped ; stuffy. 3. Shabby. 

pokeweed (pok'wed), n. North- Amer- 
ican plant, bearing racemes of whit© 
flowers and dark-purple berries. 
[Etymology doubtful.] 

polar (po'lar), a. 1. Pertaining to, or 
situated near, either of the poles. 2. 
Pertaining to the magnetic poles. — 
Polar bear, large white bear of the 
arctic regions, living on seals and fish. 

polariscope (po-lar'i-skop), n. Optical 
instrument for exhibiting the polar- 
ization of light. 

polarity ( po-lar'it-i ), n. Property 
in certain bodies by which they ar- 
range themselves in certain direct- 
ions, or point, as it were, to given 
poles. 

polarization (po-la ri-za'shun), n. 1. 
Particular modification (as of rays of 
light by the action of certain media 
or surfaces, so that they cannot be 
reflected or refracted again in certain 
directions). 2. State of having polarity. 

polarize (po'la-rlz), vt. Give polarity 
to.— po'larizer, n. That which polar- 
izes or gives polarity. 

pole (pol), n. 1. That on which any- 
thing turns, as a pivot or axis. 2. One 
of the ends of the axis of a sphere, 
esp. of the earth. 3. In physics. One of 
the two points of a body in which the 
attractive or repulsive energy is con- 
centrated, as a magnet.— pole-star, 
n. Polaris; north star. [Fr.— L. polua 
— Gr. polos— pelo, be in motion.] 

pole (pol), n. 1. Long slender piece or 
wood" or metal. 2. Instrument for 
measuring. 3. Measure of length, 5% 
yards ; in square measure, 30% square 
yards. 4. Tall staff or piece of timber 
erected as a telegraph pole,— pole'- 
axe, n. Axe fixed on a pole. [A.S. pal 
(Ger. pfahl)—lj. palus, stake.] [der. 

Pole (pol), n. Native of Poland; Polan- 

polecat (pol'kat), n. Weasel-like car- 
nivorous mammal. 

polemic (po-lem'ik). I. a. 1. Contro- 
versial. 2. Disputatious; quarrelsome. 
II. n. 1. Disputant. 2. Argument.— 
polemical, a. — polemically, arfy. 
— polem'ics, n. 1. Contest. 2. Science 
of ecclesiastical controversy. 

Syn. Disputative; pugnacious; con- 
tentious. 



ftte, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute. hut. bum; oil, owl, Men. 



police 



425 



polygon 



police (po-les'), n. 1. System of regula- 
tions of a city, town, or district, for 
the preser va t ion of order and enforce- 
ment of law. 2. (Short for police- 
force), body of civil officers for pre- 
serving order, etc. — policeman, n. 
[Fr.— Gr. politeia, polity, —jiolis, city.] 

policy (pol'i-si),/^ 1. System of official 
administration. 2. Principle of man- 
agement. 3. Prudence. [Fr. See 

POLICE.] 

policy (pol'i-si), n. 1. Writing con- 
taining a contract of insurance. 2. 
Gambling game in which bets are 
made on certain numbers to be drawn. 
I' Origin doubtful.] 

Polish (po'lish). I. a. Relating to 
Poland or its people. II. n. Language 
of the Polanders. 

polish (polish). I. vt. andm. 1. Make 
or become smooth and glossy by rub- 
bing. 2. Refine. II. n. Smoothness; 
refinement.— pol'isher, n.{Fv.polir.] 

polite (po-llf), a. Polished; smooth; 
well-bred.— polite'ly,a^y.— polite'- 
ness, n. [L. politus. See polish.] 

Sijti. Refined; urbane; civil; court- 
eous; courtly; gentle; obliging. 

politic (pol'i-tik), a. 1. Pertaining to 
polity or government. 2. Skilled in 
political affairs. 3. Prudent; discreet; 
sagacious.— pol'iticly, adv. [Fr. poli- 
tique— Gr. polilikos— polites, citizen.] 

political (po-lit'ik-al), a. 1. Pertain- 
ing to polity or government. 2. Per- 
taining to nations. 3. Derived from 
government, 4. Pertaining to party 
politics.— politically, adv. — Polit- 
ical economy, science of laws which 
treat of the production, distribution, 
and consumption of products of ex- 
changeable value. 

politician (pol-i-tish'an ), n. One 
versed in or devoted to politics. 

politics (pol'i-tiks), n. 1. Art or science 
of government. 2. Management of a 
political party. 3. Political affairs. 
I. Party connection or adherency. 

polity (poi'i-ti), n. Constitution of the 
government of a state; civil constitu- 
tion. 

polha (pol'ka), n. 1. Dance of Bohe- 
mian origin. 2. Its tune. [Bohem. 
pulka, balf, from the half-step preva- 
lent in it.] 

Poll (pol), n. Familiar name, often of 
a parrot. [Contracted of Polly, a 
form of Molly = Mary.] 

poll (p51). I. n. 1. Head. 2. Register 
of heads or persons. 3. Entry of the 
names of electors who vote for civil 
officers, such as members of Congress. 
4. Election of officers. 5. Place where 



votes are taken. II. vt. 1. Remove the 
top; cut; clip; lop. 2. Enter one's name 
in a register. 3. Bring to or vote at 
the polls. 4. Receive at the polls. 5. 
Ascertain the opinion of, as by taking 
an informal vote. — poller, n. fO. 
Dut. polle, bol, ball, top, Icel. kollr t 
top, head.] 

pollard (pol'ard), n. I. Tree polled 
or with its top cut off. 2. Animal 
that has cast or lost its horns. 

polled (pold), a. 1. Without horns, as 
a cow. 2. Lopped; cropped. 3. Bald. 

pollen (pol'en), n. Fertilizing powder 
contained in the anthers of flowers. 
[L.=nne flour.] 

polliwog (pol'i-wog), n. Tadpole. 

pollock ( pol'uk ), n. Seafibh, allied, 
to the cod. [or head on e:ich person. 

poll-tax (pol'-taks), n. Tax by the pi dl 

pollute ( pol-lbt' ), vt. Soil. — polln =• 

-. tioii, polluter, ns. [L. luo, wash.] 
Syn. Corrupt; defile; desecrate; dis- 
hO!'Or;_profane; taint; ravish. 

polo (po'lo) ; n. Ball game played on 
horseback or skates. 

polonaise (po-lo-naz'),w. 1. Woman's 
dress showing petticoat in front. 2. 
Stately Polish dance. [Fr.] 

polonium (po-lo'ni-um), n. Metal, first 
produced 1903 from the metal urani- 
um. A primary element, which inter- 
cepts electricity, and makes platinum 
glow with a green light in the dark. 

poltroon (pol-tron'), n. 1. Idle, lazy 
fellow. 2. Coward. — poltroonery, 
n. [Fr. poltron— It. poltro, bed,— Ger. 
poUter, bolster.] 

poly-, prefix. Denotes multitude oi 
multiplication. [Gr. polys, much.] 

polyandry (pol-i-an'dri), n. State oi 
having more husbands than one. [Gr, 
aner, man.] 

polychrome (pol'i-krom), a. In many 
colors: done in several colors at the 
same time.— polychromatic, a. 

polydactyl (pol-i-dak'til), a. Having 
many, or more than the normal num- 
ber of. fingers and toes. 

polygamist (po-lig'a-mist), n.One who 
practises or advocates polygamy. 

polygamy (po-lig'a-mi), n. State of 
having more than" one wife at the 
same time.— polygamous, a. [Gr. 
gamos, marriage, Cf. bigamy.] 

polyglot (pol'i-glot). I. a. Having or 
containing many languages. II. n. 
Book in several languages. [Gr. glot- 
ta, tongue, language.] 

polygon (pol'i-gon), n. Figure ol 
many angles, or with more than four. 
— polygonal, polyg'onous, a. 
[Gr. gorda, corner.] 



fate, fat, task, far, tall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, cot, move, wolf; 
gape, but, bui«u; oil, owl, then, 



polygraph 



426 



pood 



polygraph (pol'i-graf), n. 1. Gelatine 
copying-pad; instrument for multi- 
plying writing. 2. Collection in one 
Volume of different works, either by 
different authors or on different sub- 
jects. 

polyhedron (pol-i-he'dron), n. Solid 
body with many bases or sides. — 
polyhe'dral, polyhe'drous, a. 
[Gr. poly-, many, and hedra, base.] 

polynomial (pol-i-no-mi-al), a. Con- 
taining many names or terms, 

polyp, polype (porip), polypus 
(pol'i-pus), n. {pi. polypes (pol'ips), 
polipi (pol'i-pi).] Aquatic animal of 
the radiate kind, with many arms. 
2. Tumor growing in the nose, etc. — 
pol'ypous, a. [Gr. pous, foot.] 

polyphonic (pol-i-fon'ik), a. Having 
or consisting of many voices or 
sounds. [Gr. 2 J ^one,sound.] 

polypus. See polyp. 

polysyllable (pol-i-sil'a-bl), n. Word 
of mauy or more thau three syllables. 
polysyllabic, polysyllab'ical,<z. 

polytechnic ( pol-i-tek'nik ). I. a. 
Comprehending many arts. II. n. 
Technical school. [Gr. — techne, art.] 

polytheism (pol'i-the-izm), n. Doc- 
trine of a plurality of gods, —poly- 
theistic, polytheist'ical, a. — 
pol'ytheist, n. Believer in many 
gods. [Gr. theos, god.] 

pomace (pum'as), n. 1. Substance of 
crushed apples or similar fruit. 2. 
Refuse of fish, from which the oil has 
beeu extracted. Used as fertilizer. 
[Low L. pomacium — L. pomum, fruit. 

pomade ( po-mad' ), pomatum (po- 
ma'tum), n. Perfumed ointment for 
dressing the hair. [Originally made 
from apples. [Fr.— L. pomum, apple.] 

pomegranate (pum'gran-at), n. Tree 
bearing fruit like oranges; pulp con- 
sisting of grains; also its fruit. [L. 
pomum, apple, and granum, grain.] 

pommel, pummel (pum'el). I. n. 
Ball; knob on a sword hilt; high part 
of a saddle bow. II. vt. Beat with 
anything thick or heavy ; bruise. [O. 
Fr. pomel— L. pomum, apple.] 

pomology (p5-mol'o-ji),n. Scienceof 
fruits and fruit culture. [L. pomum, 
fruit, and Gr. logos, science.] 

pomp (pomp), n. 1. Pageantry. 2. Os- 
tentation. [Gr. pompe— pempo, send.] 

pompadour ( pom'pa-dor ), n. 1. A 
mode of dressing the hair. 2. Style 
of dress cut square and low. 

pompano (pom-pa'no), n. Fine sea 
food-fish, about 18 inches long. 

Pompeian (pom-pe'an), a. Relating 
.to Pompeii in Italy.'— Pompeian red, 
dark Venetian red. 



pompous (pom'pus), a. 1. Displaying 
pomp or grandeur. 2. Dignified. 3. 
Boastful. — pomp'ously, adv. — 
pomp'ousness, pompos'ity, ns. 

Syn. Superb; grand; ostentatious; 
grandiloquent; swelling; bombastic; 
inflated; pretentious; magisterial. 

poncho (pon'cho), n. Blanket with a 
slit in the center. [Sp. American.] 

pond (pond ), n. Small body of stand- 
ing water. [From A. S.pyndan, shut.] 

ponder (pon'der), vt. and vi. Weigh in 
the mind ; meditate.— pon'derer, n. 
[Li.—pondus, weight.] 

ponderable (pon'der-a-bl), a. Having 
sensible weigh t.--i>onderabirity,/i. 

ponderous (pon'der-us), a. 1. Weigh- 
ty; massive. 2. Forcible; important. 
3. Heavy; dull; wanting in lightness 
or spirit. — pon'derously, adv. — 
pon'derousness, ponderos'ity, 
n. Weight; heaviness. 

pone (pon),w._l. Cornbread. 2. Loaf. 

pongee (pon-je')i n. Kind of washing- 
silk from China. [Chin, pun chih, 
home made.] 

poniard (pon'yard), n. Small dagger 
for stabbing. [Fr. poignard—poing, 
fist.] 

pontilf (pon'tif), n. 1. Roman high- 
priest. 2. Pope. [L. pontifex—pons, 
bridge, and facio, make.] 

pontine (pon-tif'ik), pontifical, I. 
a. Of or belonging to a pontiff or the 
Pope. II. n. Book of ecclesiastical 
ceremonies. — pontificals, n. Dress 
of a priest, a bishop, or the Pope. 
[Fr.— L. pontiftcalis.] 

pontificate (pon-tif'i-kat), n. 1. Dig- 
nity of a pointiff or high-priest. 2. 
Office and dignity or reign of a Pope. 
[Fr.— Li. pontiftcatus.] 

pontoon 
(pon-ton')i 
n. 1. Port- 
able float- 
ing vessel 
used in 
forming a 
bridge for 
the pas- 
sage of an 
army. 2 . 
Bridge of 
boats. [Fr. 
ponton— L,. pons, bridge.] 

pony (po'ni), n. 1. Small horse. 2. 
Student's key to translation of les- 
sons {College slang). 3. Small glass 
of any beverage. 4. Anything small 
of its kind. [Gael, ponaidh.] 

pood (pod), n. Russian measure of 
weight, equal to 40 Russian pounds, oi- 
36 pcruuds avoirdupois. [Russ. pudu.] 




Shetland pony. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



poodle 



427 



porker 




Poodle. 



poodle (po'dl), n. Dog with long curly 
hair. [Ger. pudel.] 

pooh (po), inter] . 
Expressive o f 
disdain. 

\>ooh-pooh (po- 
po), vt. and vi. 
Express con- 
tempt for or de- 
rision at. 

pool (pol). I. n. 
1. Stakes, or the 
receptacle for 
thein in certain 
games. 2. Vari- 
ety of play at bil- 
liards. 3. Com- 
bination of interests to control mark- 
et rates or trade, and share profits. 4. 
Joint gambling enterprise. 5. Joint 
stake in such enterprise. II. vt. andfi. 
Enter into, or contribute to, a pool. 
— pool-seller, n. One who sells 
shares in a gambling enterprise. [Fr. 
poule, hen (the stakes being compared 
to eggs in a nest).] 

poop (pop), n. Hinder part of a ship; 
deck above the ordinary deck in the 
after-part of a ship. [Fr. poupe—L,. 
puppis, poop.] 

poor (por), a. 1. "Without means. 2. 
Wanting, as in appearance, spirit, 
strength, value, fertility, fitness, or 
the like. 3. Humble. 4. Deserving 
pity.— poor'ly, adv.— poorness, n. 
[O. Fr. poure (Fr. pauvre)—~L. pauper.] 
Syn. Destitute; indigent; depressed ; 
needy; shabby: unfavorable; meek. 

poorhonse ( por'bows ), n. Public 
dwelling for paupers. 

poor-laws ( por'laz ), n. Laws relat- 
ing to the support of the poor. 

pop ( pop ). I. vi. [pop'ping; popped.] 
1. Make a sharp, quick sound. 2. 
Dart; move quickly. II. vt. 1. Thrust, 
suddenly. 2. Bring suddenly to notice. 
3. Explode with a sharp report. III. n. 
Sharp, quick sound or report. IV. adv. 
Suddenly.— pop-corn (pop'karn), n. 
Small Indian corn, suitable for pop- 
ping. — pop-gun, n. Toy pneumatic 
pistol. [From the sound.] 

Pope (pop), n. 1. Bishop of Rome, 
head of, and in the R. Cath. Church 
successor of St. Peter, vicar of Christ 
and teacher of all the faithful. 2. (p) 
Priest in the Greek Church. — po- 
pish, a. [A. S. pape—Li. papa, father ] 

popedom (pop'duin), n. Office, dignity, 
or jurisdiction of the Pope. 

popinjay (pop'in-ja), n. 1. Parrot. 2. 
Mark, iu the shape of a parrot, put 
on a pole to be shot at. 3. Fop or cox- 



comb. [Fr. papegai— root pap, chatter, 
and gau—Lt. gallus, cock.] 

poplar (poplar), n. Tree common in 
the northern hemisphere, of rapid 
growth, and softwood. [O.Fr. poplier 
— L. populus.] 

poplin ( pop'lin ), n. Fabric made of 
silk and worsted. [Fr. popeline. Ety- 
mology doubtful.] 

poppy (pop'i), n. Plant having large 
showy flowers, from one species of 
which opium is obtained. [A.S. popig 
— L. papaver.] 

populace (pop'u-las),?i. Common peo- 
ple. [Fr. — It. popolazzo— L. populus.] 

popular (pop'u-lar), a. 1. Pertaining 
to the people. 2. Pleasing; to, or pre- 
vailing among, the people or many 
people.— popularly, adv. — popu- 
larity (pop-u-lar'i-ti), n. [L. popu- 
laris — pojiulus.] 

popularize ( pop'u-la-riz ), vt. Make 
popular or acceptable to the people. 

populate (pop'u-iat), vt. People; fur- 
nish with inhabitants. [L. populor.] 

population (pop-u-la'shun), n. 1. A.ct 
of populating. 2. Inhabitants of any 
place. [inhabited. 

populous (pop'u-lus), a. Numerously 

porcelain (pars'lan), n. Fine kind of 
earthenware," white, thin, and semi- 
trausparent. [Fr. porcelaine—It. por- 
cellana, the transparent Venus' shell 
— L. porcella, a young sow (which the 
shell was thought to resemble in 
form) dim. of porcus, pig.] 

porch (porch), n. 1. Covered way or 
entrance. 2. Portico, at the entrance 
of churches and other buildings. [Fr. 
porche (It. portico)— Iu. portions, from 
porta, gate.] 

porcine (par'sin), a. Pertaining to or 
like swine. "[L. porcinus — porcus, hog J 

pore up ine 
( par'ku-pin ) , 
n. "Rodent 
quadruped , 
covered with 
spines or 
quills. [O. Fr. 
pore espm—Jj. 
porcus, and 
spina, spine.] 

pore (por), n. 1. Minute orifice in the 
skin for the perspiration. 2. Opening 
between the molecules of a body. 
[Gr. por os.] 

pore (por) , vi. Look with steady atten- 
tion on; study closely. [Low Ger. 
purren, dig.] [kinds. 

porgy (par'ji ), n. Sea fish of many 

pork (pork), n. Flesh of swine. [Fr. 
pore— L. porcus, hog.] 

porker (pork'er), n. Pig fed for pork. 




Porcupine. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



porous 



468 



pose 



porous (por'us), a. Having pores.— 
porously, adv. 

porphyry ( par'fir-i ), n. Very hard, 
variegated rock of a purple and white 
color, used in sculpture. [ Gr. por- 
phyrites—porphyra, purple.] 

porpoise ( par' pus ), n. Gregarious 
kind of whale, from 4 to 8 feet long, 
caught for its oil and flesh. [O.Fr. por- 
peis — L. porcus, hog, and piscis, fish.] 

porridge (por'ij), n. 1. Food made by 
slowly stirring oatmeal into boil- 
ing water. 2. Kind of soup made by 
boiling a vegetable to a pulp. [M. E. 
'jorree (Fr. puree),— L. porrata, broth 
made wiih leeks — L. porrum, leek. 
The affix -idge (=age) arose through 
confusion with pottage.] 

port (port). I. n. 1. Bearing; demean- 
or; carriage of thebody. 2. Left side 
of a ship. II. vt. 1. Put (as the helm) 
to the left side of a ship. 2. Hold, as a 
musket, in a slanting direction up- 
ward across the body. [Fr.— L. porto, 
carry.] 

port (port), n. Harbor; haven or safe 
station for vessels. [A.S.— L. portus; 
akin to porta, gate.] 

port (port), n. 1. Gate or entrance. 2. 
Porthole; lid of a porthole. [Fr. porte 
— L. porta, gate.] 

port (port), n. Dark purple wine. 
{Oporto, city in Portugal.] 

portable (port'a-bl), a. That may be 
carried; not bulky or heavy.— port' - 
ableness,ra. 

portage (portfaj), n. 1. Act of carry- 
ing; carriage. 2. Price of carriage. 
3. Place where boats, etc., must be 
carried overland from one navigable 
water to another. 

portal (port'al), n. 1. Entrance. 2. In 
arch. Arch over a gate. [O. Fr. (Fr. 
portail)— Low ~L.portale, porch.] 

port-crayon (port-kra'un), n. Metal- 
lic handle for holding a crayon. 

portcullis ( port-kul'is ), n. Sliding 
door of cross timbers -pointed with 
iron, hung over a gateway, so as to 
be let down in a moment to keep out 
an enemy. [Fr. portecoulisse— porte, 
gate, and L. colo, slide.] 

Porte(port),w. Turkish government, so 
called from the"HighGate," the chief 
office of the Ottoman government. 

porte-cochere ( port - k5 - shar' ), n. 
Porch over a driveway at a door. [Fr.] 

portemonnaie { port'mun-a ), n. 
Pocketbook. [Fr.] 

portend, (por-tend' or por-), vt. In- 
dicate, as the future, by signs. [L. 
pro, forth, and tendo, stretch.] 
Syn. Anger; omen; betoken. 



portent ( por'tent or por-tent'), a 
That which portends or foreshows' 
omen.— portentous (por-ten'tus), a 
Serving to portend; ominous.— por- 
tent'ously, adv. 

porter (por'ter), n. One who waits at 
the door to receive messages, etc.; 
door-keeper.— fern, port'eress or port' 
ress. 

porter (pSr'ter), n. 1. One who carries 
baggage, etc., for, or waits on, travel- 
ers. 2. Dark brown malt liquor. 

portfolio (por t-fo'li-o), n. 1. Portable 
case for keeping loose papers, draw- 
ings, etc. 2. Collection of such papers. 
3. Office of a minister of state. [From 
L. porto, carry, and folio, sheet oi 
paper.] 

porthole (p5rt'hol), n. Hole or open 
ing in a ship's side for light and air, 
or for pointing agun. 

portico (por'ti-ko), n._ [pi. porticoes 
or porticos, (por'ti-koz).] Range oi 
columns in the front of a building. 
[It.— L. portions.] [with a portico. 

porticoed (por'ti-kod), a. Furnished 

portiere (par-tyar'), n. Curtain for a 
doorway. ' [Fr.] 

portion (por'shun). I. n. 1. Part. 2. 
Part allotted. 3. Part of an estate des- 
cending to an heir. 4. Wife's fortune. 
II. vt. 1. Divide into portions. 2. Allot 
a share. 3. Furnish with a portion. 
— por'tioned, a: Having a portion. 
— portionless, a. Without a portion 
or dowry. 

Syn. Allotment; dividend; division; 
share; parcel; quantity; fate. 

portly (port'li), a. Having a dignified 
bearing or mien; corpulent.— port- 
liness, n. [See port, bearing.] 

portmanteau(p5rt-man'to),ra.Bagfor 
carrying apparel, etc., on journeys. 
[Fr.— p<?rter,carry,and manteau, cloak.] 

portrait (por'trat), n. 1. Likeness of 
a person. 2. Description in words. 
[See PORTRAY.] 

portraiture ( por'tra-tur ), n. Paint- 
ing or drawing of portraits, or de- 
scribing in words. 

portray (por-tra'), vt. 1. Paint or draw 
the likeness of. 2. Describe in words. 
— portray'er, n. [Fr. portraire—Lt. 
pro, forth, and traho, draw.] 

Portuguese ( por-chu-gez' ), n. sing. 
andpZ. 1. Native or people of Portugal. 
2. Language of the inhabitants of 
Portugal. 

pose (poz). I. n. Position; attitude. II. 
vt. and vi. Put into or assume an un 
natural or studied attitude. [Fr. poser, 
place,— L. pausa, pause.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



pose 



429 



posthumous 



pose (poz), vt. Puzzle; perplex by 
questions.- poser, n. 1. One who or 

that which poses. 2. Puzzling ques- 
tion. [M.E. apposen, a corr. of oppose.] 

position (po-zish'un ), n. 1. Place; 
situation. 2. Attitude. 3. Ground 
taken in argument, or a dispute; prin- 
ciple laid down. 4. Standing; social 
rank. [Fr. — L. pono, positus, place.] 

positive (poz'i-tiv). I. a. 1. Clearly 
expressed. 2. Actual. 3. Not admit- 
ting any doubt or qualification; deci- 
sive. 4. Confident; certain. 5. In gram. 
Noting the simple form of an adjec- 
tive. 6. In math. To be added. 7. In 
photogr. Showing the same shadows 
and lights as the original. 8. Electro- 
positive. 9. In chem. Basic; metallic; 
not acid.. II. n. That which may be 
affirmed; reality.— positively, adv. 
— pos'itiveness, n. [Fr.— L. positi- 
vus, fixed by agreement, from pono.] 

positivism (poz'i-tiv-izrn),/i. System 
of philosophy originated by Comte, a 
French philosopher (1798-1857), 
which, rejecting all inquiry into 
causes, deals only with what is posi- 
tive, simply seeking to discover the 
laws of phenomena. [positivism. 

positivist(poz'i-tiv-ist),/i. Believer in 

posse eomitatus (pos'se kom-i-ta'- 
tus), n. Body of citizens of a county 
summoned by the sheriff to aid him 
in the execution of the law. [L. = 
power of the county.] 

possess ( poz-zes' or pos-ses' ), vt. 1. 
Have or hold as an owner. 2. Have 
the control of. 3. Inform. 4. Seize. 5. 
Enter into and influence. [L. possi- 
deo, possessus.] 

possession (poz-zesh'un), n. 1. Act of 
possessing. 2. Thing possessed; prop- 
erty. 3. State of being possessed, as 
by an evil spirit. 

possessive (poz-zes'iv). I. a. Pertain- 
ing to or denoting possession. II. n. 
1. Possessive case; nouniu the posses- 
sive case. 2. Pronominal adjective 
indicating the possessor, as my, mine. 
— possessively, adv. 

possessor ( poz-zes'ur ), n. One who 
possesses; owner; occupant. 

possessory (poz-zes'o ri), a. Relating 
to possession; having possession. 

posset (pos'et), n. Hot milk curdled 
with wine or acid. [Wei. posel, curdled 
milk.] 

possibility (pos-i-bil'i-ti), n. 1. State 
of being possible. 2. That which is 
possible ; contingency ; contingent 
interest. 

possible (pos'i-bl), a. That is able to 
be or happen; that may be done; not 
contrary to the nature of things.— 



possibly, adv. [Fr. — L. possibilia 
—jwssum, am able.] 

possum. Same as opossum. 

post(post). I. n. Piece of timber fixed in 
an upright position, generally as a 
support to somethiug else; pillar. II. 
vt. 1. Placard. 2. Inform. [A. S. post 
—Ij.postis, doorpost,— pono, place.] 

post (post). I. n. 1. Fixed place, as a 
military station. 2. Office. 3. An es- 
tablished system of conveying letters. 
II. vt. 1. Set or station. 2. Put in 
the post office. 3. Transfer to a ledger. 
HI. vi. Travel with post horse*, or 
with speed. [Fr. poste — L. pono, post- 
tus, place.] 

postage(pos'taj), n. Money paid for con- 
veyance of letters, etc., by post or 
mail.— postage-stamp, n. Adhesive 
stamp used in payment of postage. 

postal (pos'tal), a. Belonging to the 
mail service. — post'al-card, n. 
Stamped card on which written or 
printed message may be sent through 
the mails. 

post-boy (post'boi), n. Boy that rides 
post horses,_or who carries letters. 

postdate (post-dat'),^. Date after the 
real time. [L. post, after, and date.] 

post-diluvial (post-di-16'vi-al;, post- 
dilu'vian, a. Being or happening 
after the deluge. — post-dilu'vian, 
n. One who has lived since the deluge. 
[L. post, after, and diluvial, dilu- 
vi an.] 

poster (pos'ter), n. 1. Advertisement; 
placard, intended to be placed or 
posted in some public place. 2. One 
who posts bills. _ 

posterior (pos-te'ri-ur), a. 1. Coming 
after; latei\ 2. Hind or hinder; situ- 
ated behind. — poste'riors, n. pi. 
Short for 'posterior parts'. [L.,comp. 
of posterns, coming after,— post, after.] 

posterity (pos-ter'it-i), n. Those com- 
ing after; succeeding generations. 
[Fr. See posterior.] 

postern (pos'tern). I. n. Back door 
or gate: small private door. II. a. 
Back; private. [O. Fr. posteme— L. 
See posterior.] 

postgraduate (post-grad'u-at). I. a. 
Relating to a course of study after 
graduation. II. n. One studying after 
graduating. 

posthaste (post-hasf). I. n. Haste in 
travelling. II. adv. With haste or 
speed. 

posthumous ( post'hu-mus ), a. 1. 
Born after the father's death. 2. Pub- 
lished after the death of the author.— 
post'humonsly, adv. [L. postumus, 
superl. of posterus, coming after,^ 
post, after.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, theu. 



postillion 



potion 



postillion (pos-til'yun), n. One who 
guides the horses drawing a vehicle, 
riding on one of them. [Fr. postilion.] 

postman (post'man), n. Letter-car- 
rier. 

postmark (post'mark). I. n. Mark or 
stamp of a post office on a letter. II. 
vt. Put a postmark on. 

postmaster (post'mas-ter), n. Official 
in charge of a post office. — post- 
master-general, n. Chief officer of 
the post office department. 

post-meridian (post-me-rid'i-an), a. 
In the afternoon. (Abbreviated p.m.). 
[L. post, after, and meridian.] 

post-mortem(post'mar'tem) , a. After 
death. [L.] 

post oflSce (post'-of'is), n. Office for 
receiving, transmitting and deliver- 
ing letters and other mail matter. 

postpaid (post'pad), a. Having the 
postage prepaid, as a letter. 

postpone (post-p5n'), vt. Put off to a 

later tim e.— postpone'meist, n. 

Temporary delay. [L. postpono—post, 

after, a,nd.pono, put.] 

Syn. Defer; procrastinate; delay. 

post-pranaial ( pbst-pran'di-al ), a. 
Mter dinner. [L. post, after, and 
prandium, repast.] 

postscript (post'skript), n. 1. Part 
added to a letter after the signature. 
2. Addition to a book after it is finish- 
ed. (Abbreviated P. S.) [L. post, after, 
and scriptum, written.] 

post-town ( post'-town ), u. Town 
with a post office. 

postulate (pos'tu-lat). I. vt. Assume 
without proof; take for granted. II. 
n. 1. Position assumed as self-evident. 
2. In geom. Self-evident problem. [L. 
—postul-o, -atus_, demand— posco, ask.] 

posture ( pos'tur ). I. n. 1. Placing or 
position of the body ; attitude. 2. 
State or condition; disposition. II. 
vL and vi. Place or pose in a partic- 
ular manner. [Fr.— ~L.positura— pono, 
positum, place.] 

posy (po'zi), n. 1. Verse of poetry; 
motto sent with a bouquet. 2. Bou- 
quet. [Contracted from poesy.] 




pot (pot). I. n. 1. Vessel for various pur- 
poses, cooking, holding plants, or 
liauids, etc. 2. Drinking vessel. 3. 



Quantity in a pot. 4. Wicker trap 
for catching lobsters, etc. II. vt. 
[pott'ing; pott'ed.] 1. Preserve in 
pots. 2. Put in pots. — Go to pot, go 
to ruin, (orig. said of old metal, go 
into the melting-pot.) [A. S. pott.] 

potable (po'ta-bl). I. a.. Drinkable. II. 
n. Something drinkable. [Fr. — L. 
potabilis—poto, drink.] 

potash (pot'ash), n. Powerful alkali, 
obtained from the ashes of plants. 

potassa (po-tas'a), n. Latinized form 

Of POTASH. 

potassium (po-tas'i-um), n. White 
metallic base of potash, much used 
in making glass and soap, and in 
chemistry. [From potassa.] 

potation (po-ta'shun), n. 1. Act of 
drinking. 2. Draught. 3. Beverage 
[L. potatio—pot-o, -atus, drink.] • 

potato (po-ta'to), n. [pi. potatoes.] 1. 
Tuber of a plant of the nightshade 
family, almost universally cultivated 
for food. 2. The plant itself.— Sweet 
potato, plant of the mornin^-glo**^ 
family, with edible tubers, native of 
the tropics. [Sp. patata, batata, sweet 
potato, orig. a Haytian word.] 

potency (pd'ten-si), n. Power. 

potent (po'tent), a. 1. Strong. 2. Hav- 
ing great authority or influence.— po'» 
tently, adv. [L. potens—potis, able.] 
Syn. Efficient; influential; mighty; 
efficacious; cogent.See strong. 

potentate (po'ten-tat), n. One who is 
potent; prince; sovereign. [Fr. po- 
tentat— Low L. potentatus, pa. p. of 
potento, exercise power.] 

potential (po-ten'shal), a. 1. Existing 
in possibility, not in reality. 2. In 
gram. Expressing power, possibility, 
liberty, or obligation (by the use of 
can, may, must, should, etc.)— poten'- 
tially, adv.— potentiality, n. 

pother (poiA'er). I. n. Bustle; confu- 
sion. II. vt. andm. Puzzle; perplex; 
tease; make a fuss. [A variant of 

POTTER.] 

potherb (pot'herb or pot'erb), n. Herb 
or vegetable prepared for the table 
by boiling. 

pothook (pot'hbk), n. 1. Hook on 
which pots are hung over the fire. 2. 
Letter or character formed like a pot- 
hook; ill-formed or scrawled letter. 

pothouse (pot'hows), n. Low drink- 
ing house, (saloon). 

pot-hunting- (pot'hun'ting), n. Hunt- 
ing for profit only, regardless of game 
laws and of true sport. 

potion (p5'shun), n. Draught; liquid 
medicine ; dose. [ L. potio — poto, 
drink.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. , 



pollack 



431 



power-machine 



potluck (pot'luk), n. Whatever may 
chance to be provided for dinner. 

pot-pourri (po-po-re'), n. 1. Stew of 
meat and vegetables. 2. Medley; mis- 
cellaneous collection. [ Fr. transla- 
tion of Sp. olla podrida.] 

pot-roast (pot'rost), n. Beef cooked 
in a closed pot with very little water. 

potsherd (pot'sherd), n. Fragment of 
a pot, [pot and A. S. sceard, shred — 
seer an, divide.J 

pottage (pot'aj), n. Thick soup of 
meat or vegetables. [Fr. potage.} 

potter (pot'er), n. One whose trade is 
to make pots or earthenware. 

potter (pot'er), vi. Be fussily engaged 
about trifles.— pot'terer, n.~ [ Freq. 
of provincial pote, push.] 

pottle (pot'l), n. 1. Measure of four 
pints. 2. Small basket for fruit. [Dim. 

Of POT.] 

pouch ( powch ). I. n. Pocket; bag. II. 
vt. Put into a pouch. [Fr. poche.] 

poulterer (pol'ter-er), n. One who 
deals in fowls. 

poultice (pol'tis). I. n. Soft composi- 
tion of meal, bran, etc., applied to 
sores; cataplasm. II. vt. Dress with 
a poultice. [L. pultes, pi. of puis, pap, 
porridge.] _ 

poultry (pol'tri), n. Domestic fowls. 
[O. Yv.pouleterie —poulet, fowl.] 

pounce (pownt>). I. vi. Fall (upon) and 
seize with the claws; dart suddenly 
( upon ). II. n. Hawk's claw. [Doub- 
let of PUNCH.] 

pounce (powns). I. n. 1. Fine powder 
for preparing a surface for writing 
on. 2. Colored powder sprinkled over 
holes pricked in paper as a pattern. 
— pounce-box, /i. Box with a perfo- 
rated lid for sprinkling pounce. [Fr. 
ponce, pumice— L. pumex.~\ 

pound (pownd), n. 1. Weight of 12 
oz. troy, or 16 oz. avoirdupois. 2. 
English sovereign, or 20 shillings, 
equal to about $4.86. [A.S. pund—Li. 
pondo, by weight,— pendo, weigh.] 

pound (pownd), vt. Shut up or con- 
fine, as strayed animals are confined. 
[A. S.pund, inclosure.] 

pound (pownd), vt. Beat repeatedly; 
bruise; bray with a pestle. [A. S. 
punian, beat.] 

poundcake (pownd'kak), n. Rich 
sweet cake, ma.de of a pound each of 
the principal ingredients. 

pounder ( pownd'er ) , n. 1. One who 
pounds. 2. Instrument for pound- 
ing; pestle. 3. In composition with a 
numeral: thing or person weighing a 
specified number of pounds, as a 
twelve-pounder. 




Pouter pigeon. 



pound-foolish ( pownd-fo'lish ) , a. 

Neglecting large interests while 

attending to trifles. 
pour (por). I. vt. 1. Cause to flow; 

send forth in profusion. 2. Give vent 

to; utter. II. vi. Flow; issue forth; 

rush. [Wei. bwrw, throw.] 
pourparler (por-par'la), n. Prelimin- 
ary conference, especially between 

ministers of different states, with a 

view to subsequent negotiations. [Fr.] 
pousse-cafe ( pos-ka-fa' ), n. Cordial 

served at dinner after the coffee, esp. 

a composition of several cordials in 

layers. 
pout ( powt) . I. vt. and vi. Push out 

the lips, in contempt or displeasure; 

look sulky. II. n. 

Fit of sullenness. 

— pout'er, n. 1. 

One who pouts. 2. 

Variety of pigeon, 

having its breast 

inflated. [Wei. pw- 

dw.] 
poutingrCpowt'ing), 

n. Childish sullen- 
ness. 
pouting-Iy (powf- 

ing-li), adv. In a 

pouting or sullen manner. 
poverty (pov'er-ti), n. State of being 

poor. [O. Fr. poverte — L. paupertas.] 
Syn. Indigence; necessity; pauper- 
ism; need; lack; want; penury. 
powder (pow'der). I. n. 1. Substance 

in fine particles. 2. Gunpowder. II. 

vt. and vi. 1. Reduce, or crumble, to 

powder. 2. Sprinkle with powder. 

[Fr. poudre— L. pulvis, dust.] 
powdered (pow'derd), a. 1. Reduced 

to powder. 2. Sprinkled with powder. 
po wdery(pow'der-i), a. Resembling, or 

sprinkled with, powder; friable. 
power(pow'er), n. 1. Strength; energy. 

2. Faculty of the mind. 3. Agency; 

moving force. 4. Rule; authority; 

influence. 5. Ability; capacity. 6. 

Influential nation. 7. Result of the 

multiplication of a quantity by itself 

a given number of times. 8. In optics. 

Magnifying strength. [M.E. poer— O. 

Fr. poer — Low L. pot-ere, be able, L. 

posse (pot-esse).] 
powerful (pow'er-fol), a. Having great 

power; mighty;, intense; forcible; 

efficacious. — pow'erfully, adv. — 

pow'erfulness, n. [power. 

powerless (pow'er-les), a. Without 
power-machine (pow'er-ma-shen), n,. 

Machine driven by a mechanical force, 

not by hand, as a power-loom, a 

power-press, etc. 



Jtate^at, task, far, fall, fare, otove; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



powwow 



432 



preach 



powwow (pow'wow). I. n. 1. Con- 
jurer. 2. Noisy conjuration. 3. Up- 
roarious conference. II. vi. 1. Con- 
jure. 2. Hold a conference, esp. a 
noisy one. 

pox (poks), n. Disease characterized 
by pocks. [See pock.] 

practicability (prak-ti-ka-bil'i-ti), n. 
State or quality of being practicable. 

practicable (prak'tik-a-bl), a. That 
may be practised, done, used, or fol- 
lowed.— prac'ticably, adv. 
Syn. Feasible; possible; passable. 

practical (prak'tik-al), a. 1. That can 
be put in practice. '2. Useful. 3. Ap- 
plying knowledge to some useful end. 
4. Virtual. 5. Derived from practice. 
— practically, adv. — practical- 
ness, n. 

practice (prak'tis), n. 1. Habit of 
doing anything. 2. Frequent use. 3. 
Performance. 4. Method. 5. Medical 
treatment 6. Exercise of any profes- 
sion. 7. Rule iu arithmetic. [O. Fr. 
practiq ue— Gr. praktikos, lit for doing, 
—prasso, praxo, do.] 

practise, practice (prak'tis). I. vt. 

1. Put in practice; do habitually. 

2. Perform. 3. Exercise, as a profes- 
sion. 4. Use ; exercise. II. vi. 1. 
Have or form a habit. 2. Exercise 
an employment or profession. 3. Try 
artifices.— prac'ticer, n. 

practitioner(prak-tish'un-er), n. One 
who is engaged in the exercise of a 
profession, esp. medicine or law. 
[Older form practician— O. Fr. practi- 
cien.] 

praetor (pre'tur), n. Magistrate of an- 
cient Rome, next in rank to the con- 
suls.— praVtorship, n. [L. praetor, 
for praeitor, leader, — prae, before, 
and eo, itu?n, go.] 

pragmatic ( prag-mat'ik ). I. a. 1. 
Relating to communal affairs. 2. 
Over-active; officious; meddlesome. 

3. Practical; procuring happiness. 
II. n. 1. Man of business. 2. Meddle- 
some person. — pragmatically, a^v. 
^-pragmatism, n. 1. Busy imper- 
tinence. 2. Treatment of historical 
events with special reference to their 
causes, results, etc.— Pragmatic Sanc- 
tion, special decree issued by a sove- 
reign, such as that of the Emperor 
Charles VI. of Germany securing the 
crown to Maria Theresa. [Gr.— prag- 
ma, business, deed, — prasso, do.] 

prairie (pra'ri), n. Extensive tract of 
land, level or rolling, without trees, 
and covered with tall coarse grass. 
[Fr.— Low L. prataHa, meadow-land, 
— L. pratum, meadow.] 




Prairie-dog. 



prairie-dog* (pra'ri-dog), n. Small 
American rodent,- living in the 
prairies. 

prairie-hen (pra'ri- 
hen), n. 1. Pinnated 
grouse. 2. Sharp- 
tailed grouse. 

praise (praz). I. n. 
1. Commendation. 2. 
Tribute of gratitude; 
glorifying, as in wor- 
ship. 3. Reason of 
praise. II. vt. 1. Ex- 
press estimation of; < 
commend. 2. Glori- 
fy, as in worship. [O. 
Fr. preis, — L. pre- 
tium, price, value.] 

Syn. Applaud; laud ; eulogize; extol; 
magnify; celebrate; honor; bless; 
worship. 

praiseworthy (praz'wur thi), a. Com- 
mendable.— praise'worthiness. n. 

praline (pra'len), n. Almond or nut 
browned in boiling sugar. [Fr ] 

prance (prans), vi. 1. Strut about, in a 
showy or warlike manner. 2. Caper 
gaily, as a horse. [Another form of 

PRANK.] 

prank (prangk). I. vt. Display or 
adorn showily. II. n. 1. Sportive 
action. 2. Mischievous trick. [M. E. 
pranken. Ger. prangen, make a show.] 

prate ( prat ). I. vt. and vi. Talk idly; 
tattle; be loquacious; speak without 
meaning. II. n. Trifling talk.— pra'- 
ter, n. [Low Ger. prat, idle talk.] 

prattle (prat'l). I. vi. 1. Prate or talk 
much and idly. 2. Utter child's talk. 
II. n. 1. Empty talk. 2. Childish talk. 
— prat'tler, n. [Freq. of prate.] 

prawn (pran), n. Small crustacean 
animal like the shrimp. [Etymology 
unknown.] 

praxis (praks'is), n. 1. Practice; dis- 
cipline. 2. Example for exercise. 
[Gr.— prasso, praxo, do.] 

pray ( pra ). I. vt. and vi. [pray'ing; 
prayed.] 1. Ask earnestly. 2. Petition 
or supplicate God. II. Ellipsis for I 
pray, introducing a question or 
request. [O. Fr. preier—L,. precor] 
Syn. Ask. See beseech. 

prayer (prar), n. 1. Act of praying; 
entreaty. 2. Words used in praying. 
3. Formula of worship. 

prayerful (prar'fol), a. Given to pray- 
er; devotional.— pray er'fully, adv. 
— prayer'fulness, n. 

pre-, prefix. Denotes priority in time, 
place, or rank. [L. prae, pre-, before.] 

preach (prech), vt. 1. Pronounce a 
public discourse on sacred subjects. 
2. Discourse earnestly. 3. Give advice 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 






preadamite 



433 



precocious 



in an offensive or obtrusive manner. 
— preacher, n. One who discourses 
publicly on religious subjects; cler- 
gyman. 2. One who inculcates a 
lesson or lessons with earnestness. 
[Fr. precher — L. praedico, proclaim.] 

preadamite (pre-ad'a-mit). I. a. Ex- 
isting before Adam's times. II. n. 
One who lived before Adam. 

preadmonition (pre-ad-mo-nish'un), 
n. Previous warning. 

preamble (pre'am-bl), n. Preface; in- 
troduction. [Fr. priambule—lj. prae, 
before, and ambulo, go.] 

prebendary(preb'en-dar-i), n. Clergy- 
man attached to a cathedral, with a 
fixed stipend. 

precarious (pre-ka'ri-us), a. 1. Un- 
certain because depending on the will 
of another; doubtful. 2. Held by a 
doubtful tenure. — precariously, 
adv.— preca'rionsiiess, n. [L. pre- 
carius—precor, pray.] 

precaution (pre-ka'shun), n. I. Cau- 
tion or care beforehand. 2. Preven- 
tive measure. 

precautionary ( pre-ka'shun-ar-i ), 
a. Containing or proceeding from pre- 
caution. 

precede (pre-sed'), vt. Go before in 
time, rank, or importance. [Fr. prS- 
cSder—L,. praecedo — prae, before, and 
cedo, go.] 

precedence ( pre-se'dens ), prece- 
dency (pre-se'den-si), n. l. Going be- 
fore in time. 2. Being before in rank. 
3. Foremost place. [Fr.— L.] 

Syn. Priority ; antecedence ; pree- 
minence; superiority; supremacy. 

precedent (pre-se'dent), a. Going be- 
fore; anterior.— prece'dently, adv. 
[Fr.— "L. praecedens, -entis, pr. p. of 
praecedo.'] 

precedent (pres'e-dent), n. 1. That 
which may serve as an example or 
rule in the future. 2. Parallel case 
in the past 3. Judicial decision which 
serves as a rule for subsequent decis- 
ions in similar cases. [Lit. 'foregoing. '] 

precedented (pres'e-dent-ed), a. Hav- 
ing a precedent; warranted by an ex- 
ample. 

preceding- (pre-se'ding), a. Going be- 
fore in time, rank, etc.; antecedent. 

precentor (pre-sen'tur), n. Leader of 
a choir. [L. — prae, fore, and cano, 
sing.] 

precept(pre'sept), n. 1. Rule of action ; 
commandment; principle. 2. In law. 
Written warrant of a magistrate. [L. 
— prae, before, and capio, take.] 
Syn. Mandate; law; direction. 

preceptive (pre-sep'tiv), a. Directing 
in moral conduct; didactic. 



preceptor (pre-sep'tur), n. One who 
delivers precepts; teacher; instruct- 
or ; head of a school.— precepto'rial, 
a.— preceptress, n. fern. 

precession (pre-sesh'un), n. Act of 
going before._ 

precinct (pre'singkt), n. 1. Limit or 
boundary of a place. 2. Territorial 
district or division. 3. Limit of jur- 
isdiction or authority. [Lt.prae, before, 
and cingo, gird.] 

precious (presh'us), a. 1. Of great 
price or worth; costly. 2. Highly es- 
teemed. 3. Worthless; contemptible 
(in irony). — previously, adv. — 
pre'eiousness, n. [O. Fr. precios— 
L. pretiosus—pretium, price.] 

precipice(pres'i-pis),w. 1. Very steep 
place. 2. Edge of a cliff; situation of 
extreme danger. [Fr. — L. praecipi- 
tium—praeceps, praecipitis, headlong — 
prae, before, and caput, head.] 

precipitate ( pre-sip'i-tat ). I. vt. 1. 
Throw headlong. 2. Hurry rashly; 
hasten. 3. In chem. Throw to the bot- 
tom, as a substance in a solution or 
suspension. II. a. 1. Falling, flowing, 
or rushing headlong. 2. Lacking deli- 
beration; overhasty. III. n. In chem. 
Substance precipitated. [ L. praeci- 
pito—praeceps. [See precipice.] 

precipitately ( pre-sip'i-tat-li ), adv. 
In a precipitate manner; headlong. 

precipitation (pre-sip-i-ta'shun), n. 
1. Act of precipitating. 2. Matter 
precipitated. 

precipitous (pre-sip'i-tus), a. Like a 
precipice; very steep. 2. Hasty; rash. 
— precipitously, adv. — precip'- 
itousness, n. [O. Fr. precipiteux — 
L. praeceps._ See precipice.] 

precise (pre-sis'), a.\. Definite; exact; 
not vague. 2. Adhering too much to 
rule. 3. Excessively nice.— precise'- 
ly, preeise'ness, n. [Fr. precis— L. 
praecisus, pa. p. of praecido, cut off.] 

precision (pre-sizh'un), n. Quality of 
being precise_; exactness ; accuracy. 

preclude ( pre-klod'), vt. 1. Hinder by 
anticipation. 2. Prevent from taking 
place.enjoying, entering, etc. [L. prae- 
cludo—prae, before, and ciaudQ, shut.] 

preclusion (pre-klo'zhun), n. Act of 
precluding or hindering; state of be- 
ing precluded. 

preclusive (pre-klo'siv), a. Tending 
to preclude; hindering beforehand. — 
preclu'sively, adv. 

precocious (pre-ko'shus), a. Having 
the mind developed very early; pre- 
mature ; forward. — preco'ciously , 
adv. — preco'ciousness, precoci- 
ty, ns. [Li.— prae, before, and coquo, 
cook, ripen.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



preconceive 



434 



prefect 



preconceive (pre-kon-seV), vt. Con- 
ceive,or form a notion of,beforehand. 

preconception ( pre-kon-sep'shun ), 
n. Previous opinion or idea. 

preconcert (pre-kon-serf), vt Agree 
upon or settle beforehand. 

precursor (pre-kur'sur), n. Forerun- 
ner; one who precedes arid indicates 
the approach of another. [L.— prae, 
before, and currq, run. See course.] 

precursory ( pre-kur'so-ri), a. Fore- 
running ; indicating something to 
follow; introductory. 

predaceous (pre-da'shus), a. Living 
by prey; predatory. [It. predace—L*. 
praeda, booty, prey.]_ 

predatory (pred'a-to-ri), a. 1. Char- 
acterized by plundering. 2. Rapa- 
cious ; carnivorous. — pred'atorily , 
adv. [D. praed-or, -atus, plunder, — 
praeda, booty.] 

predecessor (pre-de-ses'ur), n. One 
who has preceded another in an office. 
[L. prae, before, and decessor—decedo, 
depart.] 

pr edestinarian (pre-des-ti-na'ri-an ) . 
I. a. Pertaining to predestination.' II. 
n. One who holds the doctrine of 
predestination. 

predestinate (pre-des'ti-nat). I. vt. 
1. Determine beforehand. 2. Preor- 
dain by an unchangeable purpose. II. 
a. Foreordained. [See predestine.] 

predestination (pre-des'ti-na'sbun), 
n. 1. Act of predestinating. 2. In 
theol. Doctrine that God has from all 
eternity immutably fixed whatever is 
to happen. 

predestine (pre-des'tin), vt. 1. Des- 
tine or decree beforehand. 2. Fore- 
ordain. [L.— prae, before, and destino, 
destine.] [Determine beforehand. 

predetermine ( pre-de-ter'min ), vt. 

predicable (pred'i-ka-bl), a. That may 
be predicated; attributable. 

predicament (pre-dik'a-ment), n. 1. 
In logic, class or category definitely 
described. 2. Condition; unfortunate 
or trying position. [Low L. predica- 
mentum.] 

predicate (pred'i-kat). I. vt. Affirm 
one thing of another. II. n. In logic, 
and gram. 1. That which is stated of 
the subject. 2. Word or group of 
words expressing what is affirmed of 
the subject. [L. praedic-o, -atus, pro- 
claim.] [of predicating; a-sertion. 

predication (pred-i-ka^shun), n. Act 

predicative ( pred'i-ka-tiv ), a. Ex- 
pressing predication or affirmation. 

predict (pre-dikf), vt. Declare or tell 
beforehand; prophesy. [L. praedictus, 
—prae, before, and dico, say.] 
Syn. Foretell; presage; bode. 



prediction (pre-dik'shun), n. 1. Act 
of predicting. 2. That which is pre- 
dicted or foretold. [ling; prophetic. 

predictive (pre-dik'tiv), a. Foretel- 

predilection ( pre-di-lek'shun ), n. 
Favorable prepossession of mind ; 
partiality. [L. prae, before, and dike- 
tio, -onis, choice.] 

predispose (pre-dis-poz') , vt. Dispose 
or incline beforehand. 

predisposition ( pre-dis-po-zish'un ) 
n. State of being predisposed or pre 
viously inclined. 

predominant ( pre-dom'i-nant ), a. 
Ruling ; ascendant. — predomin- 
antly, adv.— predominance, 
predominancy, ns. 

Syn. Supreme; prevalent; control- 
ling; reigning; sovereign; dominant. 

predominate (pre-dom'i-nat). I. vt. 
Dominate or rule over. II. vi. Be 
dominant or surpassing in strength 
or authority; prevail. 

preeminence (pre-em'i-nens), n. State 
of being preeminent ; superiority. 

preeminent (pre-em'i-nent), a. Sur- 
passing others. — preeminently, 
adv. [L. prae, before, and eminent.] 

preempt (pre-emf), vt. and vi. Es- 
tablish a claim to or take up (land) by 
preemption. — preemption, n. 
Right or act of appropriating or pur- 
chasing before others. [Lr. prae, 
before, and emptio, buying,— emo, buy.] 

preen (pren), vt. Oil and arrange, as 
birds do their feathers. [Same as 

PRUNE.] 

preeisg-age ( pre-en-gaj' ), vt. Engage 
by previous agreement or influence. 
— preen gage'ment, n. 

preestablish (pre-es-tab'lish), vt. Es- 
tablish or settle beforehand. — pre- 
estab'lisbinent, n. 

preexilic ( pre-egz-il'ik ), a. Relating 
to the time before the exile, esp. that 
of the Jews to Babylon. 

preexist (pre-egz-isf), vi. 1. Exist 
before something else. 2. Exist in a 
previous state. — preexist'ence, n. 

preface (pref'as). I. n. Something 
spoken or written as an introduction. 
II. vt. Introduce with a preface. [Fr. 
preface — L. praefatio — prae, before, 
and/ari, speak.] 

prefatory (pref'ato-ri), a. Pertain- 
ing to a preface; introductory. — 
pref 'atorily, adv. 

prefect (pre'fekt),w. Commander; esp. 
in France, the administrative head of 
a department.— pre' fectare, pre'- 
feetship, ns. [Fr. prefet — L. prae- 
fectus, pa. p. of praeficio—prae, over, 
and facio, make, place.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



proi'er 



435 



premonish 



prefer (prefer'), vt. [preferring; pre- 
ferred'.] 1. Esteem above another. 2. 
Choose; select. 3. Promote; exalt. 4. 
Offer, as a petition. [Fr. preferer — L. 
praefero—prae, before, a,nd fero, bear.] 

preferable (pref er-a-bl), a. More 
desirable or excellent; of better qual- 
ity— preferably, adv.— pref 'era- 
bleness, n. [F.] 

preference (pref'er-ens), n. 1. Act of 
preferring. 2. State of being prefer- 
red. 3. Tbat which is preferred. — 
preferential ( pref-er-en'shal ), a. 
Having or showing a preference. 

preferment (pre-fer'ment), n. 1. Act 
of preferring. 2. State of being 
advanced. 3. Advancement to a higher 
position ; promotion. 4. Superior- 
place, [beforehand; foreshow. 

prefigure (pre-ng'ur), vt. Represent 

prefix (pre-nks'), vt. Put before, or at 
the beginning. [L. prae, before, and 

FIX.] 

prefix (pre'fiks), n. Letter, syllable, 
or word, put at the beginning of 
another word. 

pregnant (preg'nant), a. 1. With child 
or young. 2= Fruitful ; abounding 
with results. 3. Full of significance; 
full of promise. —preg'nancy, n. — 
preg'nantly, adv. [L.—prae, forth, 
and genere, begetj [may be seized. 

prehensible (pre-hen'si-bi), a. That 

prehensile (pre-hen'sil), a. Adapted 
for seizing or holding. [From L. pre- 
hendo, seize.] 

prehension" (pre-hen'shun), n. Act of 
seizing or takinghold. [L. prehensio.] 

prehistoric ( pre-his-tor'ik ), a. Re- 
lating to a time before that treated of 
in history. 

prehuman(pre-hu'man), a. Belonging 
to the time before the appearance of 
man upon the earth. 

preindicate (pre-in'di-kat), vt. Indi- 
cate beforehand. 

prejudge (pre-juj'), vt. Judge or de- 
cide upon before hearing the whole 
case; condemn unheard.— prejudge- 
ment, n. 

prejudicate ( pre-jo'di-kat ), vt. and 
vi. Prejudge — prejudica'tion, n. 
[Li. prae, before, and judico, judge.] 

prejudicative ( pre-jo'di-ka-tiv ), a. 
Forming a judgment or opinion be- 
forehand. 

prejudice (prej'6-dis). I. n. 1. Judg- 
ment or opiniou formed beforehand 
or without due examination; unrea- 
sonable prepossession for or against 
anything; bias. 2. Injury; wrong; dis- 
advantage; mischief. II. vt. 1. Fill 
with prejudice: prepossess; bias the 
mind of . 2. Injure. [L. praejudicium.] 



prej udicial (prej -6-d ish'al) , a. Disad- 
vantageous; injurious; mischievous; 
tending to obstruct.— prejudicial* 
ly (prej-6-dish'al-i), adv. 

prelacy (prel'a-s'i), n. 1. Office of a 
prelate. 2. Order of bishops ; the 
bishops collectively. 

prelate (prel'at), n. Superior clergy- 
man having authority over others, as 
a bishop ; church dignitary. — prel'* 
ateship, n. [Fr. prelat—Li. prelatus — 
prae, before, and latus, borne.] 

preliminary ( pre-lim'i-nar-i). I. a. 
Introductory ; preparatory ; preced- 
ing the main discourse or business. 
II. n. That which precedes; introduc- 
tion. — preliminarily, adv. [L.— 
prae, before, and limen, threshold.] 

prelude (prel'ud), n.l. Short piece of 
music before a longer piece. 2. Pref- 
ace. 3. Forerunner. [Fr.— Late L. 
praeludium— L._prae,before, and ludere, 
Dlav.J [introduction. 

prelude ( pre-lod' ), vt. Precede, as an 

prelusive { p r e - 1 6 ' s i v ), a. Of the 
nature of a prelude; introductory. 

premature (pre-ma-tur'), a. 1. Ma- 
ture before the proper time. 2. Hap- 
pening before the proper time; too 
soon believed ;unauthenticated.-pre- 
mature'ly, adv. — prematurity, 
premature ness, ns. [L.—prae, be- 
fore, and maturus, ripe.] 

premeditate (pre-med'i-tat), vt. and 
vi. Meditate upon beforehand; design 
previously.— premeditation, n. 

premier (pre'mi-er). I. a. First; chief; 
ancient. II. n. First or chief minister 
of state; secretary of state. [Fr. — L. 
primarius, of the first rank.] 

premise (prem'is), n. 1. Proposition 
antecedently supposed or laid down. 2. 
In logic. One of the two propositions 
in a syllogism from which the conclu- 
sion is drawn. 3. Property described 
or matter set forth in the beginning 
of a deed. 4. Building and its ad- 
juncts. 

premise (pre-miz'), vt. 1. Make an In- 
troduction. 2. Lay down propositions 
for subsequent reasonings. [Fr. — L. 
(sententia) praimissa, (sentence) put be- 
fore,— proz, before, and mitto, missus, 
send.] 

premium (pre'mi-um), n. 1. Reward; 
prize; bounty. 2. Payment made for 
insurance. 3. Difference in value 
above the original price or par of 
stock (opposed to discount). 4. Any- 
thing offered as an incentive. [L. prae- 
mium—prae, above, and emo, take, buy.] 

premonisb (pre-mon'ish), vt. Admon- 
ish or warn beforehand.— premoni'- 
tion, n. [From L. moneo, warn.]- 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, aboTe; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, m6>e, wolf; 
mute, but, burn; oil, owl, then. 



premonitory 



43f 



presence 



premonitory- ( pre-mon'i-to-ri ) s a. 
Giving warning or notice beforehand. 
— premon'itorily, adv^ 

preoccupancy (pre-ok'u-paLi-si), n. 
Act or right of occupying beforehand. 

preoccupy ( pre-ok'u-pi ), n. 1. 
Occupy, or take possession of, before 
another. 2. Occupy the attention 
beforehand or by prejudice. — pre- 
occupa'ti©n,_7i. 

preordain (pre-ar-dan'),fl£. Appoint, 
or determine, beforehand. — preor- 
dination, n. [hand. 

prepaid (pre-pad'), «<• Paid before- 

preparation (prep-a-ra'shun), n. 1. 
Act of preparing. 2. Previous ar- 
rangement. 3. State of being pre- 
pared or made ready. 4. That which 
is prepared or made ready. [Fr.— L. 
praeparatio.] 

preparative (pre-par'a-tiv). I. a. 1. 
Having the power of ' preparing or 
making ready. II. n. That which 
prepares; preparation. 

preparatory ( pre-par'a-to-ri ), a. 
Tending or serving to prepare. 

prepare (pre-par'), vt. and vi. 1. Fit 

for a purpose. 2. Make or get ready 

for use. [L.— prae,find paro, prepare.] 

Syn. Ad.iust; adopt; qualify; equip; 

arrange; provide; manufacture. 

prepared ( pre-pard' ), a. 1. Made 
ready. 2. Ready. — prepar'edly, 
adv.— preparedness, n. 

prepay (pre-pa') vt. Pay before or in 
advance.— prepay'ment, n. 

prepense(pre-pens'), a. Premeditated; 
intentional. [Fr.— L. prae, before, and 
pendo, pensum, weight.] 

preponderant (pre-pon'der-ant), a. 
Outweighing ; superior in weight, 
power, or infiuencer— preponder- 
antly, adv.— preponderance, n. 

preponderate (pre-pon'der-at), vt. 1. 
Outweigh. 2. Exceed in power or in- 
fluence.— prepondera'tion, n. [L. 
prae, before, and ponder '0, weigh, from 
pondus, weight.] 

preposition (prep-o-zish'un), n. Word 
placed before a noun or pronoun to 
show its relation to some other word 
of the sentence.— preposi'tional, a. 

JFr.— L. prae, before, an&pono, post- 
um, put.] 

prepossess (pre-poz-zes'), vt. 1. Pre- 
occupy. 2. Bias; prejudice. 3. Im- 
press favorably from the start. 

prepossession (pre-poz-zesh'un), n. 
1. Previous possession. 2. Precon- 
ceived opinion. 

preposterous (pre-pos'ter-us),a. Con- 
trary to nature or reason; wrong; 
absurd ; foolish.— prepos'terously, 
adv. [Jj.prae,befove,a.nd.po8terus, after.] 



prerequisite (pre-rek'wi-zit). I. a. 

Required or necessary beforehand. 

II. n. Something necessary for an end 

proposed. 
prerogative (pre-rog'a-tiv), n. Fx- 

clusive or peculiar privilege. [Fr.— L. 

prae, before, ajid rog-o, -alum, ask. ] 
presage (pre'saj), n. Something that 

indicates a future event.— pres'age- 

ful, a. [Fr. presage— L. praesagium— 

prae, before, and sagio, perceive. See 

SAGACIOUS. ]_ 

presage (pre-saj'), vt. Forebode; in- 
dicate; predict.— presa'ger, n. 

presbyopia (pres-bi-6'pi-a), n. Long- 
sightedness due to old age. [Gr.—pres* 
bys, old, and ops, eye.] 

presbyter (pres'bi-ter), n. 1. One of 
the second order of the ministry, be- 
tween bishop and deacon. 2. Member 
of a presbytery. [Gr. presbyteros, 
comp. of presbys, old.] 

presbyterial (pres-bi-te'ri-al), pres- 
byterian (prez-bi-te'ri-ari ) , a. Per- 
taining to or consisting of presbyters. 

Presbyterian (pres-bi-te'ri-an). I. a. 
Pertaining to Presbytery or that form 
of church government in which all the 
clergy are equal. — Opp. to Episco- 
palian. II. n. Adherent of this form of 
church government. . 

Presbyterian ism (pres-bi-te'ri-an- 
izm), n. Form of church government 
of Presbyterians. 

presbytery (pres'bi-ter-i),w. 1. Coun- 
cil of presbyters or elders. 2. Court 
consisting of the ministers and one 
elder, a layman, from each Presby- 
terian church in a certain district. 

prescience (pre'Shi-ens), n. Knowl- 
edge of events beforehand. [Fr.] 

prescient (pre'shi-ent), a. Knowing 
things beforehand. [L. praesciens, 
pr. p. of praescio, foreknow.] 

prescribe (pre-skrib'), vt. 1. Lay down 
for direction. 2. In med. Give direc- 
tion for, as a remedy to be used. — 
prescri'ber, w. [L.— prae, before.and 
scribo, write.] 

prescript(pre'skript), n. Something 
prescribed; direction. 

prescription (pre-skrip'shun), n. 1. 
Act of prescribing or directing. 2. In 
med. Written direction for the pre- 
paration of a medicine. 3. That which 
is prescribed. . 4. In law, custom or 
use, continued until it has the force 
of law. [Fr.— L. praescriptio.] 

prescriptive (prg-skrip'tiv), a. Con- 
sisting in, or acquired by, custom or 
immemorial use. [L.] 

presence (prez'ens), n. 1. State of 
being present (opp. of absence). 2. 
Situation within sight; position face 



fftte, fat, tasl^j far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, mgye, w^lt} 
mute, hut, burn; oij, oyrl, ihm, 



present 



437 



presumable 



to face. 3. Person of a superior. 4. 
Persons assembled before a great 
person. 6. Mien ; personal appear- 
ance. 6. Calmness; readiness, as of 
mind. [Fr.—L. praesentia.] 

present (prez'ent), I. a. 1. Being in a 
certain place (opp. to absent.) 2. Now 
under view or consideration. 3. Being 
at this time; not past or future. 4. 
Ready at hand. 5. Attentive ; not 
absent-minded. 6. In gram. Denoting 
time just now, or making a general 
statement. II. n. Present time. — At 
present, now. [Fr.—L. praesms—prue, 
before, and sens, being.] 

Present (pre-zenf), vt. 1. Set before; 
introduce; exhibit to view; offer. 2. 
Put into the possession of another; 
make a gift of. 3. Lay before for con- 
sideration. 4. Point, as a gun before 
firing.— Present arms, hold the weapon 
vertically in front of the body, as a 
salute. — present'able, a. — pre- 
senter, n. [Fr.—L. praesento.] 

present (prez'ent), n. That which is 
presented or given; gift. 

Syn. Donation; benefaction; gra- 
tuity; grant; largess. 

presentation (prez-en-ta'shun), n. 1. 
Act of presenting. 2. Representation. 
[L. praesentatio.] 

presentiment ( pre-sen'ti-ment ), n. 
Conviction of something to happen; 
foreboding. [O.Fr.— ~L. praesentire. See 
sentiment.] [delay; after a little. 

presently (prez'ent-li), adv. Without 

presentment (pre-zent'ment), n. 1. 
Act of presenting. 2. Thing presented 
or represented. 3. In law, accusation 
presented by a grand-jury ; indict- 
ment, [may be preserved. 

preservable (pre-zer'va-bl), a. That 

preservation (prez-er-va'shun), n. 1. 
Act of preserving by keeping safe. 2. 
State of being protected. 3. Means of 
security. 

preservative ( pre-zer'va-tiv ) , pre- 
servatory ( pre-zer'va-to-ri ). I. a. 
Tending to preserve ; having the qual- 
ity of preserving. II. n. That which 
preserves; preventive of injury. 

preserve (pre-zerv'). I. vt. Keep from 
injury. 2. Season for preservation. 3. 
Keep up, as appearances. II. n. 1. 
That which is preserved, as fruit. 2. 
Place for the protection of animals, 
as game. — preser'ver, n. [Fr. pre- 
server— L. prae, and servo, s&Ye.] 

Syn. Defend; save; secure; retain; 
maintain; protect; spare; shield. 

preside ( pre-zid' ), vi. Direct or con- 
trol, esp. at a meeting; superintend. 
[Fr. prmder—L,. praesideo — prae, be- 
fore, and sedeo, sit.] 



presidency (prez'i-den-si), n. Office of 
president, or his dignity, term oi' 
office, jurisdiction, or residence. 

president(prez'i-dent), n. 1. One who 
presides over a meeting; chairman. 2. 
Chief officer of a college, institution, 
etc. 3. Officer elected to the supreme 
executive of a province or nation. — 
presidentship, n. [Fr. — L. prae- 
sidens, -enlis, pr. p. of praesideo.] 

presidential (prez-i-den'shal),a. Per- 
taining to a president. 

press (pres). I. vt.l. Squeeze or crush 
strongly. 2. Drive with violence; urge. 
3. Distress. 4. Inculcate with earnest- 
ness. 5. Make smooth, as cloth or 
paper. II. vi. 1. Exert pressure. 2. 
Crowd forward or urge with violence. 
— press'er, n. [Fr. presser—Li. pres- 
sare—premere, pressus, squeeze.] 

press (pres), n. 1. Instrument for 
squeezing. 2. Printing machine. 3. 
Art or business of printing and pub- 
lishing. 4. Printed literature, esp. 
the newspapers. 5. Act of urging for- 
ward. 6. Urgency. 7. Crowd. 8. Closet 
for holding articles.— Press of sail, as 
much sail as can be carried. 

press (pres), vt. Carry men off by vio- 
lence to become soldiers or sailors.— 
press'gang, n. Gang or body of 
sailors under an officer empowered to 
impress men into the navy.— press'- 
money, n. Earnest-money. [Corr. 
—prest-money, money paid to recruits 
to hold themselves ready. O. Fr. prest, 
ready.] 

pressing" (pres'ing), a. 1. Urgent. 2. 
Importunate. 3. Forcible. — press'- 
ingly, adv. 

pressman (pres'man), n. 1. One who 
tends a press. 2. One who presses 
clothes. 3. Member of a pressgang. 4 
One impressed into the navy or army 

pressure (presh'or), n. 1 Act of pres- 
sing; squeezing. 2. State of being 
pressed. 3. Impulse; constraining 
force. 4. That which presses or afflicts; 
difficulties. 5. Urgency 6. In physics, 
action of force on something resist- 
ing it. [O. Fr.—L. pressura —premo.] 

prestidigitation ( pres-ti-dij'i-ta- 
shun), n. Sleight of hand.— presti- 
digitator, n. [Fr. corrupted — L. 
praestigiae, jugglery, — praestinguo, 
obscure.] 

prestige (pres'tij ), n. Influence aris- 
ing from past conduct or from repu- 
tation. [Fr.—L. praestigium, illusion.] 

presto ( pres' to ), adv. Quickly ; in 
rapid tempo. [It.] _ 

presumable ( pre-zu'ma-bl ), a. That 
may be presumed. — presu'mably, 
adv. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



presume 



438 



prickling- 



presume ( pre-zum' ). I. vt. Take as 
true without examination or proof; 
take for granted. II. vi. Venture be- 
yond what one has ground for; act 
forwardly or without permission. 
[Fr. presume?* — L. prae, before, and 
sumo, take.] 

presuming ( pre-zu'ming ), a. Unrea- 
sonably bold.— presu'mingly, adv. 

presumption (pre-zum'snun ), n. I. 
Act of presuming; supposition. 2. 
Strong probability. 3. Forward con- 
duct. 

presumptive (pre-zum'tiv), a. 
Grounded on probable evidence. — 
presump'iively, adv. 

presumptuous (pre-zump'tu-us ), ja. 

I. Full of presumption; bold and con- 
fident. 2. Founded on presumption. 
3. Willful. — presumptuously, 
adv. — presump'tuousness, n. 

presuppose (pre-sup-poz'), vt. Take 
for granted ; assume.— presupposi- 
tion, n. 

pretend (pre-tend'). I. vt. l.Hold out 
as a cloak for something else. 2. Offer 
something feigned. 3. Affect to feel. 

II. vi. 1. Put in a claim. 2. Make a 
pretense ; feign. — pretend'er, n. 
[Fr. pritendre — L. prae, before, and 
zendo, stretcb.] 

pretense, pretence (pr.e-tens'), n. 1. 
Pretension; simulation. 2. Appear- 
ance; show; pretext. 3. Assumption; 
claim. 

pretension (pre-ten'shun), n. Some- 
thing pretended; false or fictitious 
appearance; claim. 

pretentious (pre- ten'shus), a. Marked 
by or containing pretence; presump- 
tuous; arrogant. 

preter-, prseter-, prefix. Beyond, in 
place, time or degree; in excess. [L. 
praeter, beyond.] 

preterit, preterite (pret'er-it). I. a. 
Gone by; past; noting the past tense. 
II. n. Past tense. [L. praeteritus — 
praeter, beyond, andeo, itum, go.] 

preternatural (pre-ter-nat'u-ral), a. 
Beyond what is natural; extraordi- 
nary, but not plainly miraculous.— 
preternat'urally, adv._ 

pretext ( pre'tekst or pre-tekst' ), n. 
Ostensible motive; reason put for- 
ward to conceal the real one ; pretence. 
[!_,.— prae, before, and texo, weave.] 

prettily (pret'i-li or prit'- ), adv. In a 
pretty manner; pleasingly: neatly. 

nretty (pret'i). I. a. Good-looking; 
neat; considerable. II. adv. Moder- 
ately; almost. [AS. praettig, tricky.] 
Syn. Comely; elegant; handsome; 
tasteful; pleasing; attractive; deli- 
cately; beautiful; excellent; sufficient. 



pretzel (pret'sel), n. Roll or cake, 
baked in the form of a knot. [Ger.] 

prevail (pre-val'), vi. 1. Have influ- 
ence or effect. 2. Overcome; gain the 
advantage. 3. Be in force; obtain. 
[Fr. prevaloir— L. prae, before others, 
and valeo, be powerful.] 

prevailing- (pre- va 'ling), a. 1. Having 
great power; efficacious. 2. Most 
general. 

prevalence ( prev'a-lens ), prev'a- 
leney, n. Preponderance; superior- 
ity ; influence; efficacy. 

prevalent (prev'a-lent), a. 1. Prevail- 
ing. 2. Having great power. 3. Vic- 
torious. 4. Most common. — prev'- 
alently, adv. 

prevaricate (pre-var'i-kat), vi. Shift 
about from side to side ; evade the 
truth; quibble. — prevarica'tion, 
n — prevar'icator, n. [L. varicus, 
straddling.] 

prevent (pre-venf), vt. 1- Hinder. 2. 
Obviate.— prevent'able, a. — pre- 
vention, n. — prevent'ive. I. a. 
Tending to hinder. II. n. That which 
prevents. [L.— prae, and venio. come.] 
Syn. Check; impede; preclude; re- 
strain; frustrate; bar; thwart. 

previous (pre'vi-us), a. Going before 
in time; former.— pre' viously, adv. 
— pre'viousness, n. Priority in 
time. [L. praevius—prae, before, and 
via, way.] 

prevision (pre-vizh'un), n. Foresight. 

prey (pra). I. n. Booty; plunder; that 
which is, or maybe, seized. II. vi. 1. 
(upon) Plunder. 2. Seize and devour. 

3. Waste or impair gradually. 4. 
Weigh heavily.— Beast or bird of prey, 
One that feeds on the flesh of other 
animals. [O. Fr. praie — L. praeda, 
booty.] 

price (pris). I. n. That at which any 
thing is prized, valued or bought; 
excellence; recompense. II. vt. Set a 
value on. — pricing, n. [ O. Fr. 
pris— L. pretium, price.] 

priceless(pris'les), a. 1. Beyond price; 
invaluable. 2. Without value; worth- 
less. 

prick (prik). I. n. 1. Sharp point. 2. 
Puncture. 3. Sting; remorse. II. vt. 

I. Pierce; puncture. 2. Erect, as the 
ears of an animal. 3. Fix by the point. 

4. Put on by puncturing. 5. Hurt. — 
prick'er, n. [A.S. pncu, point.] 

prickle (prik'l), n. 1. Sharp point 
growing from the bark of a plant, 
rind of a fruit, etc. .2. Stingiug sen- 
sation. 

prickling- (prik'ling). I. a. Stinging. 

II. n. Sensation of pain as if pricked 
or hurt by prickles. 



fate, fat, task, far, tali, fare, above; me, m 
mute, hut, burn 



et, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, woJS> 
; oil, owl, then. 



prickly 



439 



princely 



prickly (prik'li), a. 1. Full of prick- 
les. 2. As if hurt by prickles.— prick- 
liness, n. 

prickly-pear (prik'li-par), n. Class 
of plants generally covered with clus- 
ters of strong hairs or prickles, and 
bearing fruit like the pear. 

pride ( pnd ). I. n. 1. Extreme self- 
esteem. 2. Noble self-esteem. 3. That 
of which one is proud. II. vt. (one's 
self). Take pride; value. [A.S. pryte— 
prut, proud. Cf. G-er. protz, snob.] 

Syn. Conceit; haughtiness; vanity; 
hauteur; arrogance; presumption. 

priest (prest), n. One who officiates in 
sacred offices. — priest'ess,/e»i.[A.S. 
preost, contr. of_Gr. presbyter.] 

priesthood (nrest'hod), n. 1. Office or 
character of a priest. 2. Priestly or- 
der. 

priestly (prest'li), a. Pertaining to or 
resembling a priest.— priest'liness, 
n. 

prig- (prig). I. n. 1. Pert fellow who 
gives himself airs of superior wisdom. 

2. Thief. II. vt. and vi. [prig'ging; 
prigged.] 1. Dress up; deck; adorn; 
primp ; prink ; prank. 2. Steal. 
[Etym. doubtful.] 

prim (prim). I. a. Exact and precise 
in manner; affectedly nice, II. vt. 
[primm'ing; primmed.] 1. Deck with 
great nicety. 2. Form with affected 
preciseness.— prim'ly, adv.— prim'- 
ness, n. [O. Fr. prim, fern, prime— Li. 
primus, prima, first.] 

primacy (pn'ma-si), n. Office or dig- 
nity of a primate or archbishop. 

prima-donna(pre-ma-don'a),w. First 
or leading female in an opera. [It. — L. 
prima domina.] 

primal (pri'mal), a. First ; original. 

primary (pri'ma-ri). I. a. 1. First; 
original. 2. Chief. II. n. 1. That which 
is highest in rank or importance. 2. 
Party-meeting in an election-district, 
ward, etc.,for nominating candidates. 

3. Planet in relation to its satellite or 
satellites.— pri'marily, adv. 

primate (pri'mat), n. First or high- 
est dignitary in a church; archbishop. 
— pri'mateship, n. 

prime (prim). I. a. First, in order of 
time, rank, or importance; chief; ex- 
cellent. II. n. 1. Beginning; dawn; 
spring. 2. The best part. 3. Height 
of perfection. [L. primus, first.] 

prime (prim), vt. 1. Put in readiness; 
prepare, as a firearm or pump. 2. 
Lay on the first coating of color. 

prime-minister (prlm-min'is-ter), n. 
First or chief minister of state. [See 

PREMIER.] 



primer ( prim'er ), n. 1. First reading 
book. 2. Elementary introduction to 
any subject. 3. Either of two sizes of 
type, great primer (18 points) and 
long primer (10 points). 

This is Long- Primer Type. 

Great Primer Type 

primeval (pri-me'val), a. Belonging 
to the first ages; original; primitive. 
[ L. primaevus— primus, first , and 
aevum, age.] 

priming- (pri'ming), n. 1. First coat- 
ing of color. 2. That with which any- 
thing is primed. 

primitive (prim'i-tiv). I. a. 1. Be- 
longing to the beginning, or to the 
first times; original; ancient. 2. An- 
tiquated; simple; old-fashioned. 3. 
Not derived. II. n. Primitive word, 
or one not derived from another. — 
primitively, adv. — primitive- 
ness, n. [Fr. — L. primitivus— primus, 

primogeniture (pri-mo-jen'i-tiir), n. 
1; State of being born first of the 
same parents. 2. Right of inheritance 
of the eldest born. 

primordial (pri-mar'di-al). I. a. First 
in order; original; 'existing from the 
beginning. II. n. First principle or 
element. [L. primus, first, and orcto, 
order. ] 

primrose 
(prim'roz),7i. 
Early spring 
flower, (not 
of the rose 
family). [O. 
Fr. prime- 
role— 1^. pri- 
mula veris, 
first of 
spring.] 

p r i n ce 
(prins), n. 
1. One of highest rank; sovereign. 2. 
Son of a king or emperor; chief of any 
body or class of men.— fern, princess 
(prin'ses). [Fr.— L. princeps— primus, 
first, and caput, head.] 

princedom (prins'dum), n. Estate, 
jurisdiction, sovereignty, or rank oi 
a prince. 

princely (prins'li). I. a. Princelike; 
becoming a prince; grand; august; 
regal. II. adv. In a princelike man- 
ner.— prince'liness, n. 




Primrose. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. . 



principal 



440 



privy 



principal (prin'si-pal). I. a. Taking 
the first place ; highest in character 
or importance; chief. II. n. 1. Prin- 
cipal person or thing. 2. Head, as of 
a school or college. 3. One who takes 
a leading part. 4. Money on whicb 
interest is paid. 5. In arch. Main 
beam or timber. 6. In law, perpe- 
trator of a crime ; abettor. 7. In 
music, organ stop. — principally, 
adv. [L. principalis.] 

principality (prin-si-pal'i-ti),w. Ter- 
ritory of a prince or the country 
which gives title to him. 

principle (prin'si-pl). I. n. 1. Fund- 
amental truth. 2. Law or doctrine 
from which others are derived. 3. 
Original faculty of the miud. 4. Law 
of nature. 5. Settled rule of action. 

6. In chem. Constituent part. II. vt. 
Impress with principles. [~L. principi- 
um, beginning— princeps. See prince.] 

Syn. Rule; maxim; precept; truth. 

8> rink (pringk), vi. and vt. 1. Dress up; 

prank. 2. Put on airs; strut. [Form 

Of PRANK.] 

print (print). I. vt. 1. Mark by press- 
ure. 2. Impress letters on paper, etc. 
3. Publish. II. vi. 1. Practice the art 
of printing. 2. Publish a book. III. 
n. 1. Mark or character made by im- 
pression. 2. Impression of types in 
general. 3. Copy. 4 V Engraving. 5. 
Newspaper. 6. Printed cloth ; calico. 

7. That whicb impresses its form on 
anything; cut, stamp or die. 8. In arch. 
Plaster-cast in low relief. [O. Fr. em- 
preint—imprimo —in, into, and premo, 
press.] [esp. books, newspapers, etc. 

printer (print'er), n. One who prints, 
printing- (print'ing), n. Act, art, or 

practice of printing. 
prior (pri'ur). I. a. Coming before in 

time. II. n. Head of a priory. —pri'- 

oress, n. fern. [L..] 
prlorate (pri'ur-at),priorship (pri'- 

iir-ship), n. Government or office of a 

prior. 
priority (pri-or'i-ti), n. State of being 

prior or first in time, place, or rank. 

Syn. Preference. See precedence. 

priory (pri'ur-i), n. Convent of either 

sex, under a prior or prioress, and 

next below an abbey. 
prism (prizm), n. 1. In geom. Solid 

whose ends are similar, equal and 

parallel planes, and whose sides are 

parallelograms. 2. In optics, solid 

glass of triangular-shaped body. [L. 

— Gr. prisma, sawed,— prizo, saw.] 
prismatic (priz-mat'ik), prismat- 

ical, a. Resembling or pertaining to 

a prism; formed by a prism. — pris- 

mat'ically, adv. 



prismoid ( priz'moid ), n. Figure in 
the form of a prism, [prism and Gr. 
eidos, form.] 

prison ( priz'n ), n. Building for the 
confinement of criminals, etc.; jail; 
any place of confinement. [Fr.— Li. 
prensio, for prehensio, seizing, — pre- 
hendo, seize.] 

prisoner ( priz-'ner ), n. 1. One con- 
fined in prison. 2. Captive. 

pristine ( pris'tin ), a. As at first; 
former; belonging to the beginning 
or earliest time; ancient. [O. Fr. — 
L.. pristinus.] [of I pray thee.] 

prithee (prith'e), inter j '. Pray. [Corr. 

privacy (pri'va-si), n. 1. State of be- 
ing private or retired from company 
or observation. 2. Place of seclusion; 
retreat. 3. Retirement; secrecy. 

private (pri'vat). I. a. 1. Not public; 
concerning an individual person, com- 
pany, etc.; personal. 2. Secluded; 
solitary. 3. Secret. II. n. Common 
soldier. — pri'vately, adv. — pri'» 
vateness, n. [L. privatus, pa. p. of 
privo, separate,— priyus, single.] 

privateer ( pn-va-ter' ) . I. n. Armed 
private vessel commissioned to seize 
and plunder an enemy's ships. II. vi. 
1. Cruise in a privateer. 2. Fit out 
privateers. 

privation (pri-va'shun), n. State of 
being deprived of something, esp, of 
what is necessary for comfort; desti- 
tution; hardship; negation. [Fr.] 

privative ( priv'a-tiv ). I. a. Causing 
privation. 2. Consisting in the ab- 
sence of something. 3. Implying nega- 
tion ; giving negative meaning to a 
word, as a in atheist. II. n. That 
which exists only by the absence of 
something else, as darkness by the 
absence of light. 2. In logic, term 
denoting the absence of a quality. 3. 
In gram. Prefix denoting absence or 
negation, as un-, a-, in-. — priv'a- 
tively, adv. [L.] 

privet (priv'et), n. European shrub 
much used for hedges. [Etymology 
unknown.] 

privilege (priv'i-lej). I. n. Right not 
general. II. vt. Grant a privilege to. 
[Fr.— L. privus, single, and lex, law.] 
Syn. Prerogative; benefit; immuni- 
ty: advantage; exemtion; franchise. 

privily (priv'i-li), adv. Secretly. 

privity (priv'i-ti), n. Joint knowledge 
of something private or confidential; 
secret; secrecy. 

privy ( priv'i ). I. a. 1. Private; per- 
taining to one person, esp. a sover- 
eign; for private uses. 2. Secret. 3. 
Appropriated to retirement. 4. Admit- 
ted to the knowledge of something 



Hate, fat, task, far, tall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, buru; oil, owl, then. 



prlx 



441 



procreate 



secret. II. n. 1. In law, person having 
an interest in an action. 2. Necessary- 
house. [Fr. privS— L.. privatus. See 

PRIVATE.] 

prix (pre) : n. Premium or prize, esp. 
at a French competition in art, horse- 
race, etc. [Fr.] 

prize (pnz) . I. n. 1. That which is taken 
or gained by competition. 2. Anything 
taken from an enemy in war. 3. That 
which is won in a lottery. 4. Any- 
thing offered for competition ; reward. 
II. vt. Set a value on; value highly.— 
prize-court,?*. Court for judging re- 
garding prizes made on the high seas. 
— prize-fighter, n. Boxer who fights 
publicly for a prize.— prize-money, 
n. Share in money or proceeds from 
prizes taken from an enemy. [Fr. 
prise— pris, taken.] [forward. [L.] 

pro-, prefix. For ; fore ; in front ; forth ; 

pro ( prd ) and con (abbreviated from 
contra). For and against. [L.] 

proa (pro'a), n. Small Malay sailing 
vessel. [Malay prau.] 

probability (prob-a-bil'i-ti), n. 1. Qual- 
ity of being probable. 2. Appearance 
of truth. 3. That which is probable. 

probable (prob'a-bl) , a. Giving ground 
for belief.— probably, adv. [Fr.— 
L. probabilis—probo, prove.] 

Syn. Likely; credible; presumable; 
reasonable; plausible. 

probate (pro'bat), n. 1. Proof that 
the will of a person deceased is 
indeed his lawful act. 2. Official copy 
of a will, with the certificate of its 
having been proved. 3. Right of juris- 
diction of proving wills. [L. proba- 
tion, proved.] 

probation (pr5-ba'shun), n. 1. A.ct of 
proving . proceeding to elicit, truth, 
etc. ; trial. 2. Time of trial ; novitiate.— 
proba'tional, probationary, a. 

probationer (pr5-ba'shun-er), n. One 
who is on probation or trial. 

probative (pro'ba-tiv). probatory 
(pro'ba-to-ri), a. Serving for proof or 
trial ; relating to proof. 

probe (prob). I. n. Instrument for 
examining a wound, etc. 2. That 
which tries or probes. II. vt. Ex- 
amine with, or as with, a probe; ex- 
amine thoroughly. [L. probo, prove.] 

probity (prob'i-ti), n. Tried honesty ' 
[L. probitas—probus, honest.] 
Syn. Integrity. See honesty. 

problem (prob'lem), n. 1. Matter dif- 
ficult of settlement or solution. 2. In 
geom. Proposition in which something 
is required to be done. [Gr. problema 
—pro, before, and hallo, throw.] 



problematic (prob-lem-at'ik), prob- 
lematical, a. Of the nature of a 
problem ; questionable ; doubtful. — 
problematically, adv. 

proboscis (pro-bos'is), n. 1. Trunk of 
some animals, as the elephant, for 
conveying food to the mouth. 2. Any 
similar protruding organ ; snout ; 
sucker. [L.— Gr. proboskis, front- 
feeder,— pro, in front,and bosko, feed.] 

procedure ( pro-se'dur ), n. Act of 
proceeding ;_ progress ; conduct. 

proceed (pro-sed'), vi. Go forward ; 
advance; issue; be produced; pros- 
ecute. [Fr. proceder—Li. procedo—pro, 
before, and cedo, go.] 

proceeding (pro-se'ding), n. 1. Act 
of going forth or forward; progress; 
step; operation; transaction. 2. pi. 
Steps in the prosecuting of an ac- 
tion at law. 3. pi. Record of the trans- 
actions of a society, etc. 

proceeds (pro'sedz), n. pi. Money ob- 
tained, as from the sale of goods, etc. 

process (pros'es or pro'-), n. 1. Act or 
state of going forward. 2. Operation. 
3. Whole proceedings in an action or 
prosecution. 4. Series of measures. 
5. Projection on a bone. 6. Judicial 
writ. [Fr. procte— L. processus.] 

procession (pro-sesh'un), n. 1. Act 
of proceeding. 2. Train of persons in 
a formal march. [Fr.— L.] 

processional (pro-sesh'un-al). I. a. 
Pertaining to a procession. II. n. 
Hymn sung during the solemn entry 
of the clergy intothe church. 

proclaim ( pro-klam' ), vt. Publish; 
announce officially. — proclaim'er, 
n. [Fr. proclamer—L,. proclamo—pro, 
out, and clamo, cry.] 

proclamation (prok-la-ma'shun), n. 
1. Act of proclaiming. 2. Official no- 
tice given to the public. 

proclivity (pro-kliv'i-ti), n. Tendency; 
inclination; aptitude. [L.— pro, for- 
ward, and clivus, slope.] 

proconsul(pro-kon'sul),n. Roman offi- 
cer having the power of a consul with- 
out his office. 2. Governor of a prov- 
ince.— proconsular, a.— procon- 
sulate, procon'sulship, n. [L ] 

procrastinate ( pro-kras'ti-nat ), vt. 
Put off till some future time; post- 
pone. — procras'tinator, n.— pro- 
crastination, n. Dilatoriness. [L. 
—pro, and crastinus, of to-morrow.] 
Syn. Protract. See delay. 

procreate (pro'kre-at), vt. Generate; 
propagate.— procreation (pro-kre- 
a'shun), n. — procreative (pro'kre- 
a-tiv), a. — pro'creativeness, n. 
[L.. procre-o, -atus — pro, forth, and 
creo, produce.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, buru; oil, owl, then. 



Procrustean 



442 



proffer 



Procrustean (pro-krus'te-an), a. Ob- 
taining conformity by violence. 
[From Procrustes, a fabled Greek 
giant, who fitted the bodies of his vic- 
tims to a bed by stretching them or 
cutting off their feet.] 

proctor (prok'tur), n. 1. Manager for 
another. 2. Attorney in the admiralty 
courts. 3. Official in the English uni- 
versities who attends to the morals of 
the students and enforces obedience 
to university regulations. — proc'- 
torship, n. [Contr. of procurator.] 

procumbent ( pro-kum'bent ), a. 1. 
Lying down or on the face. 2. In bot. 
Trailing. [Li.pro, forward, and cumbo, 
lie down.] [may be procured. 

procurable (pro-kur'a-bl), a. That 

procuration(prok-ur-a'shun),?i.l. Act 
of procuring. 2. Act of managing an- 
other's affairs. 3. Instrument giving 
power to do this. 4. In the Church of 
England, sum paid by incumbents to 
the bishop or archdeacon on account 
of visitations. 

procurator (prok'ur-a-tur), n. 1. One 
who takes care of, or attends to, a 
thing for another. 2. Governor of a 
province under the Roman emperors. 
— proc'uratorship, n. [L. See 

PROCURE.] 

procure (pro-kiir'), vt. 1. Obtain. 2. 
Cause. — procurement, n. [Fr. 
procurer— L,. procuro, take care of.] 

prod ( prod ). I. n. 1. Pointed instru- 
ment or weapon. 2. Thrust or stab. 
II. vt. Prick with a prod ; goad. 
[Icel. broddr, spike.] 

prodigal (prod'i-gal). I. a. Wasteful; 
lavish; prof use.ll. n. One who is prof- 
ligate; spendthrift. — prodigality 
(prod-i-gal'i-ti), n. State or quality of 
being prodigal; extravagance; profu- 
sion. — prodigally, adv. [Fr.— L. 
prodigo, drive away, squander, — pro, 
forth, and ago, drive.] 

prodigy (prod'i-ji), n. Something ex- 
traordinary ; wonder.— prodigious, 
(pro-dij'us), a. Like a prodigy; enor- 
mous.— prodigiously, adv.— pro- 
dig'iousness, n. [Fr. prodige — L. 
prodigium, prophetic sign.] 

Syn. Portent; prodromy; marvel; 
sign; miracle. 

prodromy (prod'ro-mi), n. Sign of a 
future event; omen. — prodromic 
(pro-drom'ik), a. Precursory; fore- 
boding. [Gr.— prodromein, run before.] 

produce (pro-dus'), vt. 1. Bring for- 
ward. 2. Bear; yield; make; cause. 
3. In geom. Extend. — produ'cer, n. 
[L. pro, forward, and auco, lead.] 

produce (prod'us), n. That which is 
produced; product; proceeds. 



producible (pro-du'si-bl), a. That may 
be produced. 

product (prod'ukt), n. 1. That which 
is produced. 2. In arith. Result ol 
numbers multiplied together. 

production (pro-duk'shun), n. 1. Act 
of producing. 2. That which is pro- 
duced. 

productive (pro-duk'tiv), a. Having 
the power to produce. — product- 
ively, adv — productiveness, n. 
Syn. Efficient; generative; prolific; 
fruitful; originative. See fertile. 

proem (pro'em), n. Introduction; pre- 
lude. — proemlal, a. [Wr.proeme— 
Gr. prooimion — pro, and oimos, way.] 

profanation (prof-a-na'shun), n. Act 
of profaning; desecration. 

profanatory (pro-fan'a-to-ri), a. Des- 
ecrating ; tending to produce con- 
tempt. 

profane (pro-fan'), a. 1. Unholy; im. 
pious. 2. Common; secular.— pro- 
fanely, adv. — profane'ness, n. 
[Fr.— L. pro [/ 'anus— pro, in front, out- 
side of, and faiium, temple.] 

profane (pro-fan'), vt. 1. Violate any- 
thing holy; abuse anything sacred. 2. 
Put to a wrong use. 3. Pollute; de- 
base.— profa'ner, n. 

profanity (pro-fan'i-ti), n. 1. Irrever- 
ence. 2. That which is profane. 3. 
Profane language. [L.] 

profess (pro-fes'), vt. 1. Own freely. 
2. Declare in strong terms. 3. An- 
nounce publicly one's skill in. [Fr. 
professer — L. professus—profiteor—pro, 
publicly, and fateor, confess.] 

professed (pro-fesf), a. Openly de- 
clared; avowed; acknowledged. — 
profess'edly,_ad#. 

profession (pro-fesh'un), n. 1. Act of 
professing. 2. Open declaration. 3. 
Employment not mechanical and re- 
quiring some degree of learning. 4. 
Collective body of persons engaged in 
a profession. 5. Entrance into a re- 
ligious order. [Fr.] 

professional (pro-fesh'un-al). I. a. 
Pertaining to a profession. II. n. One 
who makes his living by an art, as op- 
posed to an amateur who practices It 
merely for pastime. — profes'sion* 
ally, adv. 

professor (pro-fes'ur), n. 1. One who 
professes. 2. One who publicly prac- 
tices or teaches a branch of know- 
ledge. (Colloq.) 3. Public and author- 
ized teacher in a university. — pro- 
fesso'rial,a. —professorship, v 

proffer (prof'er). I. vt. Hold forth 
offer for acceptance. II. n. Offer made, 
proposal.— proff'erer, n. [Fr. pro 
jerer—pro, forward, and fero, bear/ 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf} 
mute. hut. burn: oil, owl, then. 



proficient 



443 



projector 



proficient ( pro-fish'ent ) . I. a. Well 
versed. II. n. Adept; expert.— pro- 
ficiently, adv. -profi'cience, 
proli'ciency, ns. [L. proflciens, pr. 
p. of prolicere, make progress.] 

profile (pro'fel or-i\\).l. n. 1. Outline. 
2. Head in a side view. II. vt. Draw 
in profile. [It. profilo, border, out- 
line,— L. pro, and fil'um, thread, line.] 

profit (profit). I. n. 1. Excess of value 
received over expenditure. 2. Acces- 
sion of good from exertion. 3. Advan- 
tage. II. vt. Be of advantage to. III. 
vi. 1. Gain advantage. 2. Be of advan- 
tage. [Ft.— -L. proficio, progress.] 

profitable (prof'it-a-bl), a. Yielding 
profit.— profitably, adv.— profit- 
ableness, n. [Pr.] 

profitless (prof'it-les), a. Without any 
profit, gain, or advantage. 



prognostic(prog-nos'tik). I. n. Predic- 
tion; indication. II. a. Foreshowing. 
[Gr. —pro, and gignosko, knowj 

prognosticate ( prog-nos'ti-kat), vt. 
Foretell; presage. — prognostica- 
tion, n. — prognos'ticator, n. Pre- 
dictor of future events, especially 
weather prophet. 

program, programme (pro'gram), 
n. Outline of a forthcoming proceed- 
ing. [Gr.— pro, and grapho, write.] 

progress (prog'res) , n. Advance; im- 
provement. [L. progressus — progre- 
dior, go forward.] 

progress (pro-gres'), vi. Go forward; 
make progress; advance; improve. 

progression (pro-gresh'un), n. 1. Mo- 
tion onward. 2. Increase or decrease 
of numbers or magnitudes according 
to a fixed law. — progres'sional, a. 




Polar map projection. 

profligate (prof'li-gat).I. a. Abandon- 
ed to vice; prodigal. II. n. Oue 
shamelessly dissolute. — prof 'li- 
gately, adv.— prof ligacy, prof - 
ligateness, ns. [Lt.= thrown down.] 

pro forma (pro far'ma), a. As a mat- 
ter of form. [L.]" 

profound (pro-f ownd') . I. a. 1. Far 
below the surface; very deep. 2. 
Thorough. 3. Intense. 4. Low. II. n. 
Sea or ocean, — profoundly, adv. 

— profoundness, profundity, 
Tis. [L. profundus— fundus, bottom.] 

profuse (pro-f us'), a. 1. Abundant. 2. 
Liberal to excess.— profusely, adv. 

— profuse'ness, profusion, ns. 
[L. prof undo— /undo, pour.] 

Syn. Lavish; prodigal; bountiful. 

prog (prog), vi. [prog'ging; progged.] 
Prowl; go begging; search carelessly. 

progenerate(pro-jen'e-rat), vt. Beget. 

progenitor (pro-jen'i-tur ), n. Fore- 
father. [L.— pro, and genitor, parent.] 

progeny (proj'en-i). n. Offspring. 
Syn. Descendants: children; lineage. 

prognosis (prog-no'sis), n. Act or art 
of foretelling the course of a disease 
from the symptoms. 



Mercator's map projection. 

progressive (pro-gres'iv), a. Moving 
forward; improving. — progress- 
ively, adv.— progress'! veriess, n. 

prohibit (pro-hib'it), vt. 1. Hinder. 2. 

Prevent; forbid. — prohibitive, 

prohibitory, as. That prohibits. 

[L. prohibeo — pro, and habeo, hold.] 

Syn. Forbid; interdict. See hinder. 

prohibition ( pro-hi-bish'un ), n. 1. 
Act of prohibiting. 2. Interdict. 3. 
Forbidding by law the sale of alco- 
holic liquors. — prohibi'tionist, n. 
One who favors prohibition. 

project (proj'ekt), n. Plan; scheme. 
[Lt.projectum—pro, and jacio, throw.] 

project (pro-jekf). L vt. 1. Contrive. 

2. Throw forward. 3. Draw; exhibit. 
II. vi. Shoot forward; jut out. 

projectile (pro-jek'til). I. a. 1. Throw- 
ing forward. 2. Impelled forward. 
II. n. Body projected by force. 

projection (pro-jek'shun), n. 1. Act 
of projecting. 2. That whieh juts out. 

3. Plan; scheme. 4. Delineation.— 
Mercator's projection. See cut. 

projector (pro-jek'tur), n. 1. One xho 
projects or forms schemes. 2. That 
which throws, as a mirror or camera. 



fatp, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



prolate 



444 



proof 



prolate ( pro-la t' ), vt. Drawl; drag. 
[L.—prolatus, extended.] 

proletarian (pro-le-ta'ri-an), a. Hav- 
ing little or no propertyfplebeian.— 
proletariat, n. Lowest, poorest 
class. [L. proletarius.] 

prolific (pro-lif'ik), a. Fruitful; pro- 
ductive; fertile. [Fr. prolifique — L. 
proles, offspring, and facio, make.] 

prolix (pro-liks' or pro'liks), a. Tedi- 
ous; lengthy; minute. — prolix'ity, 
prolix'ness, ns. [ Hi.— pro, forward, 
and -lixus,— liquor, flow.] 

prolocutor (pro-lok'u-tur), n. Chair- 
man of a convocation. [L. —pro, be- 
fore, and loquor, locutus, speak.] 

prologue (pro'log), n. Preface; intro- 
ductory verses before a play. [Gr. 
prologos — pro, before, and logos, 
speech.] 

prolong- (pro-Ian g'),vt. Lengthen out; 
continue. [L. p'rolongo—pro, forwards, 
and longus, long.] 

prolongate (pro-lang'at), vt. Length- 
en.— prolongation, n. 

promenade ( prom-e-nad' or -nad' ), 

1. n. 1. Walk for pleasure, show, or 
exercise. 2. Place for walking. II. vi. 
Walk. [Fr.— (se)promener, walk.] 

Promethean (pro-me'the-an), a. Life- 
giving, like the fire which (in the 
Greek myth) Prometheus stole from 
heaven; inspiring. 

prominent ( prom'i-nent), a. 1. Pro- 
jecting; conspicuous. 2. Eminent; dis- 
tinguished.— prominently, adv. — 
prom'inence, prominency, ns. 
[Fr.— L. promineo, jut forth.] 
Syn. Bulging; jutting; leading. 

promiscuous (p r o- m i s ' k u - u s), a. 
Mixed; confused; collected together 
without order; indiscriminate. — 
promiscuously, adv. — promis- 
cuousness, n. [L. promiscuus— mis- 
ceo, mix.] 

promise ( prom'is ). I. n. 1. Engage- 
ment to do, or not to do, something. 

2. Expectation or that which affords 
expectation. II. vt. and vi. I. Make 
an engagement to do, or not to do, 
something. 2. Afford reason to expect. 

3. Engage to bestow. — prosn'iser, 
promisor, ns. [Fr. promesse—li. pro- 
missa—promitto, send forward.] 

promising (prom'is-ing), a. Affording 

ground for hope or expectation. — 

promisingly, adv. 
promissory (prom'is-o-ri), a. Contain- 

taining a promise. — Promissory note, 

written engagement to pay a certain 

sum at a certain time. 
promontory (prom'un-to-ri),w. High 

cape; headland. [L. pro, forward, and, 

mons, montis, mountain.] 



promote (prS-mof), vt. 1. Advance; 
further ; encourage. 2. Raise to a 
higher position. — promo'ter, n. — 
promo'tive, a. [L. promotus, pa. p. 
of promoveo—pro, forward, and moveo, 
move.] 

promotion (pro-mo'shun), ft. Advance- 
ment; encouragement; preferment. 

prompt (promt). I. a. 1. Prepared; 
ready. 2. Acting with alacrity. II, 
vt. 1. Incite; move to action. 2. Assist 
a speaker when at a loss for words; 
suggest.— promp'ter, n.— prompt'* 
ly, adv. — promptness, n. [ L. 
prompius— promo, bring forward.] 

Syn. Quick; willing; early; timely; 
punctual; immediate. 

promptitude (prom'ti-tiid), n. Readi- 
ness; quickness of decision and ac- 
tion. [Fr.] 

promulgate (pro-mul'gat), vt. Pub- 
lish; proclaim.— promulgation, n. 
-promulgator,^. [L. promulgo.] 

prone (pron), a. 1. Lying with the 
lace downward, (opp. of supine). 2. 
Bending forward ; running down- 
ward. 3. Disposed ; inclined.— prone'- 
ness, n. [L. pronus.] 

prong ( prang ), n. Spike of a fork or 
other similar instrument. [Wei. pro- 
do, thrust.] 

pronominal (pro-nom'i-nal), a. Be- 
longing to, or of the nature of, a pro- 
noun.— pronom'inally, adv. 

pronoun (pro'nown), n. Word used 
instead of a noun. 

pronounce (pro-nowns'), vt. 1. Utter; 
speak distinctly. 2. Utter formally 

3. Declare. — pronoun'cer, n. [L. 
pronuncio—pro , forth, and nuncio, an- 
nounce.] 

pronounceable (pro-nown'sa-bl), a. 
Capable of being pronounced." 

pronouncing(pro-nown'sing), a. Glv 
ing pronunciation. 

pronunciamento(pro-nun-si-a-men'- 
to), n. Proclamation; formal' decla- 
ration. [Sp. pronunciamiento.] 

pronunciation ( pro-nun-si-a'shun )> 
n. Act or mode of pronouncing; utter- 
ance. 

proof (prof). I. n. 1. Any process to dis- 
cover or establish a truth. 2. That 
which convinces; demonstration. 3. 
State of having been tested; firmness. 

4. Firmness of mind. 5. Certain 
strength of alcoholic spirits. 6. In 
print. Impression taken for correc- 
tion; proof-sheet. 7. Early impres- 
sion of an engraving. II. a. 1. Firm 
in resisting. 2. Of a certain alcoholic 
strength. 3. Used to prove or test. 
[Fr. preuve — L. probo, prove.] 



fate, fat, task, far, faU, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



proof-spirit 



445 



proposition 



proof-spirit, n. Alcoholic liquor 
which contains 0,57 of its volume of 
pure alcohol, and has a specific grav- 
ity of 0.92. 

prop (prop), l.n. Support; stay. II. 
vt. [nrop'ping: propped.] Support by 
placing something under or against; 
sustain. [Low Ger. proppen, stuff. 
Cf. Ger. pfropf, stopper.] 

propaganda (prop-a-gan'da), n. In- 
stitution for propagating a'doctrine, 
or for proselyting; esp. a committee 
of R. C. cardinals superintending for- 
eign missions. 

propagate (prop'a-gat). L vt. 1. Mul- 
tiply by generation or successive pro- 
duction ; extend; produce. 2. Impel 
forward in space, as sound. 3. Extend 
the knowledge of. II. vi. Be reproduced 
or multiplied by generation, or by 
new shoots.— propagative (prop'a- 
ga-tiv), a. Having the power of prop- 
agation. — prop'ag-ator, n.— prop- 
3«ga'tion, n. [L. propago.] 

proparoxytone ( pro pav-oks'i-ton ), 
a. Having the accent on the ante- 
penult. [Gr.] 

propel (pro-pel'), vt. [propelling; pro- 
pelied'.] Drive forward; urge onward. 
[L.pro, forward, and pello, drive.] 

propeller (pro-pel'er), n. 1. One who 
or that which prouels. 2. Screw for 
propelling a steamboat. 3. Vessel thus 
propelled. 

propense (pro-pens'), a. Inclined; 
prone.— propensity, n. Disposition 
[L.— pro, anApendeo, hang.] 
Syn. Bias. See inclination. 

proper (prop'er), a. 1. One's own. 2. 
Naturally or essentially belonging to 
one; peculiar. 3. Belonging to only 
oue of a species (as a name). 4. Nat- 
ural; suitable; correct; just; right; 
becoming. 5. Comely; pretty. 6. Right- 
ly or properly so called.— prop'erly, 
adv. [Fr. propre—Lt. proprius.] 

propertied ( prop'er- tid ), a. Having 
property. 

property ( prop'er- ti), n. 1. Peculiar 
or essential quality; quality. 2. That 
which is or may be owned. 3. Right 
of possessing, employing, etc. ; owner- 
ship. 4. pi. Articles required by actors 
in play. — property-man, n. One 
who has charge of the stage requi- 
sites. [O. Fr. proprete.] 

prophecy ( prof'e-si ), n. Declaration 
of something to come; prediction. 
[O. Fr. prophetie—Gr . propheteia.] 

prophesy ( prof'e-si ), vt. [proph'esy- 
iug;proph'esied.] 1. Foretell. 2. Speak 
by divine inspiration, [s has been arbi- 
trarily substituted for c, to disting- 
uish the verb from the noun.] 



prophet (prof'et), n. 1. One who pro- 
claims or interprets the will of God. 
2. One who predicts or foretells 
events.— prophetess, n. fern. [Fr. 
— Gr. propheses, one who speaks for 
another,— pro, in behalf of, and phemi, 
speak.] 

prophetic ( pro-fet'ik ), prophet'- 
ical, a. Containing prophecy; fore- 
seeing or foretelling events. — pro- 
phetically, adv. 

prophylactic ( pro-fi-lak'tik ). I. a. 
Protecting against disease. II. n. That 
which protects against disease. [Gr. 
—pro, before, and phylasso, guard.] 

propinquity ( pro-ping'kwi-ti ), n. 
Nearness in time, place, or blood ; 
proximity. [L. propinquitas—propin- 
quus, near.] 

propionic (pro-pi-on'ik) acid. Color- 
less liquid, part of sweat, with an 
odor like acetic acid. 

propitiable (pro-pish'i-a-bl), a. That 
may be propitiated. 

propitiate (pro-pish'i-at), vt. and vi. 
Render favorable; conciliate. — pro- 
pitiation, n— propitiatory (pro- 
pish'i-a-to-ri), a. Having power to 
propitiate. [L. propitio, propitiatum.] 

propitious (pro-pish'us), a. Favor- 
able; disposed to be gracious or mer- 
ciful.— propi'tiously, adv. — pro- 
pi'tiousness, n. [D. propitius—prope. 
near.] [proposes. [L. proponens.] 

proponent (pro-po'nent), n. One who 

proportion ( pro-por'shun ). I. n. 1. 
Relation of one thing to another in 
regard to magnitude. 2. Mutual fit- 
ness of parts; symmetrical arrange- 
ment. 3. In math. Identity or equal- 
ity of ratios. 4. Rule of three in 
which three terms are given to find a 
fourth. 5. Equal share. II. vt. 1. 
Adjust. 2. Form symmetrically. [L. 
pro, for, andjporiio, part.] £ 

proportional (pro-por'shun-al). I. a. 

I. Having a due proportion.' 2. Re- 
lating to proportion. 3. In math. 
Having the same or a constant ratio. 

II. n. In math. Number or quantity 
in a proportion.-propor'tionally* 
adv. 

proportionate (pro-por'shun-at), a. 
Adjusted according to a proportion; 
proportional. — proportionately , 
adv. [offer; statement 

proposal (pro-po'zal), n. Proposition; 

propose (pro-poz'). I. vt. Offer for con- 
sideration, etc. II. vi. Make a pro- 
posal; make an offer of marriage. — 
propo'ser, n. [Fr.]_ 

proposition (prop-o-zish'un ), n. 1. 
Offer of terms. 2. Act of stating any- 
thing. 3. That which is stated. 4. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, more, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



propositi onal 



446 



prostrate 



In gram, and logic, complete sentence, 
or one which affirms or denies some- 
thing. 5. In math. Theorem or prob- 
lem to be demonstrated or solved. 

propositions! (prop-6-zish'un-al), a. 
1. Pertaining to, or of the nature of, 
a proposition. 2. Considered as a 
proposition. 

propound (pro-pownd'), vt. Offer for 
consideration. — propound'er, n. 
[Orig. propone, from L. propono—pro, 
forth, andpono, place.] 

proprietary (pro-pri'e-tar-i), I. a. Be- 
longing to a proprietor; pertaining to 
property. II. n. Proprietor; owner. 

— Proprietary medicine, patent med- 
icine. 

proprietor (pro-pri'e-ttir), n. Owner. 

— proprietress, fern. — propri- 
etorship, n. 

propriety ( pro-pri'e-ti ), n. 1. State 

of being proper or right; fitness; 

accuracy. 2. Property; estate. [Pr. 

— L. proprietas—proprius, one's own.] 
propulsion (pro-pul'shun), n. Act of 

propelling. 
propulsive (pro-pul'siv), a. Tending 

or having power to propel. 
pro rata ( pr5 ra'ta ). In proportion; 

proportionally.^ [L.] 
prorate (pro-rat'), vt. and vi. Assess 

prorata; divide proportionally. 
prorogation (pro-ro-ga'shun), n. Act 

of proroguing. 
prorogue ( pro-rog' ), vt. Terminate 

one session and continue to another. 

— prorogation, n. [L. prorogo — 
pro, forward, and rogo, ask.] 

prosaic (pro-za'ik), prosa'ical, a. 1. 
Pertaining to prose; like prose. 2. 
Commonplace. — prosaically, adv. 

proscenium (pro-se'ni-um), n. Front 
part of the stage. [L.— Gr. proskenion 
—pro, before, and Skene, stage.] 

proscribe (pro-skrib') , vt. 1. Publish 
the names of persons to be punished 
by death; outlaw. 2. Banish. 3. Pro- 
hibit. 4. Denounce, as a doctrine. — 
proseri'ber, n. [L. —pro, publicly, 
and scribo, write.] 

proscription (pro-skrip'shun), n. Act 
of proscribing. [Fr. — L.] 

proscriptive (pro-skrip'tiv), a. Per- 
taining to, or consisting in, proscrip- 
tion. 

prose (proz). I. n. Speech or writing 
not arranged in poetical measures; 
composition not in verse. II. a. 1. 
Pertaining to prose; not poetical. 2. 
Plain; dull. [ L. prosa — prorsus, 
straightforward . ] 

prosector ( pro-sek'tur ), n. One who 
prepares a cadaver for anatomical 
demonstration by a professor. 



prosecute (pros'e-kut). I. vt. 1. Con* 
tinue. 2. Pursue by law; take legal 
action against. II. vi. Carry on a legal 
prosecution. [L. prosequo.] 

prosecution ( pros-e-ku'shun ), n. 1. 
Act of prosecuting. 2. Criminal suit. 
3. Prosecutor, or prosecutors collect- 
ively. — pros'ecutor, n. One who 
prosecutes. — prosecutrix, n. fern. 

proselyte (pros'e-lit ). 1. n. One who 
has come over to a religion or opin- 
ion; convert. II. vt. and vi. Make, or 
endeavor to make, proselytes or con- 
verts. [Gr. proselytos —pros, to, and 
erchomai, elython, come.] 

prosely tism ( pros'e-lit-izm ), n. Act 
or practice of proselytizing or of mak- 
ing converts. 

proselytize (pros-e-lit-Iz'), vi. and vt. 
Make proselytes; convert, [dullness. 

prosiness(pro'zi-nes), n. Tediousness; 

prosit (pro'zit), interj. To your healthl 
[L. = May it do you good I] 

prosody ( pros'o-di), n. That part of 
grammar which treats of quantity, 
accent, and the laws of verse or versi- 
fication. [Gr. prosodia, song.] 

prospect (pros'pekt), n. 1. View; ob- 
ject of view; scene. 2. Expectation. 3. 
Object of hope. 4. Position, as of the 
front of a building, etc. [L.— pro, for- 
ward, and specio, look.] 

prospect ( pvo-spekt'), vt. and vi. 1. 
Search for un worked deposits of ore. 

/ 2. Look forward. — prospector, n. 

prospective (pro-spek'tiv), a. 1. Re- 
lating to the future. 2. Being in ex- 
pectation ; probable.— prospective- 
ly, adv. [Fr.— L.] 

prospectus (pro-spek'tus), n. Outline 
of a plau or proposed undertaking. 

prosper (pros'per), vt. and vi. Make or 
be successful ; succeed. 

prosperity (pros-per'i-ti), n. State of 
being prosperous; success. 

Syn. Good fortune; weal; welfare; 
well-being; happiness; thrift. 

prosperous (pros'per-us), a. 1. Favor- 
able. 2. Successful.— prosperous- 
ly, adv. [L.— pro, in accordance with, 
and spes, hope.] 

prostitute (pros'ti-tut). I. vt. Devote 
to an improper purpose. II. a. Openly 
devoted to lewdness. — prostitu- 
tion, n. [L.] 

prostrate (pros' trat). I. a. Lying at 
length; prostrated. II. vt. 1. Throw 
forwards on the ground; lay flat. 2, 
Overthrow; sink totally.— prostra- 
tion (pros-tra'shun), n. 1. Act of 
throwing down or laying flat. 2. De- 
jection. 3. Complete loss of strength. 
[L. pro, forwards, and sterno, stratum, 
throw on the ground.] 



late, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. , 



prosy 



447 



proud 



prosy (pro'zi) _a. Dull; tedious. 

protasis (prot'a-sis), n. "If" clause of 
a conditional senteuce,the main term 
being called the apodosis. 

Protean (pro'te-an or pro-te'an), a. 
Readily assuming different shapes. 
[From Proteus, the sea-god, fabled to 
have the power of changing himself 
into an endless variety of forms.] 

protect (pro-tekf), vt. Shelter from 
injury. [L.— pro, and tego, cover.] 
Syn. Defend ; guard ; shield. 

protection (pro-tek'shun), n. 1. De- 
fence; preservation; security; guard. 
2. System of fostering home indus- 
tries by imposing import duties. — 
protectionist, n. 

protective (pro-tek'tiv), a. Affording 
protection: defensive; sheltering. 

protector (pro-tek'tur), n. One who 
or that which protects from injury or 
oppres.-ion; guardian; regent,— pro- 
tect' ress, fern.— protectorship, n. 

protectoral (pro-tek'tur-al), protec- 
torial (pro-tek-to'ri-al), a. Pertain- 
ing to a protector or regent^ 

protectorate ( pro-tek'tor-at), n. 1. 
Goverment by a protector, y. Author- 
ity assumed by a superior power 
over a weaker one, for the sake of pro- 
tecting and_contrqlling it. 

protege (pro-ta-zha'), n. One under the 
protection of another.— protegee', n. 
fern. [Fr.] 

protein (pro'te-in), n. Hypothetical 
nitrogenous substance,formerly sup- 
posed to be an essential part of all 
food. Tbe word is now correctly used 
in compounds only, as protein-granu- 
les. [Gf.—protos, first. ] 

protest(pro-test'),^. andw. 1. Declare 
openly; make a solemn declaration. 
2. Make a formal objection. 3. Note 
formally the non-acceptance or non- 
payment, as of a promissory note or 
bill of exchange.— protest'er, n. [L. 
—pro, publicly, and testis, witness.] 
Syn. Affirm; aver; attest; declare. 

protest (pro'test), n. 1. Formal decla- 
ration of dissent. 2. Attestation by a 
notary-public of an unpaid or unac- 
cepted bill.— protest'ant, n. One who 
protests. 

Protestant ( prot'es-tant ). I. a. Per- 
taining to the faith of those who dis- 
sent from the doctrines of the Roman 
Catholic Church. II. n. 1. Orig. One 
of those who, in 1529, protested 
against an edict of Charles V and the 
Diet of Spires. 2. Dissenter from the 
doctrines of the R. C. Church. 

Protestantism (prot'es-tant-izm), n. 
1. Protestant religion. 2. State of be- 
ing a Protestant. 



protestation (prot-es-ta'shun), n. 1, 
Solemn declaration. 2. Declaration 
of dissent. 

p rot borax (pro-tho'rax) , n. Anterior 
division of the thorax in insects, bear- 
ing the front pair of legs. 

proto-, pre/fa. Used to express prior- 
ity. [Gr. prqtos, first.] 

protocol (pro'to-kol), n. 1. First copy 
of a document. 2. Minutes of a diplo- 
matic conference; rough draft of a 
treaty. [Gr.—kolla, glue.] 

protoplasm (pro'to-plazm), n. Homo- 
geneous, structureless substance, 
forming the physical basis of life, and 
capable of growth and secretion. [Gr. 
— plasma, form.]_ 

prototype (pro'to-tip), n. Model after 
which auy thing is copied; exemplar; 
pattern. 

protract (pro-trakf), vt. 1. Lengthen 
in time; prolong. 2. Draw to a scale. 
— protraction, n. [L. —pro, forth, 
and traho, draw.] [ing; delaying. 

protractiTe (pro-trak'tiv), a. Prolong. 

protractor (pro-trak'tur), n. 1. One 
who or that which protracts. 2. Math- 
ematical instrument for laying down 
angles on paper, used in surveying 
etc. 3. Muscle which extends or draws 
a part forward. — Opp. to retractor. 

protrude(pro-trod'), vt. and vi. Thrust 
forward or project. — protrusion 
(pro-tro'zhun), n.— protrusive (pro- 
tro'siv), a. Thrusting or impelling 
forward. [L. protrudo.] 




Changes of a sun-protuberance 
within 15 minutes. 

protuberance ( pro-tu'ber-ans ), n. 
Anything pushed beyond the'surface. 
Syn. Prominence^ projection. 

protuberant (pr o-tu'ber-ant ), a. 
Swelling out; prominent. 

proud(prowd), a. 1. Having excessive 
self-esteem ; arrogant; haughty. 2. 
Having justifiable self esteem. 3. High- 
spirited. 4. Giving ground for pride. 
— proudly, adv. — proud-flesh. 
n. Excrescence of flesh. [A. S. prut.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



prove 



448 



prudish 



prove (prov). I. vt. 1. Try by experi- 
ment or test or standard. 2. Try by 
suffering. 3. Establish by evidence. 4. 
Experience; suffer. II. vi. 1. Make 
trial. 2. Be shown afterwards. — 
pro'ver, n. [O. Fr. prover— L.probo.] 
Syn. Test: demonstrate; show; con- 
firm: justify; verify; substantiate; 
enjoy; manifest; turnout. 

proven (pro'vn), a. Same as proved. 

provender (prov'en-der), n. Food for 
beasts, as hay or corn ; fodder. [M. E. 
provende — L. L. praebenda, daily al- 
lowance of food.] 

proverb(prov'erb), n. 1. Short familiar 
sentence, forcibly expressing a truth 
or moral lesson; adage. 2. By-word. 
[L. pro, publicly, and verbum, word.] 

proverbial (pro-ver'bi-al), a. 1. Per- 
taining to proverbs ; mentioned in or 
resembling a proverb. 2. Widely 
spoken of.— proverb'iallyjadv. 

provide (pro-vid'). l.vt. 1. Make ready 
beforehand; prepare. 2. Supply. II. 
vi. 1. Procure supplies or means of 
defence. 2. Take measures. 3. Bar- 
gain previously.— provider, n. [L. 
—pro, before, a,t\& video, see.] 

provided (pro-vi 'ded), conj. On con- 
dition that. 

providence (prov'i-dens), n. 1. Time- 
ly preparation. 2. Foresight and care 
of God over all his creatures. 3. (P) 
God. 4. Prudence in managing one's 
affairs. [Fr.— L. providential 

provident (prov'i-dent), a. Providing 

for the future; cautious; prudent..— 

prov'idently, adv. [L. providens.] 

Syn. Economical; frugal; thrifty. 

providential(prov-i-den'shal), a. Pro- 
ceeding from divine providence. — 
providen'tially, adv. 

province (prov'ins), n. 1. Portion of 
an empire or state. 2. Business; duty; 
sphere; department of knowledge. 
[Li. provincia, mark.] 

provincial ( pro-viu'shal ). I. a. 1. 
Relating to a province, used in a small 
district only; countrified. 2. Local; 
rude; unpolished. II. n. 1. Inhabitant 
of a province or country district. 2. 
In the RC. Church, superintendent of 
the heads of the religious houses in a 
province, — provin'cially, adv. 

provincialism (pro-vin'shal-izm), n. 
Mode of speech peculiar to a province ; 
peculiarity of dialect. 

provision (pro-vizh'un). I. n. 1. Act 
of providing. 2. That which is provid- 
ed or prepared. 3. Measures taken 
beforehand; preparation. 4. Previous 
agreement; condition. 5. Store of food; 
provender. II. vt. Supply with provi- 
sions or food. — provisional (pro- 



vizh'un-al), a. Provided for an occa- 
sion; temporary.— provisionally, 
adv. [See provide.] 

proviso (pro-vi'zo),?i. [pi. provisos 
(pro-vi 'zoz .] Condition; stipulation. 
[From the L. phrase proviso quod, it 
being provided that. ] 

provisory ( pro- vi'zur-i ), a. 1. Con- 
taining a condition; conditional. 2. 
Making temporary provision; tempo- 
rary.— provi'sorily, adv. 

provocation ( prov-o-ka'shun), n. 1. 
Act of provoking. 2. That which pro- 
vokes. [See provoke.] 

provocative(pro-vok'a-tiv). I. a.Tend- 
ing to provoke or excite. II. n. Any- 
thing tendingto provoke or stimulate, 

provoke (pro-vok), vt. Excite to 
action; excite with anger; offend — 
provo kingly, adv. [Fr. provoquer 
—L. pro, forth, a,nd voco, call.] 

provost (prov'ust), n. Superintendent. 
— provost-marshal ( pro-vo-mar'- 
shal), n. Officer of the army or navy 
with special powers for enforcing 
discipline. [O. Fr. — L. praepositus — 
prae, over, and pono, place.] 

prow (prow), n. Forepart of a ship; 
bow. [Fr. proue — Gr. prora — pro, 
before.] [Fr. prouesse.] 

prowess (prow'es), n. Bravery ; valor. 

prowl (prowl), vi. Rove in search of 
prey or plunder. — prowler, n. 
[From rootofPREV.] 

proximate (proks'i-mat), a. Nearest, 
near and immediate.— proximate- 
ly, adv. [L. proximus, next.] 

proximity (proks-im'i-ti), n. Imme- 
diate nearness. 

proximo (proks'i-mo), a. In the next 
month. [L. abl. of proximus.] 

proxy (proks'i), n. 1. Agency of one 
who acts for another. 2. One who 
acts for another. 3. Writing by which 
one is deputed. [From procuracy.] 

pmde (prod), n. Woman of affected 
modesty. [Fr.] 

prndence (prb'dens), n. Quality of 
being prudent ; wisdom applied to 
practice; caution. [Fr.— Li.pradentia.] 

prudent (pro'dent), a. 1. Provident; 
cautious and wise. 2. Economical. 
pru'dently, adv. [L. prudens, contr. 
of providens, foreseeing.] 

Syn. Careful; discreet; foreseeing; 
sensible; sagacious ; judicious; frugal. 

prudential (pro-den'shal), a. 1. Pro- 
ceeding from or dictated by prudence. 
2. Advisory. — pruden'tially, adv. 

prudery (pro'der-i), n. Manners of a 
prude. 

prudish (pro'dish), a. Affectedly mod- 
est or reserved; over-precise.— 
prudishly, adv. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, theu> 



prune 



449 



publication 



prune (pron), vt. 1. Trim, as trees or 
branches, by loppirig off superfluous 
parts. 2. Trim or dress with the bill, 
as a bird; preen.— pru'ner, n. [Pr. 
provigner, propagate by slips,— L. pro- 
pago. See propagate.] 

prune (pron), n. Dried plum. [Fr.— L. 
prunum— Gr. prounon.] 

prunella (pro-nel'a), prunello (pro- 
nel'o), n. Strong, "woollen stuff, used 
for women's shoes. [ Prob.— prune, 
plum color.] 

prunelle (pro-nel'), n. Pine grade of 
prune, with skin and stone removed. 

prurience (pro'ri-ens), pru'rieucy, 
n. Tendency; itching. 

prurient (pro'ri-ent), a. Uneasy with 
desire; sensual. [L. —prurio, itch.] 

Prussian (prush'an). I. a. Of or per- 
taining to Prussia. II. n. Native or 
inhabitant of Prussia. 

prussie (prus'ik), a. Related to Prus- 
sian blue.— Prussic acid, hydrocyanic 
acid. 

pry (pri), vi. [pry'ing; pried.] Search 
with impertinent curiosity. — pry- 
ingly, adv. [Doublet of peer.] 
§yn. Peer; pry; rubber. 

psalm (sam), n. Sacred song. — The 
Psalms, one of the books of the Old 
Testament.— psalmist (sam'ist), n. 
Composer of psalms. [Gr. psalmos— 
psallo, twang.] 

psalmotlic (sal-mod'ik), psalmod'i- 
cal, a. Pertaining to psalmody. — 
psalmodist (sal'mod-ist), n. Singer 
of psalms. 

psalmody (sal'mo-di), n. 1. Singing 
of psalms. 2. Psalms collectively. 
[Gr. psalmodia, singing to the harp.] 

Psalter (sal'ter), n. Book o\ psalms, 
esp. when separately printer. [O. Pr. 
psaltier—Lt. psalterium.] 

psaltery (sal'ter-i), n, r ? 

Stringed instrument \ / 

of the Jews. [Gr. psal- \ j 

terion.] \ I 

pseudo-, prefix. False ; \ / 

fictitious ; spurious. ' ' 

[Gr.] 

pseudonym 




a fictitious name. [Fr 

— Gr. pseudes, false, Pseudoscopic 

and onoma, narne.]^ illusion. 

pseudoscope ( su'do- 
skop), n. Stereoscope showing concave 
parts convex, and vice versa. [Gr.] 

pseudoscopic (su-do-skop'ik), a. Per- 
taining to optical illusion, esp. in 
judging relative distance and size. 



See the cut representing two trape- 
zoids that are exactly alike. 

pshaw (sha)^ inter j. of contempt. 

psyche (si'ke), n. In Greek mythology, 
the human soul personified as a 
female deity, beloved by Eros. [Gr.= 
soul— psychein, breathe.] 

psychic (si'kik), psychical (si'kik- 
al), a. 1. Pertaining to the soul, or 
living principle in man. 2. Pertaining 
to the science of mind; opposed to 
physical. 

psychologic (si-ko-loj'ik), psycho- 
logical, a. Pertaining to psychol- 
ogy-— psychologically, adv. 

psychology ( si-kol'o-ji ), n. Science 
which classifies and analyses the 
phenomena of the human mind. [Gr. 
psyche, soul, and logos, treatise.] 

ptarmigan ( tar'mi-gan ), n. Species 
of grouse with feathered toes inhabit- 
ing the tops of mountains. [Gael. 
tarmachan.] 

pterodactyl ( ter- 
o-dak'til),n. Extinct 
saurian with enor- 
mous wings. [Gr. 
pteron, wing, and 
daktylos, finger.] 

ptolemaic (tol-e- 
ina'ik), a. Relating 
to the astronomer 
Ptolemy, who as- 
sumed the earth to 
be the center of the 
universe. 

ptomain, ptoma- 
ine ( to'ma-in ), n. 
Putrescent product 
of animal origin and 
of a basis of alka- 




PterodactyL 



loidal nature; cadaveric poison. [Gr. 
ptoma, dead bodv.] 

puberty (pu'ber-ti), n. Age of full de- 
velopment : early manhood or woman- 
hood. [L. pubertas.] 

pubescent (pu-bes'ent), a. 1. Arriving 
at puberty. 2. In hot. and zool. Cover- 
ed with soft, short hair. [L.] 

public (pub'lik). I. a. Of or belonging 
to the people; general; common to 
all; generally known. II. n. People. 
— publicly, adv. [L. publicus— po- 
putus, people.] 

publican (pub'lik-an), n. 1. In Eng- 
land, the keener of an inn or public- 
house. 2. Originally, farmer-general of 
the Roman public revenue; tax-col- 
lector. [L.] 

publication ( pub'li-ka'shun ), n. 1. 
Act of publishing or making public. 
2. Act of printing and sending forth 
to the public, as a book. 3. That which 
is published. 



fate, fat, task, far, fftll, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mitj note, not, move, wolf j 
mete, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



public-bouse 



450 



pulpy 



public-house(pub'lik-hows), n. House 
open to the public; house of public 
entertainment. ' 

publicist (pub'li-sist) , n. One who 
writes on, or is skilled in, public law, 
or current political topics. 

publicity (pub-lis'i-ti), n. Openness 
to public knowledge; notoriety. 

public-spirited (pub'lik-spir'it-ed ) , 
a. With a regard to the public in- 
terest. 

publish (pub'lish), vt. 1. Make public; 
reveal. 2. Print and offer for sale; put 
into circulation. — publisher, n. 
[Pr.— L. publico— publicus.] 
Syn. Proclaim. See announce. 

puck (puk), n. Goblin; mischievous 
sprite. [Ir. puca, sprite.] 

pucker (puk'er). I. vt. Gather into 
folds; wrinkle. II. n. Nest of folds; 
wriukle. [From poke, bag.] 

pudding- ( pod'ing), n. l. Intestine 
filled with meat; large sausage. 2. 
Soft kind of food, of flour, milk, eggs, 
etc. [Influenced by Fr. boudin, blood- 
sausage. Ir. putog—pot, bag.] 

puddle (pud'l). I. n. Small pool of 
muddy water. II. vt. l.Make muddy. 2. 
Convert into wrought iron by expel- 
ling the oxygen and carbon through 
stirring while in molten condition. 
— pud'dler, n. [Celt, plod, pool.] 

pudgy (puj'i), a. Short and fat. 

puerile (pu'er-il), a. Of or pertaining 
to a boy.— pu'erilely, arfn.-pner- 
il'ity, n. 1. Quality of being puerile. 
2. That which is puerile. 3. Childish 
expression. [L. puerilis —puer, boy.] 
Syn. Childish; trifling; silly. 

puff (ouf). I. vi. 1. Blow in puffs or 
whiffs. 2. Swell or fill with air. 3. 
Breathe with vehemence. 4. Blow 
at, in contempt. 5. Bustle about. II. 
vt. 1. Drive with a puff. 2. Swell 
with a wind. 3. Praise in exag- 
gerated terms. III. n. 1. Sudden, 
forcible breath ; sudden blast of wind ; 
gust or whiff. 2. Fungous ball con- 
taining dust ; anything light and 
porous, or swollen and light. 3. Kind 
of light pastry. 4. Exaggerated ex- 
pression of praise.— puff'er, n— puff- 
paste, rich dough for light, friable 
pastry. [Imitative.] 

puffery (puf'er-i), n. Puffing or ex- 
travagant praise. 

puffin (puf'in), n. Water-fowl having 
a short, thick, many-colored beak. 

puffy (puf'i), a. 1. Swollen. 2. Bom- 
bastic. 3. Gusty. — puffily, adv.— 
puffiness, n. 

pug (pug), n. 1. Monkey. 2. Kind of 
dog. — pug-nose, n. Short turned- 
up nose ; snub-nose. [Corr. of puck.] 



pugilism (pu'jil-izm), n. Art of box- 
ing or fighting with the fists. — pu- 
gilist, n. One who fights with his 
fists.— pugilistic, a. [From L. pugil, 
boxer.] 

pugnacious (pug-na'shus), a. Com- 
bative ; quarrelsome. — pugnaci- 
ously, adv. — pugnacity, n. [L. 
pugnax—pugno, fight.] 

puisne (pu'ni), a. In law, inferior in 
rank, as certain judges in England. 
[O. Fr. irompuis, after, and ne, born.] 

puissant (pu'is-ant), a. 1. Powerful. 
2. Forcible. — pu'issantly, adv.— 
pu'issance, n. [Fr.] 

puhe (puk). I. vt. and vi. Vomit; 
cause to vomit. II. n. 1. Vomiting. 
2. Emetic. 3. Disgusting person. 

pulchritude (purkri-tud),-w. Beauty; 
grace, esp. of the soul. [L.] 

pule (pul), vi. Cry, whimper, or 
whine, like a child. — pu'ler, n. 
[From Fr. piauler. Imitative.] 

pull (pol). I. vt. and vi. Draw forcibly; 
tear; pluck; row. II. n. 1. \.ct of 
pulling. 2. Struggle ; contest. 3. 
Handle, knob, etc. 4. Influence. [A. 
S. pullian.] [disadvantage. 

pullbach (pol'bak), n. Drawback; 

pullet (pol'et), n. Young hen. [Fr. 
poulette, dim. of poule, hen.] 

pulley (pol'i), n. Apparatus consist* 
ingof one or more 
wheels turning 
upon an axis, and 
having a groove in 
which a cord runs, 
used for raising 
weights.— pi. pull'- 
eys. [A. S. pullian. 
Fr. poulie.] 

pulmonary (pnl'- 
mo-nar'-i), a. Per- 
taining to or af- 
fecting the lungs. 
[L. pulmo, lung.] 

pulmonic (pul-mon'ik). I. a. Per- 
taining to or affecting the lungs, II. 
n. 1. Medicine for disease of the 
lungs. 2. One affected by disease of 
the lungs. 

pulp (pulp), n. Soft fleshy part of 
bodies; soft part of plants, esp. of 
fruits; any soft mass. [L. pulpa.] 

pulpit (pol'pitj, n. 1. Elevated place 
in a church where the sermon is de- 
livered. 2. Preachers in general; 
preaching. [L. pulpitum, stage. Ety- 
mology unknown.] 

pulpous (pulp'us), a. Consisting of or 
resembling pulp; soft.— pulp'ous- 
ness, n. [pulp'iness, n. 

pulpy (pulp'i), a. Like pulp; soft.— 




Pulleys. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



pulque 



451 



punish 



pulque (pol'ke), n. Mexican ferment- 
ed drink made from the juice of the 
agave. 

pulsate (pul'sat), vi. Throb; beat.— 
pulsa'tion, n. [ L. pulso, freq. of 
pello, drive.] 

pulsator (pul-sa'tur), n. 1. Beater. 2. 
Pulsometer. 3. Device used in dia- 
mond minlug; shaker. 

pulse (puis), n. 1. Beating of the heart 
and the arteries. 2. Pulsation; vibra- 
tion.— pulse-glass, two bulbs con- 
nected by a tube, with which they 
form right angles, all of glass, partly 
filled with alcohol, and having the air 
exhausted. If one bulb is grasped by 
the hand, a lively ebullition takes 
place at once in the other bulb. [Pr. 
pouls — - L. pulsus — pello, pulsus. See 

PULSATE.] 

pulse (puis), n. 1. Edible seeds of 
leguminous plants, as beans, peas, 
etc. 2. Plant producing such seeds. 
[L. puis, porridge.] 

pulsinieter (pul-sim'e-ter), n. Instru- 
ment for measuring the strength or 
quickness of the pulse. 

pulsometer (pul-soin'e-ter), n. Kind 
of steam-condensing vacuum pump. 

pul veraceous (p u 1 - v e r - a's he - u s) , 
pulverulent ( pul-ver'6-lent ), a. 
Dusty; powdery. 

pulverize (pul'ver-iz), vt. Reduce to 
dust or fine powder. — pulveriza- 
tion, n._ [From L. pulvis, dust.] 

puma (pu'ma), n. Carnivorous animal, 
of the cat kind, plain reddish-brown ; 
American lion; cougar. [Peruvian.] 

pumice ( pum'is ), n. Hard, light, 
spongy, volcanic mineral. — pumi- 
ceous(pu-mish'e-us) , pum'iciform , 
pum'icose, a. Resembling, or con- 
sisting of, pumice. [A. S. pumic 
(-stan), pumice (-stone) — 'L.pumex — 
spumex—spuma, foam.] 

pummel. Same as pommel. 

pump (pump). I. n. Machine for rais- 
ing or moving water or other fluids. 

II. vt. 1. Raise with a pump. 2. Draw 
out information by artful questions. 

III. vi. Work a pump. [Ger. pumpe 
(for plumpe) . Imitative.] 

pump (pump), n. Thin-soled, low shoe 
used in dancing. [Pr. pompe.] 

pumpernickel ( pom'per-nik-1 ), n. 
Dark brown bread made of unbolted 
rye. [Ger.] 

pumpkin (pump'kin or pung'kin), n. 
Plant of gourd family with edible 
fruit. [Fr. pompon— Gv.pepon, melon.] 

pun (pun). I. vt. [pun'ning; punned.] 
Play upon words similar in sound but 
different in meaning. II. n. Play upon 
words. [A. S. punian, pound, beat.] 



punatoo (pun-a-to'), n. Preserve made 
of the fruit of the palmyra palm, 
[Ceylon.] 

punch (punch), n. Beverage, origin- 
ally of five ingredients, spirit, water, 
sugar, lemon-juice, and spice. [Hind. 
panch, five.] 

punch (punch). I. vt. Prick or pierce 
with something sharp; perforate with 
a steel tool. II. n. Tool for stamping 
or perforating; kind of awl. [Form 

of PUNCHEON.] 

punch (punch). I. vt. Strike, esp. by 
thrusting out the fist. II. n. Stroke 
or blow. [Prob. a corr. of punish.] 

punch (punch), n. Short, humpback- 
ed male figure in a puppet-show. [It. 
pulcinello — L. pullas, young animal.] 

puncheon (pun'chun), n. Steel tool 
with one end for stamping or perfo- 
rating metal plates. [O. Fr. poinson, 
bodkin— L. punctio, puncture.] 

puncheon (pun'chun), n. Cask; liquid 
measure of from 72 to 120 gallons. 
[O. Fr. poinson, cask.] 

punctilio (pungk-tii'i-o),n. Nice point 
in behavior or ceremony; nicety in 
forms. [Sp. puntillo, dim. of punto—Iu. 
punctum, point.] 

punctilious (pungk-til'i-us), a. Very 
exact in behavior or ceremony. — 
punctiliously, adv. — punctil- 
iousness, n. 

punctual (pungk'tu-al), a. 1. Exact 
in keeping time and appointments. 
2. Done at the exact time. — punc- 
tually, adv.— punctuality, n. [Fr. 
ponctuel — L. punctum, point.] 

punctuate (pungk'tu-at), vt. Mark 
with points; divide sentences by cer- 
tain marks.— punctuation, n. 

puncture (pungk'tur). I. n. Small 
hole made with a sharp point. II. vt. 
Pierce with a pointed instrument. [L. 
punctura—pungo . ] 

punclit(pun'dit). n. Learned Brahman; 
learned man. [Hind, pandit.] 

pang (pung), n. Rude, low box-sleigh. 
[New England. Cf. Low Ger. pung- 
wagen, truck.] 

pungent (pun'jent), a. 1. Pricking or 
acrid to taste or smell. 2. Keen; sar- 
castic— puii'gently, adv. — pun - 
gency,n. [L. pungens—pungo, prick.] 

Punic (pu'nik),o. Relating to the Car- 
thaginians ; treacherous. 

punish (pun'ish), vt. Exact a penalty; 
cause loss or pain for a fault or crime. 
pun'ishable,a.— punishment, n. 
Loss or pain inflicted for a crime or 
fault. [Fr. punir.punissant—Li. punire 
—poena, penalty.] 
Syn. Chasten; castigate; discipline. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, bum; oil, owl, then. 



punitive 



452 



purple 



punitive (pu'ni-tiv), a. Pertaining to 
punishment. 

punk (pungk), n. 1. Dry decayed 
wood. 2. Kind of fungus used as tin- 
der. 

punkah (pung'ka), n. Large fan sus- 
pended from the ceiling of a room. 
[Hind, pankha.] 

punster (pun'ster), n. One who puns 
or is skilled in punning. 

punt (punt). I. n. 1, Flat-bottomed 
boat. 2. Act of punting a football. 
II. vt. 1. Propel, as a boat, by push- 
ing with a pole against the bottom of 
a river. 2. Kick a dropped football 
before it reaches the ground. [A. S. 
— Li. ponto, pontoon.] 

puny (pu'hi), a. [pu'nier; pu'niest.] 
Small; feeble; inferior in size or 
strength. [Doublet of puisne.] 

pup, n. Same as puppy. 

pupa(pu/pa), n [pi. 
pupae (pu'p'e) or pu- 
pes (pu'pes).] In- 
sect inclosed in a 
case before its de- 
velopment; chrys- 
alis. [L. pupa, girl, 
doll, fern, of pupus, 
boy.] 

pupil (pu'pil), n. 1. 
One under the care 
of a tutor; scholar. 
2. Circular opening 
of the iris; black of 
the eye. — pu'pil- 
age, n. — nu'pil- 
lary, a. [L. pupillus, dim. of pupus, 
boy.] 

puppet ( pup'et), n. 1. Small image 
moved by wires. 2. One entirely un- 
der the control of another. [O. Fr. 
poupette, doll.] 

puppy (pup'i), n. 1. Young dog; 
whelp. 2. Impertinent, conceited 
young man. — puppyism, n. [Fr. 
poupge, doll.] 

purblind (pur'blind), a. Dim-sighted; 
near-sighted. — pur'blindness, n. 
[For pure-blind, wholly blind.] 

purchasable (pur'chas-a-bl), a. That 
may be purchased. 

purchase ( pur'chas ). I. vt. Obtain 
by buying or labor, danger, etc. II. n. 
1. Act of purchasing. 2. That which 
is purchased. 3. Mechanical advant- 
age in moving bodies.— purchaser, 
n. [Fr. pourchasser, pursue.] 

pure (pur), a. 1. Free from admixture; 
not adulterated. 2. Free from guilt 
or defilement.— purely, adv.— 
pure'ness, n. [L. purus. ~\ 

Syn. Clear; real; mere; innocent; 
chaste; modest; guileless; spotless. 




1. May-beetle. 2. Its 
larva. 3- Its pupa. 



purgation (pur-ga'shun), n. Purging; 
clearing. [L. purgatio.] 

purgative (piir'ga-tiv). I. a. Cleans^ 
ing ; having the power of evacuating 
the intestines. II. n. Medicine that 
evacuates. [L. purgativus.] 

purgatory (pur'ga-to-ri), ». Accord- 
ing to R. Catholic and some eastern 
religions, place or state in which souls 
after death are purified from venial 
sins.-purgatornal(pur-ga-to'ri-al),a. 
Pertaining to purgatory. 

purge (pur j ). I. vt. 1. Carry off what, 
ever is impure or superfluous. 2. 
Clear from guilt. 3. Evacuate, as the 
bowels. 4. Clarify, as liquors. II. vi. 1. 
Become pure by clarifying. 2. Have 
frequent evacuations. [ L. purgo*- 
purus, pure, and ago, make.] 

purification (pur-i-fl-ka'shun),». Act 
of purifying. [Lj.puriflcato.] 

purificator (pur'i-fi ka-tar), n. Cloth 
for cleansing before oblations and 
after ablutions in the mass. 

purificatory (pur-if'i-ka-t5-ri), a. 
Tending to purify or cleanse. 

purify (pur'i-fi), vt. [pur'ifying ; pur'i- 
fled.] Make pure; free from unclean- 
ness or guilt. II. vi. Become pure.— 
purifier, n. One who or that which 
makes pure. [F. purifier— L. purifico— 
purus, pure, and facio. make.] 

purist (pur'ist), n. One who is excess- 
ively nice in the choice of words or 
severe in literary criticism. 

Puritan (piir'i-tan). I. ti. 1. One of a 
religious party in the time of Eliza- 
beth and the Stuarts marked by rigid 
purity in doctrine and practice. 2. 
Founders of colony of Massachusetts 
Bay at Salem and Boston, 1628-30. 
II. a. Pertaining to the Puritans.— 
Puritahic(pur-i-tan'ik), Puritan- 
ical, a. Like a Puritan; rigid; exact. 

— Puritanism (pur'i-tan-izrn), n. 
Notions or practice of Puritans. 

purity (pur'i-ti), n. Being pure. 

purl (purl). I. vi. Flow with a mur- 
muring sound ; ripple ; eddy ; curl. 
II. n. Soft murmuring sound, as of a 
stream among stones. [Imitative.] 

purlieu ( pur'lu), n. Borders; envi- 
rons. [O. Fr. puralee, (translation of 
L. perambulatio, survey).] 

purloin (pur-loin'), vt. Steal; plagia- 
rize. — purloin'er, n. [O. Fr. pur- 
loignier, carry away, —it.prolongo.] 

purple (pur'pl). I. n. 1. Color of 
blended blue and red. 2. Purple cloth, 
or robe, orig. worn only by royalty; 
robe of honor. II. a. Red and blue 
blended. [0. Fr. porpre— L. purpura 

— Gr. porphyra, purple-fish.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, 
wolf ; mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



purport 



453 



putt 



purport (pur'port). I. n. Design; sig- 
nification. II. vt. Mean. [O. Pr. pur, 
— L. pro, for, and Fr. porter, carry.] 

purpose (pur'pus). I. n. 1. Intention. 
— purposely, adv. With purpose; 
intentionally [O. Fr. purposer, form 
of proposer, propose.] 

Syn. Aim; end; purport; determin- 
ation; idea; plan. See design. 

purposeless (pur'pus-les), a. Without 
purpose or effect; aimless. 

purr, pur (pur). I. vi. Utter a mur- 
muring sound, as a cat. II. n. (also 
purring). Low, murmuring sound 
of a cat. [Imitative.] 

purse (purs). I. n. 1. Small bag for 
money. 2. Sum of money. 3. Treas- 
ury. II. vt. 1. Put into a purse. 2. 
Contract as the mouth of a purse ; 
contract into folds. [O. Fr. horse 
(Fr. bourse) — Low L. bursa — Or. 
byrsa, skin, hide.] 

purse-proud (piirs'prowd), a. Proud 
of one's wealth; insolent from wealth 
— purse-pride, n. 

purser (pur'ser), n. Officer who has 
charge of the provisions, clothing and 
accounts of a ship; paymaster. — 
pur'sership, n. 

pursuance (pur-su'ans), n. Act of fol- 
lowing out; process ; consequence. 

pursuant (pur-su'ant), a. Consonant; 
conformable; hi consequence. 

pursue (pur-su'), vt. Follow in order 
to overtake; chase; prosecute; seek; 
be engaged in; continue.— pursu'er, 
n. [O.Fr. porsuir—Li. prosequor—pro, 
onwards, and seguor, follow.] 

pursuit (pur-suf), n. 1. Act of pur- 
suing, following, or going after. 2. 
Endeavor to attain; occupation. 

pursy (pur'si), a. Puffy; fat and shortr 
winded.— pur'siness, n. [O. Fr. 
pourcif.] 

purulence (pu'ro-lens), purulency 
(pu'ro-len-si^, n. Forming of pus. 

purulent (pu'ro-lent), a. Consisting 
of, full of, or resembling, pus or mat- 
ter.— pu'rulently, adv. 

purvey (ptlr-va'), vt. and vi. Provide, 
esp. with conveniences ; procure. — 
pur veyance (Diir-va'ans) , ».— pur- 
veyor (pur-va'ur),n.[0. Fr. pourvoir 
— L. provideo. See provide.] 

purview (pur'vu), n. 1. Body or scope 
of a law. 2. Field; sphere; scope. 
[O. Fr. pourvieu, provided.] 

pus (pus), n. Product of suppuration; 
matter. [L.— root oiputeo, smell bad.] 

pusb ( posh ). I. vt. and vi. 1. Press 
against ; 'drive by pressure. 2. Press 
forward; urge. 3. Press hard; crowd. 
4. Advance persistently. [Fr. pons- 
ser—Li. pulso, freq. of pello, drive.] 



pushing (posh'ing), a. Enterprising; 
vigorous. 

pusillanimous ( pu-sil-an'i-mus), a. 
Mean - spirited ; cowardly. — pusil- 
lan'imously, adv. — pusillan'i- 
mousness, pusillanimity, ns. 
[h.— pusillus, very little, and animus, 
mind.] 

puss (pos), n. 1. Familiar name for a 
cat. 2 . Bare, in sportsmen's language. 
[Prob. imitative of a cat's spitting."] 

pussy (pos'i), n. [pi. pussies.] Dim. 
of puss. — pussy-cat, n. 1. Cat. 2. 
Soft catkin of the willow.— pussy- 
willow, n. Common Amer. willow. 

pustule(pus'tul),?i. Small pimplecon- 
taining pus. [L. puslula—pus.] 

put(pot). I. ^.[put'ting; put.] 1. Drive 
into action. 2. Throw suddenly. 3. 
Lay, or deposit. 4. Bring into any 
state. 5. Offer; propose. 6. Apply. 
II. vi. Move; go; steer. III. n. 1. 
Thrust; throw. 2. Game at cards. 3. 
Contract by which one buys the privi- 
ledge of "putting" (delivering) to an- 
other certain stocks, etc., at a fixed 
price and date. The opposite privilege 
of demanding delivery is termed 
"call."— Bepulto it, be bard pressed, 
embarrassed. — Put back, hinder; de- 
lay; restore; set to an earlier time, as 
the hands of a clock.— Put by, turn 
away; save up; store up. — Put o£, 
push off from land; postpone.— Put 
out, thrust out; drive out; destroy, as 
eyes; hold forth, as hands; extin- 
guish; publish; confuse; offend; ex- 
pend; invest.— Put up, bear ; overlook ; 
pack; restore to its ordinary place, as 
a sword, when not in use. [A. S. 
potian, thrust.] 

putative (pu'ta-tiv), a. Commonly 
supposed; reputed. [L. putativus.] 

put log ( pot'iog ), n. Timber resting 
with one end in a hole of the wall, and 
supporting a fioor_ of a scaffold. 

putrefaction ( pu-tre-f ak'shun ), n. 
Act or process of putrefying; rotten- 
ness; corruption. 

putrefactive (pu-tre-fak'tiv), a. Per- 
taining to, or causing, putrefaction. 

putrefy (pu'tre-fl), vt. and vi. [pu'tre- 
f ying ; pu'tretied.] Make or become pu- 
trid or rotten; corrupt. [See putrid.] 

putrescent ( pu-tres'ent ), a. Becom- 
ing putrid^— putrescence, n. 

putrid ( pu'trid ), a. In a state of pu- 
trefaction. — putrid'ity, pu'trid- 
ness, ns. [L. putridus—puter, rotten, 
—puteo, smell offensively.] 

putt ( put ). I. vi. In golf, strike when 
the ball lies near the hole. II. n. 
Stroke aiming at putting tbe ball in 
a hole. 



Cite, fat, task, far, fftll, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
t mute, hut, bum; oil, owl, then. - 



putter 



pyx 



putter (pot'er), n. 1. One who puts. 

2. One who hauls coal underground. 

3. In golf, short shafted club. 
putter (put'ei-),«i. See potter. 
puiti ( pot'i ), n. pi. Nude cupids, as 

represented in paintings. [It. pi. of 
putto, child.] 

putty (put'i). I. n. Cement of whiting 
and linseed-oil, used iu glazing win- 
dows. W.vt. [put'tying; put'tied.] Fix 
or fill up with putty. [O. Fr. potte, 
that which is in a pot.] 

puzzle (puz'l). I. n. Perplexity; some- 
thing to try the ingenuity, as a riddle. 
II. vt. Pose; perplex. III. vi. Be be- 
wildered.— puzzler, n. [From Fr. 
opposer, oppose.] 

tiyn. Bewilder; confuse; confound; 
nonplus; disconcert; entangle; abash. 

pygmy (pig'mi), n. Dwarf; diminu- 
tive thing.— pygmean (pig'me-an), 
pyg'my, a. Like a pygmy; dwarfish. 
[Gr. Pygmaioi, the Pygmies, fabled to 
be of the length of a pygmy=13 l A 
inches (measured from the elbow to 
the knuckles) — pygme, fist. Li.pugnus.] 

pygopod ( prgo-pod ), a. Having the 
legs inserted far back, as a grebe. 
[Gr. pyge, rump, andpous, foot.] 

pyjamas. Same as pajamas. 

pyic (pi'ik), a. Pertaining to pus. [Gr. 
—pyon, pus.] 

pylon (pi'lon), n. Monumental en- 
trance, in Egyptian architecture.[Gr.] 

pyloric (pi-lor'ik), a. Pertaining to the 
pylorus. 

pylorus ( pl-lo'rus ), n. [pi. pylori.] 
Lower orifice of the stomach. [Gr. = 
gatekeeper.] [al pyre. 

pyral(pi'ral), a. Pertaining to a funer- 

pyramid (pir'- 
a-mid ), n. 1. 
Solid figure 
on a triangu- 
lar, square,or 
polygonal 
base, with tri- 
angular sides 
meeting in a 
point. 2. pi. "The Pyramids" or great 
monuments of Egypt. [Gr. pyramis.] 

pyramidal (pi-ram'i-dal), pyrami- 
dic (pir-a-mid'ik), pyramid' ical, 
a. Having the form of a pyramid. 

pyrargyrite(pi-rar'ji-rit), n. Kind of 
;ulver ore, compound of sulphide of 
silver and antimony. 

pyre (pir), n. Pile of wood, etc., on 
which the dead are burned. [Gr. pyra, 
— pyr, fire.] 

pyretic (pi-ret'ik). I. a. Feverish. II. 
n. Remedy for fever. [Gr.— pyr, fire.] 

pyriform(pi'ri-farm), a. Pear-shaped. 
CL. —pirum, pearl] 




Pyramids, Egypt. 



pyrite (pi'rit), n. Very hard, lustrous, 
yellow mineral, used in manufactur- 
ing sulphur and sulphuric acid. 

pyrites (pir-i'tez), n. Native com- 
pound of sulphur with other metals, 
so called because it strikes fire when 
struck against steel. — pyrit'ie, 
pyrit'ical, a. [L.— Qr.jpyr, fire.] 

pyro-, suffix. Denoting fire or heat. 
Often it means: pertaining to, or ob- 
tained from when subjected to 

heat, as in pyro-acetic, pyro-citric, etc. 
[Gr. pyr, fire.] 

pyro-electricity (pi'ro-e-lek-tris'i-ti), 
n. Electricity produced in a crystaliz- 
ed body by change of temperature 
alone. 

pyrograph ( pi'ro-graf ), n. Instru- 
ment for engraving on wood or leather 
by means of a red-hot metallic point. 
— pyrography (pi-rog'ra-fi),/i. Pro- 
cess of reproducing designs on wood 
by means of heated metallic rollers 
or plates. [Gr. pyr, fire, and graphein, 
write.] 

pyrometer (pi-rorn'e-ter), n. Instru* 
ment for measuring temperatures too 
high to be measured by a mercury 
thermometer, [watery rising. [Gr.] 

pyrosis ( pi-ro'sis ), n. Water-brash ; 

pyrotechnic (pir-o-tek'nik or pir'o-), 
pyrotech'nical, a. Pertaining to 
fireworks, 

pyrotechnics (pir-o-tek'nik or pir'o-), 
pyrotechny (pir'o-tek-ni), n. Art of 
making fireworks. — pyrotechnist 
(pir'o- tek-nist or pir'o-), n. [Gr. pyr, 
fire, and tec/me, art.] 

pyroxylic (pi-roks-il'ik), a. Made by 
distilling wood. 

Pyrrhonic (pi-ron'ik), a. Relating to 
Pyrrho, a Greek philosopher, who 
taught that skepticism is the founda- 
tion of happiness. 

python (pi'thon), n. Large serpent, 
nearly allied to the boa. [Gr. python, 
a great serpent slain near Delohi. by 
Apollo.] 

pythoness (pith'on-es), n. Priestess 
of the oracle of Apollo at Pytho, the 
oldest name of Delphi, in Greece. 

pythonic (pi-thon'ik), a. Pretending 
to foretell future events like the 
Pythoness; oracular. 

pythonism (pith'on-izm), n. Art of 
predicting events by divination. — 
py th'onist, n. 

pyx (piks),w. 1. In the R. C. Church, 
the sacred box in which the host is 
kept after consecration. 2. At the 
British Mint, the box containing 
sample coins. [Gr. pyxis— pyxos (L. 
buxus), box-tree, box-wood.] 



fate, fat, 



t, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



455 



quagmire 



Hq (ku), n. Seventeenth letter of 
the English alphabet. Always 
followed by u, and the two let- 
ters are usually sounded like 
kw, as in queer, but like k in a 
few French words, as in coquette, etc. 

quab (kwob), n. Unfledged bird ; any- 
thing immature. [Etym. doubtful.] 

quack (kwak). I. vi. 1. Cry like a 
duck. 2. Boast. 3. Practice as a quack. 
II. vt. Doctor by quackery. III. n. 1. 
Cry of a duck. 2. Boastful pretender 
to skill which he does not possess, 
esp. medical skill; mountebank. IV. 
a. Used by quacks. [Imitative.] 

quackery (kwak'er-i), n. Pretensions 
or practice of a quack, esp. in medi- 
cine. 

Quadragesima (kwod-ra-jes'i-ma), n. 
Lent— quadragesimal, a. Belong- 
ing to.or used in, Lent. [L.=40 (days).] 

quadrangle ( kwod'rang-1 ), n. 1. 
Square surrounded by buildings. 2. 
In geom. Plane figure having four 
equal sides and angles.— quadran- 
gular (kwod-rang'u-lar ), a. Of the 
form of a quadrangle.— quadrang- 
ularly, adv. [Li.— quatuor, four, and 
angulus, angle.] 

quadrant (kwod'rant). n. 1. In geom. 
Fourth part of a circle, or an arc of 
90°. 2. Instrument consisting of the 
quadrant of a . circle graduated in 
degrees, used for taking altitudes.— 
quadrantal (kwod-ran'tal), a. [L. 
quadrans— quatuor, four.] 

quadrat (kwod'rat), n. Piece of type 
metal used in spacing. Abbreviated 
quad. [See quadrate.] 

quadrate (kwod'rat). I. a. 1. Squared; 
having four equal sides and four right 
angles. 2. Divisible into four equal 
parts. 3. Balanced; exact; suited. II. 
n. Square figure. III. vi. Square or 
agree"; correspond. [D. quadratics, pa. 
p. of quadro, make four-cornered.] 

quadratic(kwod-rat'ik) , a. Pertaining 
to, containing or denoting.a square. 

quadrature ( kwod'r a- tur ), n. 1. 
Squaring; esp. in geom., the finding, 
exactly or approximately, of a square 
that shall be equal to a given figure 
of some other shape. 2. Position of 
a heavenly body when 90° distant 
from another. 

quadrennial ( kwod-ren'i-al), a. 1. 
Comprising four years. 2. Once in 
four years.— quadren'nially, adv. 
[L. quadrennis — quatuor, four, and 
annus, year.] 

quadriga ( kwod-ri'ga ) , n. Roman 
two-wheeled car or chariot, drawn by 
four horses harnessed all abreast. 
[Li. — quatuor, four, and jugum, yoke.] 



quadrilateral (kwod-ri-lat'er-al). I. 

a. Having four sides. II. n. In' geom. 

Plane figure having four sides. [L. 

— quatuor, four, and latus, side.] 
quadrille (ka-dril'), n. Dance made up 

of sets of dancers containing four 

couples each. [Fr.] 
quadrillion (kwod-ril' yun), n. See 

NUMERATION. 

quadrinomial (kwod-ri-no'mi-al), a. 

Consisting of four terms. [L. quatuor, 

and nomen, name.] 
quadroon (kwod-ron'), n. Offspring 

of a mulatto and a white person. [Fr. 

quarteron.] 




Foot, Sole, 

of a young gorilla. 



Hand, 



quadrumanous (kwod-ro'ma nus),c. 
Having the feet formed very much 
like hands, as monkeys, the great toes 
being opposable like thumbs. 

quadruped (kwod'ro-ped), n. Four- 
footed animal. — quadrupedal 
(kwod-ro'pe-dal), a. Having four feet. 
[L..— quatuor, four, and pes, foot.] 

quadruple (kwod'ro-pl). I. a. Four- 
fold. II. n. Four times the quantity 
or number. III. vt. Increase four- 
fold. [L.] 

quadruplet (kwod'ro-plet), n. One of 
four born at a single birth. 

quadruples (kwod'ro-pleks),a. Four- 
fold; quadruple. [L.] 

quadruplicate (kwod-ro'pli-kat). I. 
a. Made fourfold. II. vt. Make four- 
fold.— quadruplica'tion, n. [L.— 
quatuor, four.and plico, fold.] 

quaere ( kwe're ). Inquire, seel [L. 
imperative of quaero.] 

quaff (kwaf). I. vt. Drink in large 
draughts. II. vi. Drink largely. — 
quaffer, n. [Scot, queff, quaich, 
drinking-cup.] 

quagga (kwag'a), n. Quadruped of 
South Africa, like the ass in form and 
the zebra in color. [Hottentot.] 

quaggy (kwag'i), a. Of the nature of 
a quagmire. 

quagmire (kwag'mir), n. "Wet, boggy 
ground that yields under the feet. 
[quake and MIRE.] 
Syn. Fen ; swamp ; slough ; morass 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, f&re, above; me, met, her; mite, rait; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



quail 



456 



quarterly 




Quail. 



quail (kwal), vi. Cower; f ail in sph'it. 
[A. S. cwelan, suffer, die. Cf. Ger. qual, 
torment.]_ 

quail (kwal), n. Mi- 
gratory bird like 
the partridge.f ound 
in every country 
from the Cape of 
Good Hope to the 
North Cape. [O. Fr. 
quaille.] 

quaint (kwant), a. 
Neat; unusual; 
odd ; whimsical. — 
quaintly, adv. — 
quaint/ness, n. [O. Fr. cointe — L. 
cognitus, known.] 
Syn. Curious; fanciful; antique. 

quake ( kwak ). I. vi. Tremble, esp. 
with cold and fear. II. n. Vibration. 
— qua'kingly* adv. [A. S. cwacian.] 

Quaker (kwa'ker),w. One of the Society 
of Friends.— Quakerism, n. Tenets 
of the Quakers. — quaker-gun, n. 
Wooden gun mounted to deceive an 
enemy. [maybe modified. 

qualifiable ( kwol'i-fl-a-bl), a. That 

qualification (kwol-i-fi-ka'shun), n. 
1. Quality that fits a person for a 
place, etc. 2. Restriction ; mitigation. 

qualify (kwol'i-fi), vt. and vi. 1. Make 
or become suitable or capable. 2. 
Limit; particularize; mitigate. — 
— qualifier, n. [Fr. qualifier — L. 
qualis, of what sort, and/acio, make.] 
Syn. Fit; adapt; prepare. 

qualitative (kwol'i-ta-tiv), a. 1. Relat- 
ing to quality. 2. In chem. Determin- 
ing the nature of components. 

quality ( kwol'i-ti >. n. 1. Condition; 
sort. 2. Property; peculiar power ; at- 
tribute. 3. Acquisition; accomplish- 
ment. 4. Character; rank. 5. Supe- 
rior birth or character. [L. qualitas.] 

qualm (kwam), n. 1. Sudden attack 
of illness. 2. Scruple of conscience.— 
qualmish, a. Affected with a dispo- 
sition to vomit. [A.. S. cwealm, pesti- 
lence, death. Cf. Ger. qualm, vapor.] 

quandary ( kwon'da-ri ), n. State of 
uncertainty. [Irel. vandraethi.] 

quantitative ( kwon'ti-ta-tiv ), a. 1. 
Relating to quantity. 2. Measurable 
in quantity. 3. In chem. Determining 
the relative proportions of compo- 
nents. 

quantity (kwon'ti-ti), n. 1. Amount; 
bulk; size. 2. Determinate amount, 
sum or bulk. 3. Large portion. 4. In 
logic, extent of a conception. 5. In 
gram. Measure of a syllable. 6. In 
music, relative duration of a tone. 
7. In math. Anything which can be 
increased, divided, or measured. 



quantum ( kwon'tum ), n. Quantity; 
amount. [L.=how great, how much.] 

quarantine (kwor'an-ten). I. n. (Orig. 
forty) days during which a ship sus- 
pected to be infected with a conta- 
gious desease, is obliged to forbear 
intercourse with the shore. II vt. 
Prohibit from intercourse from fear 
of infection. [L. quadraginta, forty.] 

quarrel (kwor'el). I. n. Angry dis- 
pute; breach of friendship; brawl. II. 
vi. Dispute violently; fight; disagree. 
Syn. Broil; wrangle; feud. 

quarrelsome (kwor r el-sum), a. Dis- 
posed to quarrel; brawling; easily 
provoked.— quarrelsomeness, n. 

quarry (kwor'i). I. n. Place where 
stone is taken from the earth, for 
building or other purposes. II. vt. 
Dig or take from a quarry. [O. Fr. 
quarriere, place where stones are 
squared.] 

quarry ( kwor'i ), n. Object of the 
chase, as the game which a hawk or 
hunter is pursuing or has killed. 

quarryman (kwor'i-man), quarrier 
(kwor'i-er), n. Man who works in a 
quarry. 

quart (kwart), n. 1. Fourth part of 
a gallon, or two pints. 2. Vessel con- 
taining two pints. [L. quartus, fourth.] 

quartan ( kwar'tan ), a. Occurring 
every fourth day,' as an intermittent 
fever or ague. 

quarter (kwar'ter). I. n. 1. Fourth 
part; specifically, J4 of a year, dollar, 
hundredweight, ton, moon's period, 
slaughtered animal, etc. 2. Cardinal 
point; region of a hemisphere. 3. Di- 
vision of a town, etc. 4. Place of lodg- 
ing, as for soldiers, esp. in pi. 5. 
Mercy granted to a disabled antago- 
nist. 6. Part of a ship's side between 
the mainmast and the stern. II. vt. 

1. Divide into four equal parts. 2. 
Divide into parts or compartments. 3. 
Furnish with quarters; lodge. [Fr. 
quartier.] 

quarter-day ( kwar'ter-da), n. Last 

day of a quarter of a year on which 

rent or interest is paid in England. 
quarter-deck ( kwar'ter-dek ), n. 

Part of the deck of a" ship abaft the 

mainmast. 
quartered-oak, n. Oak timber sawed 

into quarters, so as to show the edge 

grain 
quarterly" (kwar'ter-li). I. a. 1. Con 

sisting of or containing a fourth part. 

2. Happening or done once in each 
quarter of a year. II. adv. Once a 
quarter. III. n. Periodical published 
four times a year. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



quartermaster 



457 



questioi 



quartermaster ( kwar'ter-mas-ter ), 
n. 1. Officer who looks'af ter the quar- 
ters of the soldiers, and attends to 
the supplies. 2. Naval petty officer 
who attends to the helm, signals, etc. 

quartern (kwar'tern), n. 1. Fourth of 
a pint; gill. 2. Fourth of a peck, or of 
a stone. 3. Four-pound loaf of bread. 

quarter-round, n. Echinus or ovolo. 

quarter-sessions ( kwar'ter-sesh- 
uns), n.pl. English county or borough 
sessions of court held quarterly. 

quarter-staff (kwar'ter-staf), n. Long 
staff or weapon of defence, grasped at 
a quarter of its length from the end 
and at the middle. 

quartette, quartet (kwar-tef), n. 

1. Musical composition of four parts, 
for voices or instruments. 2. Stanza 
of four lines. 3. Four persons per- 
forming together. 

quarto (kwar'to). La. Having the sheet 
folded into four leaves. II. n. [pi. 
quartos (kwar'toz).] Book of a quarto 
size. 

quartJB(kwarts), n. Mineral composed 
of pure silica, the origin of most of 
the sea-sand; rock crystal.— quartz- 
ose (kwarts'os), a. Of or like quartz. 
[Ger. qu'arz.] 

quash ( kwash ), vt. Crush; subdue; 
extinguish suddenly and complete- 
ly; annul ; make void. [L. quasso—qua- 
tio, shake.] [L.] 

quasi (kwa'si), a. In a manner; as if. 

quassia (kwosh'i-a), n. So. American 
tree, with bitter wood and bark. 

quaternary- ( Kwa-ter'nar-i). I. a. 1. 
Consisting of four; by fours. 2. More 
recent than the upper tertiary. II. n. 
Number four. [L. quarter nanus.] 

quaternate (kwa-ter'nat), a. Consist- 
ing of four ; succeeding by fours. [L. 
quatemi, four each.] 

quaternion (kwa-ter'ni-un), n. l.The 
number four. 2. File of four soldiers. 
[L. quaternio.] 

quaternions ( kwa-ter'ni-uns ), n. 
Kind of calculus or "method of math- 
ematical investigation. 

quatrain ( kwot'ran or ka'tran ), n. 
Stanza of four lines rhyming altern- 
ately. [Fr.] 

quatrefoil (ka'ter-foil), n. Ornament- 
al figure, being an opening in tracery 
divided by cusps into four leaves. [L. 
quatuor, four, and folium, leaf.] 

quaver (kwa'ver). I. vi. 1. Shake. 2. 
Sing or play with tremulous modula- 
tions. II. n. 1. Vibration of the voice. 

2. Note in music = p crotchet or Y B 
of a semibreve. [Allied to quiver.] 

quay (ke), n. Wharf for the loading or 
unloading of vessels. [Fr. quai.] 



quean (kwen), n. Saucy girl; hussy. 
[Same as qtjeen.] 

queasy (kwe'zi), a. 1. Sick; squeam- 
ish; inclined to vomit. 2. Causing 
nausea. 3. Fastidious. — queasily, 
adv.— quea'siness, n. [Norw. kveis, 
sickness after a debauch.] 

queen (kwen), n. 1. Wife of a king. 2. 
Female sovereign. 3. Best or chief of 
her kind. — queenly, a. Like a 
queen ; becoming or suitable to a 
queen. —queen-bee, n. Fully de- 
veloped female bee in a hive or nest.— 




Queen. 



HONEY BEES. 

Worker. 



Drone. 



queen-dowager, widow of a king. 

— queen-mother, mother of the 
reigning king or queen. — queen- 
regent, n. Queen who holds the 
crown in her own right. — queen's ware, 
n. English glazed earthenware of a 
creamy color. [A. S. aoen, woman.] 

queer (kwer), a. Odd ; singular; quaint. 
— queer'ly, adv. — queer ness. n. 

— The Queer, in U. S., counterfeit 
money. [Ger. quer, oblique.] 

Syn. Droll; whimsical; eccentric; 
strange; curious; extraordinary. 

quell (kwel), vt. Crush; subdue; allay. 
quell'er, n. TA. S. cwellan, kill.] 

quench (kwerich), vt. Put out; de- 
stroy; check; allay— quench able, 
a.— quenchless, a. [A. S. cwencan.] 

i, acrimonious (kwer-i-mo'ni-us), a. 
Complaining. [L.] [A. S. cweom.] 

quern (kwern), n. Hand grain mill. 

querist (kwe'rist), n. Questioner. 

Querulous (kwer'o-lus), a. Complain- 
ing; discontented. — querulously, 
adv.— quer'ulousness, n. 

query (kwe'ri). I. n. 1. Inquiry or 
question. 2. Mark of interrogation (?)• 
II. vt. 1. Inquire into; question; 
doubt of. 2. Mark with a query. III. 
vi. Question.— querist, n. [L. quaere, 
imperative of quaero, inquire.] 

quest (kwest), n. 1. Act of seeking; 
search; pursuit. 2. Request or desire. 

question (kwes'chun). I. n. 1 In- 
quiry ; examination ; investigation. 
2. Dispute; doubt. 3. Subject of dis- 
cussion. II. vt. 1. Ask questions of; 
examine by questions ; inquire of. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
— mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. * 



questionable 



458 



quinquennial 



2. Regai'd as doubtful ; have no con- 
fidence in. — questioner, n. [L. 
quaestio—guaero, quaesitum, ask.] 

questionable ( kwes'chun-a-bl ), a. 
Doubtful; uncertain; suspicious. — 
questionably, adv. — ques'tion- 
ableness, n. 

questor (kwest'ur), n. Roman magis- 
trate who had charge of the money 
affairs of the state; treasurer. — 
quest'orship, w. [L. quaestor— quae- 
sitor—quaero, ask.] 

queue (ku), n. 1. Tail-like twist of 
hair worn at the back of the head. 2. 
Line of people waiting, as before the 
box office of a theater. [See cue.] 

quibble (kwib'l). I. n. Evasion; equiv- 
ocation. II. vi. Evade a question by 
a play upon words j cavil ; trifle in 
argument.— quib'bler, n. 

quick (kwik). I. a. 1. Living; moving. 
2. Lively; ready. 3. Pregnant. II. 
adv. Rapidly; soon. III. n. 1. Living 
animal or plant. 2. Living flesh; sen- 
sitive parts. — quick'ly, adv. — 
quickness, n. [A. S. cwic, living.] 
Syn. Speedy; rapid; nimble; sensi- 
tive; sprightly; eager; prompt; brisk; 
active. See lively. 

quicken (kwik'n). I. vt. Make quidk 
or alive; revive; sharpen. II. vi. Be- 
come alive; move with activity. — 
quick'ener, w. [A. S. cwician.) 

quicklime (kwik'lim ), n. Recently 
burnt lime, caustic or unslaked; car- 
bonate of lime without its carbonic 
acid. 

quicksand (kwik'sand), n. Sand 
readily yielding to pressure; any thing 
treacherous. 

quickset ( kwik'set ). I. n. Living 
plant set to grow for a hedge, par- 
ticularly the hawthorn. II. a. Cr r 
sisting of living plants. 

quicks igkted (kwik' si -ted), a. Hav- 
ing quick or sharp sight; quick in 
discernment. 

quicksilver(kwik'sil-ver),%. Mercury, 
so called from its great mobility and 
its silver color. 

quickstep (kwik'step), n. 1. March, 
at rate of 3 M miles an hour, or 110 
paces a minute. 2. Lively dance ; 
music adapted to such dance. 

quid (kwid), n. Something chewed or 
kept in the mouth, esp. a piece of to- 
bacco. [A corruption of cud.] 

quiddity (kvvid'i-ti), n. 1. Essence of 
a thing. 2. Trifling nicety ; cavil ; 
captious question. [Low L. quidditas 
— L. quid, what?] 

quidnunc (kwid'nungk), n. One al- 
ways on the lookout for news. [L.= 
♦'What now?"] 



quiescence ( kwi-es'ens ), n. Rest ; 
silence. 

quiescent (kwi-es'ent) , a. Having or 
making no sound: unagitated; silent. 
— quiescently, adv. [L.—qwesco, 
rest.] 

quiet (kwi'et). I. a. At rest; calm. II. 
n. Repose; peace. III. vt. Bring to 
rest; stop motion; pacify; allay. — 
quietly , adv. — quietness, qui- 
etude, ns. [L. quietus— quiesco.] 

Syn. Still ; smooth ; inoffensive ; not 
showy; noiseless. See peaceable. 

quietism (kwi'et-izm), n. 1. Rest ot 
the mind; mental tranquillity; apa- 
thy. 2. Doctrine that religion con- 
sists in repose of the mind and pas- 
sive contemplation of the Deity. — 
qui'etist, n. One who believes in 
quietism. 

quietus (kwi-e'tus), n. Final settle- 
ment or discharge. [L.=at rest.] 

quill (kwil). I. n. 1. Feather of a goose 
or other bird, used as a pen; pen; 
anything like a quill. 2. Spine as 
of a porcupine. 3. Reed on which 
weavers wind their thread. 4. instru- 
ment for striking the strings of cer- 
tain instruments. 5. Tube of a mu- 
sical instrument. II. vt. 1. Plait with 
small round ridges like quills. 2. 
Wind on a quill. — quill-driving', 
n. Working with a pen; writing. [Fr. 

f utile, peg, — M. H. Ger. Ml. Cf. Ger. 
eil, wedge, and kegel, cone, ninepin.] 

quillet(kwil'et), n. Trick in argument; 
petty quibble. [A corr. of L. quidli- 
bet, r ' what you will."] [bordering. 

quilling* (kwil'ing), n.. Narrow fluted 

quilt ( kwilt ). I. n. Bed-cover of two 
cloths sewed together with something 
soft between them. II. vt. Make into a 
quilt; stitch together with something 
soft between; stitch like a quilt. [O. 
Fr. cuilte— L. culcita, cushion.] 

quinary ( kwi'na-ri ), a. Consisting of 
or arranged in fives. [L. quinarius 
— quinque, five.] 

quince (kwins), n. Fruit with an acid 
taste, much used for preserves. [O. 
Fr. coignasse — Gr. Cydonia, town in 
Crete.] 

quinine (kwi'nin or k win-en'), n. Al- 
kaline substance, obtained from the 
bark of the Cinchona tree, much used 
in medicine in the treatment of fevers. 
[Fr.— Peruvian kino, bark.l 

quinquangular (kwin-kwang'u- 
lar), a. Having five angles. [L. quin- 
que, five, and angular.] 

quinquennial (kwin-kwen'yal), a. 1. 
Occurring once in five years. 2. Last- 
ing five years. [L.— quinque, five, and 
annus, year.] 



UA&, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



quinsy 



459 



quote 



quinsy (kwin'zi), n. Inflammatory 
sore throat. [O. Pr. squinanae — Gr. 
kynanche — kyon> dog, and ancho, 
throttle.] 

qui ntal(kwin-tal) . n. Hundredweight, 
either 112 or 100 pounds. [Fr. and 
Sp. quintal— Arab. quintar—Li. centum, 
one hundred.] 

quintessence (kwin-tes'ens), n. 1. 
Pure essence of anything. 2. Solution 
of an essential oil in spirit of wine. 

. [Pr.— Li. quinta essentia, fifth essence.] 

quintile (kwin'til), n. Aspect of the 
planets when distant from each other 
one fifth of the zodiac (72°). 

quintillion ( kwin-til'yun), n. See 

NUMERATION. 

quintuple ( kwin'tu-pl ). I. a. Five- 
fold; in music, having five crotchets 
in a bar. II. vt. Make fivefold. [L. 
quintuplex.] 

quip (kwip), n. Sharp sarcastic turn; 
jibe ; quick retort. [Wei. chwip, quick 
turn.] 

quire (kwir), n. Collection of paper 
consisting of twenty-four sheets, each 
having a single fold. [O. Fr. quaier 
(Fr. cahier)—L>. quatuor, four.] 

quirites ( kwir-i'tez), n. Romans in 
their civic capacity. 

quirk (kwerk), n. I. Quick turn; art- 
ful evasion; quibble. 2. Taunt: re- 
tort. 3. Slight conceit.— quirk'ish, 
a. [Allied to quip.] 

quit (kwit). I. vt. [ quit'ting; quit'- 
ted.] 1. Release from obligation or 
accusation; acquit. 2. Depart from; 
give up. 3. Clear by full performance. 
II. a. Set free; acquitted; released 
from obligation.— Be quits, be even 
with one. — Quit one's self, behave. 
[Fr. quitter— Li. quietus, quiet.] 
Syn. Relinquish. See abandon. 

quitch-grrass(kwich-gras), n. Trouble- 
some weed-grass,spreading by means 
of rootstalks. [From quick.] 

quitclaim (kwit'klam). I. 
vt. Give up all title to. II. 
n. Deed of release. 

quite (kwit), adv. 1. Com- 
pletely. 2. Considerably. 
[Form of quit.] 

quit-rent (kwit'-rent), n. 
Rent on British manors 
by which the tenants are 
quit or discharged from 
other service. 

quittance (kwit'ans), n. 
Discharge from a debt or 
obligation. 

quiver (kwiv'er), n. Case for arrows 
[O.Fr. cuivre— O. H. Ger. kohhar (Ger 
koecher).] 




quiver (kwiv'er), vi. Shake with slight 
and tremulous motion ; tremble . 
shiver. [A. S. cwifer.] 

quivered (kwiv'erd), a. 1. Furnished 
with a quiver. 2. Sheathed, as in a 
quiver. 

qui vive (ke vev). Who goes there? 
— On the qui vive, watchful, alert. [Fr. 
=who lives.] 

quixotic (kwiks-ot'ik), a. Like Don 
Quixote, the knight-errant in the 
novel of Cervantes; romantic to ab- 
surdity.— quixotically, adv. 

quixotism (kwiks'ot-izm), n. Roman- 
tic and absurd notions, schemes, or 
actions like those of Don Quixote. 

quiz (kwiz). I. n. 1. Riddle or enigma. 
2. One who quizzes another. 3. An 
odd fellow. II. vt. [quizzing; quizzed.] 

1. Puzzle; banter; make sport of. 2. 
Examine narrowly and with an air 
of mockery. III. vi. Practice derisive 
joking. [Said to have originated in 
a wager that a new word of no mean- 
ing would be the talk and puzzle of 
Dublin in twenty-four hours, when 
the wagerer chalked the letters quiz 
all over the town with the desired 
effect.] [sportive ; bantering. 

qnizzical (kwiz'i-kal), a. Teasing; 
quoif (koif). I. n. Cap; hood. II. vt. 

Cover or dress with a quoif. [Same 

as con\] 
quoin (kwoin or koin), n. 1. Wedge 

used to support and steady a stone. 

2. External angle, esp. of a building. 

3. Wedge of wood or iron put under 
the breech of heavy guns or the muz- 
zle of siege mortars to raise them to 
the proper level. 4. Wedge used to 
fasten the types in the forms. [Same 
as coin.] 

quoit ( kwoit or koit ), n. Heavy flat 
ring of iron for throwing at a distant 
point in play. [O.Fr. coiter, drive.] 

quondam (kwon'dam). a. Former. [L.] 

quorum (kw5'rum),ra. Number of the 
members of any body sufficient to 
transact business. [L.=ofwhom.] 

quota ( kwo'ta ), n. Part or share as- 
signed to each. [It. — L. quot, how 
many.] [quoted. 

quotable (kwo'ta-bl), a. That may be 

quotation (kwo-'ta'shun), n. 1. Quot- 
ing. 2. That which is quoted. 3. Cur- 
rent price. — Quotation marks, n. Signs 
( " " ) used to inclosed words quoted. 

quote (kwot), vt. 1. Repeat the words 
of. 2. Adduce for authority. 3. Give 
the current price of. 4. Inclose within 
quotation marks. [O. Fr. quoter, num- 
ber.] 
Syn. Cite; name; recite. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



quoth 



460 



rack 



quoth (kwofch), vt. Say, says, or said 
—used only in the 1st and 3rd persons 
present and past, and always follow- 
ed by its subject. [A. S. cwetfian, say.] 

quotidian (kwd-tid'i-an). I. a. Occur- 
ring daily. II. to. Anything returning 
daily, especially a kiud of ague. [L. 
—guot, asnianyas, and dies, day.] 

quotient (kwo'shent), to. Number 
which shows how often one number is 
contained in another. [Fr. — L. quo- 
tiens, how often.] 



quotity (kwo'ti-ti), to. 1. Collection 
considered as consisting of individ- 
uals. 2. Number of individuals in a 
collection. LLat. quot, how many.] 

quotum (kwo'tum), to. Quota; share. 
[L. neut. of quotus, of what number.] 

quo warranto ( kwo war'an-to ), to. 
Writ issuing against a person or cor- 
poration to compel a showing of the 
right by which any office, privilege, or 
franchise is exercised or claimed. 
[Lat.=by what warrant?] 



Hr, (ar), to. Eighteenth letter of 
the Euglish alphabet. A smooth 
liquid or semi-vowel, produced 
without the vibration of the tip 
of the tongue, which it has in 
French and German. If not followed 
by a vowel (in the same or in the fol- 
lowing word), it is pronounced very 
lightly, in some localities ( London 
etc.) as a neutral vowel sound. 
rabate (ra-baf), vt. 1. Beat down ; 
abate. 2. In falconi'y, recover a hawk 
to the fist. [Fr. rabattre, beat down.] 
rabbet (rab'et). I. to. Groove cut in 
the edge of a plank so that another 
may fit into it. II. vt. Groove a plank. 
[Fr. raboter, plane.] 
rabbi (rab'i or rab'i), rabbin (rab'in), 
to. [pi. rabbis (rab'iz), rab'bins.] Jew- 
ish title of an expounder of the law. 

— rabbinic (rab-bin'ik), rabbin- 
ical (rab-bin'ik-al), a. [Heb. rabi.] 

rabbinism(rab'iri-izm), to. 1. Doctrine 
or teaching of the rabbis. 2. Rabbinic 
expression. 

rabbinist (rab'in-ist), to. Adherer of 
the traditions of the rabbis. 

rabbit (rab'it), to. Small rodent bur- 
rowing animal of the hare family. 
[O. Fr. rabot.] 

rabble (rab'i), to. 1. Disorderly, noisy 
crowd; mob. 2. Lowest class of 
people. [Dut. rabbelen, gabble.] 

rabble (rab'i), vt. Stir and skim (melt- 
ed iron) with a puddling-tool. 

rabid (rab'id), a. Furious; extremely 
fanatical; affected with rabies; mad. 

— rab'i dly, adv. — rab'idness, to. 
l~L— rabies, rage.] 

rabies ( ra'bi-ez ), to. Disease (esp. of 
dogs) from which hydrophobia is 
communicated. [L.] 

rabot ( ra'but ), to. Hardwood block 
used in rubbing marble to prepare it 
for polishing. [Fr. raboter, smooth.] 

raca ( ra'ka ) , a. Worthless (term of 
reproach used by the Jews). [Chal- 
dee reka.] 




Racoon. 



raccoon, racoon (ra-k5n*), ». Car. 
nivorous animal of No. America, val- 
uable for its 
fur. [A corr.of 
Fr. raton, Aim. 
of rat, rat.] 

race (ras), to. 

1. Family; de- 
scendants of a 
common a n- 
cestor; breed; 
variety; herd. 

2. Mankind; human family. 3. 
Peculiar flavor or strength. [Fr.^- 
O. Ger. reiza, line. Ger. riss.] 

race (ras). I. to. 1. Running; rapid 
motion ; trial of speed ; progress; 
course of action. 2. Rapid current; 
canal to a water-wheel. II. vi. 1. Run 
swiftly. 2. Contend in running. [A. 
S. raes, rush, race. Ger. rasen, rage.] 

race (ras), to. Root. — race-ginger, 
to. Ginger in the root, or not pulveriz- 
ed. [O. Fr. rais— L. radix, root.] 

racecourse ( ras'kors ), to. Course or 
path over which races are run. 

racehorse ( ras'hars ), to. Horse bred 
for racing. 

raceme (ra-sem'), to. Flower cluster, 
as in the currant. [L. racemus, bunch 
of grapes.] 

racemed (ra-semd'), a. Having race- 
mes. 

racer (ra'ser), to. 1. One who races; race- 
horse. 2. American black snake. 

rachitis (ra-ki'tis), to. 1. Inflammation 
of the spine. 2. Rickets. [Gr. rachis, 
ridge, spine.] 

racfe(rak). I. to. 1. Instrument for rack- 
ing or extending; engine for stretch- 
ing the body in order to extort a con- 
fession. 2. Framework on which ar- 
ticles are arranged; grating above a 
manger for hay. 3. Straight bar with 
teeth to work with those of a wheel. 
4. Extreme pain, anxiety, or doubt. 
II. vt. Stretch forcibly; strain; tor- 
ture. [A S. raecan, stretch.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf ; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



racK 



461 



rag-tag 



rack (rak), n. Thin or broken clouds, 
drifting across the sky. [Icel. rek, 
drift.] 

rack (r2kk),vt. Strain or draw off from 
the lees, as wine. [O. Fr. raquer.] 

racket ( rak'et ). I. n. 1. Frame of 
wood covered with network, aud hav- 
ing a handle— used in tennis. 2. Snow- 
shoe. II. vt. Strike, as with a racket. 
[Fr. raquelte—Ar. rahat, palm of the 
hand.] [Gael, racaid— rac, cackle.] 

racket (rak'et), n. Clattering noise. 

rack-rent (rak'rent), n. Annual rent 
stretched to the full value of the thing 
rented or nearly so. [teller. [Fr.] 

raconteur ( ra-kang-ttir' ), n. Story- 
racoon. See raccoon. 

racy (ra'si), a. 1. Having a strong flavor 
showing origin. 2. Exciting the mind 
by strongly characteristic thought or 
language.— ra'cily, adv.— ra'ciness, 
n. [From race, family.] 

radial (ra'di-al), a. Pertaining to a ray 
or radius. 

radiance (ra'di-ans), radiancy, ns. 
Quality of being radiant; brilliancy. 
Syn. Brilliance; brightness; luster; 
effulgence; refulgence; splendor. 

radiant (ra'di-ant). I. a. Emitting 
rays of light or heat; issuing in rays; 
beaming with light; shining. II. n. 

1. Luminous point from which light 
emanates. 2. In geom. Straight line 
from a point about which it is con- 
ceived to revolve.— ra'diantly , adv. 
[Li. radians— radius.] 

radiate (ra'di-at). I. vi. Emit rays of 
light; shine; proceed in direct lines 
from a point or surface. II. vt. Send 
out in rays. — radia'tion, n. — ra- 
diator, n. 1. That which radiates. 

2. Heating apparatus. [L. radio, 
•atum.] 

radical (rad'i-kal). I. a. 1. Pertaining 
to the root or origin; reaching to the 
principle or foundation ; extreme ; 
implanted by nature; not derived; 
serving to originate. 2. Inbot. Pro- 
ceeding immediately from the root. 

3. (Eng. ponies.) Ultra-liberal, demo- 
cratic. II. n. 1. Root ; primitive 
word or letter. 2. One who advoca- 
tes radical reform. 3. In chem. Base 
of a compound. — radically, adv. — 
rad'icalness, n. [See radix.] 

radicalism (rad'i-kal-izm), n. Prin- 
ciples or spirit of a radical. 

radicate (rad'i-kat), vt. Plant firmly. 

radicle (rad'i-kl), n. Part of a seed 
which in growing becomes the root. 

radish (rad'ish), n. Annual plant the 

fmngent root of which is eaten raw. 
Fr. radis—Jj. radix, root.] 



radioactive (ra-di-6-ak'tiv) a. Emit- 
ting Becquerel rays, as certain com- 
pounds of uranium. [picture. 

radiograph (ra-di-o-graf), n. X-ray 

radiole ( ra'diol ), n. Bacteria-like 
growth produced by action of radium 
on sterilized bouillon. 

radium (ra'di-um), n. Radioactive ele- 
ment recently discovered in the oxide 
of uranium. Rays reflected from it 
are used in treating blindness. [L. 
radio, radiate.] 

radius (ra'di-us), n. [pi. radii (ra'di-i).] 
1. Straight line from the center to 
the circumference of a circle. 2. Any- 
thing like a radius. 3. In anat. Ex- 
terior bone of the forearm. 4. In hot. 
Ray of a flower. [L.] 

radix(ra'diks), n. 1. Primitive word. 2. 
Base of a system of logarithms. [L.] 

raffle (raf'l). L n. Kind of lottery, in 
which the winner takes the whole. II. 
vi. Dispose of by a raffle. - raf'fler, 
n. [Fr.rajler, sweep away,— Ger.rajfen, 
seize.] 

raft (raft), n. Pieces of timber fasten- 
ed together for a support on the 
water; planks conveyed by water. — 
raftsman, n. One who guides a 
raft. [Icel. raptr, rafter.] 

rafter (raft'er). I. n. Inclined beam 
supporting the roof of a house. II, 
vt. Furnish with rafters. [ A. S. raefter.] 

rag (rag), n. Fragment of cloth; any- 
thing rent or worn out. [A. S. raggie, 
rough.] 

rag-time, n. Musical syncopation, as 
in the so-called "negro melodies." 

ragamuffin (rag-a-muf'in), n. 1. Low 
disreputable person. 2. One in rags. 
[Nameof a legendary demon.] 

rage (raj). I. n. 1. Enthusiasm; rap- 
ture. 2. Anger excited to fury. 3. 
Fashion; fad. II. vi. 1. Be furious 
with anger. 2. Exercise fury; ravage. 
3. Prevail fatally, as a disease. 4. Be 
violently agitated. [Fr. — L. rabies."] 
Syn. Wrath; vehemence. See anger. 

ragged (rag'ed), a. 1. Torn or worn 
into rags. 2. Having a rough edge. 3. 
Wearing ragged clothes. — rag'ged- 
ly, adv.— rag'gedness, n. 

raging (ra'jing), a. Acting with rage, 
violence, or fury.— ra'gingly, adv. 

ragout (ra-go'), n. 1. Stew of meat 
with herbs; stew highly seasoned. 2. 
Spicy mixture. [Fr.—ragouter, adapt 
to the taste.] 

ragstone (rag'ston), ragg (rag), n. 
Impure, ragged, fractured limestone. 

rag-tag (rag'tag), n. Ragged people; 
rabble. (Often used with 'and bob- 
tail' of the same meaning.) 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, more, wolf ; 
mute, hut, buru; oil, owl, then. 



ragwort 



462 



rampage 




Rail-bird. 



ragwort (rag'wurt), n. Large coarse 
weed wini a yellow flower, [rag, and 
A. S. wyrt, plant.] 

raid (rad), n. Hostile or predatory in- 
vasion. [Icel. reidh. See ride.] 

rail (ral). I.n. 1. Bar 
of timber or metal 
extending from one 
support to an- 
other, as in fences, 
staircases, etc. 2. 
Barrier. 3. One of 
the iron bars on 
which railway cars 
run. Third rail. 
One which carries 
current to motors on electric car. 4. 
In arch. Horizontal part of a frame 
and panel. II. vt. Inclose with rails. 

rail (ral), vi. Brawl; use insolent lan- 
guage.^ [Fr. railler.] 

rail (ral), n. Genus of wading birds 
with a harsh cry; rail-bird. [Fr. rale, 
Ger. ralle. Imitative.] 

railing (r a ling), n. 1. Fence of posts 
and rails; balustrade. 2. Rails, or 
material for rails. 

raillery (ra- or ral'er-i), n. Mockery ; 
banter ; good-humored irony. [Fr. 
vaillerieA 

railroad (ral'rod), railway (ral'wa), 
n. Road or way laid with iron rails on 
which cars run. 

raiment (ra'ment), n. That in which 
one is dressed; clothing in general* 
[Contr.^f obs. Arraiment— array.] 

rain (ran). I. n. Water from the 
clouds. II. vi. Fall from the clouds; 
drop like rain. III. vt. Pour like rain. 
— rain-gauge, n. Instrument for 
measuring the quantity of rain that 
falls. — rain'y, a. Abounding with 
rain; showery. [A. S. regn.] 

rainbow (ran'bo), n. Brilliant-colored 
arch seen when rain is falling oppo- 
site the shining sun. 

raise (raz), vt. 1. Cause to rise; exalt; 
elevate; excite; set upright. 2. Origin- 
ate; produce. 3. Recall from death. 
4.Cause to swell, as dough. [Icel. reisa.] 
Syn. Heighten; lift; heave; hoist; 
erect; cause; grow; increase. 

raisin (ra'zn), n. Dried ripe grape. 
[Fr. — L. vccemus, bunch of grapes.] 

rajah (ra'ja or ra'ja), ti. Native prince 
in Hindustan. [Hind.] 

rake (rak). I. n. Instrument with teeth 
or pins for smoothing earth, collect- 
ing hay, etc. II . vt. 1. Scrape with 
something toothed. 2. Draw together; 
gather with difficulty. 3. Level with a 
rake. 4. Search diligently over. 5. 
Pass over violently; fire into, as a 
ship, lengthwise. [A. S. raca.] 



rake (rak), n. Dissolute man; debau- 
chee.— ra'kish, a.— ra'kishly, adv. 
[Abbreviated from bakehell.] 
rakehell (rak'hel). I. a. Dissolute. II. 

n. Rake; wicked fellow. 
rake (rak), n. 1. Projection of the stem 
and stern of a ship beyond the extrem- 
ities of the keel. 2. Inclination of a 
mast from the perpendicular.— ra'- 
kish, a. Having an inclination of the 
masts. — ra'kishly, adv. [ Scand. 
raka, reach. A. S. raecan.\ 
rally (ral'i). I. vt. [rall'ying; rall'ied.] 

1. Gather again. 2. Collect and ar- 
range, as troops in confusion. 3. Re«- 
cover. II. vi. 1. Reassemble, esp. 
after confusion. 2. Recover wasted 
strength. III. n. 1. Act of rallying; 
recovery of order. 2. American po- 
litical meeting. [Fr. rallier— L. re, 
again, ad, to, and ligo, bind.] 

rally (ral'i). I. vt. Attack with raillery; 
banter. II. vi. Exercise raillery. 
[Fr. railler. A variant of rail, vi.] 

ram ( ram ). I. n. 1. Male sheep. 2. In 
astr. Aries (L., the ram), one of the 
signs of the zodiac. 3. Engine of war 
for battering, with a head like that 
of a ram. 4. Hydraulic engine, called 
water-ram. 5. Ship of war armed 
with a heavy iron beak for running 
down a hostile vessel. II. vt. [ramm'- 
ing; rammed.] 1. Thrust with vio- 
lence, as a ram with its head. 2. Force 
together. 3. Drive hard down. [A. S.] 

ramble (ram'bl). I. vi. 1. Go from 
place to place without object. 2. Be 
desultory, as in discourse. II. n. Rov- 
ing from place to place.— ram'bler,ft. 
— ram'bling, a. Moving about irreg- 
ularly; desultory. [Freq. of roam.] 
Syn. Wander; stroll; range; roam; 
rove; saunter; stray 

ramie ( ram'e ), n. Grass cloth plant, 
or its fiber. [Malay.] 

ramification (ram-i-fi-ka'shun), n. 1. 
Division or separation into branches. 

2. Branch; division or subdivision. 

3. In bot. Manner of producing 
branches. 

ramify (ram'i-fi). I. vt. Make or di- 
vide into branches. II. vi. 1. Shoot 
into branches. 2. Be divided or 
spread out. [Fr. ramifler—Iu. ramus, 
branch, and facio, make.] 

rammer (ram'er), n. One that rams. 

ramose (ra-mos'), ramous (ra'mus), 
a. Branched as a stem or root. 

ramp (ramp). I. vi. 1. Climb or creep, 
as a plant. 2. Leap or bound. II. n. 
Leap or bound. [Fr. ramper, clamber, 
—root of Ger. raffen, snatch.] 

rampage (ram'paj), n. Excited or 
violent activity. [From ramp, leap ] 



late, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, \v9lf; 
— mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, thsn. 



rampant 



463 



inid 



rampant (ram'pant), a. 1. Ramping; 
overgrowing usual bounds ; over- 
leaping restraint. 2. In heraldry, stand- 
ing on the hind legs.-ramp'anily, 
adv.— ramp'ancy, n. State of being 
rampant. [Pr., pr. p. of ramper, 
creep; climb.] 

rampart (rarn'part), n. 1. That which 
defends from assault or danger. 2. 
In fort. Mound or wall surrounding a 
fortified place. [Fr. rempart—rempa- 
rer, defend.] 

ramrod (ram'rod), n. Rod used in 
ramming down the charge in a gun. 

ramshackle (ram'shak-l), a. Loose; 
tumble-down. [Icel. ramsfJtkkr, dis- 
torted.] 

ran, pa. t. of bun. 

ranch(ranch),n. 1. Stock-farm; farm. 
2. Persons employed on a ranch. — 
rancher, ranchman, ns. [West- 
ern U. S.] 

ranchero (ran-cha'ro), n. Overseer on 
a ranch; ranchman. [Sp.] 

rancho (ran'cho), n. 1. Hut for herds- 
men. 2. Stock-farm. 

rancid (ran'sid), a. Fetid or soured; 
rank; offensive. — ran'cidly, adv. — 
rancidness, rancidity, ns. [L. 
rancid, putrid.] 

Syn. Bitterness; malice; asperity; 
animosity; rankling hate; gall. 

rancor (rang'kiir), n. Deep-seated en- 
mity; spite; virulence. — ran'cor- 
ous, a. — ran'corously, adv. [L.] 

random (ran'dum). I. n. Indetermin- 
ate course; rush. II. a. Aimless; hap- 
hazard. [O. Fr.randon, impetuosity.] 

rang; (rang), pa. t. of ring. 

range ( ranj ). I. vt. 1. Set in a row; 
place in proper order. 2. Rove or pass 
over. 3. Sail in a direction parallel to. 
II. vi. 1. Be placed in order; lie in a 
particular direction. 2. Rove at large; 
sail or oass near. III. n. 1. Row; rank. 
2. Class. 3. Wandering; room for pas- 
sing to and fro; space occupied by 
anything moving; distance to which 
a shot is carried; capacity of mind; 
extent of requirements. 4. Target 
ground. 5. Loner cooking-stove. [Fr. 
ranger— rang, rank. Cf. rank.] 

ranger (ran'jer), n. 1. Rover. 2. Dog 
that beats the ground, searching for 
game. ?. Officer wbo superintends a 
forest or park. 4. Mounted, ranging 
soldier.— ran'gership, n. 

ranine(ra'nin), a. Pertaining to or like 
a frog. [L.— rana. frog.] 

rank (rangk).I. n. 1. Row or line, esp. 
of soldiers standing side by side. 2. 
Class; order; grade; station. 3. High 
social position. II. vt. 1. Place in a 
line. 2. Range in a particular class. 



III. vi. 1. Be placed in a rank. 2. Have 
a certain degree of elevation or dis- 
tinction. — The ranks, the order of 
common soldiers. — Rank and file, 
whole body of common soldiers. [Fr. 
rang.] 

rank (rangk), a. 1. Growing high and 
luxuriantly ; coarse from excessive 
growth. 2. Very fertile. 3. Strong 
scented; strong tasted; rancid. — 
rank'ly, adv. — rank'ness, n. [A. 
S. ranc, fruitful, proud.] 

rankle ( rang'kl ), vi. Be inflamed; 
fester; be a source of disquietude or 
excitement. [From rank.] 

ransack ( ran'sak ),vt. Search thor- 
oughly; plunder. [Icel. rannsaka — 
rann, house, and sak, seek.] 

ransom (ran'sum). I. n. 1. Price paid 
for redemption from captivity or 
punishment. 2. Release from captiv- 
ity. II. vt. Redeem from captivity, 
punishment, or ownership. — ran - 
somer, n. [Fr. rancon — L. redemp- 
tio, redemption.] 

rant (rant). I. vi. Use extravagant or 
violent language; be noisy in words. 
II. n. Boisterous, empty declama- 
tion. — rant'er, n. [O. Dut. ranten, 
rave. Cf. Low Ger. ranzen.] 

ranunculus (ra-nun'ku-lus) , n. Genus 
of plants, including the crowfoot, 
buttercup, etc. 

rap (rap). I. n. Sharp blow; knock. 
II. vt. and vi. [rap'ping; rapped.] 
Strike with a quick blow; knock. 
[Dan. rap. Imitative of the sound.] 

rapacious '(ra-pa'shus ) ? a . Given to 
plunder; ravenous; greedy of gain.— 
rapaciously, adv. — rapacious- 
ness, rapacity ( ra-pas'i-ti ), ns. 
[L. rapax—rapio, seize.'] [cious. 

Syn. _ Grasping; avaricious; vora- 

rape (rap), n.l. Act of seizing by force. 
2. Violation of the chastity of a 
female._ [L. rapere, snatch.] 

rape (rap), n. Plant nearly allied to 
the turnip, cultivated for its herbage 
and oil-producing seeds.— rapecake 
(rap'kak), n. Cake made of the refuse, 
after the oil has been expressed from 
the rapeseed.— rape-oil (rap'oil), n. 
Oil obtained from rapeseed. [L. ?-apa.] 

Raphaelism ( raf'a-el-izm), n. Prin- 
ciples of painting introduced by 
Raphael, the Italian painter, 1483- 
1520.— Raph'aelite,w. One who fol- 
lows the principles of Raphael. 

rapid (rap'id). I. a. Hurrying along; 
very swift; speedy. II. n. Part of a 
river where the current is more rapid 
than usual (generally inpl.). — rap'< 
U\ly 9 adv. — rap'idness, n. [L. ra 
pidus— rapio.] 



iate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, hers mite, mit; note, not, move, woif; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



rapidity 



464 



rate 



rapidity (ra-pid'i-ti), n. Quicknesss of 
motion or 'utterance; swiftness; ve- 
locity. 

rapier (ra'pi-er), n. Light sword with 
a straight, narrow blade (often four- 
sided), used only in thrusting. [Fr. 
rapier e.] 



Rapier. 

rapine (rap'in), n. Act of seizing and 
carrying away forcibly ; plunder ; 
violence. [Fr.— L. rapina—rapio, seize.] 

rappee (ra-pe'), n. Moist, coarse kind 
of snuff. [Fr. rape, rasped, grated — 
raper, rasp. ] [2. Door-knocker. 

rapper (rap'er) , n. 1. One who raps. 

rapt (rapt), a. Raised to rapture ; 
transported ; ravished* [L. rapere, 
snatch.] 

raptorial (rap-to'ri-al), a. Seizing by 
violence, as a bird of prey. [L. raptor, 
snatcher— rapere.] 

rapture(rap'tur),ra. Extreme delight; 
ecstasy.— rapturous, a. — raptu- 
rously, adv. [Li.—rapio, seize.! 

rare(rar), a. 1. Thin; not dense. 2. Not 
frequent. 3. Excellent.— rare'ly, adv. 
— rareness, n [Fr.— L. rarus.] 
Syn. Unusual; scarce; incomparable. 

rare (rar), a. Not thoroughly cooked. 
[From M. E. rere — A. S. hrer, under- 
done (used of eggs only) — hrer-aeg, 
scrambled egg. Cf. Ger. ruehr-ei).] 

rarebit (rar'bit), n. Welsh r. Cheese 
melted with a little ale and poured 
over hot toast. [For Welsh rabbit, 
humorous term, as Norfolk capon for 
red herring.] [show. 

raree-show (rar'e-sh5). For rarity- 

rarefaction (rar-e-fak'shun), n. Act 
of rarefying; expansion of aeriform 
bodies. [Fr.— L.] 

rarefy (rar'e-fr). I. vt. 1. Make rare, 
thin, or less dense. 2. Expand a body. 
II. vi. Become thin and porous. 

rarity (rar'i-ti), n. 1. State of being 
rare. 2. Something curious or valued 
for its scarcity. 

rascal (ras'kal), n. Tricking, dishonest 
fellow; knave; rogue. [O.Fr. rascaille, 
scum of the people.] 

rascality (ras-kal'i-ti),n. Mean trick- 
ery or dishonesty; fraud. 

rascally (ras'kal-i), a. Mean; vile; 
worthless; base. 

rase (raz), vt. 1. Scratch or blot out; 
efface; cancel. 2. Level with the 
ground; demolish. [Fr. raser— L. 
rado, scrape.] 



rasb (rash), a. Hasty; sudden; incau- 
tious.— rashly, adv.— rashness, n. 

[Dan. and Sw. rask. Ger. rasch, rapid.] 
Syn. Foolhardy; adventurous. 

rash (rash), n. Slight eruption on the 
body. [O. Fr. rasche— L. rado, scrape.] 

rasher (rash'er), n. Thin slice of fried 
or boiled bacon. [Prob. so called 
because rashly or quickly cooked.] 

rasorial (ra-zo'ri-al) , a. Belonging to 
an order of birds' which scrape the 
ground for their food, as the hen. 
[Low L. rasor, scraper.] 

rasp (rasp). I. vt. Grate with a coarse 
file. II. n. File.— rasper, n. [O. Fr. 
rasper, — O. Ger. raspon, scrape to- 
gether.] 

raspberry (raz'ber-i), n. 1. Kind of 
bramble, whose fruit has a rough 
outside like a rasp! 2. Its fruit. 

rasure (ra'zhor),' n. Act of scraping, 
shaving, or erasing ; obliteration ; 
erasure. [See rase.] 

rat (rat). I. n. 1. Animal of the mouse 
kind, but larger and more destructive. 
2. Opprobrious term applied to non- 
union workman. II. vi. [ratting; 
ratt'ed.] 1. Desert one's party and 
join their opponents for gain or 
power. 2. Kill rats. [A. S. raet.] 

ratable (ra'ta-bl), a. 1. That may be 
rated or set' at a certain value. 2. 
Subject to taxation. — ratabil'ity, 
ra'tableness, n. — ratably, adv. 

ratafia (rat-a-fe'a), n. Spirituous 
liquor flavored with fruit. [Malay 
araqtafia, from Ar. araq, and Malay 
tafia, rum.] 

ratch (rach), n. 1. Rack or bar with 
teeth into which a click drops. 2. 
Wheel which makes a clock strike. 
[Form of rack.] 

ratchet (rach'et), n. Bar acting on 
the teeth of a rachet-wheel, permitt- 
ing the wheel to rotate in one direc- 
tion only; pawl.— ratebet-d rill, n. 
Drill whose rotary movement is de- 
rived from a rachet and pawl actua ted 
by a lever. 

r a t c h e t- w h eel 
( rach'et-hwel ), n. 
Wheel having teeth 
for a ratchet. 

rate (rat). I. n. 1. 
Ratio; proportion; 
allowance. 2. Stand- 
ard ; value ; price ; 
class of a ship. S. 
Movement, as fast 
or slow. 4. Tax. II. vt. 1. Calculate; 
estimate; settle the relative rank, 
scale, or position of. ill. vi. 1. Make 
an estimate. 2. Be placed in a certain 
class. [L. reor, ratus, calculate.] 




Ratchet-wheel. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, woli; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



rate 



40 : 



raven 



rate (rat), vt. Tax one with a thing; 
scold; chide. _ 

ratepayer (rat'pa-er), n. One who is 
assessed and pays a rate or tax. 

rath, rathe (rath), a. Early, soon. 
[A. S.hraedh.] 

rather (v&th'ev), adv. 1. More will- 
ingly; in preference. 2. More so than 
otherwise. 3. On the contrary. 4. 
Somewhat. [A. S. rathor, comp. of 
obs. bath, early.] 

ratification (rat-i-fi-ka'shun), n. Act 
of ratifying or confirming ; confir- 
mation. 

ratify (rat'i-fi), vt. [ratifying ; rat'- 
ifled.] Approve and sanction; settle. 
[Pr. ratifter—Li. ratus, fixed by calcu- 
lation, and facto, make.] 

ratio (ra'shi-o), n. 1. Relation of one 
thing to another. 2. Proportion of 
relations. 3. Reason. [L.] 

ratiocination ( rash-i-os-i-na'shun ), 
n. Deducing conclusions from prem- 
ises.— ratio'cinative,a^". [L.] 

ration (ra'shun), n. Daily rate of pro- 
visions ; allo'wance. [Fr.— L. ratio.] 

rational ( rash'un-al ), a. 1. Pertain- 
ing to the reason; mental. 2. Endow- 
ed with reason. 3. Agreeable to rea- 
son: sane; intelligent; judicious. 4. 
In arith. Noting a quantity which can 
be exactly expressed by numbers, 
(without the use of a radical sign). 
[From ratio.] 

rationale (rash-o-na'le), n. Account of 
the principles of some opinion. 

rationalism (rash'un-al-izm),n. Reli- 
gious system or doctrines of a ration- 
alist. 

rationalist ( rash'un-al-ist ), n. One 
guided in his opinions" solely by rea- 
son; esp. one so guided in regard to 
religion. — rationalistic (rash-un- 
al-ist'ik), rationalist ical, a. Per- 
taining to, or in accordance with, the 
principles of rationalism. 

rationality (rash-un-al'i-ti), n. Quality 
of being rational; possession or due 
exercise of reason; reasonableness. 

rationalize (rash'un-al-iz) . I. vt. In- 
terpret like a rationalist. II. vi. Rely 
entirely on reason. 

ratline, ratlin (rat'lin), rattling- 
(rat'ling), n. One of the thin ropes 
traversing the shrouds and forming 
the steps of the rigging of ships. 
[Prob. " rat-line," (for the rats to 
climb by).] 

ratsbane (rats'ban), n. Rat poison. 

rattan (rat-tan'l, n. 1. Genus of palms 
having a smooth, reed-like stem sev- 
eral hundred of feet in length. 2. 
Walking-stick made of rattan. 3. 
Stems of this palm. [Malay rotan.] 



ratteen (rat-ten'), n. Thick loose wool- 
en stuff. [Fr. ratine. Origin unknown.] 

ratten (rat'n), vt. Annoy by stealing 
or spoiling tools, or similar tricks. 
[Prom bat.] 

ratter (rat'er), n. 1. One who catches 
rats. 2. One who deserts his fellow- 
workmen in a strike. 

rattle (rat'l). I. vi. 1. Clatter. 2. Speak 
eagerly and noisily. II. vt. 1. Cause 
to make a rattle or clatter. 2. Stun 
with noise. III. n. 1. Sharp noise 
rapidly repeated ; clatter. 2. Loud 
empty talk. 3. Toy or instrument for 
rattling. [A. S. hratele. Ger. rasseln.] 




Rattle-snake. 

rattle-snake (rat'1-snak), n. Poison- 
ous American snake having a number 
of hard, bony rings, and a terminal 
button, loosely jointed, at the end of 
the tail, which make a rattling noise. 

rattoon (rat-ton'). I. n. Sprout from a 
sugar cane root after the first year. 
II. vi. Have new shoots after the first 
crop. [Sp. retono.] 

rancous (ra'kus), a. Hoarse. 

ravage (rav'aj). I. vt. Lay waste. II. n. 
Devastation.— rav'ager, n.fFr. ravir 
— L. rapio, carry off by force.] 
Syn. Pillage; plunder; sack; ruin. 

rave (rav), vi. Be rabid or mad; be 
wild or raging, like a madman; talk 
irrationally ; utter wild exclamations. 
[O. Fr. rdver— L. rabies, madness.] 

ravel (rav'el). I.' vt. 1. 
Untwist; unweave. 2. 
Confuse; entangle. II. 
vi. Become untwisted. 
[Dut. ravelen, talk con- 
fusedly.] 

ravelin (rav'lin), n. 
Detached triangular 
work with two em- 
bankments, before the 
counterscarp. [ Fr. ] 

raven (ra'vn). I. n. Large kind of 
crow. II. a. Black, like a raven. [A. 
S. hraefn, so called from its cry.] 




Raven. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, than. 



raven 



466 



realisms 



raven (rav'n). I. vt. 1. Obtain by vio- 
lence. 2. Devour with great eager- 
ness or voracity. II. vi. Prey with 
rapacity. III. n. Prey; plunder. — 
ravening 1 (rav'n-ing), n. Eagerness 
for plunder. — ravenous (rav'n-us), 
a. Voracious; devouring with rapac- 
ity; eager for prey or gratification.— 
rav'enously, adv. — ravenous- 
ness, n. [0 1 Fr. ravine, violence.] 

ravine (ra-ven'), n. 1. Long deep hol- 
low, worn by a torrent. 2. Deep, nar- 
row mountain-pass. [Fr.— L. rapina, 
violence.] 

ravish (rav'ish), vt. 1. Seize or carry 
away by force. 2. Violate. 3. Fill 
with ecstasy.— rav'isher, re,-rav'- 
ishment, n. [Fr. ravir.] 

raw (ra), a. 1. Not altered from its 
natural state; not cooked or dressed; 
not prepared. 2. Not covered; sore; 
abraded. 3. Bleak.— rawly, adv.— 
rawness, n— rawboned(ra'bond), 
a. With little flesh on the "bones ; 
gaunt.— rawhide (ra'hid). I. a. Made 
of untanned skin. II. n. Whip made 
of twisted rawhide. [A. S. hreaw. 
Ger. roh.] 

ray (ra), n. 1. Line of light or heat pro- 
ceeding from a point. 2. Radiating 
part of anything. [Fv.raie— L. radius.] 

ray (ra), n. Class of fishes including 
the skate (see cut, under skate), 
thornback and torpedo. [Fr. raie— L. 
raia.] 

rayah (ra'ya), n. Non-Mohammedan 
subject of the Sultan of Turkey. [Ar. 
raiyah, peasant— raya, pasture.] 

rayon (ra'un), n. Beam; ray.— ray'- 
onnant, a. Radiating. 

raze (raz), vt. Lay or cut down level 
with the ground; overthrow; destroy. 
[A form of rase.] 

razee (ra-ze'). I. vt. Cut down. II. n. 
Warship reduced in size by cutting 
away its upper deck or decks. 

razor (ra'zur), n. 1. Knife for shavingi 
2. Tusk, as of a wild boar.— razor- 
back, n. 1. Hog with a sharply pro- 
trudingbackbone. 2. Rorqual. 

reach (rech). I. vt. 1. Stretch; extend. 
2. Attain or obtain by stretching out 
the hand. 3. Hand over. 4. Extend 
to. 5. Arrive at; gain. II. vi. 1. Be ex- 
tended so as to touch. 2. Sti'etch out 
the hand. 3. (With for) Try to obtain. 
4. Sail on the wind between two 
tacks. III. n. 1. Act or power of 
reaching; extent. 2. Extent of force; 
penetration. 3. Straight portion of 
a stream. [A. S. raecan. Ger. reichen.] 

react (re-akt'), vt. and vi. Act again; 
return an impulse; act mutually upon 
each other. 



reaction (re-ak'shun), n. 1. Action 
back upon or resisting other action; 
mutual action. 2. Backward tendency 
from revolution, reform, or progress. 
3. Depression following over-stimu- 
lation. 

reactionary ( re-ak'shun-ar-i ), a. 
Characterized by, or favoring, reac- 
tion. 

read (red), vt. and vi. [reading; read 
(red).] 1. Utter aloud written or 
printed words. 2. Peruse. 3. Com- 
prehend. 4. Study. 5. Lecture. 6. 
Appear on reading ; have a (specified) 
meaning. [A. S. rwdan, interpret. Cf . 
Ger. rathen, advise.] [learned. 

read ( red )_, a. Versed in books; 

readable (re'da-bl), a. 1. That may 
be read. 2. Worth reading; interest- 
ing.— readably, adv. — read'able- 
ness, n. [again or a second time. 

readdress (re-ad -dres')i vt. Address 

reader (re'der), n. 1. One who reads. 

2. One who reads or corrects proofs. 

3. One who reads much. 4. Reading- 
book. 

reading- (re'ding). I. a. Addicted to 
reading. II. n. 1 . Act, practice or art of 
reading; perusal. 2. Matter to be read. 
3. Study of books. 4. Public or formal 
recital. 5. Way in which a passage 
reads; version. 6. Observations read 
from an instrument. [again. 

readjust (re-ad- just'), vt. Put in order 

readmission (re-ad-mish'un), n. Act 
of readmitting; state of being read- 
mitted. 

readmit (re-ad-mif), vt. Admit again. 

ready (red'i). I. a. 1. Fully prepared. 
2. Prepared in mind; willing. 3. Not 
slow or awkward; dexterous; easy; 
prompt; quick. 4. Present in hand; 
at hand; near. 5. On the point. II. 
adv. In a state of readiness or prep- 
aration. — read'ily, adv. — read'i- 
ness, n. [A. S. rcede. Cf. Ger. bereit, 
ready.] 

ready-made (red'i-mad), a. Made and 
ready for use; not made to order. 

reagent (re-a'jent), n. Substance that 
reacts on and detects the presence of 
other bodies; test. 

real (re'al), a. 1. Actually existing; 
not counterfeit or assumed; true. 2. 
In law. Pertaining to land or houses. 
[Low L. realis—lu. res, thing.] 
Syn._ Actual. See genuine. 

real (re'al), n. Spanish and Mexican 
silver coin, worth about 1254c. [Sp.— 
L. regalis, royal.] 

realism ( re'al-izm ), n. 1. Doctrine 
that classes exist as real things inde- 
pendently of our conceptions.— Opp 
of nominalism. 2. Doctrine that th 



fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf- 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



realist 



467 



rebuke 



senses have a direct cognition of ob- 
jects.— Opp. to idealism. 3. In art and 
literature, representation of life as it 
is, without omission of the ugly and 
without additions for beauty's sake. 
—Opp. to romanticism or idealism. 

realist (re'al-ist), n. One who believes 
in realism.— real is' tic, a. 1. Pertain- 
ing to realism. 2. Vivid; lifelike. 

reality (re-al'i-ti), n. 1. Actual fact or 
condition; not mere appearance. 2. 
That which is real. [be realized. 

realizable(re'al-iz-a-bl), a. That may 

realize ( re'al-iz ), vt. 1. Make real; 
bring into being ; act ; accomplish. 
2. Feel strongly, or as real; compre- 
hend completely. 3. Convert into real 
property. 4. Get in cash. 5. Obtain, 
as a possession. — realization, n. 

really (re' al-i ), adv. In reality; ac- 
tually; in truth. 

realm (relm),rc. Regal or royal juris- 
diction; kingdom; province; country. 
[O. Fr. regime— -la. regalis, royal.] 

realty (re'al-ti), n. 1. Permanent na- 
ture of real estate. 2. Real estate. 

ream (rem), vt. Enlarge, as a hole in 
wood.— ream'er, rc. Instrument with 
cutting edges. [Ger. raeumen, make 
room.]_ 

ream (rem), n. Quantity of paper con- 
sisting of 20 quires or 480 sheets. 
[O.Fr. raime— Sp. resma — Arab, rizmat, 
bundle.] 

reanimate (re-an'i-mat), vt. Restore 
to life; infuse new life or spirit into; 
revive.— reanlma'tion, n. 

reap (rep), vt. 1. Cut down, as grain; 
clear off a crop. 2. Receive as fruit or 
consequence of action.— reap'er, n. 
1. One who reaps. 2. Reaping-ma- 
chine. [A. S. ripan, pluck. Cf . Ger. 
raufen.] [again or a second time. 

reappear ( re-ap-per' ) , a.Appear 

rear (rer), n. 
Back or hind- 
most part of 
an a r m y or 
fleet.— rear- 
ad'miral, n. 
Officer, U. S., 
next to the 
admiral ; for- 
eign, 2nd be- 
low.— rear- 
guard, n. 
Troops which 

protect tbe rear of an army. — rear- 
ward, adv. At or toward the rear. 
[O. Fr^ riere—Li. retro, behind.] 

rear (rer). I. vt. 1. Raise. 2. Bring up 
to maturity. 3. Educate. II. vi. Rise 
on the hind-legs. [A.S. raeran, raise.] 

rearmouse. See reremouse. 




Rear-admiral's flag (blue). 



reason (re'zn). I. n. 1. That which 
supports or justifies an act, etc. 2. 
Faculty of the mind by which man 
draws conclusions, and determines 
right and truth. 3. Exercise of reason : 
right conduct. II. vi. 1. Exercise the 
faculty of reason; deduce inference!! 
from premises. 2. Argue. III. vt. 1^ 
Examine; debate. 2. Persuade by rea- 
soning.— rea'soner, n. — By reaso?. 
of. On account of; in consequence of. 
[Fr. raison—L. ratio.] 

Syn. Cause ; motive ; ground ; proof , 
excuse; judgment; sense. 

reasonable (re'zun-a-bl), a. 1. Endow 
ed with reason. 2. According to rea- 
son. 3. Moderate.— reasonably, ado, 
— reasonableness, n. 

Syn. Rational; sane; wise; proper; 
judicious; just; fair; tolerable. 

reasoning (re'zun-ing), n. 1. Act of 
reasoning. 2. That which is offered 
in argument ;_ course of argument. 

reassemble (re-as-sem'bl), vt. and vi. 
Assemble or collect again. 

reassert (re-as-serf), vt. A.ssert again. 

reassure ( re-a-shor' ), vt 1. Assure 
anew; give confidence to. 2. Insure 
an insurer. — reassurance (re-a- 
shor'ans), n. 1. Repeated assurance. 
2. Second assurance against loss. 

reave (rev'), vt. [rea'ving; reft.] Take 
away by violence. [A. S. reafian, rob.] 

rebate (re-baf). I. n. Deduction ; dim- 
inution. II. vt. 1. Beat; blunt. 2. 
Deduct from (as taxes.) — rebate'- 
ment, n. [Fr. rebattre, beat back.] 

rebel (reb'el). I.n. One who rebels. II. 
a. Rebellious. [L. rebellis, making war 
afresh,— re, again, and helium, war.] 

rebel (re-beF), vi. [ rebelling; rebel- 
led'. Renounce, or take up arms 
against, authority; revolt. 

rebellion (re-bel'yun), n. Act of re- 
belling : open opposition to lawful 
authority; revolt. [in rebellion. 

rebellious (re-bel'yus), a. Engaged 

reboise (re-boiz'), vt. Plant again with 
trees, as a tract of land. [Fr. reboiser.] 

rebound (re-bownd'). I. vi. Bound 
or start back; be reverberated; re- 
coil. II. vt. Drive back; reverberate. 
III. n. Act of rebounding. 

rebuff (re-buf). I. n. Beating back; 
sudden resistance ; sudden check ; 
defeat; unexpected refusal. II. vt. 
Beat back; check; repel violently; 
refuse. [It. ribuffo, reproof.] 

rebuild (re^bild'), vt. Build again. 

rebuke (re-buk' ). I. vt. Check with 
reproof; chide: reprove. II. n. 1. Di- 
rect reproof; reprimand. 2. Chastise- 
ment. — rebn'ker, n. [O. Fr. rebau. 
quer — re, back, and bouque, mouth.) 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, in 
mute, hut, burn 



et, her; mite, mit; note, not, move? wolf; 
; oil, owl, «&ei}. 



rebus 



468 



reciprocate 



rebus (re'bus), n. [pi. re'buses.] Enig- 
gmatical representation of a word or 
phrase by pictures of things. [L.=by 
things. ]_ 

rebut (re-buf), vt. and vi. [rebut'ting; 
rebut'ted.] 1. Refute. 2. In law. Op- 
pose by argument.or proof. — rebut'- 
tal, rebut'ter, n. Plaintiff's reply 
to the defendant's rejoinder. [Fr. 
rebuter — re, back, and O. Fr. bouter, 
thrust.] 

recalcitrant(re-kal'si-trant), a. Show- 
ing opposition; refractory. [L. — re, 
back, and ealcitro, kick.] 

recalcitrate (re-kal'si-trat), vt. orvi. 
Show resistance; kick. 

recall (re-kal'). I. vt. 1. Call back; 
command to return. 2. Revoke; take 
back; cancel. 3. Call back to mind; 
remember. II. n. Act of recalling or 
revoking. 

recant (re-kanf), v t. and vi. Withdraw 
(a former declaration). — recanta- 
tion, ». Declaration contradicting a 
former one.— recant'er, n. [L..] 
Sijn. Disavow ;_ retract; revoke. 

recapitulate (re-ka-pit'u-lat), vt. Re- 
peat the chief points of anything; 
summarize.— recapitulation, n.— 
recapit'ulatory, a. [L.— re, again, 
and capitulum, dim_. of caput, head.] 

recapture (re-kap'tur). I. vt. Capture 
back or retake, esp. a prize from a 
captor. II. n. 1. Act of retaking. 2. 
Prize retaken. 

recast ( re-kast' ), vt. Cast, throw or 
mold again^ compute a second time. 

recede (re-sed'), vt. and vi. Go or fall 
back; retreat; give up a claim; cede 
back. [Li.— re, and cedo, go, yield.] 

Syn. Retire; return; retrograde; 
withdraw; yield; desist. 

receipt (re-set'). I. n. 1. Act of receiv- 
ing. 2. Written acknowledgment of 
anything received. 3. That which is 
received. 4. Recipe. II. vt. 1. Give a 
receipt (for). 2. Sign. [O. Fr. recete— 
L. recipio.] 

receivable (re-se'va-bl), a. That may 
be received or is due. 

receive (re-seV), vt. 1. Take what is 
offered, etc.; accept. 2. Embrace with 
the mind; assent to. 3. Allow; give 
acceptance to. 4. Admit; welcome; 
entertain. 5. Hold; contain. 6. In 
taw. Take goods knowing them to be 
stolen. 7. Hold a reception. [O. Fr. 
recever — L. recipio — re, back, and 
capio, take.] 

receiver (re-se'ver), n. 1. One who re- 
ceives, esp. one appointed to receive 
public money, as taxes, or to manage 
an estate, or a business during bank- 
ruptcy, etc. 2. In chem. Vessel for re- 



ceiving and condensing in distilla- 
tion, or for containing gases. 3. The 
glass vessel of an air-pump in whiclt 
the vacuum is formed. 

recension (re-sen'shun), n. 1. Act o£ 
reviewing or revising; review, esp. 
critical revisal of a text. 2. Text es- 
tablished by critical revision. [L. re, 
again, and censeo, value, estimate.] 

recency (re'sen-si), n. Recentness. 

recent (re'sent), a. 1. Of late origin 
or occurrence. 2. Not long parted 
from. 3. Fresh; modern. 4. In geol. 
Subsequent to the existence of man. 
— re'cently, adv.— recentness, n. 
[Fr.— Li. recens.] 

receptacle (re-sep'ta-kl), n. 1. That 
into* which anything is received or 
contained. 2. In bot. Basis of a flower. 
[From RECEIVE.] 

reception (re-sep'shun), n. 1. Act of 
receiving; admission; state of being 
received. 2. Manner of receiving ; 
entertainment. 

receptive (re-sep'tiv), a. Having 
the quality of receiving or containing ; 
capable of receiving impressions. 
-receptiv'ity, n. 

recess (re-ses'), n. 1. Withdrawing ; 
retirement; state of being withdrawn; 
seclusion. 2. Remission or suspen- 
sion of business. 3. Part of a room 
formed by a receding of the wall. 4. 
Private abode. [See recede.] 

recession (re-sesh'un), n. Ceding or 
giving back.— reces'sional,n. Hymn 
sung as the clergy leave the church. 

rechauffe (ra-sho-fa'), n. Warmed-up 
dish; literary rehash. [Fr.] 

recherche ( re-sher-sha' ), a. Much 
sought after; choice. [Fr.] 

rechristen (re-kris'n), vt. Give anew 
name to. 

recidivation ( re-sid-i-va'shun ) , ». 
Back-sliding; return to the same sin- 
ful course. 

recipe (res'i-pe), n. [pi. recipes (res'- 
i-pez). ] Medical prescription ; for- 
mula for the preparation of any com- 
pound. [L.=takel (imperative of 
recipio.) ] [ receives. 

recipient (re-sip'i-ent), n. One who 

reciprocal (re-sip'ro-kal). I. a. Acting 
in return; mutually given and recei- 
ved. II. n. 1. That which is recipro- 
cal. 2. In math. Unity diviaed by the 
quantity {y z is the r. of 3). — recip'- 
rocally,a^v. Mutually; interchange- 
ably. [L. reciprocus, returning.] 

reciprocate (re-sip'ro-kat), vi. Give 
and receive mutually; give or do in 
response.-reciproca'tion, n. Inter- 
change of acts; alternation. [L. red- 
proco.J 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
— jmute, hut, burn; oil, owl, fAen. 



reciprocity 



469 



reconciliation 



reciprocity ( res-i-pros'i-ti ) , n. 1. 
Mutual obligations and benefits; 
action and reaction. 2. In interna- 
tional commerce, a mutual granting 
of privileges by treaty. 

recital (re-sl'tal), n. 1. Act of reciting; 
rehearsal. 2. That which is recited. 
Syn. Narration. See history. 

recitation ( res-i-ta'shun ), n. 1. Act 
of reciting. 2. Public reading; rehear- 
sal. 3. Meeting of a class for oral ex- 
amination. 

recitative (res-i-ta-teV). I. a. Per- 
taining to musical recitation; in the 
style of recitation. II. n. 1. Language 
delivered in the sounds of the musical 
scale. 2. Piece of music for recitation. 

recite (re-slf), vt. 1. Read aloud from 
paper, or repeat from memory. 2. 
Narrate; recapitulate.— reci'ter. n. 
[Fr. — L. re, again, aud cito, call. J 

reck (rek), vt. 1. Have a care for. 2. 
Regard. [A. S. recan, care.] 

reckless (rek'les), a. Extremely care- 
less; heedless of consequences.— 
recklessly, adv.— reck'lessness, 
n. [son. 

reckling (rek'ling), n. Reckless per- 

reckon ( rek'n ). I. vt. 1. Count. 2. 
Place in the number or rank of ; ac- 
count; esteem; attribute; think. II. 
vi. 1. Calculate. )£. Make up accounts; 
settle.— reckoner, n. [A. S. qe-rece- 
nian, explain. Cf . Ger. rechnen.) 

reckoning (rek'n-ing), n. 1. Calcula- 
tion; settlement of accounts. 2. 
Charges for entertainment. 3. Calcu- 
lation of the ship's position. 

reclaim (re-klam'). I. vt. 1. Demand 
the return of. 2. Regain ; bring back 
from a wild or barbarous state, or 
from error or vice; bring into a state 
of cultivation; bring into the desired 
condition; make tame or gentle; re- 
form. II. vi. Cry out or exclaim.— 
reclaim'able, a. — reclaim ably, 
adv.— reclamation(rek-la-ma'shun), 
n. Act of reclaiming; state of being 
reclaimed. [Fr. — L. re, again, and 
clamo, cry out.] 

recline (re-klin'), vt. and vi. Lean or 
bend backwards; lean to or on one 
side ; repose. [L.— re, back, clino, bend.] 

recluse (re-klos'). I. a. Secluded; re- 
tired; solitary. II. n. One who lives 
retired from the world; religious de- 
votee living in a single cell. [Fr. — L. 
— re, away, and claudo, shut.] 

recognition ( rek-og-nish'un ) , a. 
Act of recognizing; state of being 
recognized ; acknowledgment. 

recognizable(rek-og-ni'za-bl), a. That 
may be recognized or acknowledged. 



recognizance ( re-kog'ni-zans or re- 
kon'i-zans), n. 1. Recognition ;avowal ; 
profession. 2. Legal obligation enter- 
ed into before a magistrate to do, or 
not do, some particular act. 

recognize (rek'og-niz), vt. 1. Know 
again; recollect. 2. Agree to honor; 
accept. 3. Acknowledge acquaintance 
with, as by saluting. 4. Appreciate. 
[Li.—cognosco, know. ] 

recoil (re-koil'). I. vt. 1. Start back; 
rebound; return. 2. Shrink. II. n. 
Starting or springing back; rebound. 
[Fr. reenter.] 

recollect (rek-ol-lekf), vt. 1. Remem- 
ber. 2. Compose (one's self). 

recollection ( rek-ol-lek'shun ), n. 1, 
Act or power of recollecting. 2. That 
which is remembered. 

Syn. Memory; remembrance; remi- 
niscence ; retrospect ; commemoration. 

recollect ( re-kol-lekt' ), vt. Collect 
again. 

recommence (re-kom-mens'), vt. Be- 
gin again.— recommencement, n. 

recommend (rek-om-mend'), vt. 1. 
Commend to another. 2. Bestow 
praise on. 3. Advise.— recommend'- 
able, a. That may be recommended; 
worthy of praise. — recommenda'- 
tion, n. Act of recommending; act 
of introducing with commendation.— 
recommendatory a. That recom- 
mends. 

recommit (re-kom-mif), vt. Commit 
again ; send back to a committee.— re - 
commit uie nt, recommittal, n. 

recompense (re k'om-pens). I. vt. Re- 
turn an equivalent for anything; re- 
ward. II. n. That which is returned 
as an equivalent ; repayment ; com- 
pensation; remuneration. [Fr. re"com- 
penser. See compensate.] 

Syn. Requite; repay; compensate; 
remunerate; reward; reimburse; 
indemnify. 

recompose (re-kom-poz'), vi. 1. Com- 
pose again or anew. 2. Soothe. 

reconcilable (rek-on-slla-bl), a. That 
may be reconciled; that may he made 
to agree; consistent. 

reconcile (rek'on-sil), vt. 1. Restore 
to friendship or union; bring to agree- 
ment; bring to contentment; pacify. 
2. Make consistent; adjust or com- 
pose.— rec'onciler, n. [Fr. reconcitier 
— L. re, again, and concilio, -atum, call 
together.] 

reconciliation ( rek-on-sil-i-a'shun ), 
reconcilement (rek'on-sil-ment), n. 
Act of reconciling; state of being re- 
conciled ; renewal of friendship • 
atonement. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her ; mite, mit ; note, not, move, wolf) 
mate, hat, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



recondite 



470 



recuperate 



recondite (rek'on-dit or re-kon'dit), 
a. Secret; profound. [L. — recondo, 
put away.] 

reconnaissance ( re-kon'a-sans ), n. 

Act of reconnoitring; hasty survey; 

. examination of a tract of country 

with a view to military or engin eering 

operations. [Fr. See recognizance.] 

reconnoitre (rek-on-noi'ter), vt. Sur- 
vey ; examine, esp. with a view to 
military operations. [O. Fr. recon- 
oistre—Lt. recognosco. See recognize.] 

reconsider ( re-kon-sid'er ), vt. Con- 
sider again; take up for new consider- 
ation, —reconsideration, n. 

reconstruct (re-kon-strukf), vt. Con- 
struct again; build up anew. — re- 
construction, n. _ 

reconvey ( re-kon-va' ), vt. Transfer 
back to a former owner or place. 

record (re-kard') , vt. Preserve memory 
of. [Fr. recorder— Li. cor, heart.] 
Syn. Register; chronicle; enroll. 

record ( rek'urd ), n. 1. Register. 2. 
Formal writing of a fact or proceed- 
ing; book of such writings. 

recorder (re-kard'er),n. 1. One who re- 
cords or registers. 2. Municipal mag- 
istrate.— record'ership, n. 

recount (re-kownt'),^. Count again. 

recount (re-kownf), vt. 1. Tell over 
again. 2. Narrate the particulars of; 
detail. [Fr. raconter.] 

recoup (re-kop'), vt. Get an equiva- 
lent for; make good; indemnify. [Fr. 
recouper, cut again.] 

recourse (re-kors'), n. Going to for 
aid or protection; resort. [Fr. recours 
— L. curro, run.] 

re-cover (re-kuv'er), vt. Cover again, 

recover (re-kuv'er). I. vt. 1. Get pos- 
session of again. 2. Make up for; 
retrieve. 3. Cure; revive; bring back 
to former state. 4. Obtain as compen- 
sation for loss. II. vi. 1. Regain health 
orformer state. 2. In law. Obtain judg- 
ment.— recoverable, a. — recov- 
ery, n. Act of recovering; restora- 
tion. [Fr. recouvrer—Li. recuperare.] 

recreancy (rek're-an-si), n. Quality 
of a recreant; yielding,mean, coward- 
ly spirit. 

recreant (rek're-ant). I. a. 1. Cow- 
ardly. 2. False;" apostate; renegade. 
II. n. Mean-spirited wretch; apostate; 
renegade. [O. Fr.] 

recreate (re-kre-af), vt. Create again 
or anew. — recreation, n. 

recreate (rek're-at). I. vt. Revive; 
reanimate ; cheer ; amuse ; refresh ; 
delight. II. vi. Take recreation. — 
recreation (rek-re-a'shun), n. Re- 
freshment after toil, sorrow, etc; di- 
version; amusement; sport. 



recreative (rek're-at-iv), a. Serving 
to recreate or refresh; giving relief 
in weariness, etc. 

recriminate (re-krim'in-at). I. vt. 
Criminate or accuse in return. II. vi. 
Charge an accuser with a similar 
crime. — recrimination, n. — re- 
criminative, recriminatory, a. 

recruit (re-krof). I. vt. and vi. 1. 
Obtain fresh supplies. 2. Recover in 
health, etc. 3. Enlist, or supply with, 
new soldiers. II. n. 1. Supply of any 
want. 2. Newly enlisted soldier. — 
recruit'er, recruit'ment, n. [L. 
recresco, grow again.] 

rectangle ( rekt'ang-1 ), n. Four-sided 
figure with right angles. — rectan- 
gled ( rekt-ang'ld ), a. Having right 
angles. — rectangular ( rekt-ang- 
u-lar ), a. Right-angled. [ L. rectus, 
right, and angulus, angle.] 

rectifiable (rek'ti-fi-a-bl), a. That 
may be rectified or set right. 

rectification (rek-ti-fi-ka'shun), n. 1. 
Act of rectifying or setting right. 2. 
Process of refining a substance by 
repeated distillation or sublimation. 

rectifier (rek'ti-fi-er), n. 1. One who 
rectifies. 2. One who refines a sub- 
stance by repeated distillation. 

rectify (rek'ti-fi),^. [rec'tifying; rec- 
tified.] 1. Make straight or right. 
2. Refine by distillation. [L.— rectus, 
straight, and/acio, make.] 

Syn. Adjust; correct; redress; bet- 
ter; amend; reform. 

rectilineal ( rek-ti-lin'e-al ), recti- 
linear (rek-ti-lin'e-ar), a. Bounded by 
straight lines; straight. [L.] 

rectitude (rek'ti-tud), n. Upright- 
ness; correctness of principle or prac- 
tice; integrity. [Li. r&ctitudo.] 

rector (rek'tur), n. 1. In the English 
Church, a clergyman who has the 
charge and care of a parish; pastor. 
2. Head of a public school, university, 
etc.— rectoral (rek'tur-al), rectori* 
al (rek-to'ri-al ), a. — "rectorate^ 
rectorship, ns. [L.. —rego, rectum, 
rule.] 

rectory (rek'to-rih n ~ Province, ap- 
pointments or mansion of a rector. 

rectum (rek'tum), n. Lowest part of 
the large intestine. [From L. rectus. 
straight.] 

recumbent (re-kum'bent), a. Reclin 
ing.— recum'bently, adv.— recuni'- 
bence, recumbency, »s. [L.— 
cumbo, lie down.] 

recuperate (re-ku'per-at), vt. and vi. 
Recover. — recu'perative, recu'- 
peratory, a. Tending to recovery. 
[L. recupero.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit ; note, not, move, 
wolf ; mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



recur 



471 



redshank 



recur ( re-kur' ), vi. [recur'ring; re- 
curred'.] 1. Return to the mind. 2. 
Have recourse; resort. 3. Happen at 
a stated interval. — recurrent (re- 
kur'ent), a. Returning at intervals. 
—recurrence, recur'rency, ns. 
[£,.— re, back, and curro, run.] 

recurvate ( re-kur'vat), vt. Curve or 
bend back. 

recusancy (re ku'zan-si), n. State of 
being a recusant; nonconformity. 

recusant ( re-ku'zant or rek'-). I. a. 
Refusing to acknowledge the suprem- 
acy of the sovereign in religious mat- 
ters. II. n. Nonconformist; one who 
refuses to acknowledge some prin- 
ciple or party. [Fr.— L. recuso — re, 
against, and causa, cause.] 

red (red). I. a. [red'der, red'dest.] Of 
a color like blood. II. n. One of the 
primary colors, of several shades, as 
scarlet, pink, etc. — red'ly, adv. — 
redness, n. [A. S. read, red. M. E. 
reed, from which the surnames Reed, 
Read, etc., originate.] 

redaction (re-dak'shun), n. 1. Act of 
arranging in systematic order, esp. 
literary materials. 2. Digest so 
made. [Fr.] 

redan (re-dan'), n. Simplest form of 
fortification, consisting of two faces 
which form a salient angle towards 
the enemy, serving to cover a bridge 
or causeway. [Fr. See redented.] 

redbreast (red'brest), n. 1. Favorite 
European song-bird. 2. American 
thrush; robin. 

red-deer (red'-der), n. Species of deer 
which is reddish-brown in summer; 
common stag. [Grow red; blush. 

redden (red'n). I. vt. Make red. II. vi. 

reddish (red'ish), a. Somewhat red; 
moderately red. — red'dishness, n. 

reddition(red-dish'un), n. 1. Giving 
back; returning; surrender. 2. Ren- 
dering of the sense; explanation. [Fr. 
— L. reddo, restore.] [answer. 

redditive (red'i-tiv), a. Returning an 

reddle (red'l), n. Soft clay iron ore of 
a reddish color; red clay. 

redeem (re-dem'). vt. 1. Ransom; re- 
lieve from captivity by a price ; res- 
cue. 2. Atone for; compensate for. 3. 
Perform, as a promise ; recover, as a 
pledge. 4. Improve. [L. redimo—re, 
back, and emo, buy.] 

redeemable ^re-de'ma-bl ), a. That 
may be redeemed. — redeemable- 
ness, n. 

redeemer (re-de'mer), n. One who re- 
deems or ransoms. — The Redeemer, 
Jesus Christ. 



redeliver (re-de-liv'er), vt. 1. Deliver 
back or again. 2. Liberate a second 
time.— redeliv'erance, n. — rede- 
liv'ery, n. 

redemption (re-dem'shun), n. Act of 
redeeming or buying back; ransom; 
release; deliverance. [See redeem.] 

redemptive (re-dem'tiv), a. 1. Per 
taining to redemption. 2. Serving ui 
tending to redeem. 

redemptory (re-dem 'to-ri), a. Serv- 
ing to redeem; paid for ransom. 

redented (re-dent'ed), a. Formed like 
the teeth of a saw. 

red-hand (red'-hand).red-hand'ed 
a. With red or bloody hands; in tne 
very act. 

red-heat (red'-het), n. Heat amount- 
ing to redness; violent excitement 

red-hot (red'-hot), a. Heated to red- 
ness; greatly excited. 

redintegration, (re-din-te-gra'shun), 
n. Restoration to integrity or tc a 
whole or sound state ; renovation. [L.| 

red-lead (red'-led), n. Red prepara- 
tion of lead used in painting, etc. 

red-letter (red'-let'er), a. 1. Having red 
letters. 2. Auspicious or fortunate, 
as a day. So called from the holidav s 
or saints' days being indicated by 
red lettters in the old calendars. 

redolent ( red'o-lent ), a. Diffusing 
fragrance.— redolence, red'olen- 
cy, ns. [Li.—oleo, emit an odor.] 
Syn. Fragrant; odorous; scented. 

redouble (re-dub'l), vt. andvi. Double 
again or repeatedly jincrease greatly; 
multiply. 

redoubt (re-do wt'), redout', n. Small 
fortification inclosed on all sides. [Fi\ 
redoute, reduit, retreat.] 

redoubtable (re-dowt'a-bl), a. Ter- 
rible to foes; valiant. [O. Fr.] 

redound (re-downd'), vi. 1. Be sent 
back by reaction; roll back; result. 2. 
Rebound. [L. redundo—re, back, and 
undo, surge. ]_ 

redowa (red'o-a), n. Bohemian dance. 

redraft (re-draff), n. Second draft or 
copy; new bill of exchange which the 
holder of a protested bill draws on 
the drawer or indorsers, for the 
amount of the bill, with costs and 
charges. 

redress (re-dres'). I. vt. Set right ; 
relieve from; make amends to. II. n. 
Relief ; reparation ; remedy.— redres- 
sible (re-dres'i-bl), a. That may be 
redressed. — redressive (re-dres'iv), 
a. Affording redress. [Fr. redresaer.] 

redshank (red'shank), n. Aquatic 
bird of the snipe family, with legs of 
a bright red color. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; ndte, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. t 



red-tape 



472 



reference 



red-tape(red-tap'). I. n. Red tape used 
in public,and esp. government offices, 
for tying up documents, etc. 2. Intri- 
cate system of routine in government 
offices; intricate, vexatious official 
formality. II. a. Pertaining to offi- 
cial formality. — red-ta'pism, n. — 
red-ta'pist, n. Stickler for routine. 

reduce ( re-dus ), vt. 1. Bring into a 
lower state. 2.Subdue ; bring to terms. 
8. Bring into a certain condition, as 
by pulverizing, diluting, arranging, 
etc. 4. Change quantities from one 
denomination into another.— red «?'- 
cable, a.— reduction, n. [L,.—re, and 
duco, lead.] 

Syn. Diminish; shorten; decrease; 
lessen; conquer; degrade; impover- 
ish: impair; weaken; classify. 

redundance (re-dun'dans), redun- 
dancy, ns. 1. Quality of being re- 
dundant or superfluous. 2. That which 
is redundant. 

redundant (re-dun'dant), a. Exceed- 
ing what is necessary ; superfluous in 
words or images. — redun'dantly, 
adv. [See redound.] 

reduplicate (re-du'plik-at). I. vt. Du- 
plicate or double again; multiply; 
repeat. II. a. Doubled.— reduplica'- 
t'aon, n. 

re-echo (re-ek'o). I. vt. and vi. Echo 
back; resound. II. n. Echo of an echo. 

reed (red), n. 1. Kind of coarse grass, 
common at the sides of rivers, lakes, 
etc., used for thatching. 2. Musical 
pipe anciently made of a reed. 3. 
Vibrating tongue in a musical instru- 
ment. 4. Part of a loom by which the 
threads are separated.— reed'ed, a. 

I. Covered with reeds. 2. Formed 
with reed -like ridges or channels.— 
reedy (red'i), a. l. Abounding with 
reeds. 2. Resembling, or sounding as, 
a reed. [A. S. hreqcT] 

re-education ( re-ed-u-ka'shun ), n. 

New education, after the first one has 

been lost through disease, 
reef (ref), n. Chain of rocks near the 

surface of the water.— reel'y, a. Pull 

of reefs. [Icel. rif.] 
reef (ref). I. n. Portion of a sail. II. 

vt. Reduce the exposed surface of a 

sail. [Dut. rif, reef.] 
reek (rek).I. n. Smoke; vapor; steam. 

II. vi. Emit smoke, vapor or steam. 
[A. S. rec. Icel. reykr. Ger. ranch. 
Dut. rook, smoke.] 

veeky (re'ki), a. Full of reek; smoky; 

soiled with steam or smoke; foul. 
reel (rel), n. Lively Scottish dance. 

[Gael, righil] 
reel (rel), vi. Stagger; vacillate ; be 

dizzy. 




Fishing reel. 



reel (rel). I. n. Turning frame for 
winding yarn, etc. II. vt. Wind on a 
reel. [A. S.jeol, hreol.] 

re-elect (re-e- 
lekt'),^. Elect 
again. — re- 
election, n. 

re-eligitol« 
( re-el'i-ji-bl ), 
a. Capable of 
re-election. — 
re-eligtbil'- 
ity, n. 

re-embark (re-em-bark'), vt. Embark 
or put on board again. — re-em- 
barka'tion, n. 

re-enact (re-en-akf), vt. Enact again. 
— re-enactment, n. 

re-enforce. Same as reinforce. 

re-eug-age ( re-en-gaj' ), vt. Engage 
again. 

re-enter (re-en'ter), vt. and vi. 1. En 
ter again or anew. 2. Cut deeper, as 
the lines of an etched plate.— Re-enter- 
ing angle, angle pointing inwards. 

re-entry (re-en'tri), n. 1. New or 
fresh entry. 2. Retaking possession, 
as by a landlord for non-payment of 
rent. 

re-establisb(re-es-tab'lish), vt. Estab- 
lish again.— re-estab'lishment, n. 

reeve (rev), n. Female of the ruff. 

reeve (rev), n. Steward; bailiff. [M. E. 
reve— A.S. gerefa. Cf. Ger. graf.] 

reeve (rev), vt. [ree'ving; reeved or 
rove.] Pass the end of a rope through 
any hole, as the channel of a block. 

re-examine (re-egz-am'in), vt. Ex- 
amine again or anew. [shape anew. 

refashion (re-fash'un), vt. Fashion or 

refection (re fek'shun), n. Refresh- 
ment; meal; repast. [Fr.— L. re, again 
and facio, make.] , 

refectory (re-fek'to-ri), n. 1. Eating- 
hall in a convent. 2. Any place where 
meals or refreshments are taken. 

refer (re-fer'). I. vt. [refer'ring; refer- 
red'.] 3. Submit or direct to another 
person or authority. 2. Assign; trace 
back. II. vi. Have reference or re- 
course; relate; allude.— ref 'erable, 
refer'rible, as. [Fr. rif ever — L. re, 
and fero, bear.] [attribute; impute. 
Syn. Ascribe ; charge ; assign ; allude ; 

referee (ref-er-e'), n. One to whom 
anything is referred ; arbitrator ; 
umpire; judge. 

reference (ref'er-ens), n. 1. Act of 
referring; submitting for information 
or decision. 2. Relation; allusion. 3. 
One who or that whfch is referred to. 
4. In law. Act of submitting a dispute 
for investigation or decision. 



fate, fat, task, far, fftll, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
„ mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



referendum 



473 



refractory 



referendum ( ref-e-ren'dum ), n. 1. 
Right of the people to pass on a meas- 
ure already passed by the legislature. 
2. Note by a diplomatic agent to his 
government, asking for instructions. 

refine (re-fin'). I. vt. Separate from 
extraneous matter; reduce to a fine 
or pure state; purify; clarify; polish; 
make elegant. II. vi. 1. Become fine 
or pure ; improve. 2. Make subtile 
distinctions.— refined', a. Purified; 
clarified; cultured; delicate. — refi'- 
nedly , adv.-veii'ner^n. [Fr. raffiner. 

refinement (re-fm'ment), n. 1. Act 
of refining or state of being refined. 2. 
That which is refined or elaborated 
too much. [fining 

refinery (re-fi'ner-i), n. Place for re- 
refining- (re-fi'ning), n. Act or process 
of refining or purifying, particularly 
sugar or metals. [-refitment, ». 

refit (re-fit'), vt. Fit or prepare again. 

reflect ( re-fiekt' ). I. vt. Throw back 
after striking upon a surface, as 
light, etc. II. vi. 1. Be thrown back, 
as light, heat, etc. 2. Revolve in the 
mind; consider attentively or deeply; 

- ponder. 3. Cast reproach or censure. 
[Li.— re, and flecto, bend or turn.] 

reflecting' (re-fiek'ting), a. 1. Throw- 
ing back light, heat, etc. 2. Given to 
reflection; thoughtful. 

reflection (re-flek'shun), n. 1. Act of 
reflecting. 2. Sending back of light, 
heat, etc. 3. State of being reflected. 
4. That which is reflected. 5. Attent- 
ive consideration. 6. Reproach cast. 
Syn. Turning; reflection; duplica- 
tion ; contemplation ; meditation ; cog- 
itation; rumination; deliberation. 

reflective (re-flek'tiv), a. 1. Reflecting; 
considering the operations of the 
mind; exercising thought or reflec- 
tion. 2. In gram. Reciprocal.— reflect- 
ively, adv.— reflectiveness, n. 

reflector (re-flekt'ur), n. One who or 
that which reflects; mirror or polish- 
ed reflecting surface. 

reflex (re' fleks). I. a. 1. Bent or turned 
back;reflected. Z.Inphysiology. Said of 
certain movements which take place 
independent of the will, being sent 
from a nerve-center in answer to a 
stimulus from the surface. 3. Inpaint. 
Illuminated by light reflected from 
another part of the same picture. II. 
n. Reflection; light reflected from an 
illuminated surface. 

reflexible (re-fleks'i-bl), reflectible 
(re-flek'ti-bl), a. That may be reflected 
or thrown back.— reflexibil'ity, n. 

reflexive ( re-fleks'iv ) , a. Reflective; 
respecting the past; turning back on 
itself.— reflex'ively, ad?. 



refluent (ref'lo-ent), a. Flowing back, 
ebbing. [L.— re, back, andJluo,jfluxum, 
flow.] 

reflux (re'fluks). I. a. Flowing or re- 
turning back; reflex. II. n. Flowing 
back; ebb. 

reform (re-farm'). I. vt. 1. Form again 
or anew. 2. Transform; make better; 
remove that which is objectionable 
from; repair or improve; reclaim. II. 
vi. Become better; abandon evil; be 
corrected or improved. III. n. Form- 
ing anew; change; amendment; im- 
provement. [L. re, again, and/ormo, 
shape.] [of forming again. 

reformation (re-far-ma'shun), n. Act 

reformation (ref-ar-ma'shun), n. Act 
of reforming; amendment; improve- 
ment. — The Reformation, the great 
religious change of the 16th century, 
when the Protestants separated from 
the R. Cath. Church. 

reformative (re-farm'a-tiv), a. Form- 
ing again or anew'; tending to produ- 
ce reform. 

reformatory (re-farm'a-t5-ri). I. a 
Reforming; tending to produce re- 
form. II. n. An institution for re- 
claiming youths and children who 
have been convicted of crime. 

reformed (re-farmd'), a. 1. Formed 
again or anew; changed ; amended; 
improved. 2. Denoting the churches 
formed after the Reformation, esp. 
those that separated from Luther on 
matters of doctrine and discipline; 
Protestant. _ 

reformer (re-farm'er), n. 1. One who 
reforms. 2. One who advocates poli- 
tical reform. 3. (R) One of tbose who 
took part in the Reformation of the 
16th century. 

refract (re-frakf), vt. Break the nat- 
ural course, or bend from a direct 
line, as rays of light, etc. [Ij.—re, 
back, and frango, break.] 

refraction (re-frak'shun), 
n. Act of re- 
fracting; the 
change in the 
direction of a 
ray of light, 
heat, etc., 
when it en- 
ters a differ- 
ent medium. _ 

refractive (re-frak'tiv), a. Refract- 
ing; pertaining to refraction. — re- 
fract'iveness, n. 

refractory (re-frak'to-ri), a. 1. Un- 
ruly; obstinate. 2. Difficult of fusion 
as metals, etc.— refract'orily, aUv. 
— refractoriness, n. 
Syn. Unmanageable; perverse. 




Refraction. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



refrain 



474 



regenerate 



refrain (re-fran'), n. Phrase or verse 
recurring at the end of each division 
of a poem; burden of a song. [Fr] 

refrain (re-fran'). I. vt. Curb; restrain. 
II. vi. Keep from action; forbear. 
[Fr. refrener—Lt. refreno—re, and fre- 
num, bridle.] 

refrangible (re-fran'ji-bl), a. That 
may be refracted or turned out of 
a direct course, as rays of light, heat, 
etc.— refrangibil'ity, n. 

refresh ( re-fresh' ), vt. Make fresh 
again; give new strength, spirit, etc., 
to. — refresh'ment, n. 1. Act of 
refreshing. 2. New strength or spirit 
after exhaustion. 3. That which 
refreshes, as food or rest. 

Syn. Cheer; cool; enliven; reani- 
mate; renovate; revive; restore. 

refrigerant (re-frij'er-ant). I. a. Mak- 
ing cold; cooling; refreshing. II. n. 
That which cools. 

refrigerate (re-frij'er-at), vt. Make 
cold; cool; refresh. — refrigera'- 
tion, n. [Ij.—frigero—frigus, cold.] 

refrigerative ( re-frij'er-a-tiv), re- 
frigeratory ( re-frij'er-a-to-rl ), a. 
Cooling; refreshing. 

refrigerator (re-frlj'er-a-tur ), re- 
frigeratory, ns. Box, cupboard, or 
room for preserving food by keeping 
it at a low temperature; ice-safe. 

reft (reft), pa. t. and pa. p. of reave. 

refuge (ref'uj), n. 1. That which af- 
fords shelter or protection; asylum; 
retreat. 2. Resource; expedient. [Fr. 
— L. re, back, and/woio, flee.] 

refugee (ref-u-je'), n. One who flees 
for refuge to another country, esp. 
from religious or political persecu- 
tion. 

refulgence (re-ful'jens), reful'gen- 
cy, ns. State of being refulgent; 
brightness; brilliance. 

refulgent ( re-ful'jent ), a. Casting a 
flood of light; shining; brilliant. — 
reful'gently, adv. [L. refulgens, pr. 
p. of refulgeo—falgeo, shine.] 

refund (re-fund'), vt. Repay; restore; 
return what has been taken. [L.— 
re, back, and /undo, pout.] 

refusal (re-fu'zaj), n. 1. Denial of any- 
thing requested. 2. Rejection. 3. Right 
of taking, in preference toothers. 

refuse ( re-luz' ). I. vt. 1. Reject. 2. 
Deny, as a request, etc. II. vi. 1. De- 
cline acceptance. 2. Not comply. [Fr. 
refuser.] 

refuse (ref us). I. a. Refused as worth- 
less. II. n. That which is rejected or 
left as worthless, dross. 

refutable (re-fu'ta-bl), a. That may 
be refuted or disproved. — refu'ta- 
bly, adv.— refutabil'ity, n. 



refutal (re-fu'tal), n. Refutation; dis- 
proof; overthrowing. 

refute (re-fuf), vt. Oppose; disprove. 
— refutation, n. — ref u'tatory, a. 

[L. refuto, repel,— root of futile.] 

regain (re-gan'), vt. Gain back or 
again; recover. 

regal (re'gal), a. Belonging to a king; 
kingly; royal.— re'gally, adv. [L.— - 
rex, regis, king.] 

regal ( re'gal ), or rigole (rig'ol), n. 
Small portable organ used to support 
treble voices. [Fr.— It. — L. regalis, 
royal.] 

regale (re-gal'). I. vt. 1. Entertain in 
a sumptuous manner. 2. Refresh. 3. 
Gratify. II. vi. Feast. III. n. Regal 
or magnificent feast.— regale'ment, 
n. [Fr. regaler. See gala.] 

regalia (re-ga'li-a), n.pL 1. Ensigns 
of royalty: crown, scepter, etc., esp. 
those used at a coronation. 2. Rights 
and privileges of a sovereign. 3. 
Ornamental dress, badges, jewel, etc., 
worn by freemasons, and other socie- 
ties, or by high officers and dignitar- 
ies. [L.=royal things. Neuter pi. of 
regalis. .] 

regality (re-gal'i-ti), n. Stateof being 
regal; royalty; sovereignty. 

regard (re-gard'). I. vt. 1. Observe 
particularly ; hold in respect or affec- 
tion; pay attention to. 2. Esteem; 
consider. 3. Respect; relate to. II. 
n. 1. Look; gaze. 2. Attention with 
interest ; observation. 3. Respect ; 
esteem. 4. Repute; estimation. 5. 
Relation ; reference. — regard'er, n. 
[Fr. regarder—re, and garder, keep, 
look after.] 

regardful (re-gard'fol), a. Full of re- 
gard; taking notice; heedful; atten- 
tive.— regard'fully, adv. 

regardless(re-gard'les), a. Without re- 
gard; negligent; heedless.— regard'- 
lessly, adv. — regard'] essn ess, n. 

regatta (re-gat'a), n. Race of yachts; 
rowing or sailing match. [Orig. a 
contest of the gondoliers at Venice. 
It. riga, row.] 

regelation (re-jel-a'shun), n. Act of 
freezing anew. [L. re, again, and ge- 
latio, freezing. See gelatine.] 

regency (re'jen-?i), n. 1. Office, juris- 
diction, or dominion of a regent. 2. 
Body intrusted with vicarious govern- 
ment. 3. Period undera regent. 

regenerate (re-jen'er-at). I. vt. 1. 
Generate or produce anew. 2. Renew 
the heart and turn it to the love of 
God. II. a. Regenerated; renewed.— 
regen'erateness, regen'eracy, n. 
— regenera'tion, n. — regen'era- 
tive, a.— regen'eratively, adv. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolj; 
naSte, hut, burn; oil, owl, tfcen. 



regent 



475 



reichsstatlt 



regent ( re'jent ). I. a. 1. Invested 
with interim sovereign authority. 2. 
Ruling; governing. II. n. 1. One in- 
vested with interim authority; one 
who rules for a sovereign. 2. In the 
English universities a master of arts 
under five years' standing, and a 
doctor under two. 3. One of the board, 
appointed by the Legislature, who 
have the superintendence of all the 
colleges, academies and schools of the 
State of New York. — re'gentship, 
n. [Li. regens, pr. p. of rego, rule.] 

regicide (rej'i-sid), n. 1. Murderer of 
a king. 2. Murder of a king. — regi- 
ci'dal, a. [Fr. — L. rex, king, and 
caedo, kill.] 

regime (ra-zhem'), n. 1. Form of gov- 
ernment; administration. 2. Mode of 
ruling one's diet. [Fr.— L. regimen— 
rego, rule.] 

regimen ( rej'i-men ), n. 1. Orderly 
government. 2. Any regulation for 
gradually producing benefit. 3. In 
med. Rule of diet. 4. Iu gram. Gov- 
ernment of one word by another; 
word governed. [L.] 

regiment (rej'i-ment), n. Body of sol- 
diers commanded by a colonel, and 
consisting of a number of companies 
or troops. 

regimental (rej-i-men'tal), a. Relat- 
ing to a regiment. — regimentals, 
n. pi. Uniform. 

region (re'jun), n. Portion of land; 
country; district. [L. regio.] 

register (rej'is-ter ). I. n. 1. Written 
record, regularly kept. 2. Book con- 
taining the record. 3. One who or that 
which registers or records. 4. That 
which regulates, as the damper of a 
furnace. 5. Stop or range of pipes on 
the organ, etc. ; compass of a voice or 
of a musical instrument. 6. Perfect 
match or coincidence of lines, as in 
printing several colors one over the 
other. II. vt. and vi. 1. Enter in a regis- 
ter; enter one's name; record. 2. 
Align perfectly. [Fr. — L. re, back, 
and gero, carry.] 

registrar ( rej'is-trar ), n. One who 
keeps a register. — reg'istrarship, 
n. Office of a registrar. 

registration (rej-is-tra'shun), n. Act 
of registering. 

registry (rej'is-tri), n. 1. Act of regis- 
tering. 2. Place where a register is 
kept. 3. Facts recorded ; record. 

regnancy (reg'nan-si), n. Reign; pre- 
dominance. 

regnant (reg'nant), a. Reigning; pre- 
dominant. [L. regnans, pr. p. of regno, 
rule.] 



regress (re'gres). I. n. Return; power 
of returning. II. vi. Go back; return 
to a forpaer place or state. — regres- 
sion (re-gresh'un), n.— regressive, 
a. Going back; returning. [L. regret- 
sus—re, and gradior, gresms, step.] 

regret (re-gref). I. vt. [regret'ting; 
regret'tud.] Grieve at; remember with 
sorrow. II. n. Sorrow over a fact or 
event in the past. — regret'ful, a. — 
regret'fully, adv. [Fr. regretter — 
Goth, gretan, weep. A. S. graetan.] 

Syn. Compunction; contrition; con- 
cern ; remorse ; repentance ; penitence. 

regular (reg'u-lar). I. a. 1. According 
to rule or custom; normal. 2. Insti- 
tuted or conducted accordir g to estab- 
ished forms. 3. In geom. Having all 
the sides and angles equal. 4. Belong- 
ing to the permanent army. II. n. i. 
Soldier in the permanent army. 2. 
Qualified member of a religious order. 
— regularly, adv. — regularity, 
n. [L. regularis—regula. rule.] 

Syn. Uniform; orderly; symmetric- 
al; methodical periodical; thorough. 

regulate (reg'u-lat), vt. Make regular; 
subject to rules; jm_t in good ordpv 

regulation (reg-u-la'shun), n. 1. Act 
of regulating. 2. State of being regu- 
lated. 3. Rule or order prescribed; 
precept; law. [to regulate. 

regulative (reg'u^la-tiv), a. Tending 

regulator (reg'u-la-tur), n. One who 
or that which regulates; lever which 
regulates the motion of a watch, etc. ; 
anything that regulates motion. 

regulus (reg'u-lus), n. Intermediate 
and impure product in the smelting 
of metallic ores. [L.=littleking.] 

regurgitate (re-gur'ji-tat), vt. and vi. 
Surge or carry back. [L. gurges, eddy, 
gulf.] 

rehabilitate (re-ha-bil'i-tat), vt. Re- 
instate; restore to former privileges, 
capacity, etc. [Fr,-L. re, again, and 
habeo, have.] 

rehearsal (re-her'sal), n. Act of re- 
hearsing; recital; recital before) exhi- 
bition in public. 

rehearse (re-hers'),?^. 1. Repeat what 
has already been said. 2. Narrate. 3. 
Recite or practice privately, before a 
public representation.—rehear'ser, 
n. [O. Fr. rehercer — re, again, and 
herce, harrow.] 

Reichsrath ( rikhs'rat ), n. Austrian 
parliament. [Ger.— reich, empire, and 
rath, council.] 

reichsstadt (rikhs'stat),n. City of the 
German Empire, not subject to a sov- 
ereign other than the emperor, as 
Hamburg, Lubec and Bremen. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
# mute, hat, burn; oil, owl, then. 



Reichstag 



476 



relegate 




Reichstag(rikhs'tag ), ^.German par- 
liament. [Ger. — reich, empire, and 
tag, day, diet.] 

reign (ran). I. n. 1. Rule; dominion; 
royal authority; supreme power; in- 
fluence. 2. Time during which a sov- 
ereign rules. II. vi. Rule; have sov- 
ereign power; predominate. [Fr. 
regne— L. regnum—rego, rule.] 
Syn. Control; direct; govern. 

reimburse ( re-im-burs' ), vt. Pay an 
equivalent to, for loss or expense. — 
reimbursement, n. [Pr. rembour- 
ser—re_, and embourser, put in a purse.] 

rein (ran). I. n. Strap of a bridle; in- 
strument for curbirjg or governing; 
government. II. vt. Govern with the 
rein or bridle; restrain; control. — 
§ive the reins to, leave unchecked. 
[O. Pr. reine — L. retineo, hold back.] 

reindeer 
(ran'der), n. 
Kind of 
deer in the 
north, valu- 
able for do- 
mestic uses. 
[Lap. reino, 
pasture, 
a n d E n g. 
deer.] 

r e in for c e 
(re-in-fors'), 
vt. Strength- 
en with new force or support.— rein- 
forcement, n. 1. Act of reinforcing. 
2. Additional force as assistance, esp. 
of troops. [L. re, again, and enforce.] 

reinless (ran'les), a. Without rein or 
restraint. 

reins(ranz), n.pl. 1. Kidneys. 2. Lower 
part of the back, over the kidneys. 3. 
(Formerly supposed) seat of the af- 
fections andimpulses. [Pr.— L. renes.] 

reinstate (re-in-staf), vt. Place in a 
former state. — reinstate'ment, n. 

reinvest (re-in-vesf), vt. Invest again 
or a second time.— rein vest'ment,». 

reinvigorate (re-in-vig'ur-at), vt. In- 
vigorate again. [U.n. Second issue. 

reissue (re-ish'o). I. vt. Issue again. 

reiterate (re-it'er-at), vt. Repeat 
again; repeat again and again. — 
reit'erative, a. — reitera'tion, n. 

reject (re-jekt'), vt. Throw away; not 

receive.— rejec'tion, n. [Li.— re, and 

jacio, throw.] [repel; rebuff. 

Syn. Discard; refuse; repudiate; 

rejoice (re-jois'). I. vi. Feel and express 
joy. II. vt. Make joyful; gladden.— 
rejoicingly, adv. With joy or 
exultation. [Pr. rejouir — re, again, 
and jouir, enjoy.] [please. 

Syn. Delight; exult -.triumph; cheer; 



Reindeer. 



rejoin (re-join'). I. vt. Join again; 
unite what is separated; meet again. 
II. vi. Answer to a reply. 

rejoinder (re-join'der), n. 1. Answer 
to a reply. 2. In law. Defendant's an- 
swer to a plaintiff's "replication." 

rejuvenate (re-jo've-nat), vt. Make 
young again. 

rejuvenescent (re-jo-ve-nes'ent), a. 
Growing young again.— rejuvenes'- 
cence, n. 

rekindle (re-kin'dl), vt. Kindle again; 
set on fireor arouse anew. 

relapse (re-laps'). I. vi. Return to a 
former state or practice. II. n. Fall- 
ing back into a former bad state. [L. 
relabor, relapsus—re, back, and labor, 
slide.] 

relate (re-laf). I. vt. 1. Describe; tell. 

2. Ally by connection or kindred. II. 
vi. Have reference; refer.— rela'ted, 
a. Allied or connected by kindred or 
blood. — rela'tedness, n. Affinity. 
[L. relatum^ carried back.] 

relation (re-la'shun), w.l. Act of relat- 
ing or telling; recital. 2. That which 
is related. 3. Mutual connection be- 
tween two things; resemblance. 4. 
Connection by birth or marriage. — 
relationship^ n. 

relational (re-la'shun-al), a. Having 
relation; having kindred. 

relative (rel'a-tiv). I. a. 1. Having 
relation; respecting. 2. Not absolute 
or existing by itself; considered as 
belonging to something else. 3. In 
gram. Expressing relation; referring 
to an antecedent. II. n. 1. One who or 
that which has relation to another. 2. 
In gram. Pronoun which relates to 
something before, called the antece- 
dent.— relatively, adv. — relativ- 
ity, w._ 

relax(re-laks'). l.vt. 1. Slacken. 2. Make 
less severe. 3. Relieve from attention 
or effort. 4. Divert. 5. Loosen, as the 
bowels. 6. Make languid. II. vi. Be- 
come less close or severe. — relaxa- 
tion,^ [L. relaxo— laxus, loose.] 

relay (re-la'), n. 1. Supply of horses 
to relieve others on a journey. 2. Body 
of men to take a turn at work; shift. 

3. Anything kept on hand for relief 
or fresh supply at intervals. [Pr. 
relais. Doublet of release.] 

release (re-ies' ). I. vt. Let loose; re- 
lieve; let go, as a claim. II. n. Dis- 
charge; acquittance; giving up of a 
right or claim. [O. Fr. relaisser.] 
Syn. Acquit; discharge; free, 

relegate (rel'e-gat), vt. Consign; ex- 
ile; remove (to a lower position).— 
relegation, n. [L.— re, away, and 
lego, send.] 



fate fat, task, far, fail, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, bum; oil, owl, then. * 



477 



remembrance 



relent (re-lent'), vi. Soften: grow less 
severe; feel compassion. [Fr. ralentir.] 

relentless (re-lent'les), a. Without 
tenderness or compassion ; merciless. 
— relentlessly, adv.— relent less- 
ness, n. 

relevance ( rel'e-vans ), relevancy 
( rel'e-van-si ), n. Pertinence; appli- 
cability; obvious relation. 

relevant (rel'e-vant),a. Bearing upon, 
or applying to, the purpose; perti- 
nent; related. [Fr.] 

reliable (re-li'a-bl), a. That may be 
relied upon; trusty.— reli'ably, adv. 
— reliability, reliableness, ns. 

reliance (re-li'ans), n. 1. Trust; con- 
fidence. 2. Ground for confidence. 

relic (rel'ik), n. 1. That which is left 
after loss or decay of the rest. 2. 
Corpse; in R. C. Church, the body or 
other memorial of a saint. 3. Memo- 
rial. [Fr. relique—~L. reliquiae.] 

relict (rel'ikt), n. Widow. [L.relicta.] 

reliction ( re-lik'shun ), n. Land left 
dry by the recession of the sea. 

relief (re-lef ). n. 1. Removal of evil. 
2. Release from a post or duty. 3. 
That which relieves or mitigates; aid. 
4. In fine art. Projection of a sculp- 
tured design from its ground. 

relieve (re-lev'), vt. 1. Remove that 
which weighs down or depresses, 
from. 2. Lessen; ease. 3. Help. 4. Re- 
lease. 5. In fine art. Set off by con- 
trast. 6. In law. Redress; right. [Fr. 
relever, raise again,— L. relevo.] 

relievo (re-le'vo), n. See alto-relie- 
vo, and BASS-RELIEF. 

relight (re-Hf), vt. and vi. Light or 
kindle anew; take fire again. 

religieuse(re-le-zhi-uz'), n. Nun. [Fr.J 

religion (re-lij'un), n. 1. Recognition 
of and obedience to a Supreme Being. 
2. Healthy moral development on a 
spiritual basis. 3. System of faith in 
and worship of a god or gods. [L. 
religio,—re, back, and %o,bind.] 

religionist (re-lij'un-ist), n. One at- 
tached to a religion; zealot. 

religious (re-lij'us), a. 1. Pertaining 
to religion. 2. Concerned with or set 
apart to religion; pious; godly. 3. In 
R. C. Church, bound to a monastic 
life. 4. Strict. — religiously, adv. 
[L. religiosus.] 

relinquish (re-ling'kwish), vt. Aban- 
don; give up; renounce a claim to.— 
relinquishment, n. [O. Fr. relin- 
quir — L. relinquo.] 

reliquary (re l'i-kwar-i), n. Small 
chest or casket for holding relics. 
[Fr. reliquaire.] 

relique (re-lek), n. Relic. [Fr.] 



relish (rel'ish). I. vt. 1. Like the taste 
of. 2. Be pleased with, II. vi. Have an 
agreeable taste; give pleasure. III. n. 
1. Agreeable peculiar taste or qual- 
ity/2. Enjoyable quality; power of 
pleasing. 3. Inclination or taste for; 
appetite. 4. Just enough to give a 
flavor. 5. Condiment; side dish to 
stimulate the appetite. [O. Fr. rele~ 
cher, lick or taste again.] 

reluctance (re-luk'tans ), relue'« 
tancy, ns. Unwillingness.— reluc'- 
tant, a. Unwilling; disinclined.— 
reluc'tantly, adv. [L.— re, against, 
and luctor, struggle.] 

rely(re-li'),fl£. [rely'ing; relied'.] Rest; 
repose; have full confidence in. 

remain (re-man'), vi. 1. Stay; be left 
behind; continue in the same place, 
form, or condition. 2. Be left, after, 
or out of, a greater number. — re- 
mains', n. pi.' 1. Corpse. 2. Literary 
productions of one dead. [L. remaneo.} 
Syn. Abide; endure; last; stay; 
tarry; wait. 

remainder ( re-man'der ), n. That 
which remains, or is left behind, after 
the removal of a part; interest in an 
estate to come into effect after a cer- 
tain other event happens. [See 

REMAIN.] 

reinand ( re-mand' ), vt. Recommit; 
send back. [L. remando.] 

remark (re-mark'). I. vt. 1. Mark or 
take notice of. 2. Express what one 
thinks or sees. 3. Say. II. n. 1. Words 
regarding anything. 2. Notice. [Fr. 
remarquer. See mark.] 
Syn. Comment; note; observation. 

remarhable(re-mar'ka-bl), a. Deserv- 
ing notice; that may excite admira- 
tion or wonder.— remarh'ably, adv. 
— remarh'ableness, n. [binary. 
Syn. Strange; eminent. See extra or- 

remediable (re-me'di-a-bl). a. That 
may be remedied; curable. — reme'» 
diably, adv.— reme'diableness, n. 

remedial (re-me'di-al), a. Tending to 
remedy or remove. 

remediless (rem'e-di-les), a. Without 
a remedy; incurable; irreparable. 

remedy (rem'e-di). I. n. 1 Any medi- 
cine, appliance, or particular treat- 
ment that cures disease. 2. That 
which counteracts any evil or repairs 
any loss. II. vt. [rem'edying ; rem'- 
edied.] Remove; counteract; repair. 
[L. remedium.y 

remember (re-mem"ber), vt. 1. Keep 
in mind; bear in mind with gratitude 
and reverence. 2. Attend to. [O. Fr. 
remembrer—Li. rememoro, call to mind.] 
remembrance ( re-mem'brans ), n. 1. 
Memory. 2. That which server 10 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me. met, her; mite, mit; n5te, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



remembrances* 



478 



rend 



bring to, or keep in, mind; memorial. 
3. Power of remembering. 4. Length 
of time during which a thing can be 
remembered. [Fr.] 

remembrancer ( re-mem'bran-ser), n. 
That which reminds; recorder. 

remind (re-mmd'), vt. Make (one) 
think of or remember. — remind'- 
ful, a. 1. Reminding. 2. Remem- 
bering. 

reminiscence (rem-i-nis'ens), n. 1. 
Recollection. 2. Account of what is 
remembered. [L. reminiscentiae, rec- 
ollections.] [Hog on the past. 

reminiscent (rem-i-nis'ent), a. Dwel- 

remiped (rem'i-pedj, a. Having oar- 
shaped feet. 

remiss (re-mis'), a. Not exact or dili- 
gent; inattentive. — remissly, adv. 
— remiss'ness, n. 
Syn. Dilatory; negligent; slack. 

remissible (re-mis' l-bl), a. That may 
be pardoned.— remissibil'ity , n. 

remission ( re-mish'un ), n. Abate- 
ment; relinquishment of a claim; 
pardon; remittance. 

remissive (re-mis'iv), a. Forgiving. 

remit ( re-mit' ), vt. and vi. remit' 
liug; remit'ted.j 1. Relax. 2. Pardon. 
3. Resign; give up; send back. 4.Trans- 
mit, as money, etc. 5. Put again in 
custody. — remitter, n. [L. remitto. 
— re-, back, and mitto, send] 

remittal (re-mit'al), n. Remitting;sur- 
render. 

remittance (re-mit'ans), n. 1. That 

which is remitted; sum or thing sent. 

2. Sending of money, etc. 

« remittent (re-mit'ent), a. Increasing 

and abating alternately, as a disease. 

remnant (rem'nant), n. Remainder; 
fragment. [0. 'Fr. remainant. See 
remain.] lion anew. 

remodel (re-mod'l), vt. Modei or fash- 

remonetize ( re-mun'e-tiz ), vt. Make 
again a standard or legal money of 
account. 

remonstrance (re-mon'strans ), n. 
Strong statement of reasons against 
an act; expostulation. 

remonstrant ( re-mon'strant ). I. a. 
Inclined to remonstrate. II. n. One 
who remonstrates. 

remonstrate (re-mon'strat), vL Set 
forth strong reasons against a meas- 
ure. [L. re, again, and monstro, point 
out.] [Expostulatory. 

remonstratiye (re-mon'stra-tiv), a. 

remontant(re-mon'tant), a. Blooming 
a second time in the season, as a rose. 

remora(rem'o-ra),n. 1. Delay; hinder- 
ance. 2. Fish which can adhere to a 
ship or other fish by means of a suck- 
ing-disk on its head. 



remorse (re-mars'), n. 1. Gnawing pain 
or anguish of guilt. 2. Pity. — re- 
morse'fnl, a. — remorsefully, 

adv.— remorse less, a.— remorse'- 

lessly, adv.— reinorse'Iessness, 11, 

[O. Fv.—Li.remordeo, bite again.] 

remote (re-mof), a. 1. Far; distant. 
2. Primary, as "a cause. 3. Not agree- 
ing; not related.— remotely, adv.— 
remoteness, n. [See remove.] 

remold (re-mold ), vt. Mold or shape 
anew. 

remount (re-mownf). I. vt. and vi. 1. 
Mount again. 2. Go back. II. n. 1. 
Fresh horse. 2. Supply of fresh horses. 

removable(re-mo'va-bf), a. That may 
be removed.— removability, n. 

removal (re-mo 'val), n. Act of taking 
away; displacing; change of place. 

remove(re-mov'). I. vt. Put from its 
place; take away; withdraw. II. n, 1. 
Indefinite distance; step in any scale 
of gradation. 2. Dish to be changed 
while the rest remain. [L. removeo, 
move.] 

removed (re-movd'), a. Separated (no- 
ting a degree of distance in relation- 
ship, character, etc). 

remunerate (re-niu'ner-at),^. Render 
an equivalent for a service; recom- 
pense.— remuneration, n. Reward ; 
requital. — remunerative, a. Lu- 
crative; yielding due return. [L.~- 
munus, muneris, service, gift.] 

renaissance ( re-nas'ans or re-na- 
songs). I. n. 1. Period (in the 15th 
century) at which the revival of arts 
and letters took place, marking the 
transition from the middle ages to 
the modern world. 2. Style of art 
characteristic of that period. [Fr.= 
new birth.] 

renal (re'nal), a. Pertaining to the 
reins or kidneys. [L. renalis.] 

renard, reynard ( ren'ard ), %.Fox, 
so called in fables and in poetry. 
[Fr. — O. Ger. Reinhard, ReginharU 
"strong in counsel."] 

renascent ( re-nas'ent ), a. Rising 
again into being. — renas'cence, n. 
The same as renaissance. [L. renas- 
cens, pr. p. of renascor—re, again, and 
nascor, be born.] 

rencounter (ren-kown'ter ). I. vt. 
and vi. Meet unexpectedly ; clash ; 
fight hand to hand. II. n. Meeting in 
contest ; casual combat ; collision. 
[Fr. rencontre— U. re-, against, and 

root Of ENCOUNTER.] 

rend (rend), vt. and vi. [rend'ing ; 

rent. ] Tear or burst asunder with 

force; tear away. [A.S. rendan, tear.] 

Syn. Break; crack; rupture; split. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; m§, met, kerj mite, mit; note, not» move, wolfj 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl. then. 



render 



479 



repent 



render (ren'der). L vt. 1. Give up; re- 
turn; surrender. 2. Give; furnish, 
as assistance. 3. Cause to be. 4. Trans- 
late into another language. 5. Inter- 
pret; represent; perform. 6. Try out; 
clarify, as fat. II. n. 1. Surrender. 
2. Payment. [Fr. rendre—L>. reddere.] 

rendezvous (ren'de-vo or rang'-). I. 
n. 1. Appointed place of meeting. 2. 
Meeting by appointment. II. vi. As- 
semble at any appointed place. [Fr. 
rendez-vous, betake yourselves!] 

rendible (ren'di-bl), a. Capable of 
being rent, or yielded, or translated. 

renegade ( ren'e-gad ) , reneg-ado 
(ren-e-ga'do),;i. One faithless to prin- 
ciple or party; apostate; deserter. 
[Sp. renegado—Li. nego, deny.] 

renew(re-nu').I. vt. 1. Make new again; 
transform to new life; revive. 2. Be- 
gin again; recommence. II. vi. 1. Be 
made new. 2._ Begin again. 

renewable (re-nu'a-bl), a. That may 
be renewed. 

renewal ( re-nu'al ), n. Renovation; 
regeneration; restoration. 

reniform (ren'i-farm), a. Having the 
shape of the human kidney. .[From 
L. ren, kidney.] 

renitent (ren'i-tent), a. 1. Resisting 
pressure by elasticity. 2. Persistently 
opposing. [L.] 

rennet (ren'et), n. Prepared inner 
membrane of a calf's stomach, used 
to curdle milk. [From A. S. rennan, 
cause to run.] [pie. [Fr. rainette.] 

rennet (ren'et), n. Sweet kind of ap- 

renonnce (re-nowns'). I. vt. Disown; 
reject publicly; forsake. II. vi. Ne- 
glect to follow suit at cards. — re- 
nounce'ment, n. [L. renuntio—re, 
away, and nuntio, announce.] 
Syn. Abjure; recant; disavow. 

renovate ( ren'o-vat ), vt. Make new 
again ; restore to the original state.— 
renovation, n. — renovator, n. 
[ L. — novus, new.] 

renown (re-nown'). I. n. Great name; 
celebrity. II. vt. 1. Make famous. 2. 
(Whititf.) Spread one's self; swagger. 
[Fr. renommer, make known, boast.] 

renowned (re-nownd'), a. Famous. 
Syn. Celebrated; noted; illustrious. 

rent (rent), n. Fissure; break; tear. 

rent (rent). I. n. Payment for use of 
property held of another, esp. houses 
and lands. II. vt. Hold or occupy by 
paying rent; let for rent. III. vi. Be 
let for rent. [Fr. rente — rendre, give 
back.] 

rent ( rent ),pa. t. and pa. p. of rend. 

rental ( ren'tal ), n. 1. Rent-roll. 2. 
rent. [ule of rents. 

rent-roll (rent'rol), n. Rental; sched- 



rennnciation (re-nun-si-a'shun). n. 

Disowning; rejection; abandonment. 

[See RENOUNCE.] 
rep (rep), n. Ribbed fabric. 
repair ( re-par' ). I. vi. Betake one's 

self; go; resort. II. n. Retreat. [Fr. 

repaire, haunt— L. repatrio, return to 

one's country.] 
repair (re-par'). I. vt. 1. Restore after 

injury. 2. Make amends for. II. n. 

1. Restoration after injury or decay. 

2. Supply of loss. — repairer, n.~ 
rep'arable, a.— rep'arably, adv.— 
reparation, n. 1. Repair. Z. Sup- 
ply of what is wasted. 3 Amends. 
[Fr. reparer—L,. reparo.] 

reparative (re-par'a-tiv). I. a. Amend- 
ing defect or injury. II. n. 1. That 
which restores to a good state. 2. 
That which makes amends. 

repartee (rep-ar-te'), n. Smart, ready, 
and witty reply. [Fr. repartie.] 

repast (re-pasf), n. 1. Meal. 2. Food 
taken. [Low L. repastus.] 

repay (re-pa'), vt. 1. Payback; make 
return for; recompense. — repay'a- 
ble, a.— repayment, n. 

repeal (re-pel'). I. vt. Revoke by au- 
thority, as a law; abrogate. II. n. 
Revoking or annulling. — repeal'a- 
ble, a.— repeal'er, n. [Fr. rappeler 
— L. appello, 
call.] 

repeat (re- 
pet' ). I. vt. 
Do again or 
speak again; 
iterate; quote 
from memo- 
ry; rehearse. II. vi. 1. Strike the 
hours, as a watch. 2. Recur : III. n. 
In music. Mark (dots) directing a 
part to be repeated. [Fr. repeter—Li. 
peto, seek.] 

repeatedly (re-pe'ted-li) , adv. Many 
times repeated; again and again. 

repeater (re-pe'ter), n. 1. One who or 
that which repeats. 2. Watch that 
strikes again the previous hour at the 
touch of a spring. 3. Repeating fire- 
arm. 4. One who votes more than 
once in an election. 

repel (re-pel'), vt. repelling; repel- 
led'.] Drive back; repulse; check the 
advance of. — repellent, a. — re- 
pel'ler, n. [L,.—pello, drive.] 

repent ( re-pent' ), vt. and vi. 1. Re- 
gret or sorrow for what one has done 
or left undone. 2. Change from past 
evil. — repentance, n. Contrition 
for sin. — repentant, a. Showing 
sorrow for sin. [Fr. repentir—L,. poe- 
ni'ere, cause to repent.] 



^m 



Repeat mark. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf) 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



repercussion 



480 



reproach 



repercussion (re-per-kush'un), n. 1. 
Reverberation. 2. In mus. Frequent 
repetition of the same sound. [L.] 

repertoire (rep-er-twar'), n. Schedule 
of plays or pieces ready for perfor- 
mance. [Fr.] 

repertory (rep'er-to-ri), n. Reposi- 
tory; storeroom; repertoire. [L. re- 
pertorium—reperio, find again.] 

repetend (rep'e-tend) , n. That part 
of a repeating decimal which recurs 
continually, as 743 in 1,743743 . . — 

repetition (rep-e-tish'un), n. 1. Act 
of repeating. 2. Recital from memory. 
—repetitious, a. 

repine (re-pm'), vi. Fret one's self; 
feel discontent; murmur. — repi'- 
ning-ly, adv.— repi'ner, n. 

replace (re-plas'), vt. 1. Put again In 
a former place or condition. 2. Repay; 
provide a substitute for. 3. Take the 
place of.— replacement, n. 

replenish ( re-plen'ish ), vt. 1. Fill 
again. 2. Fill completely. — replen- 
ishment, n. [O. Fr. replemr — L. 
plenus, full.] 

replete (re-plef), a. Completely filled. 
— reple'tion, n. [L. repletus.] 

replevin (re-plev'in), n. Action for 
replevying. 

replevy (re-plev'i), vt. In law. Recover 
goods upon giving security. — re- 
plev'iable, a. [O. Fr. replevir.] 

replica (rep'li-ka), n. Copy of a picture 
by the painter "of the original. [It.— 
L. replieo, fold.] 

replication (rep-li-ka'shun), n. 
Plaintiff's answer to a plea. 

reply (re-pli'). I. vt. and vi. [reply'ing; 
replied'. ] Answer. II. n. Answer. 
[L. replieo— re-, back, and plico, fold.] 

report (re-port'). L vL 1. Bring back, 
as an answer or account; give an ac- 
count of; relate; circulate publicly. 
2. Write down or take notes of, esp. 
lor a newspaper. II. vi. 1. Make a 
statement. 2. Present one's self, as 
ready for duty, etc. 3. Write an ac- 
count of occurrences. III. n. 1. State- 
ment of facts; description; formal or 
official statement, esp. of a judicial 
©pinion or decision. 2. Rumor. 3. 
Smmd; noise.— report'er, «.„ 1. One 
who reports, esp. for a newspaper. 2. 
One who records law proceedings, 
etc. [L. reporto—ve-, back, and porto, 
earry.] 

repose (re-p5z'). I. vt. 1. Lay at rest; 
©ompose. 2. Place in trust (with on 
or in). II. vi. 1. Lie; rest; sleep. 2. 
Rest in confidence (with on or upon). 
III. n. 1. Lying at rest; sleep; quiet; 
rest of mind. 2. That harmony which 
gives rest to the eye. [Fr. reposer.] 



reposit (re-poz'it), vt. Lodge, as for 
safety.— repository, n. Place for 
safe keeping. [again. 

repossess (re-poz-zes'), vt. Possess 

reprehend (rep-re-hend'), vt. Blame; 
reprove. [L.— prehendo, lay hold of.] 

reprehensible (rep-re-hen'si-bl), a. 
Blamable.— reprehen'sibly, adv. 

reprehension (rep-re-hen'shun), n 
Reproof; censure. 

reprehensive(rep-re-hen'siv), a. Con- 
taining censure; given in reproof. 

represent (re-pre-zenf), vt. Present 
again. 

represent(rep-re-zent'), vt. 1. Exhibit 
the image of; serve as a sign of. 2. 
Personate or act the part of ; stand in 
the place of. 3. Bring before the 
mind ; describe. [L.— re-, again, and 
praesento, place before.] 

representable (rep-re-zen'ta-bl ), a. 
That maybe represented. 

representation (rep-re-zen-t3'snun) 1 
n. 1. Representing or being represent* 
ed. 2. That which represents; image; 
statement; dramatic performance. 3. 
Part performed by a representative. 
4. Body of representatives. 

representative (rep-re-zen'ta-tiv), I. 
a. l.Representing;showing a likeness. 
2. Bearing the character or power of 
others; typical. 3. Done by deputies, 
or acting on behalf of the people. II. 
n. 1. One who stands for another; 
deputy; delegate; agent; substitute. 
2. Member of lower house of Congress 
or of a state legislature. [Fr.] 

repress (re-pres'), vt. Check or re» 
strain. — repression, n.— repress'- 
ive, a.— repress'ively, adv. 
Svn. Curb; crush; quell; subdue. 

reprieve { re-prev* ). I. vt. Delay the 
execution of (a criminal); give a res- 
pite to. II. n. 1. Suspension of a crim- 
inal sentence. 2. Interval of ease or 
relief. [O. Fr. repruver — > L. reprobo, 
reject. See reprove.] 

reprimand (rep'ri-mand or -mand'). 

1. n. Severe reproof. II. vt. Reprove 
severely. [Fr.— L. reprimo, repress.] 

Syn. Chide; censure; rebuke. 
reprint (re-print'). I. vt. Print again. 

2. Print a new impression of. II. n. 
(re'print) Another impression, 

reprisal ( re-pn'zal), n. 1. Retalia- 
tion. 2. Seizure of goods from an 
enemy by way of retaliation. [Fr. 
repr&aiUe—L. reprendere, seize again.] 

reproach (re-proch'). I. vt. Censure; 
upbraid. II. n. 1. Act of reproaching. 
2. Reproof mingled with contempt; 
blame in opprobrious language. 3. 
Disgrace. 4. Object of scorn. — re- 
proachable (re-proch'a-bl), a.— re« 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



reprobate 



481 



research 



proach fill, a. 1. Expressing cen- 
sure. 2. Bringing reproach. — re- 
proacb'fully, adv. [Fr. reprocher.] 
Syn. Reprehension ;abuse ; discredit. 

reprobate ( rep'ro-bat ). I. a. Con- 
demned ; given over to sin ; d epraved ; 
vile. IL n. Abandoned or profligate 
person. III. vt. Disapprove; disown; 
abandon to destruction.— reproba'- 
tion. n. [Li. reprobatus. SeeREPROVE.] 

reproduce (re-pro-dus'), vt. Produce 

Jain; copy.— reproduction, n. — 
productive, a. 
roof (re-prof), n. Rebuke; censure. 

reprovable (re-pr&'va-bl), a. Blama- 
ble, reprehensible. 

reprove (re-prbv'), vt. Chide; censure. 
— reprover, n. [Fr. reprouver— L. 
reprobo.] 

reptile (rep'til). I. a. Moving on the 
belly or with very short legs; grovel- 
ing; low. II. n. 1. Animal that crawls 
on its belly or with short legs. 2. 
Groveling, low person— reptilian, 
a. [L. reptilis—repo, creep.] 

republic (re-pub'lik), n. 1. Common- 
wealth. 2. Form of government with- 
out a monarch, in which the supreme 
power i3 vested in representatives 
elected by the people. [Fr. republique 
— Li. res publica,_comm.on weal.] 

republican (re-pub'lik-an). I. a. Be- 
longing to a republic; agreeable to 
the principles of a republic. II. n. One 
who advocates a republican form of 
government. 2. Member of one of the 
two great American political parties. 
— republicanism, ». 

repudiate ( re-pu'di-at ), vt. Reject; 
disclaim; disavow. Specifically, deny 
and refuse to pay a just debt.— re- 
pudiation, repu'diator, ns. [L, 
repudio—pudere.pe ashamed.] 

repugnance (re-pug'nans), n. Aver- 
sion; reluctance. 

repugnant (re-pug'nant), a. Hostile; 
adverse; distasteful; offensive. — re- 
pugnantly, adv. [L. repugno—^re, 
against, and pugno, fight.] 

repulse (re-puls'). I. vt. Drive back; 
repel; beat off. II. n. 1. State of being 
repulsed or driven back. 2. Act of re- 
pelling; refusal. [L. repulsus, pa. p. of 
repello, drive back.] 

repulsion (re-pul'shun), n. 1. Acts of 
repulsing or state of being repelled. 
2. Repugnance; disgust. 3. Power by 
which bodiesrepel each other. 

repulsive (re-pul'siv), a. Repelling; 
disgusting ; forbidding. — r e p u 1' - 
sively, adv. — repul'siveness, n. 

repurchase (re-pur'cbas). I. vt. Buy 
back or again. II. n. 1. Act of buying 
again. 2. That which is bought again. 



reputable ( rep'u-ta-bl ), a. In good 
repute or esteem; honorable.— rep'- 
utably, adv.— rep^utableness, n. 

reputation (rep-u-ta'shun ), n. Esti- 
mation; character as established in 
public opinion; credit; fame. [See 

REPUTE.] 

repute ( re-put'). I. vt. Account; esti- 
mate; hold. II. n. Estimate; estab- 
lished opinion; character. [L. reputo, 
think over.] 

reputedly (re- pu'ted-li), adv. In com- 
mon repute or estimation. 

request (re-kwestf). I. vt. Ask for; 
entreat; desire. II. n. 1. Petition; 
prayer. 2. Desire; demand. 3. That 
which is requested. 4. State ot being 
desired. [L,. requisition, pa.p. of requiro 
—quaero, seek.] 

requiem (re'kwi-em), n. l.Hymn or 
mass sung for the repose of the dead. 
2. Musical composition in honor of 
the dead. [L. ace. of requies, from the 
L. words Bequiem aeternam dona eis, 
Domine, "Give eternal rest to them, 
O Lord!"] 

require (re-kwir'), vt. 1. Ask; demand. 
2.Need; exact. 3. Direct. [L. requiro:] 

requirement ( re-kwlr'ment ) , n, 1. 
Act of requiring. 2. That which is 
required; claim; demand. 

requisite (rek'wi-zit). I. a. Needful; 
indispensable. II. n. That which is 
required. 

requisition ( rek-wi-zish'un ) , n. 1. 
Act of requiring; application; de- 
mand. 2. Written request or invita- 
tion. 3. Demand made by authority. 
[L. requisition 

requital (r3-kwi'tal), n. Act of requit- 
ing; payment in return; recompense. 

requite (re-kwif), vt. Give back so as 
to be quits; repay. [From quit.] 
Syn. Recompense; reward; punish. 

reredos(rer'dos),?i. Wall of a church or 
ornamental screen behind the altar. 
[Fr. arrtire, behind, and dos, back.] 

reremouse (rer'mows), n. Bat. [A.S. 
ftrererrms — hreran, flutter, and mus, 
mouse.] 

rescind (re-sind'), vt. Cut off; annul; 
repeal. [L.— scindo, cut.] 

rescission (re-sizh'un), n. Act of re. 
scinding.— rescissory, a. 

rescript (re'skript), n. Official answer 
of a pope or an emperor to a legal 
question; edict; decree. [L. — scrip- 
turn, writtenj 

rescue (res'ku). I. vt. Free from dan- 
ger or violence; deliver. II. n. Act 
of rescuing; deliverance. [O. Fr. re- 
scourre—'Li. excutere, shake out] 

research (re-serch'j, n. 1. Careful 
search; scrutiny. 2. Deep learning. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, alove; ine, met, her; mite, mitj note, not, move, wolfj 
mute, kut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



resemblance 



482 



respect 



resemblance (re-zem'blans ), n. 1. 
Similitude; likeness; similarity. 2. 
That which is similar. 

resemble (re-zem'bl), vt. Be similar 
to; have the likeness of. [Fr. ressem- 
bler—sembler, seem.] 

resent (re-zent'), vt. and vi. 1. Take 
ill; be indignant at. 2. Express in- 
dignation.— resent'fnl, a. Full of, or 
prone to, resentment.--resent'f ully , 
fl^-resent'meiit,w. 1. Act of re- 
senting. 2. Anger. [F. ressentir, feel.] 
Syn. Displeasure; indignation. 

reservation (rez-er- va'shun), n. 1. Act 
of reserving or keeping back. 2. Some- 
thing withheld. 3. Clause, proviso, 
or limitation by which something is 
reserved. 4. Public land reserved in 
the U. S. for certain purposes. 

reserve (re-zerv'). I. vt. 1. Keep back. 
2. Keep for future or other use. II. 
n. 1. That which is kept for future 
use. 2. Part of an army or a fleet re- 
served to assist in case of need. 3. 
That which is kept back in the mind ; 
mental concealment. 4. Absence of 
freedom in words or actions ; caution. 
[L.— servo, save, keep.] 

reserved (re-zervd'), a. Characterized 
by reserve ; not f reeor frank in words 
or behavior; shy; cold. — reserved" 
ly, adv. — reser'vedness, n. 

reservoir ( rez'er-vwar), n. 1. Place 
where anything is reserved or kept in 
store. 2. Place where water is collect- 
ed and stored for use. [Fr.] 

reset (re-set'), vt. Set again or anew. 

reside(re-zid'),w. Dwell permanently; 
abide; live; inhere. [L. sedeo, sit.] 

residence ( rez'i-dens ), n. 1. Act of 
residing or of dwelling in a place. 2. 
Place where one resides. 

residency ( rez'i-den-si ), n. 1. Resi- 
dence. 2. Official dwelling of a govern- 
ment officer in India. 

resident (rez'i-dent). L a. Dwelling in 
a place. II. n. 1. One who resides. 2. 
Public minister at a foreign court— 
residential, a. — residentiary, 
a. and n. [residue. 

residual (re-'Zid'u-alK a. Remaining as 

residuary (re-zid'u-ar-i), a. 1. Pertain- 
ing to the residue. 2. Receiving the 
remainder. 

residue ( rez'i-du ), n. That which is 
left behind after a part is taken away ; 
remainder. VL. residuum— resideo, re- 
main behind.] 

residuum (re-zid'u-um), n. Residue; 
that which is left after any process of 
purification. [L.] 

resign ( re-zin' ), vt. Yield up to an» 
other; submit, —resignation (rez- 
ig-na'shun), n. 1. Act of resigning or 



giving up. 2. State of being resigned 
or quietly submissive; acquiescence; 
patience. [L. resigno, unseal, annul, 
give back.] 

resilient ( re-zil'i-ent }, a. Springing 
back; rebounding.— resilience, re» 
sil'iency, ns. [Li.—salio, leap.] 

resin ( rez'in ), n. Inflammable sub- 
stance, which exudes from trees.— 
resinous, a. — res'inousness, n. 
[Fr. resine — fe. resina.] 

resist (re-zist'j! vi. and vt. Make oppo- 
sition (to) ; strive against.— resist'- 
anee,n. Act of resisting; opposition. 
— resist'ible, a. — resist! bly, adv. 
— resistibil'ity, n. [L. — sisto. stand.] 
Syn. Withstand; obstruct: baffle. 

resistless (re-zist'les), a. Irresistible. 

resolute ( rez'o-lot ), a. Constant in 
pursuing a purpose.— res'olntely, 
adv.— res'oluteness, n. [vering. 
Syn. Determined; steadfast; perse- 
resolution (rez-o-16'shun), n. 1. Act 
of resolving; analysis; solution. 2. 
State of being resolved. 3. Fixed de- 
termination ; steadiness. 4. 'That 
which is resolved; formal proposal 
in a public assembly. 

resolvable (re-zolv'a-bl), a. Capable of 
being resolved to its briginalelements. 

resolve (re-zolv'). I. vt. and vi. 1. Sepa- 
rate into parts; analyze. 2. Free from 
doubt or difficulty; explain. 3. Decide. 
4. Fix by resolution or formal' decla- 
ration. 5. In math. Solve. 6. In med. 
Disperse, as a tumor. II. n. Anything 
resolved or determined ; fixed pur- 
pose. [L. resolvo — solvo, loose.] 

resonant (rez'o-nant), a. Returning 

, sound ; resounding. — resonance, 
n. [Li. — sono, sound.] 

resorcine (re-zar'sin) , n. A colorless, 
odorless crystalline compound (C e H 6 
O2) used in medicine, and as a base of 
certain purple-red coloring-matters. 

resort (re-zarf). I. vi. Go; betake one's 
self; have recourse; apply. II. n. 1. 
Act of resorting. 2. Place much fre- 
quented; haunt. 3. Resource. [Fr. 
ressortir—L,. sortiri, cast lots, obtain.] 

resound (re-zownd'), vt. and vi. Echo; 
be echoed; ring. 2. Celebrate with 
sound, 3. Be much mentioned. 

resource (re-sors'), n. 1. Source of 
help; expedient. 2. pi. Means of rais- 
ing money; means of any kind. [Fr. 
ressource—Li. resurgere, rise again.] 

respect (re-spekf). I. vt. 1. Esteem; 
honor. 2. Relate to. II. n. 1. Esteem- 
ing highly; regard; expression of es 
teem. 2. Deportment arising from 
esteem. 3. Relation; reference. [L. 
respieio, respectum, look back.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. > 



respectable 



483 



resurgent 



respectable ( re-spek'ta-bl ), a. 1. 
Worthy of respect or regard; not 
mean or despicable. 2. Moderate in 
«xcellence or number. — respect'* 
ably, adv. — respectability, n. 

respectful (re-spekG'iol >, a. Full of 
respect; marked by civility. — re- 
spectfully, adv. 

respective (re-spek'tiv), a. 1. Having 
reference to; relative. 2. Relating to 
a particular person or thing; parti- 
cular.— respectively , adv. Each his 
own: as relating to each. 

resperse(re-spers'), vt. Sprinkle; scat- 
ter. — resper'sion, n. [piration. 

respirable (re-spi'ra-bl), a. Fit for res- 
respiration (res-pi-ra'shun),?i. Func- 
tion or act of breathing. 

respirator (res'pi-ra-tur),w. Network 
of fine wire for breathing through. 

respiratory (re-spi'ra-to-ri), a. Per- 
taining to,, or serving for, respiration. 

respire (re-spir'). I. vi. 1. Breathe. 2. 
Take rest. II. vt. Breathe out. [L.— 
spiro, breathe.] 

respite (res'pit). I. n. 1. Temporary 
cessation; pause; interval of rest. 2. 
In law. Temporary suspension of the 
execution of a criminal. II. vt. Grant 
a respite to. [O.Fr. respit-~L. respectus.] 

resplendent (re-splen'dent), a. Very 
splendid; very bright. — resplen- 
dently, adv.— resplen'dence, re- 
splen'dency, ns. [ L. — splendeo, 
shine.] 

respond (re-spond'), vi. 1. Answer; 
reply. 2. Correspond; suit. [L. — 
spondeo, promise.] 

respondent (re-spond'ent). I. a. An- 
swering; corresponding to expecta- 
tion. II. n. One who answers, esp. in 
a law suit ;one who refutes objections. 

response ( re-spons' ), n. Reply; an- 
swer. [See RESPOND.] 

responsibility (re-spon-si-bil'i-ti), n. 
1. State of being responsible. 2. What 
one is responsible for. 

responsible (re-spon'si-bl), a. 1. Lia- 
ble to be called to account; answer- 
able. 2. Capable of discharging duty. 
—responsibly, adv. 

responsive(ve-spon'siv), a. 1. Inclined 
to respond. 2. Answering. 3. Corres- 
pondent.— respon'sively, adv. 

rest (rest). I. n.l. Cessation from mo- 
tion, labor, or disturbance; peace; 
quiet. 2. Sleep; death. 3. Place of rest; 
that on which anything rests. 4. In mu- 
sic. Interval of silence ; its mark. II. vi. 

1. Cease from action or labor; be still. 

2. Repose; be supported. 3. Stand 
firm; be fixed. 4. Sleep; be dead. 5. 
Lean; trust. III. vt. 1. Lay at rest. 
2. Place on a support; lean. [A. S.] 



rest (rest). I. n. That which remains 
after the separation of a part ; re- 
mainder; others. II. vi. Remain. [Fr. 
reste— L. resto.] 

restaurant (res'to-rant), n. Eating 
house. [Fr.— restaurer, restore.] 

restitution (res-ti-tu'shun), n. Restor- 
ing what was lost or taken away; 
amends. [L.— restituo, setup again.] 

restive (res'tiv), a. 1. Unwilling to go 
forward; obstinate; refractory. 2. 
Restless. — rest'ively, adv.— rest'- 
iveness, n. [O. Fr. restif.] 

restless (rest'les), a. 1. In continual 
motion; uneasy. 2. Passed in un- 
quietness. 3. Seeking change or ac- 
tion; unsettled; turbulent. — rest'- 
lessly, adv. — restlessness, n. 
[From best, cessation_from motion.] 

restoration (res-to-ra'shun ), n. 1. 
Restoring; replacement ; recovery ; 
revival; reparation. 2. That which 
is restored. 

restorative (re-stor'a-tiv). I. a. Tend- 
ing to restore, esp. to strength and 
vigor. II, n. Medicine that restores. 
— restor'atiyely, adv. 

restore (re-stor'), vt. Store again. 

restore (re-stor'), vt. 1. Repair; re- 
place; return; bring back to its for- 
mer state; revive; cure. — restor'er, 
n. [Fr. restaurer— Li. restauro.] 

restrain (re-stran'), vt. 1. Hold back; 
check; hinder. 2. Limit. [O. Fr. re- 
straindre—Lt. stringo, bind.] 

restraint (re-stranf), n. 1. Act of re- 
straining. 2. State of being restrain- 
ed. 3. That which restrains. 

restrict (re-strikf), vt Limit; confine; 
repress. — restriction ( re-strik'- 
shun), n. Limitation; confinement; 
restraint. — restrictive, a. [From 

root Of RESTRAIN.] 

result (re-zuif). I. vi. 1. Issue (in). 
2. Follow as a consequence. II. n. 1. 
Consequence; effect. 2. Decision; reso- 
lution. [Fr. See resilient.] 
Syn. Eventj conclusion; issue. 

resultant (re-zul'tant). I. a. Result- 
ing from combination.il. n. In vhysics. 
Force compounded of two or more 
forces. 

resumable (re-zu'ma-bl), a. Liable to 
be taken back again or taken up again. 

resume ( ra-zo-ma' ), n. Recapitula- 
tion. [Fr.]_ 

resume (re-zum ; ), vt. 1. Take back. 
2. Take up again. 3. Begin again after 
interruption.— resump'tion, n. [L. 
resumo.) 

resurgent ( re-sur'jent ), a. Rising 
again, or from the dead. [L. re, again, 
and surge, surrectum, rise.] 



f|kte, fat, task, far, tall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, bum; oil, owl, then. 



resurrect 



484 



retrievable 



resurrect ( rez-ur-rekt' ) , vt. 1. Raise 
from the dead. 2. Bring again into 
public view or notice. [Collog. Formed 

from RESURRECTION.] 

resurrection (rez-ur-rek'shun), n. 1. 
Rising again from the dead. 2. Life 
hereafter. 3. Exhumation of a body 
from the grave. [Fr. — L. resurgere. 

See RESURGENT.] 

resuscitate ( re-sus'i-tat ), vt. and vi. 

Revive; revivify; come to life again. 
— resuscitation n. — resus'cita- 

tive, a. _ [L.} 

retail (re-tal'), vt. 1. Sell in small 
parts; deal out in small portions. 2. 
Tell in broken parts, or at second- 
hand. — retail'er, n. [Fr. retainer, 
cut again.] [quantities. 

retail (rental), n. Sale of goods in small 

retain (re-tan'), vt. 1. Keep in posses- 
sion; continue to hold; detain. 2. 
Employ by a fee paid.— retainable, 
a. — retainer (re-ta'ner), n. 1. One 
who retains. 3. One who is retained 
or kept in service; dependant. 2. Fee 
paid to a lawyer to defend a cause. 
[Fr.— L. retineo.] 

retaliate (re-tal'i-at), vt. and vi. Re- 
turn like for like; repay.— retalia- 
tion, n. Return of like for like; ret- 
ribution. — retal'iative, retalia- 
tory, a. Returning like for like. [L. 
retalio— talis, of such a kind.] 

retard(re-tard'),^. Keep back; hinder; 
delay.— retarda'tion, n. [L. retardo 
—tardus, slow.] 

retch (rech), vi. Try to vomit; strain. 
[A. S. ftraec<m,_hawk,— hraca, throat.] 

retention f re-ten'shun ), n. Act or 
power of retaining. 

retentive (re-ten'tiv), a. Having pow- 
er to retain. — reten'tively, adv.— 
reten'tiveness, n. 

retirary (re'shi-ar-i), a. 1. Netlike. 2. 
Constructing a web to catch prey. 3. 
Provided with a net. [L. retiarius, 
gladiator who fights with a net (rete).] 

reticent (ret'i-sent), a. Concealing by 
silence; reserved in speech. — reti- 
cence, ret'icency, n. [L. — taceo, 
am silent.] _ 

reticular (re-tik'u-lar), a. Having the 
form of network; formed with inter- 
stices. 

reticulate(re-tik'u-lat), reticulated 
(re-tik'u-lat-ed), a. Netted; having 
the form or structure of a net; hav- 
ing veins crossing like network. — 
reticulation, n. 

reticule (ret'i-kul), reticle (ret'i-kl), 
n. Little network bag; lady's work- 
bag. [L. reticulum, dim. of rete, net.] 

eetiform (ret'i-farm), a. Having the 
form or structure of a net. 



retina (ret'i-na), a. Innermost coating 
of the back part of the eye, consist- 
ing of a fine net work of optic nerves. 
— re final, a. Pertaining to the 
retina. [FromL. rete, net.] 

retinue (ret'i-nu), n. Body of retain- 
ers who follow a person of rank; 
suite. [From root of retain, hire.] 

retire (re-tir'). I. vi. Retreat; recede; 
draw back; go to bed. II. vt. 1. With- 
draw; pay and withdraw; as a bond. 
2. Cause to retire. [Fr. retirer.] 

retirement (re-tir'ment), n. 1. With 
drawal. 2. Solitude; privacy. 

retort (re-tart'). I. 
vt. Throw " back ; 
return. II. vi. Make 
a sharp reply. III. 

n. 1. Ready and Retort (A) and ru- 

sharp reply ; witty ceiver <;©). 

answers- 2. Vessel 
used in distillation, properly a spiral 
tube. [L. retortum, pa. p. of retorgueo, 
twist back.] 

retoucu (re-tuch'). I. vt. Improve, as 
a picture, by new touches. II. n. 1. 
Reapplication of the artist's hand to 
a work. 2. Finish and correction. 

retrace (re-tras'), vt. 1. Trace back; 
go back by the same course. 2. Renew 
the outline of. 

retract U'e-trakt'), vt. and vi. Draw or 
take back.— retractile, a. That may 
be retracted.— retrac'tion, w.-re- 
tract'ive, a. Retracting.— retract'- 
ively, adv. [ L. — traho, tractum, 
draw.] 
Syn. Recall; rescind; revoke. 

retreat (re- tret'). I. n. 1. Drawing 
back or retracing one's steps. 2. Re- 
tirement; place of privacy. 3. Refuge; 
place of safety. 4. Act of retiring in 
order from the enemy, or from an, 
advanced position. 5. Signal for re- 
tiring from an engagement or to 
quarters. II. vi. 1. Draw back. 2. 
Retire, esp. to a place of shelter or 
security. [O. Fr. retret (Fr. retraite) 
— L. retractus, pa. p. of retraho.] 

retrench (re-trench'), vt. and vi. Cut 
down; render less; curtail; live at 
less expense ; economize.— retrench'- 
ment, n. 1. Cutting down. 2. In fort. 
Work within another for prolonging 
the defence. [O. Fr. retrencher.] 

retribution (ret-ri-bu'sbun), n. Re- 
payment; suitable return; reward or 
punishment. [L.— remand tribuo ,give.] 

retributive (re-trib'u-tiv) , retribu* 
tory (re-trib'u-to-ri), a. Repaying; 
rewarding or punishing suitably. 

retrievable (re-tre'va-bl), a. That 
may be recovered. — retrie'vably, 
adv. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



retrieve 



485 



reversionary 



retrieve (re-trev'),^. Recover; recall; 
bring back to a former state; repair. 



■retrie'val 



-retriever (re- 



tre'ver), n. Kind of dog trained to find 
and fetch game that has been shot. 
[Fr. re-, again, and trouver, find.] 

retro-, prefix. Back; backward. [L.] 

retroactive (re-tro-ak'tiv), a. Acting 
backward or inopposition. 

retrocession(re-tro-sesh'un), n. Going 
back ; giving back. [L.— cedo, go.] 

retrograde(ret'ro-grad or re'), I. a. 1. 
Going backward. 2. Going from west 
to east. 3. Falling from better to 
worse. II. vi. Go backward.— retro- 
grada'tion, n. [L. retro, backward, 
and gradior, gressus, go.] 

retrogression ( re - tro - gresh'un ), n. 
Going backward; decline in quality 
or merit. — retrogressive, a. — re- 
trogres'sively, adv. [See retro- 
grade.] 

retrospect (ret'ro-spekt or re'). I.vi. 
Look back. II. n. Looking back; con- 
templation of the past.— retrospec- 
tion, n. — retrospect'ive, a .— re- 
trospects -vely, adv. [L. retrospectus, 
— specio, look.] 

return (re-turn'). I. vi. l.Come back 
to the same place or state. 2. Answer ; 
retort. II. vt. 1. Bring or send back. 
2. Give back; repay; give back in 
reply. 3. Report; give an account. 
IIL n. 1. Act of going back. 2. Revo- 
lution; periodic renewal. 3. Act of 
bringing or sending back. 4. Restitu- 
tion; repayment. 5. Profit on capital 
or labor. 6. Reply. 7. Report or ac- 
count, esp. official. [Fr. retourner.} 

returnable ( re-tur'na-bl ) a. 1. That 
may be returned or' restored. 2. In 
law. To be returned or rendered. 

reunion (re-u'ni-un), n. 1. Jnion after 
separation. 2. Assembly. [Fr. reunion.'] 

reunite (re-u-nlf), vt. and vi. l.Join 
after separation. 2. Reconcile. 

reveal tre-veT), vt. Make known; dis- 
close. [L. revelo, unveil.] 
Syn. Manifest; divulge; unveil. 

reveille(rev-e-le' or ra-val'ya),w. Sound 
of the drum or bugle at day-break to 
awaken soldiers. [Imperative of Fr. 
riveiller, awake,— root of vigil.] 

revel (rev'el). I. vi. Feast in a riotous 
or noisy manner; carouse. II. v.- Riot- 
tousor tumultuous feast; carousal.— 
rev'eler, n. [O. Fr. reveler— L. rebel- 
tare, rebel.] 

revelation (rev-e-la'shun ), n. 1. Act 
of making known. 2. That which is 
revealed. 3. That which is revealed by 
God to man; the Bible. 4. [R] The 
Apocalypse or last book of the New 
Testament, [See reveal.] 



revelry (rev'el-ri), n. Riotous ornois^ 
festivity. 

revenge (rg-venj'). I. vt. Punish or 
injure in return; avenge. II. n. 1. Act 
of revenging, 2. Injury inflicted in 
return. 3. Passion for retaliation. - 
revenger, n. [O.Fr. revenger— L. re-. 
in return, aridvindico, lay claim to.} 

revengeful (re-veuj'fol), a. Full of a 
desire to inflict injury in return; vin- 
dictive.— revenge'fully, adv. 

revenue (rev'en-u), n. 1. Receipts or 
rents from any source; income. 2. In- 
come of astate._[Fr.=returned.l 

reverberate (re-ver'ber-at). I. vt. 1. 
Send back, as sound; echo; reflect. 
2. Drive from side to side, as flame. 
II. vi. Echo; resound; bound back; 
be repelled.— reverbera'tion, n. — 
rever'beratory, a. [L. — verbero^ 
beat.] 

revere (re-ver'), vt. Regard with re- 
spectful awe; venerate. [L. revereor.] 

reverence (re v'er-ens). I. n. 1. Respect- 
ful awe; veneration. 2. Act of rever- 
ing or obeisance; bow or courtesy. 3. 
Title of the clergy. II. vt. Regard 
with reverence; venerate. 

reverend (rev'er-end), a. 1. Worthy 
of reverence. 2. [R] Title of the 
clergy. [L. reverendus. See revere.] 

reverent (rev'er-ent), a. Showing rev- 
erence; submissive; humble. — rev'» 
erently, adv. 

reverential (rev-er-en'shal), a. Pro- 
ceeding from reverence; respectful.— 
reveren'tially, adv. 

reverie, revery (rev'er-i), n. Irreg 
ular train of thoughts in meditation \ 
day-dream._ [Fr.— river, dream.] 

reversal (re-ver'sal, n. Act of revers- 
ing; overthrowing; annulling. 

reverse (re-vers'). I. vt. Place in the 
contrary order or position; change 
to the opposite. II. n. 1. That which 
is reserved; opposite. 2. Back, esp. 
of a coin. 3. Change; misfortune. III. 
a. Turned backward; contrary; hav- 
ing an opposite direction. [L. rever- 
sus, pa. p. of reverto, turn back.] 

Syn. Turn; overturn; submit; over- 
throw ; annul ;_repeal; undo ; subvert. 

reversible (re-ver 'si-bl), a. That may 
be reversed; finished on both side^, 

reversion (re-ver'shun), n. 1. Act of 
reverting or returning. 2. That which 
reverts or returns. 3. Return of future 
possession of any property after 
some particular event; right to futu- 
re possession. 4. Atavism. [L. re- 
versio.] 

reversionary ( re-ver'shun-ar-i ), a, 
Relating to a reversion; to be enjoyed 
in succession. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



revert 



486 



Rhenish 



revert (re-vert')- I. vt. Turn or drive 
back; reverse. II. vi. 1. Return; fall 
back. 2. Return to the original owner 
or his heir. [L. reverto.] 

revertible (re-ver'ti-bl), a. That may 
revert or be reverted. 

revery. Same as reverie. 

revest (re-vest'). I. vi. Return to a 
former owner. II. vt. 1. Reclothe. 2. 
Invest; re-invest 3. Take possession 
of again. 

review ( re-vu' ). I. vt. Re-examine; 
revise; examine critically; inspect, 
as a body of troops. II. n. 1. Viewing 
again; reconsideration. 2. Examina- 
tion of a cause in a higher court, 
which has already been adjudicated 
in a lower. 3. Careful or critical ex- 
amination. 4. Critique. 5. Periodi- 
cal with critiques of books, etc. 6. In- 
spection of a body of troops or a num- 
ber of ships. — reviewer, n. 1. In- 
spector. 2. Writer in a Review. [Fr. 
revue, pa. p. of revoir— L. re-, again, 
and video, see.] 

revile (re-vil'), vt. Reproach ; calum- 
niate.— rev'iler, n. [L. re, and root 
of vtle.] _ [cate again; reclaim. 

revindicate (re- vin'di-kat), ztf.Vindi- 

revisal (re-vi'zal), revision (re-vizh'- 
un), n. Review; re-examination. 

revise (ie-viz'). I. vt. Review and 
amend ; read and correct a second 
proof. II. n. 1. Review. 2. Second 
proof-sheet.— revi'ser, n. [Fr. revi- 
ser— Ij. re-, back, and viso. look at at- 
tentively.] 

revisit (re-viz'it), vt. Visit again. 

revival (re-vi'val), n. 1. Recovery from 
languor, neglect, depression, etc. 2. 
Renewed performance, as of a play. 
3. Renewed interest in or attention 
to. 4. Time of religious awakening. 
— revi'valist, n. One who promotes 
religious_ revivals.— revi'valism, n. 

revive (re-viv'). I. vi. 1. Return to life, 
vigor, or fame. 2. Recover from neg- 
lect, oblivion, or depression. II. vt. 
1. Restore to life again. 2. Reawaken 
in the mind. 3. Recover from neglect 
or depression. 4. Bring again into 
public notice, as a play.— revi'ver, 
n. [L. re, again, and vivo, live.] 

reviviffy^e-viv'i-fi),^. Restore to life; 
purify, — re vivifica'tion, n. 

revocable (rev'6-ka-bl), a. That may 
be revoked. — rev'ocableness, re- 
vocabil'ity, n. — rev'ocably, adv. 

revocation (rev-o-ka'shun), n. Recall- 
ing; repeal; reversal. 

revoke (re-vok'), vt. 1. Annul by re- 
calling; repeal; reverse. 2. Neglect 
to follow suit (at cards). [L. revoco— 
re, back, and voco, call.] 



revolt (re- volt' or re- volt') I. vi. 1. 
Renounce allegiance. 2. Be grossly 
offended ; feel nausea. II. vt. 1. Cause 
to rise in revolt. 2. Shock. III. n. 
Rebellion. — revolt'er, n. [Fr.— It 
rivolta—ri, against, and volta, turning 
— L. volvere, turn.] 
revolting- (re-volt'ing), a. Causing a 
turning away from; shocking. — re- 
volt'ingly, adv. [ward. 

revolute (rev'o-lot), a. Rolled back- 
re volution (re v-o-16'shun ), n. 1. Act 
or revolving; motion roand a center. 

2. Course which brings back to the 
same point or state; space measured 
by a revolving body. 3. Complete 
change. 4. Overthrow of one gov- 
ernment, and founding of another. 5. 
Attempt at overthrowing the govern- 
ment; revolt.— revolutionary, a. 
— revolutionist, n. 

revolutionize (rev-o-los'hun-Iz), vt. 
Cause an entire change of. 

revolve (re-volv'). I. vi. 1. Roll round 
on an axis. 2. Move around a center. 
II. vt. 1. Cause to turn. 2. Consider. 
[L. revolvo, revolutum—volvo, roll.] 

revolver (re- vol'ver), n. 1. That which 
revolves. 2. Firearm which, by means 
of a revolving barrel, can fire more 
than once without reloading. 

revulsion (re-vul'shun), n. 1. Taking 
away. 2. Diverting of a disease from 
one part to another. 3. Sudden and 
complete change, esp. of feelings. [L. 
—revello, revulsum, tear away.] 

revulsive (re-vul'siv), a. Tending to 
revulsion. 

reward (re- ward'). I. n. That which is 
given in return for good or evil; 
recompense ; retribution ; fruit of 
labor. II. vt. Give in return: requite, 
whether good or evil; recompense. 

[Doublet OfREGARD.] [NARD. 

reynard (ra'nard), n. Fox. See re- 
rhapsodist (rap'so-dist), n. 1. One 

who recites or sings rhapsodies. 2. 

One who composes verses extempore. 

3. One who speaks or writes disjoin- 
tedly. 

rhapsody (rap'so-di), n. 1. Any wild 
unconnected composition. 2. Part of 
an epic poem for recitation at one 
time.— rhapsod'ic, rhapsod'ical, 
a. — rhapsod'ically, adv. [Fr. — 
Gr. rhapsodia, stringing together of 
songs, — rhapto, sew, and ode, song.] 

rhea (re'a),n. So. American ostrich. 
[From Gr. Rhea, the wife of Saturn.] 

rhea (re'a), n. Ramie-plant. [Assa- 
mese.] 

Rhenish (ren'ish), a. Pertaining to 
the river Rhine. [L. Bhenus.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, but, burn; oil, owl, then. 



rneostat 



487 



rickets 




Rheostat. 



rheostat (re'o-stat), n. Instrument for 
regulating the strength of an electric 
current; resist- 
an c e coil. 
[Gr. rein, flow, 
and statos, 
stopping.] 

rheotome (re'- 
o-tom ), n. In- 
strument for 
interrupting 
an electric 
current peri- 
odically. [Gr. 
rein, flow, and 
tomos, cutting.] 

rhetoric (ret'o-rik), n. 1. Art of 
speaking with propriety, elegance, 
and force ; art of composition. 2. 
Artificial eloquence. — rhetorical 
(re-tor'ik-al), a. rhetorically, adv. 
[Gr. rhetorike — rheo, speak.] 

rhetorician (ret-o-rish'an), n. One 
who teaches the art of rhetoric; 
orator. 

rheum (rom), n. Mucous discharge as 
from the lungs or nostrils, caused by 
a cold.— rheuin'y, a. [Gr. rheuma — 
rheo, flow.] 

rheumatic (ro-mat'ik), rheumat'- 
ical, a. Pertaining to, or affected 
with, rheumatism. 

rheumatism (ro'ma-tizm) , n. Painful 
inflammatory affection of the joints 
or muscles, so named from a notion 
that the pain was caused by rheum or 
humor, flowing through the part 
affected. 

rhinoceros (ri- 
nos'er-os), n. 
Very large ani- 
mal having a 
very thick skin, 
and one or two 
horns on the 
nose. [Gr.— . hin, 
nose, and keras, horn.] 

rhinoplasty (n'no-plas-ti), a. The 
forming of an artificial nose, general- 
ly from the s_kin of the forehead. [Gr.] 

rhodium ( ro'di-um ), n. White metal 
of the platinum group. 

rhododendron (ro-do-den'drun), n. 
Genus of plants having evergreen 
leaves, and large beautiful flowers 
like roses. [Gr. rhodon, rose, and 
dendron, tree.] 

rhomb (romb), rhombus (rom'bus), 
ns. Quadrilateral figure having its 
sides parallel and equal, but its angles 
not right angles. — rhom'bic, a. 
Shaped like a rhomb.— rhom'boid, 
n. Quadrilateral figure having only 
its opposite sides and angles equal. 




Rhinoceros. 



— rhomboid al, a. Having the shape 
of a rhomboid. [Gr. rhombos—rhemoo, 
spin round.] 

rhubarb (ro'barb), n. Plant, the stalks 
of which are much used in cooking 
(pieplant), and the root in medicine. 
[From Yx.reon (—Rha or Volga river) 
barbaron (foreign).] 

rhumb-line (rum'lm), n. Line which 
cuts all the meridians at the same 
angle. It always approaches the pole, 
but never reaches it, being constantly 
directed toward the same point of the 
compass. On Mercator's projection it 
becomes a straight line. 

rhyme (rim). I. n. 1. Correspondence 
of sounds at the ends of verses. 2. 
Poetry having such correspondence. 
II. vi. 1. Correspond in sound. 2. Make 
rhymes or verses. III. vt. Put into 
rhyme.— rhymer, rhymester, ns. 
[A. S. rim, number.] 

rhythm (rithm), n. 1. Regular recur- 
rence of accents. 2. Movement in mu- 
sical time. 3. Harmony of proportion. 
— rhythmic (rith'mik), rhyth'- 
mical, a. [Gr. rhythmos—rheo, flow.] 

rib (rib). I. n. 1. One of the bones 
which encircle the chest. 2. Anything 
like a rib in form or use. II. vt. [ribb'- 
ing; ribbed.] 1. Furnish or inclose 
with ribs. 2. Form with rising lines. 
[A. S.] 

ribald (rib'ald). I. n. Loose, low char- 
acter. II. a. Low; base; mean.— rib- 
aldry (rib'ald-ri), n. Obscenity; low 
and vulgar scurrility. [O. Fr. — O. 
Ger. ribe, strumpet.] 

ribbon (rib'un). I. n. Fillet or strip of 
silk; narrow strip. II. vt. Adorn with 
ribbons. [O. Fr. riban — Dut. ring- 
band, necktie.] 

rice (ris), n. Useful and extensively 
cultivated kind of grain. [Fr. riz—Gv. 
oryza—Av. rozz, rice.] 

rice-paper ( ris'pa-per ), n. 1. Paper 
made from the straw of rice. 2. 
Paper-like material, cut by the 
Chinese from the pith of a plant. 

rich (rich), a. 1. Abounding in posses- 
sions ; wealthy. 2. Valuable. 3. Sumpt- 
uous. 4. Fertile. 5. Full of agreeable 
or nutritive qualities. 6. Bright, as a 
color. 7. Full of harmonious sounds. 
8. Full of beauty. — rich'ness, n. 
[A. S. rice, rule (as in bishopric).] 

riches (rich'ez), n. pi. Wealth; plenty; 
opulence; abundance. [O.Fr. richesse.] 

rick, (rik), n. Stack, pile or heap, as 
of hay. [A. S. hricce.] 

rickets (rik'ets), n. Disease of chil- 
dren, characterized by softness and 
curvature of the bones; rachitis, 
[From Prov. E. (iv)rick, twist.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, atove; nie, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, woif; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



rtckety 



488 



righteous 



richety (rik'et-i), a. 1. Affected with 
rickets. 2. Feeble; tottering. 

ricfcrach (rik'rak), n. Openwork 
trimming of zigzag braid. 

ricochet. I. n. (rik-o-sha' or -shet') Re- 
bound along the ground, as of a ball 
fired at a low elevation; skipping of 
a flat stone on the surface of water. 
Il.vi. (rik-o-shef), [ricochett'ing; ric- 
ochett'ed.] Skip in rebounds along 
the ground. [Fr.] 

rid (rid). I. vt. [rid'ding;rid.] Free; 
deliver; disencumber. II. a. [pa. p.) 
Free; relieved. [A. S. hreddan, snatch 
away. Ger. retten.] 

ridable, rideatole (ri'da-bl), a. 1. Ca- 
pable of being ridden, as a horse. 2. 
Passable on horseback, as a river. 

riddance (rid'ans), n. Ridding; free- 
ing; escape. 

ridden (rid'n), pa. p. of bide. 

riddle (rid'i). I. n. Obscure descrip- 
tion of something which the hearer is 
asked to name; puzzling question ; 
enigma. II. vi. Make riddles; speak 
obscurely. III. vt. Solve ; unriddle. 
[A. S. raedels—raedan, guess, counsel. 
Ger. raetsel.] 

riddle (rid'l). I. n. Large sieve for 
sand, gravel, etc. II. vt. 1. Separate 
with a riddle. 2. Make full of holes 
like a riddle. [A. S. hriddel—hridrian, 
sift. Ger. reitern.] 

ride (rid). I. vi. [ri'ding; rode; rid'den.] 
1. Be carried, as on horseback or in 
a carriage. 2. Practice riding. 3. 
Float, as a ship at anchor, il. vt. Rest 
on, so as to be carried. III. n. 1. Act 
of riding. 2. Excursion on horseback 
or in a vehicle. 3. Course passed over 
in riding. [A. S. ridan. Ger. reiten.] 

rider (ri'der), n. 1. One who rides. 2. 
Addition to a document after its com- 
pletion, on a separate piece of paper; 
additional clause added to a bill 
before it is passed. 

ridge (rij). I. n. 1. Back or top of the 
back. 2. Anything like a back, as a 
long range of hills; extended protu- 
berance. 3. Earth thrown up by the 
plow between the furrows.— ridge'- 
pole, n. Upper horizontal timber of a 
roof. II. vt.Yovxa into ridges; wrinkle. 
— ridgy, a. Having, or rising in 
ridges. [A. S. hrycg. Ger. ruecken.] 

ridicule (rid'i-kul). I. n. Good-nat- 
ured wit exposing one to laughter. II. 
vi. Laugh at; expose to merriment. 
[L. ridiculum, jest,— video, laugh.] 

Syn. Banter; mockery; derision; 
raillery; satire; sarcasm; irony. 

ridiculous (ri-dik'u-lus), a. Deserving 
or exciting ridicule.— ridie'ulous- 
ly, adv.— ridic'ulousness, n. 



riding (ri'ding). I. a. 1. Used fe>/ 
riding or traveling. 2. Suitable for 
riding on, as a horse. II. n. Road for 
riding on. —Riding-habit, riding-skirt, 
long upper garment worn by ladies 
when riding. 

rife (rif), a. Abundant; abounding. 
— rife'ly, adv.— rife'ness, n. [A. S. 
rif. Low Ger. riew, liberal.] 

riff-raff (rif'raf), n. 1. Sweepings; 
refuse. 2. Rabble; mob. [O. Fr. rif 
et raf, everything.] 

rifle (ri'fl), vt. Carry off by force; 
strip; rob. — ri'fler, n. [Fr. rifler, 
rafter, ransack. See baffle.] 

rifle (ri'fl). I. vt. Groove spirally, as 
a gun-barrel. II. n. Musket with a 
barrel spirally grooved.— rifleman 
(ri'fl-man), n. Man armed with a rifle. 
[From'Ger. riefeln, channel.] « 

rift (rift). I. n. Opening; cleft; fissure. 
II. vt. Rive; cleave. III. vi. Split; 
burst open. [From bive.] 

rig (rig). I. vt. [rig'ging; rigged.] 1. 
Clothe; dress; put on. 2. Fit with 
sails and tackling. II. n. 1. Dress; odd 
style of clothing. 2. Style of masts 
and sails. [Norw. rigga, bind up.] 

rigging (rig'ing), n. 1. Tackle; 2. 
System of cordage which supports a 
ship's masts and extends the sails. 

right (rit). I. a. 1. Straight; most 
direct. 2. Upright; erect. 3. Accord- 
ing to truth and justice; according 
to law; true; correct; just; fit; 
proper; exact. 4. Most convenient; 
well performed ; most dexterous, as 
the hand. 5. On the right hand; on 
the right hand of one looking towards 
the mouth of a river. 6. In math. 
Upright from a base containing 
90 degrees. II. adv. 1. In a 
straight or direct line. 2. In a 
right manner; according 
to truth and justice; cor- 
rectly. 3. Very ; in a 

great degree. III. n. 1. Right angle. 
That which is right or 
correct; truth; justice; virtue; free- 
dom from error. 2. What one has a 
just claim to; privilege; property. 3. 
Right side, opposite to left. IV. vt. 
1. Make right or straight. 2. Set up- 
right. 3. Do justice to; relieve from 
wrong. V. vi. Recover the proper 
position.— right'ly, adv. — right - 
ness, n. [A. S. riht, ryht. Ger. recht. 
L. rectus — rego, guide.] 

righteous (ri'chus or rit'yus), a. 1. 

Free from guilt or sin.— right' eons* 

ly, adv. Justly. — right'eousness, 

n. [A. S. rihtivis—riht, and wis, way.] 

Syn. Just; rightful; upright. 



fate, fat, task, far, iah, fare, above; me, met, h§r; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



rightful 



489 



rise 



rightful (rlt'fol), a. Having right; ac- 
cording to justice. — right' fully, 
adv.— rightfulness, n. 

rigid (rij'id), a. 1. Not easily bent; 
siiff. 2. Severe; strict. — rig'idly, 
adv.— rig'idness, n. — rigid'ity, n. 

[L. rigidus—rigeo, be stiff with cold.] 

rigmarole (rig'ina-rol), n. 1. Repeti- 
tion of foolish words. 2. Long story. 
[A corr. of ragman-roll, a document 
with a long list of names, or with 
numerous seals pendent.] 

rigor (rig'ur), n. 1. Quality of being 
rigid or severe. 2. Stiffness of opinion 
or temper; strictness. 3. Severity, 
as of life or climate. 4. In med. Sense 
of chilliness attended by a shivering. 
— Rigor mortis, rigidity of the human 
body caused by death. [L] 

rigorous (rig'ur-us), a. 1. Exercising 
rigor; allowing no abatement; scru- 
pulously accurate. 2. Severe.— rig'- 
orously, adv. — rig,-'orousness, n. 

Rigsdag (rigs'dog), n. Parliament of 
Denmark, consisting of two houses. 

Riksdag (reks'dog), n. National 
Legislature of Sweden, comprising 
two houses. [Anger. 

rile (ril), I. vt. Roil; make muddy. 2. 

rill (ril). I. n. Small murmuring brook. 
II. vi. Flow in small streams. [Cf. 
Ger. rille, small groove.] 

rily (ri'li), a. Roily; turbid. [Collog.] 

rim (rim). I. n. Raised margin; bor- 
der; brim. II. vt. [rim'ming; rim- 
med.] Put a rim to. [A. S. rima.] 

rime (rim). I. n. Rhyme. II. vt. Make 
rhymes or into rhymes. 

rime (rim), n. Hoar-frost; frozen dew. 
— rimy, a. [A. S. hrim. Ger. reif.] 

rind (rmd), n. External covering as 
the skin of fruit, the bark of trees. 

rinderpest (rin'der-pest), n. Malig- 
nant and contagious disease of cat- 
tle. [Ger.=cattle-plague.] 

ring (ring). I. n. 1. Circle. 2. Small 
hoop, usually of metal, worn as an 
ornament. 3. Circular area for races, 
etc. ; arena. 4. Circular group of per- 
sons; clique for selfish purpose in 
politics. 5. Prize ring; occupation of 
the pugilist. II. vt. 1. Encircle. 2. 
Fit with a ring. 3. Cut off a strip of 
barK around, as a tree. [A. S. firing.] 

ring (ring). I. vi. [rang, rung; rung.] 

1. Sound as a bell when struck; tinkle. 

2. Practice the art of ringing bells. 

3. Continue to sound. 4. Be filled with 
report. II. vt. 1. Cause to sound, as a 
metal. 2. Produce by ringing. III. n. 
Sound, esp. of metals ; sound of 
many voices; chime of many bells. 
[A. S. hringan.] 




Ringdove. 



ringdove (ring'-duv), n. European 
wood-pigeon, so called from two 
white crescents on the neck. 

ringleader (ring'- 

le'der), n. Head 
or a riotous 
body. [Orig. lead- 
er in the ring of 
a dance.] 

ringlet(ring'-let) , 
n. 1. Small ring. 
2. Curl, esp. of 
hair. 

riugworm(ring'wurm),?i. Skin disease 
in which itchy pimples appear in 
rings, caused by a vegetable parasite. 

rink (ringk), n. Area where a race is 
run, or games are played.— ska'ting- 
rink, a. Place artificially prepared 
for skating. [From ring.] 

rinse (rius), vt. Cleanse with clean 
water. [Icel. hreinsa. Ger. rem, pure.] 

riot (ri'ot). I. n. 1. Uproar; tumult; 
disturbance of the peace. 2. Excessive 
feasting; luxury. II. vi. 1. Brawl; 
raise an uproar. 2. Run to excess in 
feasting, behavior, etc. — ri'oter, n. 
— riotous, a. Seditious; tumultu- 
ous; luxurious; wanton.— riotous- 
ly, adv. — ri'otousness, n. [Fr. 
riotte. Etymology doubtful.] 

rip (rip). I. vt. [rip'ping; ripped.] 1. 
Divide by cutting or tearing; cut 
open. 2. Takeout by cutting or tear- 
ing. II. n. Tear; rent; place torn. — 
rip-saw, n. Saw in which the teeth 
are more inclined lengthwise (rake), 
and less laterally (set), than in a 
cross-cut saw. Used for sawing with 
the fiber. [A. S. rypan.] 

riparian ( ri-pa'ri-au ), a. Belonging 
to a river-bank. [L.— ripa, river-bank.] 

ripe (rip), a. Ready for harvest; 

arrived at perfection ; fit for use; 

mature; finished. — ripe'ly, adv. — 

ripe'ness, n. [A.S. ripe. Ger. reif.] 

Syn. See Mature. 

ripen (ri'pen). I. vi. Grow ripe; ap- 
proach or reach perfection. II. vt. 
Make ripe; bring to perfection. 

ripple (rip'l). I. n. Little waves on 
the surface of running water; little 
wave. II. vt. Cause a ripple in. III. 
vi. Curl on the surface, as running 
water. [From rumple.] 

ripple (rip'l). I. vt. Remove the seeds 
from stalks of flax by drawing them 
through an iron comb. II. n. Comb 
for rippling. [From root of raffle.] 

riprap (rip'rap), n. Broken or small 
stones used for a foundation on soft 
bottom. [From riffraff.] 

rise (tiz). I. vi. [rose; risen (riz'ri).] 
1. Move from a lower to a higher 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



risible 



490 



rochet 



position; ascend. 2. Grow upward; 
swell in quantity, extent, rank or 
value. 3. Take an upright position; 
leave ine place of rest. 4. Tower up; 
appear above the horizon ; appear; 
break forth; have its source. 5. Be- 
come excited or hostile; break forth 
into commotion or insurrection. 6. 
Close a session. 7. Ascend from the 
grave. II. n. 1. Act of rising. 2. 
Ascent. 3. Degree of elevation. 4. 
Steep. 5. Origin. 6. Increase; ad- 
vance. 7. In mus. Elevation of the 
voice. [A. S. risan. Ger. veisen] 

risible (riz'i-bl), a. Laughable; amus- 
ing.— ris'ibly, adv.— risibility, n. 
[L. risibilis, from video, visum, laugh.] 

rising (ri'zing), n. 1. Act of rising. 

2. Resurrection. 3. Tumor. 

risk (risk). I. n. Hazard; chance of 
loss or injury. II. vt. 1. Expose to 
hazard. 2. Venture. 3. Incur the 
peril of. [Fr. visque, Sp. visco, steep 
rock,— L. reseco, cut off.] 

rissole ( ris'ol ), n. Fish or meat 
minced, mixed with bread crumbs 
and eggs, and fried in a thin puff 
paste in sausage form. [Fr.— vissolev, 
fry brown.] 

rite (rit), n. Religious or solemn cere- 
mony. [Fr. vite— L. Vitus.] 

ritual (rit'u-al). I. a. Consisting of, or 
prescribing, rites. II. n. 1. Manner of 
performing divine service, or a book 
containing it. 2. The body of rites 
employed.— rit'ually, adv. 

ritualism (rit'u-al-izm), n. 1. System 
of rituals. 2. The observance of them. 

3. Tendency to increase ceremonial 
in religious worship. 

ritualist (rit'u-al-ist),w. 1. One skilled 
in or devoted to a ritual. 2. One in 
favor of ritualism.— ritualistic, a. 

rival (ri'val). I. n. One pursuing the 
same object as another. II. a. 1. Hav- 
ing the same claims. 2. Standing in 
competition. III. vt. Stand in competi- 
tion with. [Fr.— L. vivalis, one whose 
land borders on the same brook.] 

rivalry (n'val-ri), n. Strife after the 
same object with another, [tention. 
Syn. Emulation; competition; con- 
rive (riv), vt. and vi. [rived; riv'en.] 
Tear asunder; split. [Icel. vifa.] 

river(riv'er), n. Large running stream 
of water. [Fr. vividre—LiOW L. vipavia, 
shore district.] 

rivet (riv'et). I. n. Bolt of metal fas- 
tened by being hammered at both 
ends. II. vt. Fasten with a rivet; make 
firm or immovable. [O. F.] 

rivulet (riv'u-let), n. Small stream; 
brook. [It. vivoletto.] 



roach ( roch ), n. 1. European fresh- 
water fish of a silvery color with red 
fins. 2. American chub. [Dut. vocfo 
Ger. voche.] 

road ( rod ), n. 1. Highway. 2. Open 
way for passengers and traffic. 3. 
Place where ships ride at anchor.— 
road'stead ( rod'sted ), roads, ns. 
[A. S. vad, riding.] 

roadster (rod's ter), n. 1. Vessel riding 
at anchor in a road. 2. Horse fitted 
for traveling. 

roadway ( rod'wa), n. That part of a 
road or street which is traveled by 
carriages. 

roam (rom). I. vi. Rove about; ram- 
ble. II. vt. Wander over.— roam'er, 
n. Wanderer. [O Fr. vomiev, one who 
makes a pilgrimage to Rome.] 

roan (ron). 1. a. 1. Having a bay or 
dark color, with spots of gray and 
white. 2. Of a mixed color, with a 
decided shade of red. II. n. 1. Roan 
color. 2. Roan horse. 3. Sheepskin 
leather made in imitation of morocco. 
[O. Fr— It. vovano— L. vufus, red.] 

roan-tree (ron'-tre), rowan-tree 
(ro'an-tre), ns. Mountain-ash. 

roar'(ror). I. vi. Cry, as a beast; cry 
aloud; bawl; bellow. II. n. 1. Full, 
loud sound. 2. Cry of a beast. 3. Out- 
cry of mirth. [ A. S. vavian, Ger. 
voehven, cry as a stag.] 

roast (rost). I. vt. 1. Cook by dry 
heat. 2. Parch. 3. Heat to excess. 4. 
Expose one to scathing ridicule. II. n. 
That which is roasted. [O. Fr. vostiv— 
O. Ger. vostan. Ger. voesten.] 

rob (rob), vt. [rob'bing; robbed.] 1. 
Take away from by force. 2. Deprive. 
— rob'ber, n. One who robs. — rob- 
bery, n. Theft aggravated by vio- 
lence. [O. Fr. vober— Ger. vauben.] 

Syn. Plunder; steal; thieve; poach; 
pillage; despoil; fleece. 

robe (rob). I. n. 1. Gown or outer gar- 
ment. 2. Dress of dignity or state ; 
rich dress. 3. Wrap used outdoors, 
as a lapvobe, steamev-vobe. II. vt. Dress, 
as with a robe ; clothe. [Fr.] 

robin ( rob'in ), robin-redbreast 
( rob'in-red'brest ), n. 1. European 
small singing bird with a reddish 
breast. 2. American migratory 
thrush. [A familiar form of Robert.] 

robust (ro-busf), a. 1. Of great 
strength or vigor. 2. Requiring 
strength.--robust'ly,adfl.--robus#- 
ness, n. [Fr. — L. vobustus—vobuv, 
oak.] [sian folk tales. [Pers. vukh.] 

roc (rok), n. Enormous bird in Per- 

rochet (roch'et), n. Surplice with nar- 
row sleeves, worn by bishops. [Fr.j 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; npte, not, mov% wolfs 
mute, hut, pijrw} oil, owl, theu, 



rock 



491 



rolling 



rock (rok), n. 1. Large mass of stone. 

2. In geol. Natural deposit forming 
part of the earth's crust. 3. Striped 
bass. [Gael, roc.) 

rock (rok), n. Distaff. [Ger. rocken.] 
rock (rok), vt. and vi. Move backward 

and forward; totter. [A. S roccian. 

Ger. ruecken, rnove.l 
rocker (rok'er), n. Curved support on 

which a cradle or rocking chair rocks. 
rockery (rok'er-i), n. Same as rook- 

WOEK. 

rocket (rok'et), n. Firework which is 
projected through the air, used for 
making signals in war,and for saving 
life at sea by conveying a line over a 
stranded vessel. [It. rocchetta, distaff.] 

rocksalt (rok'salt), n. Salt found in 
rock-like masses in the earth. 

rock work (rok'wurk), n. 1. Masonry 
in imitation of masses of rock. 2. Pile 
of earth covered with stones, with 
plants growing between. 

rocky (rok'i), a. 1. Full of rocks. 2. 
Resembling a rock; hard; unfeeling. 

3. Shaky; dizzy.— roek'iness, n. 
rococo (ro-ko'ko), n. Term applied to 

a degenerated style of architecture 
prevailing in the 18th century, mark- 
ed by a meaningless muliplication of 
fantastic scrolls. [Fr.] 

rod (rod), n. 1. Long twig; slender 
stick; anything long and slender. 2. 
Instrument of correction; emblem of 
power or authority. 3. Pole or perch 
(5V4 yards). [A. S.] 

rode (rod'), pa. t. of ride. 

rodent (ro'dent). I. a. Gnawing. II. n. 
Gnawing animal, as a rat or hare. [L. 
rodens,rodentis,-pr. p. of rodo. gnaw.] 

rodomontade (rod-o-mon-tad'). I. n. 
Vain boasting, like that of Bodomonte 
in the Orlando Furioso of Ariosto. II. 
vi. Boast or bluster. 

roe (ro), n. Eggs or spawn of fishes. 
[IceL hrogn. Ger. rogen.] 

roe(ro), n. 1. Species of 
deer, smaller than the 
fallow-deer. 2. Female 
deer. — roe'bnck, n. 
Male of the roe, hav- 
ing usually one front 
prong to its antlers 
and two hinder ones. 
[A. S. rah. Ger. reh.] 

Roentgen rays(runt'- 
gen raz). Form of ra- 
diant energy emana- 
ting from an electrically excited vac- 
uum tube, possessing the power of 
penetrating objects impervious to 
sun-light and of affecting sensitized 

filates similarly to light ; X-rays. 
Discovered by Prof. Roentgen.] 




Roebuck. 



rogation ( ro-ga'shun ), n. Asking; 
supplicatio n.— Rogation- Bays, the 
three days before the festival of As- 
cension^ [L.— rogo, ask.] 

rogne (rog ), n. 1. Dishonest person; 
knave. 2. Mischievous person; wag.— 
rogaery ( ro'ger-i ), n. 1. Knavish 
tricks ;_fraud. 2. Waggery. — rogu- 
ish ( ro'erish \ a. 1. Knavish. 2. Wag- 
gish.— roguishly, adv.— ro'guish- 
ness, n. [Fr. — Bret, rok, arrogant.] 

roil (roil), vt. 1. Make turbid by stir- 
ring. 2. Vex; rifle.— roil'y, a. Muddy; 
turbid. 

roister (rois'ter), vi. Bluster; swag- 
ge; bully.— roisterer, n. [Fr. riis- 
tre, rude fellow,— L. rusticus, rustic] 

role (rol), n. 1. Part performed by an 
actor in a play. 2. Important part 
played in public life. [Fr. rdle.] 

roll (rol). I. vi. 1. Turn like awheel; 
turn on an axis. 2. Be formed into a 
roll or cylinder. 3. Move, as waves, 
be tossed about; move tumultuously. 

4. Wallow; rock. 5. Spread by press- 
ure of a roller. 6. Sound as a drum 
beaten rapidly. II. vt. 1. Cause to 
roll. 2. Turn on an axis. 3. Wrap 
round on itself ; inwrap. 4. Drive 
forward. 5. Move upon wheels. 6. 
Press with a roller. 7. Beat rapidly, 
as a drum. III. n. 1. Act of rolling. 
2. That which rolls; roller. 3. That 
which is rolled; paper, etc., wound 
into a circular form. 4. Document. 

5. Register; list of names. 6. Kind 
of fancy bread. 7. Continued sound 
of a drum. [O. F. roeller—~L. rotula, lit- 
tle wheel —rota, wheel.] 

roll-call (rol'kal), n. Calling of the 
roll or list of names, as in the army. 

roller (rcTler), n. 1. That which rolls. 
2. Cylinder used for rolling, grind- 
ing, etc. 3. Long broad bandage. 4. 
pi. Heavy, long wave. 

rollicking (rol'ik-ing), a. Careless, 
swaggering. 

rolling (ro'ling), a. 1. Moving on 
wheels. 2. Used in rolling. -roll ing- 
mill, n. Establishment where metal 
is rolled into bars, 
sheets, etc.— roll'- 
ing-pin,n.. Cylin- 
drical instrument 
for spreading 
paste.— roll ing- 
press, n. Press of 
two cylinders for 
rolling or calen- 
dering cloth. — 
rolling - stock, 
n. Engines, cars, 
etc., of a railway.— roll-top desk, 
n. Writing desk the top of which 




Roll-top desk. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, bum; oil, owl, then. 



Romaic 



492 



rorqual 



slides in grooves for opening and 
closing; cylinder desk. 

Romaic (ro-ma'ik), n. Modern Greek; 
language of the descendants of the 
Eastern Romans. [Fr. Romaique — 
modern Gr. RomaiJcos.] 

Roman (ro'man). I. (Z. 1. Pertaining 
to Rome or to the Romans. 2. In 
print. Noting the letters commonly- 
used, as opposed to Italics. 3. Written 
in letters used by the Romans (as 
IV), not in figures (as 4). II. Native 
or citizen of Rome. [L. Romanus — 
Roma, Rome.] 

Roman Catholic (ro'man kath'ol-ik). 
I. a. Denoting the Christians who 
reeognize,and submit to the spiritual 
supremacy of the Pope of Rome. II. 
n,. Member of the Roman Catholic 
Church. 

Romance (r5-mans'). I. n. 1. Dialects 
in S. Europe which sprung from a 
corruption of the Roman or Latin 
language. 2. (1. c.) Tale written in 
these dialects. 3. Any fictitious and 
wonderful tale. II. a. Belonging to 
the dialects called Romance. III. [r] 
vi. Write or tell romances ; talk 
extravagantly. — romaia'eer, n, [O. 
Fr. romans — L. Romanicus, Roman.] 

Romanesque (r5-man-esk'), W.Roman, 
romance: 1. In arch. Round-vaulted, 
inferior style adopted in the later 
Roman empire. 2. Dialect of Langue- 
doc and other districts of the south 
of France. [FrJ 

Romanism ( ro'man-izm ), n. Doc- 
trine, policy, and' customs of the 
Roman Catholic Church. 

romantic (ro-man'tic), a. Pertaining 
to or resembling romance ; not formal 
or classical. — roman'tieally, adv. 
Syn. Sentimental; extravagant; im- 
aginative; passionate; fantastic. 

romanticism (ro-man'ti-sizm), n. In 
literature, the revolt from a classical 
to a medieval style, or to romance. 

Romany (rom'a-ni). I. a. Pertaining 
to the gypsies. ' II. n. Gypsy. [From 
Gypsy Romani—rom, man.] 

romp (romp). I. vi. 1. Play noisily. 2. 
Skip about in play. II. n. 1. Girl who 
romps. 2. Rude frolic. — romp'ish, a. 
Fond of romping or noisy play. — 
romp'isnly, adv.— romp'isnness, 
n. [From ramp, leap.] 

rood (r8d), n. 1. Fourth part of an 
acre, 2. Figure of Christ on the cross. 
[Same as bod.] 

roof (rof). I. n. 1. Top covering of a 
house or building. 2. Vault or arch, 
or the inner side of it. II. vt. Cover 
with a roof; shelter. [A. S. hrof.} 



roofing- (ro'fing), n. 1. Covering with a 
roof. 2. Materials for a roof, 3. Roof. 

roofless (rof'les), a. Without a roof; 
having no house or home; unsheltered. 

rook (rok), n. 1. Small kind of crow. 
2. Sharper; cheat, —rookery (rok'- 
er-i), n. 1. Group of trees in which 
rooks build their nests. 2. Group of 
dilapidated buildings. 3. Large,dilapi- 
dated building with many occu- 
pants. [A. S. hroc] 

rook (rok), n. Castle (piece used in 
playing chess.) [Fr. roc — Pers. rokh.] 

room (rom), n. 1. Unoccupied space. 

2. Chamber. 3. Extent of place. 4. 
Freedom to act; fit occasion. 5. Place 
of another; stead.— roomy, a. Hav- 
ing ample room; wide; spacious. — 
roomily, adv. — roominess, n. 
[A. S. rum. Ger. raum.] 

roost (rost). I. n. 1. Pole or support 
on which a bird rests at night. 2. 
Number of fowls resting together. II. 
vi. Sit or sleep on a roost; perch. [A. 
S. hrost.] [domestic fowl; cock. 

rooster ( ro'ster ), n. Male bird of the 
root (rot or rot). I. n. 1. Part of a plant 
which is in the earth,and which draws 
up sap from the soil. 2. Edible root. 

3. Anything like a root; bottom. 4. 
Word from which others are derived; 
radical. 5. Cause or occasion. 6. In 
math. Factor of a quantity which mul- 
tiplied bv itself produces that quan- 
tity. 7. Value of the unknown quan- 
tity in an equation. II. vi. Take root 
and begin to grow; be firmly estab- 
lished. III. vt. Plant in the earth; 
implant deeply. [A. S. wrot. Icel. 
vrot. Ger. wurz.] 

root ( rot ), vt. and vi. Turn up the 
earth with the snout, as swine do. 
[A. S. wrotan — wrot, snout (Ger. rues- 
sel).] [root; radicle. 

rootlet (rot'let or rot'let), n. Littt'e 

rope (rop). "I. n. 1. Thick twisted cord. 
2. String of things (as onions) formed 
by braiding them together. II. vi. Ex- 
tend into a thread, as by a glutinous 
quality, in. vt. Fasten, divide off, or 
draw in, entice, with a rope, or as 
with a rope.— ro'py,«.— ro'pily, adv. 
— ro'piness, n. [A. S. rap. Low Ger, 
reep. Ger. reif.~\ _ 

rope-dancer (rop'dan-ser), n. Acrobat 
who performs on a rope. 

roper (ro'per), n. Maker of ropes. 

ropery (ro'per-i), n. Place where ropes 
are made. 

rope walk (rop* wak), n. Long narrow 
shed used for the spinning of ropes. 

rorqual (rar'kwal), n. Genus of whales 
of the largest size, having a long, 
sharp dorsal fin; razorback. [Norw.-] 



fate, fat, task, far, tall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, m5ve, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



rosaceous 



493 



rough*shod 




Rose, 
American Beauty 



rosaeeous(ro-za'shus), a. 1. Pertaining 
to the rose family. 2. Having the pet- 
als arranged like those of the rose. 
[I*, rosaceus.] 

rosary (ro'za-ri), n. 1. Chaplet; gar- 
land. 2. String of heads on which R. 
Catholics count their prayers. [L. 
roaai$urn.] 

rose (roz), n. 1. 
Plant of many 
species with a 
beautiful flow- 
ed 2. Rosette. 
3. Perforated 
nozzle of a pipe, 
etc. 4. Pink, the 
color of the rose. 
—rosea! ( ro'ze- 
al)>«. Like a rose 
in smell or color. 
—roseate (ro'ze 
at), «. Rosy; full 
of roses; bloom- 
ing ; red. [A. S. rose— L. rosa.] 

ro»e,#a..p. of rise. 

rosemary ( roz'mar - i ), rosmarin 
OxSsfma-ren), ns. Small fragrant ever- 
green shrub of a pungent taste. [L. 
ros marimis, sea-dew, sea-spray.] 

rosette (ro-zef), n. 1. Imitation of a 
rose by means of a ribbon. 2. In arch. 
Circular ornament arranged in con- 
centric groups. [Fr. dim. of rose.] 

rose-water (roz-wa'ter). I. n. Toilet 
water scented with roses. II. a. Af- 
fectedly delicate. 

rose-window (roz-win'd5^. n. Circu- 
lar window with much tracery branch- 
ing from the center. 

rosewood (roz' wod), n. Wood of cer- 
tain trees, having a faint fragrance 
like that of roses. 

rosin (roz'in). I. n. A solid left after 
distilling off the oil from crude tur- 
pentine; colophony. II. vt. Rub or 
cover with rosin.— ros'iny, a. Like 
or containing rosin. [Form of resin.] 

roster (ros'ter), n. 1. List of persons 
liable, in rotation, to a certain duty. 
2. List of officers, as of a division. 
[Dut. rooster, gridiron, list. The con- 
nection is in the gratelike appearance 
of the network of lines on the paper.] 

rostral (ros'tral), a. Like a rostrum 
or beak. [Beaked. 

rostrate (ros'trat), ros'trated, a. 

rostriform (ros'tri-farm), a. Having 
the shape of a beak. 

rostrum (ros'trum), n. In ancient 
Rome, platform for public speakers 
in the Forum, adorned with the beaks 
or heads of ships taken in war. [L.] 

rosy (ro'zi), a. Like a rose; blooming; 
blushing; red.— ro'siuess, n. 



rot (rot). I. vi.[ rot'ting: rot'ted.] 
Putrefy; become decomposed. H. vt. 
Cause to decay; bring to corruption. 
III. n. 1. Decay; putrefaction. 2. Dis- 
ease of the potato. 3. Decay which 
attacks timber (dry-rot). 4. Fatal 
distemper in sheep; glanders. [A. S. 
rotian.] 

rotary (ro'ta-ri), a. Turning like a 
wheel; rotatory. [L.— rota, wheel.] 

rotate (ro'tat), vt. and vi. Turn round 
like a wheel, cause to turn. — rota'- 
tion,«.l. Turning round like awheel. 
2. Series or succession, as of crops.— 
rotatory (ro'ta-to-ri), a. 1. Turn- 
ing round like a' wheel; going in a 
circle. 2. Following in succession. 
[L. roto, rotatus—rota, wheel.] 

rote (rot), n. Mechanical repetition ©J 
words without much attention to the 
meaning. [From root of route, roa^3 

rotten (rot'n), a. Putrefied; decom- 
posed ; unsound ; treacherous ; eor« 
rupt.— rot'tenness, n. 

rottenstone(rot'n-ston), n. Soft stone 
used in a state of powder to polish 
soft metals and glass; tripoli. 

rotnnd(ro-tund'), a. Round; spherical. 
— rotnnd'ness, rotundity, ns. [L 
rotundus — rota, wheel. See rotar* - .] 

rotunda (ro-tun'da), rotund© (ro- 
tun'do), a. 1. Round building. 2. Cir- 
cular hall. [It.] 

rouble. Same as ruble. 

roue (ro-a'), ^"Fashionable profligate 
[Fr.=broken on the wheel.] 

rou^e (rozh). I. n. Red paint used to 
color the cheeks or lips. EL vt. Color 
with rouge. [Fr.— L. rubeus, red.] 

rouge-et-noir ( rbzh'a-nwar' ), n. 
Game of chance at cards; trente-et 
quarante. [Fr.=red and black.] 

rough (ruf), a. 1. Not smooth; uneven; 
uncut; unpolished; boisterous; tern 
pestuous ; violent; harsh ; severe. 2. 
Rude; coarse; disordered in appear- 
ance.— roughly, atfy.—rough'ness* 
n. [A.S. ruh, rough. Ger. rauch, rank.] 

rough (ruf ), vt. 1. Make rough. 2. 
Break in a horse. — Rough it, undergo 
hardship, and put up with inconven- 
iences. 

roughen (ruf'n). I. vt. Make rough. 
II. vi. Become rough. 

rough-rider (ruf'-ri'der ), n. 1. One 
who rides rough or untrained horses: 
horse-breaker. 2. Name applied to 
members of 1st Regiment tj. S. V. 
Cavalry, organized for the war with 
Spain, 1898. 

rough-shod (ruf'shod), a. With shoes 
armed with calks or points. -- Bide 
rough-shod over, disregard or violate 
recklessly. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare^ above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



roulette 



494 



roulette (ro-lef), n. 1. Little ball or 
roller. 2. Game of chance played with 
a small ball on a revolving disk with 
red and black spaces. [Fr.— rouler, 
roll.] 

round (rownd). I. a. 1. Circular; glob- 
ular; cylindrical. 2. Whole; complete; 
plump. 8. Large. 4. Uttered with a 
full sound. 5. Uttered with rounded 
lips. 6. Open; direct and plain.— In 
round numbers, in even tens, hund- 
reds, etc. II. adv. 1. In a round man- 
ner. 2. On all sides. 3. From one side 
or party to another; circularly. III. 
prep. Around; on every side of; all 
over. IV. n. 1. That which is round; 
circle or globe. 2. Series of actions; 
time of such series; turn; routine; 
revolution; cycle; accustomed walk. 
3. Step of a ladder. 4. Song or dance 
having a frequent return to the same 
point. 5. Orig. Volley or general dis- 
charge of firearms; now, single car- 
tridge. 6. Part between rump and leg, 
as of beef. V. vt 1. Make round. 2. 
Surround. 3. Go around. 4. Complete; 
make full and flowing. VI. vi. 1. 
Grow or become round or full. 2. Go 
round. — roundly, adv. — round'- 
ness, n. [O. Fr. roond—L,.rotundus.] 

roundabout (rownd'a-bowt). I. a. 1. 
Encircling. 2. Circuitous ; indirect. 
II. n. 1. Horizontal revolving wheel on 
which children ride; merry-go-round. 
2. Jacket which fits the body closely. 

roundel (rown'del), n. 1. Anything 
of a round form or figure; circle. 2. 
Roundelay. [O. Fr. rondel (Fr. ron- 
deau), dim. of rond, round.] 

roundelay (rown'de-la), n. Song or 
dance in which parts are repeated. 

ronndhand (rownd'hand), n. Hand- 
writing having well rounded letters. 

Roundbead (rownd'hed), n. Member 
of the Puritan party during the 
English civil war, so called because 
they had their hair closely cut, while 
the Cavaliers wore theirs in long 
ringlets. 

roundhouse ( rownd'hows ) , n. 1. 
Cabin on the after-part of the quarter- 
deck. 2. Building for locomotives, 
constructed around a turntable. 

roundrobin (rownd-rob'in), n. Peti- 
tion with the signatures in fcke form 
of a circle or round ribbon, so as not 
to show who signed first. 

round-up (rownd'up), n. Driving or 
herding together, as of cattle. 

rouse (rowz), vt. andw. 1. Raise up; 
stir up; awaken. 2. Excite; become 
excited; put into action. 3. Startle, 
or start, as an animal. [Prob. from 
the root of bush.] 



rouse (rowz), n. Carousal. [From Ger. 
rausch, drunkenness, or short for ca- 
rouse.] 

rout(rowt). I. n. 1. Tumultuous crowd; 
confusion; large evening party. 2. 
Disorder of defeated troops. II. vt. 
Put to disorderly flight. [O. Fr.route— 
L. ruptus—rumpo, break.] 
Syn. Discomfit. See conquer. 

route (rot), n. Course to be traversed ; 
a line of march; road; track. [Fr.— 
Tu.rupta (via), beaten path.] 

routine (ro-ten'), n. Course of duties; 
regular course of action. [Fr.] 

rove (rov), vt. and vi. Wander over; 
ramble; range. — rover, n. [Dut. 
roven, rob.] 

row (ro), n. Line; persons or things in 
a line. [A. S. rawa. Ger. reihe.] 

row (ro). I. vt. 1. Impel with an oar. 
2. Transport by rowing. II. vi. 1. 
Work with the oar. 2. Be moved by 
oars. III. n. Excursion in a rowing- 
boat.— rower, n. [A. S. rowan.] 

row (row), n. Noisy squabble; uproar. 
[Prob.— rout, rabble.] 

rowdy (row'di). I. a. Noisy; turbulent. 
II. n. Ruffian.— row'dy ism, n. 

rowel (row'el), n. 1. Little wheel in a 
spur, set with sharp points. 2. Little 
flat wheel or ring on horses' bits. 
[Fr. rouelle—LiOYf L. rotella, dim of L. 
rota, wheel.] [Stubble-field. 

rowen ( row'en ), n. 1. Aftermath. 2. 

rowloefe (ro'lok or rul'uk), n. Con- 
trivance on the gunwale of a boat, to 
hold the oar in rowing. 

royal (roi'al). I. a. 1. Regal; kingly; 
magnificent. 2. Enjoying the favor 
or patronage of the sovereign. II. n. 
Large kind of paper. 2. Sail above 
the topgallant sail. 3. One of the sol- 
diers of the 1st British regiment of 
foot. 4. One of the tines of a stag's 
antler.— roy'ally, adv. [Fr.— L. rega- 
lis. See regal.] 

royalism (roi'ai-izm), n. Attachment 
to kingly government. [royalism. 

royalist ( roi'al -is t ), n. Adherent of 

royalty (roi'al-ti), n. 1. Kingship; 
character, state, or office of a king; 
majesty. 2. Person of the king or 
sovereign. 3. In England, the fixed 
sum paid to the crown or other pro- 
prietor, as on the produce ot a mine, 
etc. 4. InU. S., a sum paid by the 
manufacturer to the owner of a pa- 
tent, copyright or other property. 

roysterous (roi'ster-us), a. Roister- 
ing; drunken; riotous. 

rub (rub). 1. vt. [rub'bing; rubbed.] 
1. Move something over the surface 
of, with pressure or friction. 2. Clean; 
polish; wipe; scour; erase or beat 



fate, fat, task, far, fan, fare, above; m§, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
suite, hut, burn; oil, owl, then, 



rnbadnb 



495 



out. 3. Touch hard. II. vi. Move along 
with pressure; grate; fret. III. n. 
1. Act of rubbing. 2. That which rubs. 
3. Collision; obstruction; difficulty; 
pinch. [Gael.] 

rubadub (rub'a-dub), n. Sound of a 
drum when beaten; rataplan. [Imita- 
tive.] 

rubarb. Same as rhttrarb. 

rubasse (rb-bas'), n. Variety of rock- 
crystal with bright red specks. [Fr.— 
Li. rubeus, red.] [torted rhythm. [It.] 

rubato (ro-ba'to), a. Inmusic, in dis- 

iiibber (rub'er), n. 1. Caoutchouc. 2. 
One who or thatw%ich rubs; coarse 
file; eraser. 3. Decisive game of a 
series. 4. Overshoe made of India rub- 
ber (caoutchouc.) 

rubbish (rub'ish), n. 1. Waste matter; 
debris. 2. Nonsense. 

rubble (rub'l), n. 1. Upper fragmen- 
tary decomposed matter of a mass of 
rock. 2. Small, undressed stones, or 
broken bricks, used in coarse masonry . 

rubella (ro-bel'a), n. Disease with 
rose-colored wandering eruption; 
German measles. [From L. rubellus, 
reddish.] 

rubescent (ro-bes'ent), a. Tending to 
a red color. [L. rubesco, grow red — 
ruber, red.] 

rubicund (ro'bi-kund), a. Inclining to 
redness; ruddy. — rubicun'dity, n. 

rubification (ro-bi-fi-ka'shun), n. Act 
of making red._ [L.] 

rubifjo (ro-bi'go), n. Reddish rust on 
plants, composed of a parasitic fun- 
gus; mildew.— rubiginous (rb-bij'i- 
nus), a. 1. Affected by rubigo. 2. 
Rusty. [L.=rust.] 

rub- iron (rub'i'ern), n. Wheelguard; 
wheelguard- pi ate. 

ruble(ro'bl), n. Russian monetary unit, 
divided in 100 copecks, worth about 
73 cents, gold standard. Silver rubles 
are worth less, and paper rubles still 
less. [Russ. rubl, piece cut off.] 

rubric (ro'brik), n. 1. Part of a docu- 
ment written in red color, as the title 
of a statute. 2. Directions for the 
service, in Prayer-books, formerly in 
red letters. 3. Ecclesiastical injunc- 
tion. 4. Flourish after a signature. 
[L. rubrica, red chalk.] 

ruby (ro'bi). I. n. 1. Redness. 2. Pre- 
cious stone of a red color. II. a. Red. 
[Fr. rubis— L. rubeus— ruber, red.] 

ruche (rosh),». Fluffy trimming. [Fr.] 

ruck (ruk), n. 1. Common manner or 
run. 2. Rubbish. (Colloq.) 

nictation ( ruk-ta'shun), n. Eructa- 
tion; belching. 

rudas (ro'das), n. Fowl-mouthed hag. 



rudder ( rud'er ), n. Instrument by 
which a ship is steered, which origin- 
ally was an oar working at the stern. 
TA. S. rother. Ger. ruder, oar.] 

ruddy (rud'i ), a. (rud'dier; ruddiest.] 
Of the red color of the skin in high 
health. — rud'dily, adv. — rud'di- 
ness, n. [From root of bed.] 

rude(rod), ^-Uncultivated; coarse; not 
in good taste.— rude'ly. adv.— rude'- 
ness, n. [Fr.— L. rudis.] 

Syn. Rough; raw; unpolished; vul- 
gar; uncouth; harsh; severe; inclem- 
ent; boisterous. See impertinent. 

rudiment (rb'di-ment), n. Anything 
iu its rude or first state; first prin- 
ciple ; element.— rudinient'al, rud- 
iment'ary. a. 1. Elementary ; unde- 
veloped. 2. Having no function. 

rue (ro), n. Plant used in medicine, 
having a bitter taste and strong 
smell. [Fr. rue— L. ruta.] 

rue (rb). I. vt. [rue'ing ; rued.] Be 
sorry for; lament. II. n. Regret; bit- 
terness.-rue'ful, a.— rue'f ully, adv. 
—ruefulness, n. [A. S. hreowan— 
hreow, sorrow. Ger. reue.] 

rue-bargain (ro'bar-gan), n. Forfeit 
on withdrawing from a bargain. 

Ruedesheimer ( rb'des-hi-mer ), n. 
Rhine wine, growing near Bingen,and 
considered as inferior to Johannis- 
berger only. 

ruff(ruf). I. n. 1. Ornament of frills, 
formerly worn round the neck. 2. 
Anything plaited. 3. Species of wad- 
ing bird, the male of which has the 
neck surrounded in the breeding sea- 
son with a ruff of long feathers, (fern. 
reeve.) II. vt. 1 Ruffle. 2. Trump 
at whist instead of following suit. 
[Form of rough.] 

ruffian (ruf'i-an). I. n. Brutal, boiste- 
rous fellow; robber; murderer. II. a. 
Brutal; boisterous.— ruffianism, n. 
Conduct of a ruffian.— ruffianly, a. 
[Fr. ruflen, panderer.] 

ruffle (ruf'l). I. vt. 1. Make like a ruff; 
wrinkle; form into plaits; form with 
ruffles. 2. Disorder; agitate. II. vi. 1. 
Grow rough. 2. Flutter. III. n. 1. 
Plaited edge or trimming on an arti- 
cle of dress; frill. 2. Agitation. 3. 
Low roll of the drum. [From ruff.] 

rufiler (ruf'ler), n. Swaggerer; bully. 

rufous (ro'fus),a. 1. Reddish; brown- 
ish-red. 2. Having reddish hair. [L. 
rufus.] 

rug- (rug), n. Coarse, rough woolen 
cloth or coverlet; soft, woolly mat. 
[Cf. Sw. rugg, shaggy hair.] 

ruga (ro'ga), n. [pi. rugae (rb'Je)- ] 
Crease; wrinkle; corrugation.— ru'- 
gate, a. Corrugated; wrinkled. [L.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. ■ 



ruggei! 



496 



runaway 



rugged (rug'ed), a. 1. Uneven ;shaggy. 
2. Stormy. 3. Grating to the ear. 4. 
Vigorous.— rug'gedly, adv. — rag'« 
gedness, n. [See rug.] 
Syn. Robust; rough; austere. 

rugose (ro'gos), rugous (ro'gus), a. 
Wrinkled; full of wrinkles. [L. rugo- 
s us— ruga, wrinkle.] 

Rutsmliorff coil (rom'karf coil), n. 
induction coil, constructed by H. D. 
Ruhmkorff. 

ruin (ro'in). I. n. 1. Destruction; over- 

' throw. 2. That which destroys. 3. Re- 
mains of a building demolished or 
decayed (usually in pi.) II. vt. 1. De- 
molish ; defeat. 2. Impoverish. — 
rnina'tion, n. Destruction.— ruin- 
ous (ro'in-us), a. 1. Fallen to ruins; 
decayed. 2. Pernicious; causing ruin. 
— ruinously, adv. [L. ruina — ruo, 
tumbledown.] 

reliable ( ro'la-bl ), a. i. Capable of 
being governed. 2. Allowable. 

rule (rol). I. n. 1. Government; con- 
trol. 2. Principle; regulation; stand- 
ard. 3. Determinate method for a 
mathematical operation. 4. Instru- 
ment used as guide in drawing lines. 
II. vt. 1. Govern; manage. 2. Settle 
or establish by decision. 3. Mark with 
straight lines. III. vi. 1. Exercise 
power; decide. 2. Stand or range, as 
prices. [O. Fr. reule (Fr. rlgle) — L. 
regula—rego, keep straight, rule.] 

ruler ( ro'ler), n. 1. Sovereign; gov- 
ernor. 2. Instrument used as guide in 
drawing lines. [vailing. 

ruling (ro'ling), a. Predominant; pre- 

rnra ( rum ), n. Spirit distilled from 
the fermented juice of the sugar-cane, 
or from molasses. [W. Indian word.] 

rum (rum), a. Odd; queer. [Slang.] 

rumble (rum' bl), n. Seat for servants 
behind a carriage. [Ety. doubtful.] 

rumble (rum'bl). I. vi. Make a con- 
fused noise from rolling heavily. II. 
n.. Low, heavy, continued sound. 
jiFrom the sound.] 

rumen (ro'men), n. 1. First stomach 
Ipaunch) of a ruminant. 2. Cud. [L. 
=gullet.] 

ruinguinption (rum-gump'shun) , n. 
Rude common sense ; rumblegump- 
tion. [Prov. Engl, and Scot.] 

ruminant (ro'mi-nant). I. a. Chew- 
ing the cud. II. n. Animal that chews 
the cud, as the ox, sheep, etc. (See 
eat on this page.) 

ruminate (ro'mi-nat), vt. and vi. 1. 
GJiew the cud. 2. Meditate.— rumi- 
na'tion,». 1. Act or process of chew- 
ing the cud. (The food is brought 
r3k to the mouth by a kind of hiccup. ) 
Meditation. [It.— rumen, gullet.] 



•ummage ( rum'aj ). I. vt. and vi. 1. 

Search narrowly by turning things 
over. 2. Clear a ship's hold of goods. 
II. n. Careful search. [For rodmdge, 
making room.] 




Paunch. Honeycomb. Maniplies. Rennet-bug. 

THIS STOMACHS OF A RUMINANT (sheep). 

After passing through the first stomach, the 
paunch, into the second, the food is returned 
to the mouth to be chewed again. Then it i8 
swallowed into the third stomach, the mani- 
plies, and is finally digested in the fourth. 

rumor (r5'mur). I. n^ Flying report; 
current talk. 11. vi. Report; circulate 
by report. [Li. = noise.] 

rump (rump), n. 1. Hinder end of an 
animal; buttocks. 2. Fag-fend. [Icel. 
rumpr. Cf. Ger. rumpf, trunk.] 

rumple (rum'pl). I. vt. Crush out of 
shape; Wrinkle. II. n. Fold; wrinkle. 
[A.S. hrympelle.] [wrangle. [Colloq] 

rumpus (rum'pus), n. Disturbance; 

run (run). I. vi. [riin'ning; ran; run.] 
1. Move swiftly; pass quickly on the 
ground. 2. Flee. 3. Go, as ships, etc.; 
have course in any direction. 4. Flow. 
5. Dart. 6. Turn. 7. Extend. 8. Pierce. 
9. Melt. 10. Be busied. 11. Become. 
12. Be in force. 13. Discharge matter, 
as a sore. 14. Press, esp. for imme- 
diate payment. II. vi. 1. Cause to 
move swiftly. 2. Force fpward; push. 
3.Cause to pass. 4. Fuse. 5. Discharge, 
as a sore. 6. Pursue in thought. 7. 
Incur. III. n. 1. Act of running. 2. 
Course. 3. Flow. 4. Discharge from 
a sore. 5. Distance run or sailed. 6. 
Trip by trainmen from one division 
of a railroad to the next ; voyage. 7. 
Continued series. 8. General recep- 
tion. 9. Prevalence. 10. Popular 
clamor. 11. Unusual pressure, as on 
a bank, for withdrawing deposits. 12. 
Number of copies printed at one time. 
[A. S. rennan.] 

runagate (run'a-gat), n. Vagabond; 
runaway; renegade. [A corr. of rene- 
gade.] 

runaway (run'a-wa). I. n. 1. One who 
runs away from danger or restraint; 
fugitive. 2. Truant. II. a. Fleeing 
from danger or restraint; done by or 
in flight. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



rundle 



497 



rypeck 



rundle, rundel (run'dl),w. Round or 
rung of a ladder. [A variation of 

ROUNDEL.] 

rone (rem), n. One of the characters 
forming the earliest alphabet of the 
Teutonic nations. — rune'craft, n. 
Skill in deciphering runic charac- 
ters. [A. S. run, secret.] 

rang' (rung), pa. t. and pa. p. of ring. 

rang (rung), n. Round or step of a 
ladder. [A. S. hrung, rod, bar.] 

runic (rb'nik), a. Relating to runes, to 
the ancient Teutonic nations, or to 
their language. 

runner (run'er), n. 1. One who or that 
which runs; racer ; messenger. 2. 
Rooting stem that runs along the 
ground, 3. Moving stone of a mill. 4. 
Rope to increase the power of a tackle. 
5. Part on which a skate or sleigh 
glides. 

running -trap (run'ing-trap), n. XT- 
shaped depressed section of a pipe, 
which remains always full of liquid 
and prevents the passage of gases. 

runology ( ro-nol'o-ji ), n. Study of 
runes. 

runt (runt), n. Dwarfed being. [Scot.] 

rupee ( rb-pe' ), n. E. Indian silver 
coin, nominally worth about 50 cents. 
[Hind, rupiyah— Sans, rupya, silver.] 

Rupert's drop ( ro'perts drop ), n. 
Small glass bulb cooled quickly when 
made. The slightest jar will cause it 
to fly into pieces. [So called because 
Prince Rupert brought the first to 
England.] 

rupture (rup'tur). I. n. 1. Act of 
breaking or state of being broken. 2. 
Breach of the peace. 3. Protrusion of 
any of the viscera; hernia. II. vt. 
Break; burst; part by violence. III. 
vi. Suffer a breach. [L. ruptura — 
rumpo, ruptum, break.] 
Sy». Breach; disruption; fracture. 

rural (rb'ral), a. Of or belonging to 
the country; suiting the country; 
rustic; pertaining to agriculture.— 
ru'rally, adv.— ruralize (rb'ral-iz), 
vt. and vi. Render or become rural. 
[L. ruralis —rus, ruris country.] 

ruse (roz), n. 1. Turning or doubling, 
as of animals to get away from dogs. 
2. Trick; fraud; artifice; stratagem. 
[Fr. ruser, turn,— L. recusare, decline.] 

rush (rush). I. vi. 1. Move with rust- 
ling noise, as the wind. 2. Move for- 
ward violently. II. n. 1. Rushing or 
driving forward. 2. Great activity. 
[A. S. hriscan, make a noise. Ger. 
rauschen.] 

rush (rush), n. Plant with a round 
stem and no leaves, common on wet 
ground, and used for bottoming 



chairs, etc.— rush-light, n. Candle 
made by dipping a rush pith In tal- 
low. [A. S. risce— L. ruscum.] 

rusk (rusk), n. Kind of ligiit soft cake 
or sweet biscuit. [Sp. rosea, screw.] 

russet (rus'et). I. a. 1. Rusty; reddish- 
brown. 2. Coarse; rustic. II. n. 1. 
Coarse homespun dress. 2. Kind of 
apple; russeting.— rus'sety,«. [Dim. 
of Fr. rousse — L. russus, red.] 

russeting (rus'et-ing). n. Apple of a 
russet color and rough skin. 

Russian (rush'an). I. a. Pertaining to 
Russia, its inhabitants, or their lan- 
guage. II. n. 1. Inhabitant of Russia. 
2. Language of Russia. 

rust (rust). I. n. 1. Reddish-brown 
coating on iron exposed to moisture. 

2. Disease of cereals and grasses, 
showing itself in brown or orange 
spots on the leaves, caused by small 
fungi. II. vi. 1. Become rusty. 2. Be- 
come dull by inaction. III. vt. 1. Make 
lusty. 2. Impair by time and inacti- 
vity. [A. S. Ger. rost.] 

rustic (rus'tik), a. 1. Pertaining to 
the country ; rural. 2. Rude ; awkward. 

3. Simple; coarse; made of rough 
limbs and roots.— rus'tically, adv. 
[L. rusticus — rus, country.] 

rusticate (rus'ti-kat). I. vt. 1. Send 
into the country. 2. Banish for a time 
from a town or college. II. vi. Live 
in the country.— rustication, n. 

rusticity (rus-tis'i-ti), n. Rustic man- 
ners. [Fr. rusticity.] 

rustle(rus'l). I. to. 1. Make a soft, whis- 
pering sound, as silk, straw, etc. 2. 
Move with a rustling sound. 3. Stir 
about or work with energy and per- 
severance; hustle. II. n. Quick suc- 
cession of small sounds, as that of dry 
leaves; rustling. [A.S. hristlan.] 

rustling (rus'ling), n. Quick succes- 
sion of small sounds, as of dry leaves. 

rusty (rus'ti), a. I. Covered with rust. 
2. Impaired by inactivity; dull.— 
rust'ily, adv.— rust'iness, n. 

rut (rut). I. n. Track left by a wheel. 
II. vt. [rut'ting; rut'ted.] Form ruts 
in. [Fr. route. See route.] [nip. 

rutahaga(rb-ta-ba'ga), n. Swedish tur- 

rnthless ( rbth'les ), a. Without pity; 
insensible to misery; cruel. — ruth- 
lessly, adv. — ruth'lessness, n. 
[Obs. ruth, jpity— rue, v.] 

rye (ri),». Cereal grassallied to wheat. 
[A. S. ryge. Ger. roggen.] 

ryegrass (ri'gras). n. Variety of grass 
like rye, cultivated for pasture and 
fodder. [Ar. raaya, pasture.] 

ryot (ri'ut), n. Hindu peasant. [From 

rypeck (ri'pek), n. Pole used to moor 
a punt while fishing. 



fate, tat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, t/ien. 



498 



sacrilege 



Pjjjffl s (es), n. Nineteenth letter of the 
I^H alphabet, having two sounds: 
g^J hissing as in miss, and buzzing 
°^^| as in. rose (roz). 

Sabaoth (sa-ba'oth), n. pi. Ar- 
mies; hosts. [Heb. tzebaoth, pi. of 
tzaba, army, —tzaba, go forth.] 

Sabbatarian (sab-a-ta'ri-an). I. n. 1. 
One who observes the seventh day of 
the week as the Sabbath. 2. Very strict 
observer of the Sabbath. II. a. Per- 
taining to the Sabbath or to Sabba- 
tarians. — sabbata'rianisni, n. 

Sabbath (sab'ath), n. 1. Among the 
Jews, the seventh day of the week, set 
apart for rest from work. 2. Among 
Christians, the first day of the week, 
made sacred in memory of the resur- 
rection of Christ. 3. Among the ancient 
Jews, the seventh year, when the land 
was left fallow. [Heb. Shabbath, rest.] 

Sabbatic (sab-at'ik), Sabbat'ical, a. 
Pertaining to or resembling the Sab- 
bath; enjoy ing,_or bringing, rest. 

saber, sabre (sa'ber). I. n. Heavy one- 
edged sword, slighty curved towards 
the point, used by cavalry. II. vt. 
Wound or kill with a saber.— sa'ber- 
tooth,%. Fossil tiger with very long 
canine teeth. [Fr. sabre.] 

Sabianism (sa'bi-an-izm), Sabaism 
(sa'ba-izm), n. Ancient Chaldean reli- 
gion/consisting principally in star- 
worship. [Heb. tzaba, army, host.] 

sable(sa'bl).I. n. 1. Animal of the wea- 
sel kind found in N. Europe and N. 
Asia, valuable for its glossy black fur. 
2. Its fur. II. a. 1. The color of the 
sable's fur; dark. 2. Made of the fur 
of the sable. [O.Fr.— Russ. sobol.] 

sabre- tache ( sa'bet-tash ), n. Orna- 
mental leather case worn by hussars, 
suspended from the sword-belt. [Pr. 
—sabre, and Ger. tasche, pouch.] 

sac (sak), n. Sack or bag for a liquid. 
[Fr. form of sack, bag.] 

saccharine (sak'a-rin), a. Pertaining 
to, or having the quality of, or pro- 
ducing, sugar. [Fr. saccharin— L. sac- 
charum, sugar.] 

saccfaarometer (sak-a-rom'e-ter ), n. 
Instrument for measuring the quan- 
tity of saccharine matter in a liquid. 
[Gr. sakcharon, sugar, and metron, 
measure.] 

sacerdotal (sas-er-do'tal), a. Priestly. 
— sacerdo' tally, adv. — sacerdo- 
talism (sas-er-do'tal-izm), n. Spirit 
of the priesthood ; devotion to priestly 
interests. [L.— sacerdo s, priest.] 

sachem ( sa'chem ), n. Head in civil 
affairs of a N. American Indian tribe, 
the chief being leader in war; saga- 
more. 



sachet (sa-sha'), n. Small ornamental 
bag containing perfume in the form 
of powder ; scent-bag. [Fr., dim. of 
sac, bag.] 

sack (sak). I. n. 1. Large bag of coarse 
cloth, for holding grain, flour, etc. 2. 
Contents of a sack. 3. Loose upper 
garment or cloak. II. vt. Put into a 
sack. [A. S. sac] 

sack (sak). I. vt. Plunder; ravage. II. 
n. Plunder or devastation of a town; 
ravage. [Fr.— sac, bag.] 

sack (sak),'%. Old name of dry Spanish 
wines, as sherry. [O. E. seek— Fr. sec, 
dry.] 

sackbut (sak'but), n. Medieval kind of 
trombone. [ Fr. saquebute , of uncer- 
tain origin.] 

sackcloth (sak'klath) , n. 1. Cloth for 
sacks. 2. Coarse ci'oth formerly worn 
in mourning or penance. 

sacking (sak'ing), n. 1. Cloth of 
which sacks are made. 2. Coarse 
cloth or canvas that supports a bed. 

sacking- (sak'ing), n. Storming and 
pillaging of a town. 

sacque (sak), n. Woman's coat; sack. 

sacrament(sak'ra-ment),n.. 1. Solemn 
religious rite in the Christian Church ; 
esp. the Lord's Supper. 2. One of the 
seven "outward signs of inward 
grace" by which, in the R. Cath. 
Church, grace is conveyed to the 
soul— Baptism, Confirmation, Euchar- 
ist, Penance, Matrimony, Extreme 
Unction, and Holy Orders. — sacra- 
mental, a.— sacrament'ally, adv. 
[L. sacramentum, sacred thing.] 

sacred (sa'kred), a. 1. Dedicated to 
religion or God. 2. Proceeding from 
God. 3. Entitled to respect or venera- 
tion; inviolable. — sa'credly, adv.— 
sa'credness, n. [M. E. pa. p. i-sacred 
— sacren, make holy, — L. sacer, holy.] 
Syn. Holy; hallowed; consecrated. 

sacrifice(sak'ri-fizor -Us). I. vt. 1. Offer 
up, esp. on the altar of a divinity. 2. 
Destroy or give up for something else. 
3. Kill. II. vi. Make offerings to God. 
III. n. 1. Act of sacrificing. 2. That 
which is sacrificed. 3. Voluntary loss 
for some purpose. — sae'rifieer, n. 
[L. sacriflco — sacer, sacred, and facio, 
make.] 

sacrificial(sak-ri-fish'al), a. Relating 
to or consisting in sacrifice; perform- 
ing sacrifice. [L. sacriflcialis.] 

sacrileg-e (sak'ri-lej), n. Profanation 
of a sacred place or thing.— sacrile- 
gious (sak-ri-le'jus ), a. Violating 
sacred things. — sacrilegiously, 
adv.— sacrile'giousness, n. [L. sa- 
crilegium — sacer, sacred, and lego. 
steal.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



sacristan 



499 



sail 




Saddle. 



sacristan (sak'ris -tan), n. Officer in 
a church in charge of the sacred ves- 
sels, etc. ; sexton. [Low Li.sacristanus.] 

sacristy (sak'ris-ti), n. Room in a 
church where the sacred utensils, 
vestments, etc., are kept ; vestry, 
[Low Li. sacristia.] 

sacrum ( sa'krum ), n. [pi. sa'cra.] 
Triangular bone of the spine above 
the coccyx. [L.] 

sad (sad), a. Tsad'der; sad'dest. 1 l. 
Cast down; gloomy. 2. Causing grief. 
—sadly, adv. -sadness, n. [A. S. 
sad, sated, weary. Ger. satt.] [ful. 

Syn. Calamitous; gloomy; sorrow- 
sadden (sad'n). I. vt. Make sad. II. vt. 
Grow sad. 

saddle ( sad'l ). I. n. 1. 
Seat or pad for a rider, 
generally of leather, for 
a horse's back. 2. Any- 
thing like a saddle, as 
a saddle of mutton (the 
two loins undivided). 
II. vt. 1. Put a saddle 
on. 2. Load. [A. S. 
sadel.] 

saddler (sad'ler), n. 
Maker of saddles.— 
saddlery, n. 1. Occu- 
pation of a saddler. 2. 
Materials for saddles. 3. Articles sold 
by a saddler. 

Sadducean ( sad-u-se'an ), a. 
relating to theSadducees. 

Sadducee(sad'u-se),«. One of a Jewish 
party who denied the resurrection, 
the existence of spirits, and a future 
state. — Sadduceeism (sad'u-se- 
izm), n. [Gr. Saddoukaios. Heb. Ze- 
dukim.] [flat iron. TSad, heavy.] 

sad-iron (sad'i'urn), n. Smoothing or 

saengerfest (seng'er-fest), n. Singing 
festival. [Ger.] 

safe (saf). I. a. 1. Unharmed. 2. Free 
from danger or injury; secure; secur- 
ing from danger or injury. 3. No 
longer dangerous. II. n. 1. Chest or 
closet for money, generally of iron. 
2. Chest or cupboard for provisions. 
— safely, adv. — safe'ness, n. [Fr. 
sauf— L. salvus, whole.] 

safe-conduct (saf-kon'dukt), n. Pass- 
port, or guard, granted to a person, 
to enable him to travel with safety. 

safeguard ( saf'gard ), n. He who or 
that which guards or renders safe; 
protection. 

safety ( saf'ti ), n. 1. Freedom from 
danger or loss. 2. Close custody. 3. 
Safety-bicycle.— safety- bicycle, n. 
Bicycle having low wheels of equal 
diameter.— safety-fuse, n. Water- 
proof woven tube inclosing an inflam- 



Of or 



mable substance which burns at a 
regular rate. — safety-lamp, n. 

Lamp surrounded by wire-gauze, to 
prevent explosion of gases.— safety » 
in at oli, n. Match which will light 
only on being rubbed on a specially 
prepared substance. — safety- 
valve, n. Valve in the top of a steam- 
boiler, which lets out the steam when 
the pressure becomes too great for 
safety. 

saffron (saf'run). I. n. 1. Bulbous plant 
of the crocus kind with deep-yellow 
flowers. 2. Coloring substance pre- 
pared from its flowers. II. a. Having 
the color of saffron; deep yellow. 
[Fr. saf ran— At. zafaran] 

sag (sag). I. vi, and vt. [sag'ging ; 
sagged.] 1. Sink or settle in the mid- 
dle. 2. Give way from a vertical line. 
II. n. Dip; droop; bending. 

saga (sa'ga), n. Scandinavian legend. 
[Icel. saga. Ger. sage. From root of 

SAY.] 

sagacious (sa-ga'shus), a. Quick in 

perception or thought ; discerning 

and judicious; wise.— saga'ciously, 

adv.— saga'ciousness, n. [L. sagax.) 

Syn. Keen. See shrewd. 

sagacity (sa-gas'i-ti), n. Acute, prac- 
tical judgment; shrewdness. 

sagamore (sag'a-mor), n. Indian 
chief ;_sachem. 

sage (saj), n. Aromatic garden herb, so 
called from its supposed healing 
virtue. [Fr. sauge — L. salvia — salvus 
healing.] 

sage (saj). I. a. Discriminating; wise; 
well-judged. II. n. Wise man. — 
sage'ly, adv. — sage'ness, n. [Fr. 
— L. sapius, wise] v 

sagittal (saj'it-al), a. Of or like an 
arrow. [L. sagitta, 
arrow.] 

Sagittarius (saj-i-ta/- 
ri-us), n. Archer, one 
of the signs of the , 
zodiac. [L. — sagitta, 
arrow.] 

sago (sa'go), n. Gran- 
ulate d starch pro- 
duced from the pith 
of several palms in 
the E. India Islands, 
etc., used for food, 
for the sago-palm.] 

sahib (sa'ib), n. Title of respect used 
by natives of India and Persia in 
addressing or alluding to Europeans. 
[Hind, and Ar. = master.] 

said (sed). I. #a. t. and pa. p. of sat. 
II. a._Aforesaid; above-mentioned. 

sail (sal). I. n. 1. Sheet of canvas, 
etc., spread to catch the wind, by 




Sagittarius. £ 
[Papuan name 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above-, me, met, h§r; mite, mit; note, not, move, w#fr 
mute, but, bum; oil, owl, then. 



sailcloth 



500 



sally 



which a ship is driven forward. 2. 
Ship or ships. 3. Trip in a vessel. 
II. vi. 1. Be moved by sails. 2. Go by 
water. 3. Begin a voyage. 4. Glide 
or float smoothly along. III. vt. 1. 
Navigate. 2. Pass in a ship. 3. Fly 
throneh. TA. S. segel.} [for sails. 

sailcloth (sal'klath), n. Strong cloth 

sailer ( sa'ler ), n. He who or that 
which sails. 

sailing- (sa'ling), n. 1. Act of sailing. 
2. Motion of a vessel on water. 3. 
Aft of directing a ship's cottrse. 

sailor (sa'liir), n. One who sails in, or 
navigates, a sbip; seaman. 

sainfoin (san'foin), n. Leguminous 
fodder-plant; esparsette. [Fr. — sain, 
wholesome, and Join, hay.] 

saint (sant), n. 1. Sanctified or holy 
person. 2. One eminent for goodness 
or piety. 3. One of the blessed in 
heaven. 4. One canonized by the R. 
Cath. Church. — saint'like, saiiit'- 
ly, a. — saint'liness, n. [Pr. — L. 
sanctus, holy.] 

sainted (sant'ed), a. 1. Made a saint. 
2. Holy; sacred. 3. Gone to heaven. 

sake (sak), n. Cause; account; regard. 
[A. S. sacu, contention, affair— sacan, 
strive. Ger. sache, affair, thing.] 

sakieh (sak'i-e), sakia (sak'i-a) y n. 
Wheel used in Egypt for raising water 
for irrigation purposes. 

salaam, salam (sa-lam'), n. Word of 
salutation in the Orient, among Mo- 
hammedans. TAr. salam, peace. 1 

salable, saleable (sa'la-bl), a. That 
may be sold; in good demand.— sa' • 
lableness, n— sa'lably, adv. 
Syn. Merchantable; marketable. 

salacious ( sal-a'shus ), a. Lustful ; 
lecherous. [L. salax—salio, leap.] 

salad (sal'ad), n. 1. Raw herbs cut up 
and seasoned with salt, vinegar, etc. 
2. Any dish, as of chicken, similarly 
prepared. [Pr. salade— It. salato, 
salted.] 

salamander (sal'a- 
man-der),w. Amphi- 
bious reptile allied 
to the lizard, once 
supposed able to 
live in fire. — sala- 
man'drine, a. [Gr. salamandra.] 

sal-ammoniac (sal-am-mo'ni-ak), n. 
Chloride of ammonium, a salt of a 
sharp, acrid taste. [Prom L. sal, salt, 
and ammoniac] [salary. 

salaried ( sal'a-rid ), a. Receiving a 

salary (sal'a-rij. I- n. Recompense for 
services; wages. II. vt. Attach a salary 
to; pay a salary to. [L. salarium, 
money given to Roman soldiers for 
salt— sal, salt.] 




Salamander, 



sale (sal), n. 1. Act of selling; exchange 
of anything for money. 2. Power or 
opportunity of selling; demand. 3. 
Public showing of goods to sell; offer- 
ing of goods at a reduced price. 4. 
Auction. [Icel. and O. Ger. sala. See 

SELL.] 

salep (sal'ep), n. Dried tubers of the 
Orchis mascula; drug prepared from 
them. [Ar.] 

saleratus (sal-e-ra'tus), n. Carbonate 
of soda. [Prom L. sal, salt, and aera- 
tus, aeratedj [goods. 

salesman (salz'man), n. Man who sells 

Saliau (sa'li-an), a. Of, or pertaining 
to, the Salii (priests of Mars) in an- 
cient Rome. 

Salic (sal'ik), a. According or pertain- 
ing to a law of the Salii, a tribe of 
Pranks, excluding women from inher- 
itance, or succession to the throne. 

salicylic (sal-i-sil'ik) acid, n. Anti- 
septic acid, made by carbonic acid 
acting on sodium carbolate. [Prom 
salicin, a substance obtained from 
willow bark. L. salix, willow.] 

salient (sa'li-ent), a. 1. Leaping or 
springing. 2. Projecting outwards, as 
an angle. 3. Conspicuous; striking; 
prominent. 4. In geom, Denoting any 
angle less than two right angles. — 
sa'liently, adv. [L. saliens.] 

saline (sa'iln or sal-in'). I. &. Consist- 
ing of, or containing, salt; partaking 
of the qualities of salt. II. n. Salt- 
spring.— saline'ness, n. [L. salinus 
—sal, salt.] 

salino meter (sal-i-nom'et-ef), n. Ap- 
paratus for indicating the density of 
brine, in the boilers. of marine steam- 
engines, etc. [Saline, and Gr. me- 
tron, measure.] 

saliva (sa-li'va), n. Fluid secreted by 
the salivary glands, and serving to 
moisten the mouth and tongue; it 
contains a digestive ferment. [L.] 

salival (sa-11'val), salivary ( sal'i- 
var-i), a. Pertaining to, secreting, of 
containing, saliva. 

salivate ( sal'i-vat ), vt. Produce an 
abnormal amount of saliva.— sali- 
va' t ion, n._ Abnormal flow of saliva. 

sallow (sal'o), n. Tree or low shrub of 
the willow kind. [A. S. sealh.] 

sallow (sal'o), a. Of a yellowish color, 
bro wnish-yello w, unhealthy-looking. 
sal'lowness, n. [A. S. salu.] 

sally (sal'i). I. n. 1. Rushing or burst- 
ing forth. 2. Sudden rushing forth of 
troops to attack besiegers. 3. Excur- 
sion. 4. Outburst of fancy, wit, etc. 
5. Levity; wildgayety; eseapade. H. 
vi. Rush out suddenly. [Pr. MMMe— 
L. salio, leap.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, mbve, wolf; 
mGte, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



sally-Its in* 



501 



Samaritan 



sally-lunn ( sal'li-lun ), n. Kind of 
sweet bun or tea-cake, larger than a 
muffin. It i3 toasted and eaten hot 
with butter. [From Salty Lunn, a 
young woman who sold such buns 
in the streets of Bath, England, at 
the end of the eighteenth century.] 

sally-port (sal'i-port), n. Port, gate, 
or passage by which a garrison may 
make a sally. 

salmagundi ( sal-ma-gun'di ), n. 1. 
Mixture of chopped meat and other 
ingredients. 2. Medley ; mixture. 
[Fr. salmigondis. Etymol. unknown.] 

salmon (sam'un), n. 1. Well-known 
fish, living mostly in the sea, but 
ascending rivers to spawn. 2. Orange 
pink color. — salm'on-trout, n. 
Trout like the salmon, but smaller 
and thicker in proportion. [L. salmo, 
p&vh.—salio, leap.] 

salon (sa-lang'), n. 1. Apartment for 
the reception of company. 2. Fash- 
ionable assembly. 3. Exhibition of 
paintings. [Fr.j 

saloon (sa-16n'), n. 1. Spacious and 
elegant apartment for the reception 
of company, etc. 2. Main cabin. 3. 
Grog shop ; barroom. [Fr. salon— 
saMe—O. Ger. sal, dwelling.] 

saloop (sa-16p'), n. Sassafras tea, with 
sugar and milk. 

salsify ( sal'si-fl. ), n. Biennial plant 
with an edible root like the parsnip; 
oyster plant. [Fr. salsifis— It. sasse- 
fHea, goat's beard.] 

salt (salt). I. n. 1. Compound of chlo- 
rine and sodium, found either in the 
earth or obtained by evaporation 
from sea-water. 2. Anything like 
salt; seasoning; piquancy; flavor; 
savor; wit. 3. In chem. Combination 
of an acid with a base. 4. Old sailor. 
IL a. Containing salt; tasting of salt. 
2. Overflowed with or growing in 
salt water. 3. Pungent. III. vt. 
Sprinkle, impregnate, preserve or 
season with salt, as, to salt fish, beef 
or pork.— -Salt an invoice, account, etc., 
put on the extreme value. — Salt a 
mine, sprinkle a few grains of gold 
over an unproductive hole, to obtain 
a high price for it from an inexperi- 
enced person.— salt'ish, a. Somewhat 
salt.— Attic salt, piquancy; wit. — Old 
saW.experienced sailor.— salt'ly, adv. 
— salt ness, n. [A. S. sealt, salt.] 

saltant (sal'tant), a. Leaping; danc- 
ing. [L. saltans.) 

saltation (sal-ta'shun), n. Leaping or 
jumping movement; palpitation. [L.] 

saltatory (sal' ta-to-ri), a. 1. Leaping; 
dancing. 2. Having the power of, or 
need in, leaping or dancing. 



saltcellar (salt'sel-a,r), n. Small ves- 
sel for holding salt.' (Cellar from Fr. 
salilre, vessel for salt.) 

saltpan (salt'pan), n. 1. Pan in which 
salt is obtained by evaporation. 2. 
Salt works. 

saltpetre, saltpeter ( sa^t-pe'ter ), 
n. Salt consisting of nitric acid and 
potash; niter. [Eng. salt, Gr. pelra, 
rock.] 

salt-rbeum (salt-rom), n. Vague and 
indefinite popular name applied to 
many non-febrile cutaneous erup- 
tions common among adults. 

salts (salts), n.pl. Epsom-salt or other 
salt used as a medicine. — Smelling 
salts, preparation used as a stimulant 
and restorative in case of faintness. 

saluhrious(sa-lo'bri-us), a. Healthful; 
favorable to'hea 1 1 h. — salu'bri- 
onsly, adv. — salubrity , n. [L.— 
salus, health.] 

salutary (sal'u-tari), a. Promoting 
health or safety; beneficial.— sal'u- 
tariness, n. [L. salus, health.] 
Syn. Advantageous; wholesome. 

salutation (sal-u-ta'shun), n. 1. Act 
of saluting. 2. That which is said in 
saluting. 

salute (sa-16f). I. vt. 1. Address with 
kind wishes. 2. Greet with a kiss, 
bow, etc. 3. Honor by a discharge of 
cannon, striking colors, etc. IT. n. 

1. Act of saluting or greeting. 2. 
Salutation. [L. saluto.] 

salvage (sal'va;)), n. 1. Saving a ship 
or goods from danger, as from the 
sea, fire, an enemy, or the like. 2. 
Compensation to those by whom 
ships or goods have been saved. 3. 
That portion of the property which 
is saved. [Low L. satvagium, from L. 
salvus, safe.] 

salvation (sal-va'shun), n. 1. Act of 
saving; preservation. 2. Saving of 
man from eternal misery. 

salve (sal've), int. Hail. [L.] 

salve (sav), n. Ointment; anything 
to cure sores; palliative. [A.S. sealfi] 

salver (sal'ver), n. Tray on which 
anything is presented. [Sp. salvilla.] 

salvo (sal'vo), n. Exception; reserva- 
tion. [L. salvo jure, the right being 
reserved.] 

salvo (sal'v5), n. [pi. salvos (sal'voz).] 
Military or naval salute with guns. 

2. Simultaneous discharge of artil- 
lery. [Fr. salve.] 

sal-volatile ( sal-vol'a-til ), n. Solu- 
tion of carbonate of ammonia. [L. 
=volatilesalt.] 

Samaritan ( sa-mar'i-tan ), n. 1. Na- 
tive or inhabitant of' Samaria. 2. 
Language of Samaria, a dialect of the 



late, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
i but, burnt oil, owl, then. 



same 



502 



sanguine 



Chaldean. 3. Charitable or benevolent 
person, in allusion to the character of 
the "good Samaritan" in the parable. 
— Samar'itanism, n. Charitable- 
ness; philanthropy. 

same (sam), a. 1. Identical. 2. Of the 
like kind or degree; similar. 3. Men- 
tioned before.— same'ness,w. [A.S.] 

samite (sa'mit or sam'it), n. Kind of 
silk stuff. [O. Fr.— Low L. examitum, 
— Gr. hex, six, and mitos, thread.] 

samovar (sam'ovar), n. Copper urn 
in which water is kept boiling for 
making tea, used in Russia, Siberia, 
etc. [Russ. samovaru, tea-urn.] 

samp ( samp ), n. 1. Hominy. 2. Por- 
ridge made of hominy. [N. Am. Ind.] 

samphia-e ( sam'fir or sam'fer ), n. 
Herb found chiefly on rocky cliffs 
near the sea, used in pickles and 
salads. [From Fr. I'herbe de Saint 
Pierre (Peter).] 

sample (sam'pl). I. n. Specimen; part 
to show the quality of the whole. II. 
vt. 1. Make up samples of. 2. Try or 
test. [O. Fr. essample — L. exemplum. 
Doublet EXAMPLE.] 

sampler ( sam'pler ), n. 1. One who 
makes up samples. 2. One who tests 
by samples. 3. Pattern of work; 
ornamental piece of needle-work. 

sample-room (sam'pl-rom), n. 1. 
Room where samples are kept and 
shown. 2. Place where liquor is sold 
by the glass; barroom; saloon. 

sanable (san'a-bl),a. Curable.— sana- 
bil'ity, n. [L. sanabilis—sano, heal.] 

sanative (san'a-tiv), n. Tending to 
heal; healing. — san'ativeness, n. 

sanatorium (san-a-to'ri-um), n. Place 
for restoring to health; health-sta- 
tion; hospital. Also: sanatarium. 

sanatory ( san'a-to-ri ), a. Healing; 
conducive to health. 

sanctanimity (sangk-ta-nim'i-ti), n. 
Holiness of mind. [L. sanctus, holy, 
and animus, mind.] 

sanctify (sangk'ti-fi), vt. [sanc'tifying; 
sanc'tifled.] 1. Make sacred or holy. 
2. Set apart to sacred use. 3. Purify 
and exalt, as by God's grace; free 
from sin or evil. 4. Make the means 
of holiness. — sanctifica'tion, n. — 
sanc'tifier, n. |"L. sanctiflco— sanctus, 
sacred, and faci'o, make.] 

sanctimonious ( sangk-ti-mo'ni-us), 
a. Pretending sanctity; hypocritical- 
ly devout; affecting holiness.— sanc- 
timony, n. — sanctimo'niously, 
adv.— sanctimo'nionsness, n. [L.] 

sanction (sangk'shun). I. n. Act of 
ratifying; confirmation; support. II. 
vt. Give validity to; authorize ; coun- 
tenance; approve. [L.] 



Sprinkle 




Sandals. 



sanctity (sangk'ti-ti), n. 1. Purity; 
godliness. 2. Inviolability. 

sanctuary (sangk'tu-ar-i), n. Sacred 
place. 2 Inviolable asylum; refuge. 

sanctum (sangk'tum), n. 1. Sacred 
place. 2. Private room. [L. == holy.] 

sand (sand). I. n. 1. Fine grains of 
crushed or worn rock. 2, pi. Land 
covered with sand; jsandy beach. 
Grit ; endurance, 
with sand. [A.S.] 

sandal (san'dal), 
n. 1. Sole bound 
to the foot by 
straps. 2. Loose 
slipper. [Gr. san- 
daion,-proiD. from 
Pers. sandal, kind of shoe.] 

sandalwood (san'dal- wod), n. Wood 
remarkable for its fragrance, brought 
from the E. Indies and islands of the 
Pacific. [Ar. sandal.] 

sand -bag- (sand'bag). I. n. Bag filled 
with sand. II. vt. Attack and beat 
with a sand-bag.— sand bagger, n. 

sandpaper(sand'pa-per). 
I. n. Paper eovered with 
a kind of sand. II. vt. 
Rub with sandpaper. 

sandpiper (sand'pi-per), 
n. Wading bird of the 
snipe family, distin- 
guished by its clear, pip- 
ing note. [Starfish. 

sandstar (sand'star), n. 

sandstone (sand'ston), 
n. Stone composed of 
consolidated sand. 

sandwich (sand' wich) ,n. 
Two slices of bread with 
ham, etc., between, said to be named 
after an Earl of Sandwich. II. vt. Ar- 
range in the form of a sandwich; 
insert (between). 

sandy (sand'i), a. 1. Consisting of, or 
covered with, sand. 2. Resembling 
sand; loose. 3. Of the color of sand.— 
sand'iness, n. 

sane (san), a. 1. Sound in mind. 2. 
Not disordered in intellect; rational. 
— sane'ness, n. [L. sanus.] 

sang, pa. t. of sing. 

sangaree ( sang-ga-re' ), n. Diluted 
wine, spiced and sweetened. [W.Ind.] 

sang-froid(sang'f rwa), n. Indifference. 
[Fr.^cold blood.] 

sanguinary (sang'win-ar-i), a. 1. 
Bloody; attended with much blood- 
shed. 2. Bloodthirsty. 

sanguine (sang'win), a. 1. Abound- 
ing with blood; ardent. 2. Hopeful 
confident. — san'guinely, adv. - 
san'guineness, n. [L. sanguineus— 
sanguis, blood.] 




Sandstar. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, f&re, above; me, met, her; mite, mitj note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, tAea, 



sanguineous 



503 



sarsaparilla 



sanguineous ( sang-win'e-us ), a. 1. 
Abounding with blood. 2. Resembling, 
or constituting, blood. 

Sanhedrim (san'he-drim), n. Highest 
council of the Jews, consisting ol 
seventy members with tbe high- 
priest. [Heb. sanhedrin — Gr. syne- 
drion—syn, together, tt&hedra, seat.] 

sanitarium (san-i-tar'i-uru),». Health 
station; hospital. 

sanitary (san'i-tar-i), a. Pertaining to 
health; tending or designed to pro- 
mote health. [Prom sanity.] 

sanitation (san-i-ta'shun), n. 1. Mak- 
ing sanitary. 2. Science of rendering 
sanitary. 

sanity (san'i-ti), n. State of being 
sane; soundness of mind or body. 
[Li. sanitas] 

Sanscrit. See Sanskrit. 

sank (sank), pa. t. of sink. 

sansculotte ( sans-ku-lot' ), n. 1. In 
the first French revolution, a mem- 
ber of the extreme party. 2. Ragged 
fellow. 3. Communist; anarchist. 

Sanskrit (sans'krit), n. Ancient lan- 
guage of the Hindus in which the 
literature of India is written. (As in 
Europe Latin was used as a learned 
tongue). [Sans. =perfect,— sam, with, 
and krita, done.] 

sap (sar>), n. 1. Vital juice of plants. 
2. Vital fluid of animals; blood. 3. 
Sapwood. [A. S. saep. Ger. soft.] 

sap (sap). I. vt. [sap'ping; sapped.] 
Destroy by digging underneath; un- 
dermine. II. n. Approach to a for- 
tification, dug under cover.— sap'per, 
n. One who saps. [Fr. saper, from 
LowL. sappa, pick.] 

sapid (sap'id), a. Savory.— sapidity, 
w. [L. sapidus—sapio, taste.] 

sapient (sa'pi-ent), a. Wise; discern- 
ing. — sapience, n. — sa'piently, 
adv. [L,.—sapio, taste; know.] 
Syn Sagacious; sage; knowing. 

sapless (sap'les), a. Dry; not juicy. 

sapling- (sap'ling), n. Young tree, so 
called from being full of sap. 

saponaceous (sap- o -na'sh us), a. 
Soapy: soap-like. [Fr. saponaee—~L. 
sapo, soap.] 

sapphire (saf'ir or saf'ir), n. Blue 
precious stone, next in hardness to 
the diamond. [Ar. saflr.] 

sappy ( sap'i ), a. 1. Abounding with 
sap ; juicy. 2. Immature ; silly. — 
sap'piness, n. 

sap-wood(sap-wod), n. External part 
of wood, newly formed under the 
bark; alburnum. 

saraband (sar'a-band), n. Slow Span- 
ish dance. [Pers. serbend, song.] 



Saracen (sar'a-sen), n. Name applied 
in the Middle Ages to the Mohamme- 
dans.— Saracenic, a. [L. Sarace^us 
— Ar. sharkeyn, eastern people.] 

sarcasm (sar'kazm), n. Satirical re- 
mark in scorn or contempt; cutting 
wit. [Gr. sarkazo, tear flesh.] 

sarcastic (sar-kas'tik), sarcas'tical, 
a. Containing sarcasm.— sarcastic- 
ally, adv. 

sarcenet (siirs'net), n. Very thin silk 
fabric. [O. Fr. from Low L. saracena- 
tus, Saracen cloth.] 

sarcocarp (sar'ko-karp), n. Fleshy 
part of a drupe; mesocarp. 

sarcology (sar-kol'o-ji), n. Branch of 
anatomy which treats of the fleshy 
parts of the body. [Gr. — sarx, sarkos, 
flesh.] [Feeding on flesh. 

sarcophagous (sar-kof'a-gus), a. 

sarcophagus (sar kof'a-gus), [pi. 
sarcophagi.] n. 1. Kind of lime-stone 
used by the Greeks for coffins, and so 
called because it was thought to con 
sume the flesh of corpses. 2. Stone 
receptacle for a corpse. [Gr. sarx, 
flesh, and phago, eat.] 




White marble sarcophagus of Queen Louise 
of Prus&ia. 

sardine (sar-den'), n. Small fish of the 
herring family, boiled and packed in 
oil. [From the island of Sardinia.] 

sardine (sar'din), sardius (sar'di- 
us). I. n. Name of the cornelian 
stone. II. adv. Relating to the sar- 
dius. [Fr. sardoine.] 

sardonic (sar-don'ik), a. 1. Forced, 
heartless. 2. Bitter, sarcastic. [From 
Gr. sardonios, a plant of Sardinia 
said to screw up the face of the eater.] 

sardonyx (sar'don-iks), n. Reddish- 
yellow variety of chalcedony. [Gr.] 

sarment(sar'ment), n. Runner, as of 
the strawberry plant. [L.j 

sarsaparilla(sar-sa-pa-ril'a), n. Twin- 
ing shrub like the bramble, fouucl 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; n5te, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



sash 



504 



chief! v in Mexico, used in medicine. 
[Sp. zarzaparilla—zarza, bramble, and 
partita, vine.] 

*»ush (sash), n. Band or scarf worn 
over the shoulder, or as a belt. 
[Pers. shash.] 

gash (sash), n. Case or frame for panes 
of glass. [Fr. chdsse, chase, — L. capsa.] 

sassaf ras(sas'a-fras),?j. Kind of laurel, 
the root of which, esp. its bark, is 
much used in medicine. So called 
because formerly believed to break 
or disolve stone in the bladder. [Fr. 
— L. saxifraga — saxum, stone, and 
frango, break.] 

sat, pa. t._ and pa. p. of sit. 

Satan (sa'tan), n. Devil; chief of the 
fallen angels. — Satanic (sa-tan'ik), 
satan ical, a. Pertaining to, or like 
Satan; devilish. [Heb. satan, enemy.] 

satchel (sach'el), n. Hand-bag. [Dim. 
of sack.] [glut. [A. S. saed.] 

sate ( sat ), vt. Satisfy or give enough ; 

sateen ( sa-ten' ), n. Woolen or cotton 
fabric with a glossy surface. [Fr.j 

satellite (sat'el-lit), n. 1. Obsequious 
follower. 2. Body which revolves 
round a planet. [L. satelles.] 

satiable (sa'shi-a-bl), a. That maybe 
satiated._ 

satiate (sa'shi-at). I. vt. Satisfy; grat- 
ify. II. a. Glutted; sated. — satia- 
tion, n. [L. satio — satis, enough.] 



Sya. Glut; gorge; surfeit 
aliety ( sa-ti'e-ti 
satiated: surfeit. 



State of being 



satin (sat'in), n. Closely woven glossy 
silk cloth.— satin'ity, n. Quality of 
being smooth and glossy. — sat'in- 
wood, n. Ornamental wood from E. 
and W. Indies, having a texture like 
satin.— sat'iny,a. Like, or composed 
of, satin. [Fr.— Li.seta, hair.] 

satinet (safi-net), n. 1. Thin species 
of satin. 2. Cloth with a cotton warp 
and woolen weft. 

satire ( sat'ir or safer ), n. 1. Species 
of poetry, exposing and turning to 
ridicule, vice or folly. 2. Severity of 
remark; ridicule; sarcasm. [L. satira 
—satura (lanx), dish full of various 
kind of fruit; medley.] 

satiric (sa-tir'ik), satirical, a. Per- 
taining to, or conveying, satire; sar- 
castic; abusive.— satir'ically, adv. 

satirist(sat'ir-ist),7i. Writer of satire. 

satirize (sat'ir-iz), vt. Make the object 
of satire; expose to ridicule. 

satisfaction ( sat-is-fak'shun ), n. 1. 
State of being satisfied ; gratification ; 
comfort. 2. That which satisfies; 
amends; atonement; payment ; con- 
viction. 



satisfactory ( sat-is-fak'tur-i >, a. 1. 
Satisfying; sufficient; giving content. 
2. Making amends or payment; aton- 
ing— satisfactorily, adv.— satis- 
fac'toriness, n. 

satisfy ( sat'is-fi ), vi. 1. Give enough 
to; supply fully; please fully. 2. Dis- 
charge. 3. Free from doubt; convince. 
[O. Fr. satisfier—Li. satis, enough, and 
faeio, make.] 

satrap (sa'trap or safrap),w. Persian 
viceroy, or ruler of one of the greater 
provinces. — sat'rapy, n. Govern- 
ment or district of a satrap. [Pers.] 

saturable ( saf u-ra-bl ), a. That may 
be saturated. 

saturate (saf u-rat), vt. 1. Soak fully; 
fill to excess. 2. Unite with till no more 
can be received. — saturation, n. 
[L.—satur, full.] 

Saturday (saf ur-da ), n. Seventh or 
last day of the week. [A. S. Saeter- 
<laeg, Saetem-daeg, day of Saturn,— L. 
Satumus.] 

Saturn (saf urn), n. 1. Ancient Roman 
god of agriculture (father of Jupiter), 
who ruled during the golden age. 2. 
One of the planets. — SatUrnian (sa- 
tur'ni-an),«. 1. Pertaining to Saturn, 
or the golden age; happy ; pure; peace- 
ful. — Saturnine (safur-niu), a. 
Grave; gloomy; phlegmatic, (because 
born under the planet Saturn). [L. 
Saturnus—sero, satum, sow.] 




The planet Saturn. 



revelry. — Saturna'lian, a. 

satyr (safer or sa'ter), n. Silvan deity, 
represented as part man and part 
goat.— satyr'ic, a. [Gr. satyros.] 

sauce (sas). I. n. 1. Liquid seasoning 
for food; relish. 2. Dish of garden 
vegetable or cooked fruit eaten with 
other food. II. vt. 1. Put sauce in as a 
relish; make poignant. 2. Treat with 
bitter or pert language.— saucebox, 
n. Saucy child. — sauce 'pan, n. 
Cooking pot with a long handle and a 
cover. [Fr.— L. salsum, salted.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; pe, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, woJf; 
taute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



saucer 



505 



scabbard 



saucer (sa'ser), n. Shallow dish to hold 
a tea or coffee cup. 

saucy (sa'si), a. [sau'cier, sau'ciest.] 
Insolent; impudent.— saucily, adv. 
— sau'ciness, n. [From satjce.] 

sauer-l<.raut ( sowr'-krowt ), n. Cab- 
bage cub fine, pressed into a cask, 
with alternate layers of salt, and suf- 
fered to ferment. [Ger.— sauer, sour, 
and kraut, herb, cabbage.] 

sau It (so or so), n. Rapid in some 
rivers in N. America. [O. Fr. (Fr. 
saut),— I- saltus, leap.] 

saunter tean'ter or san'ter). I. vi. 
Wander about idly; loiter. II. n. 1. 
Sauntering. 2. Place for sauntering. 
— saun'terer, n. [Ety. doubtful.] 

saurian (sa'ri-an). I. n. Reptile or ani- 
mal covered with scales, as the lizard. 
II. a. Pertaining to, or of the nature 
of, a saurian. [Gr. sauros, lizard.] 

sausage (sa'saj), n. Minced meat, en- 
closed in a skin. [O. Fr. saucisse— root 
of SAUCE.] 

Sauterne ( sd-tern'), n. White wine 
produced at Sauterne, in France. 

savage (sav'aD). I. a. Untamed; unciv- 
ilized; fierce. II. n. 1. Human being 
in a wild state. 2. Brutal person.— 
sav'agely, adv.— sav'ageness, 
savagery, ns. [Fr. sauvage—Q. Fr. 
salvage — L. silvaticus — silva, wood.] 
Syn. Wild; rude; brutal; brutish. 

savanna, savannab (sa-van'a), n. 
Prairie. [American Indian.] 

savant (sa-vang'), n. Man of science 
or of learning. [Fr.] 

save (sav). I. vt. 1. Bring safe out of 
evil or danger; rescue. 2. Keep from 
being spent or lost; reserve. 3. Deliver 
from sin; bring into a state of spirit- 
ual life. 4. Spare. — (God) save the 
mark! Ironical exclamation, meaning 
that an idea or word is wide off the 
mark, but expressing the opposite. 
II. vi. Be economical. III. prep. Ex- 
cept. — sa'ver, n. [Fr. sauver — L. 
salvo. See safe.] 

Baveloy (sav'e-loi), n. Sausage made 
of meat, orig. of brains. [Fr. cervelas 
—cervelle, brains.] 

saving (sa'ving). I. a. 1. Disposed to 
save or be economical. 2. Incurring 
no loss. 3. Preserving from wrong. 
4. Securing salvation. II. prep. 1. 
Except. 2. With due respect to. — 
savingly, adv.— sa'vingness, n. 

saving (sa'ving), n. 1. That which is 
saved. 2. Economy in expenditure. 
— savings-bank, n. Bank in which 
saviags are deposited at interest. 

savior, saviour (sa'vi-ur), n. One 
who saves from evil. — The Saviour, 
Jesus Christ, the Redeemer of men. 



savor (sa'vtir). I. n. 1. Flavor; taste. 
2. Odor; scent. 3. Reputation. II. 
vi. Have a particular taste or smell; 
partake of the nature (of).— sa'vory. 
a.— sa'vorily, adv.— sa'vorincss. 
n. [Fr. saveur— L. sapor— sapio, taste]. 

savory (sa'vur-i), n. Aromatic kitchen 
herb. [O. Fr. savoree — sadree — L. 
satureia, savory.] 

savoy (sa-voi')j n. Cabbage with curled 
leaves, orig. from Savoy, in France. 

savvy (sav'i). I.vt. Understand; know. 
II. n. Knowledge. [Slang. From the 
Spanish sabe (sa-va').] 

saw (sa), pa. t. of see. 

saw (sa). I. n. Instrument for cutting, 
formed of a thin blade, band, or disc 
of steel, with a toothed edge. II. vt. 
and vi. [sawed; sawed or sawn.] Cut 
with a saw; use a saw; be cut with a 
saw. [A. S. saga. Ger. saege.] 

saw (sa), n. Saying; proverb. [A. S. 
sagu—sagian, secgan, say.] 

sawdust (sa'dust), n. Dust, or small 
pieces of wood, etc., made in sawing. 

sawfish (sa'fish), n. Fish allied to the 
shark, so" called from the saw-like 
form of its snout. 

sawmill (&a'mil), n. Mill for sawing 
timber, stone, etc. [sawed. 

sawpit (sa'pit), n. Pit where wood is 

sawyer (sa'yer), n. One who saws. 

saxifrage (saks'i-f raj), n. Genus of al- 
pine plants formerly believed to dis- 
solve stone in the bladder. [Fr. — L. 
saxum, stone, and frango, break.] 

Saxon (saks'un). I. n. 1. One of a peo- 
ple of N. Germany who conquered 
England in the 5th and 6th centuries. 
2. Language of the Saxons. 3. One of 
the presf at people of Saxony, in 
Germany. II. a. Pertaining to the 
Saxons, '.heir language, country, or 
architecture. [A.S. Seaxe—seax, O.Ger. 
sahs, knife, short sword.] [idom. 

Saxonism ( saks'un-izm ), n. Saxon 

say (sa). I. vt. and vi. [say'ing; said 
(sed).] 1. Utter in words; speak. 2. 
Declare; assert; state. 3. Recite; re- 
peat. 4. Assume; suppose. II. n. Some- 
thing said; remark; speech. [A. S. 
sagian, secgan. Ger. sagen.] 

saying (sa'ing), n. 1. Something said; 
expression; maxim; phrase. 

sbirro (zber'ro),w. (pi. sbirri, (zber're) 
Italian police-officer. [It.] 

scab (skab), n. 1. Crust over a sore, 
2. Disease of sheep, resembling the 
mange. 3. One who takes up the work 
abandoned by a striker.— scab'by, a. 
[A. S. scaeb.] 

scabbard (skab'ard), n. Case in whict, 
the blade of a sword is kept. [O. Fr. 
escauber.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; m6, met, her ; mite, mit; note, not, move, Wolf ; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



scabbed 



506 



scapement 



scabbed ( skabd or skab'ed ), a. 1. 
Affected or covered with scabs; 
diseased with the scab. 2. Mean; vile; 
paltry.— scab' bed n ess, n. 

scabies (ska'bi-ez), n. The itch, con- 
tagious skin disease, due to parasitic 
mites. — scal>ious, a. 1. Itchy. 2. 
Consisting of scabs or scurf. 

scaffold (skaf'o)d). I. n. 1. Temporary 
platform for exhibiting or for sup- 
porting something. 2. Platform for 
the execution of a criminal. II. vt. 
Furnish with a scaffold. [O. Fr. escha- 
fault— root of catafalque.] 

scaffolding (skaf'cld-ing), n. 1. Scaf- 
fold. 2. Material for scaffolds. 

scalable (ska'la-bl), a. That may be 
scaled or climoed. 

scalawag (skal'a-wag), n. 1. Value- 
less domestic animal. 2. Worthless 
fellow; scamp. [From Scallovmy, in 
Shetland.] 

scald(skald). I. vt. l.Burn or clean with 
steam or hot liquid. 2. Cook slightly 
by boiling a very short time. II. n. 
Burn caused by hot liquid. [O. Fr. 
eschalder—Li. excaldo—calidus, hot.] 

scald, skald (skald or skald), n. One 
of the ancient Scandinavian poets or 
bards. Jlcel. and Sw. skald, poet.]. 

scale (skal). I. n. 1. Ladder; series of 
steps. 2. Graduated measure. 3. In 
music. Series of all the tones- 4. 
Order of a numeral system. 5. Grada- 
tion. 6. Proportion. II. vt. Mount, as 
by a ladder; ascend. [L. scala, ladder.] 

scale (skal). I. n. 1. One of the small, 
thin plates on a fish or reptile. 2. Thin 
layer. II. vt. 1. Clear of scales. 2. Peel 
off in thin layers. 3 . Cut down ; reduce, 
as wages. III. vi. Come off in thin 
layers. [A. S. scealu, scale of a fish. 
Ger. schale, shell.] 

scale (skal), n. 1. Dish of a balance; 
balance (instrument for weighing) — 
chiefly in pi. 2. pi. .Libra, one of the 
signs of the zodiac. [ A. S. scalu, 
balance.] 

Scaled (skiad), a. Having scales. 

scalene (ska-len'). I. a. Having three 
unequal sides. II. n. Scalene triangle. 
[Gr. skalenos, uneven.] 

scall (skal), n. Scab; scaly eruption. 
(A. S. seal, scale.] 

scallop (skol'up). I. n. 1. Bivalvu- 
lar shell-fish, having the edge of its 
shell in the form of a series of curves. 
2. One of a series of curves in the 
edge of anything. 3. Lace band or 
collar, scalloped round the edges. II. 
vt. Cut the edge or border into scal- 
lops or curves. [O. Fr. escalope— Ger. 
schale, shell.] 



scalp (skalp). I. n. Skin of the head on 

which the hair grows. II. vt. 1. 

Cut the scalp from. 2. Sell at less than 

regular rates. [M. E. scalp, top of the 

head,— root of skull.] 
scalpel ( skalp'el ), n. Small surgical 

knife. [L. scalpellum—scalpo, cut.] 
scaly (ska'li), a. Covered witn scales; 

like scales; formed of scales.— sca'- 

liness, n. 
scaminony (skam'o-ni), n. Cathartic 

gum-resin obtained from a species of 

convolvulus. [Gr. skamonia.] 
scamp (skamp). I. n. Rogue; rascal; 

mean fellow. II. vt. Do dishonestly s 

without thoroughness. [From O. Fr. 

escamper, run away.] 
scamper ( skam'per J, vi. Run away. 

[O. BY. escamper — L. ex, out of, and 

campus, field.] 
scan (skan), vt. [scan'ning; scanned.] 

1. Count the feet or measures i.n a 
verse. 2. Examine carefully; scruti- 
nize. [Fr. scander — L. scando, climb.] 

scandal (skan'dal), n. 1. Something 
said which is false and injurious to 
reputation; opprobrious censure. 2. 
Disgrace; offense.— scan'dalize, vt. 
Give offense to.— scan'dalous, a. 1. 
Giving offense. 2. Openly vile. 3. De- 
famatory. — scan'dalously, adv. — 
scan'dalonsness, n. [Fr. scandale 
— Gr. skandalon, snare.] 

Scandinavian (skan-di-na'vi-an). I. 
a. 1. Of Scandinavia, comprisingNor- 
way, Sweden, Denmark, Iceland, and 
adjacent Islands. 2. Inhabitant of 
Scandinavia. [Latinized form.] 

scansion (skan'shun), n. Scanning. 

scansorial ( skan-so'ri-al ), a. Climb- 
ing; formed for climbing. [From L. 
scando, scansum. See scan.] 

scant (skant), a. 1. Not full or plenti- 
ful; scarcely sufficient; deficient. 2. 
Parsimonious. [Icel. skammt, short.] 
Syn. Short; slender; meager; insuf- 
ficient; sparing; niggardly. 

scantling' (skant'ling), n. 1. Patterp. 

2. Measurement. 3. Piece of timber 
less than five inches sq. in section. 
[Fr. Schantillon, sample.] 

scanty (skant'i), a. Scant.— scant'* 
ily, adv.— scantiness, n. 

scapegoat (skap'got), n. 1. Goat on 
which, once a year, the Jewish high- 
priest confessed the sins of the peo- 
ple, and which was then allowed to 
escape into the wilderness. 2. One 
made to suffer for another's offense, 
[escape and goat.]_ 

scapegrace (skap'gvas), n. Graceless, 
reckless fellow. [ Lit. one who has 
escaped grace.] 

scapement. Same as escapement. 



fate, fat* task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, net, move, wolf; 
mdte. hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



scapula 



507 



sceptic 




scapula(skap'u-la), n. Shoulder blade. 
— scapular, a. [L.J 

scapular (skap 'u-1 a r), 
scapulary ( skap'u- 
lar-i), n. Ornament 
worn by some R. Cath. 
orders, consisting of 
two woolen bands, one 
of which crosses the 
shoulders, and the 
other the breast. 

scar (skar). I. n. 1. Mark 
left by a wound or sore ; 
cioatrix. 2. Any mark 
or blemish. II.vi. [scar'- 
ring; scarred. ] Mark 
with a scar. [Fr. escarr 
scab.] [Icel. sker, rock in the sea.] 

scar (skar), n. Precipitousbankorrock. 

scaramouch (skar'a-mowch), n. Buf- 
foon; bragging, cowardly fellow. 
[From Scaramucceia, a certain Italian 
clown.] 

scarce ( skars ), a. Not plentiful; not 
equal to the demand; rare; uot com- 
mon. — searce'ly, scarce, advs. — 
scarceness, scar'City, ns. [O. Fr. 
escars—lu. excerpere, pick but.] 

scare (skar)- I- vt. Strike with sudden 
terror. II. n. Fright, esp. from slight 
cause. [Icel. skjarr, shy, timid.] 

Syn. Alarm; affright; appall; ter- 
rify; daunt; frighteu; startle. 

scarecrow (skar'kro), n. 1. Anything 
set up to scare away birds; vain 
cause of terror. 2. Person in rags. 

scarf (skarf), n. [pi. scarfs.] Light 
piece of dress worn loosely on the 
shoulders or about the neck; light 
kerchief for the neck. [Fr. echarpe.] 

scarf (skarf). I. n. Joint to unite two 
pieces of timber. II. vt. Join two 
pieces of timber endwise, so that they 
may be used as one. — scarfing-, n. 
[Sw. skarf, seam, joint.] 

scarfskin (skarf 'skin) , n. Scurf or sur- 
face skin; outer skin. 

scarify (skar'i-fi), vt. [scarifying; 
scarified.] Scratch or slightly cut 
the skin; make small cuts with a lan- 
cet, so as to draw blood.— scarifica'- 
tion, n. [Qv.skariphos, etching tool.] 

scarlatina ( skar_-la-te'na ), scarlet- 
fever (skar-let-fe'ver), ri. Contagious 
fever, known by a scarlet rash. 

scarlet (skar'let). I. n. 1. Bright-red 
color. 2. Scarlet cloth. II. a. Of the 
color called scarlet. [O. Fr. egcarlate 
(Fr. ecarlate). through Low L. scarla- 
lum— Pers. sakirlat.] 

scarp (skarp), n. 1. Interior slope of the 
ditch nearest the parapet; escarpe. 
2. Steep slope. [Fr. escarpe— It. Scarpa 
— O. Ger. scarp, sharp. Ger. scharf.] 



scarpines (skar'pinz), n. pi. Instru- 
ment of torture resembling the boot. 
[Fr. escarpins, pumps.] 
scary (skar'i), a. Subject to a scare; 

easily frightened. 
scat ( skat ). I. interj. Be gone; II. vt. 
Scare away; drive away. [From cs 
(a hiss) and cat.] 
scathe (ska^A). I. n. Damage; injury. 
II. vt. Injure. [A. S. sceatha, injure. 
Ger. schaden.] [age or injury. 

scathless (skath'les), a. Without dam- 
scatter (skat'er). I. vt. 1. Disperse in 
all directions. 2. Throw loosely about; 
strew; sprinkle. II. vi. Be dispersed 
or dissipated. [A. S. scateran. See 

SHATTER ] 

scavenger (skav'en-jer ), n. One who 
cleans the streets, removes filth, etc. 
[O. F. scawageour, inspector.] 

scenario ( she-na'ri-o), n. Skeleton 
libretto, outlining the plot and the 
several appearances of the charac- 
ters. [It.] 

scene (sen), n. l.(orw/.) Stage. 2. Place 
of action, occurrence, or exhibition. 
3. Separate part or a play, smaller 
than an act. 4. Number of objects 
presented to the view at once; specta- 
cle; view. 5. Landscape; scenery; 
large picture. 6. Display of strong 
feeling between two or more persons; 
feeling exhibited for effect. [L. scena 
— Gr. skene, booth, stage.] 

scenery (se'ner-i), w. 1. Painted repre- 
sentation on a stage. 2. General 
aspect of a landscape. 

scenic (sen'ik or se'nik), a. Pertaining 
to scenery; theatrical. 

scenog-raphy (se-nog'ra-fi) n. Art oi 
perspective; representation in per- 
spective. — scenographic (se-no- 
graf'ik), a. Drawn in perspective. — 
scenograph'ically, adv. 

scent (sent). 1. vt. 1. Discern by the 
sense of smell. 2. Perfume. II. n. 1. 
Odor. 2. Sense of smell. 3. Chase fol- 
lowed by the scent; course of pursuit. 
[Fr. sentir, smell.] 



Scepter of Charlemagne. 

scepter, sceptre (sep'ter), n. 1. Staff 
or baton borne by sovereigns as an 
emblem of authority. 2. Royal 
power. — sceptered, sceptred 

(sep'trd), a. Bearing a scepter. [Gr. 
skeptron, staff.] 
sceptic. See skeptic. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



schedule 



508 



scire facias 



schedule (sked'ul). I. n. Paper con- 
taining writing; list: inventory. II. 
vt. Place in a schedule or list. [O. Fr. 
schedule — L. schedula, strip of papy- 

scheik« Same as sheik. [rus. 

scheme (skem). I. n. 1. Something 
contrived to be done. 2. Combina- 
tion of things by design. 3. Illustra- 
tive diagram. II. vi. and vi. Plan; 
eontri ve.— sche'mer, n.~ sche'- 
mingr,a.Intriguing. [Gr. schema, form.] 
8yn. Device; design; plan; system; 
plot; contrivance; purpose; outline. 

scherzando (sker-tsan'do), adv. Play- 
ful, sportive. [It. — Ger. scherz, jest.] 

S«hiedain(ske-dam'), n. Holland gin. 
^Schiedam, city of Holland.] 

schism ( sizm ), n. Separation in a 
church, from diversity of opinion; 
division.— schismat'ic,schism«t'= 
ieal, a. [Gr. schisma — schizo, split.] 

S4}&ist(shist), n. Kind of rock, splitting 
into thin layers ; slate-rock.— schist- 
ic, schist'ous, schistose (sbist- 
os'), a. Like schist; having a slaty 
structure. [Gr. schisios—scMzo, split.] 

sehmelze (shmel'tse), n. Term for 
several kinds of colored glass, used in 
Windows. [Ger.=enamel. See smelt.] 

schnapps (shnaps), a. 1. Schiedam, 
or Holland gin. 2. Any kind of spiritu- 
ous liquor. [Ger.=dram; gin; liquor.] 

scholar (skol'ar),«.. 1. Pupil; student. 
2. Man of learning.— scholarly , a. 
fL. scholaris—schola, school.] 

scholarship (skol'ar-ship),?*. 1. Char- 
acter of a scholar. 2. Learning. 3. 
Maintenance of a scholar. 

scholastic (sko-las'tik). I. a. 1. Per- 
taining to a scholar or to schools. 2. 
Pertaining to the schoolmen of the 
Middle Ages. 3. Pedantic; formal; 
excessively subtile. II. n. One who 
adheres to the method or subtleties of 
the schools of the middle ages. [Fr.] 

scholiast(sko'li-ast), n. Writer of scho- 
Wa.^-scfaoliast'ie,a. [See scholium.] 

scholium (sko'li-urn), n. [pi. scho'lia, 
scho'liums.] 1. Marginal note of the 
old critics on the ancient classics. 2. 
In math. Explanation added to a 
problem. [Gr. scholion, short note.] 

school(skol). I. n. 1. Place for instruc- 
tion; institution of learning, esp. for 
children. 2. Pupils of a school. 3. 
Exercises for instruction. 4. Disciples 
of a teacher; those who hold a com- 
mon doctrine. II. vt. 1. Educate in a 
school; instruct. 2. Admonish. [L. 
sehola — Gr. schole, leisure, lecture, 
sehool.] 

schoolmaster (skol'mas-ter), n. Mas- 
ter or teacher of a school; pedagogue. 
— fern, school'mistress. 




schooner (sko'ner), n. Sharp-built, 
swift-sailing vessel, generally two- 
masted, rigged 
with fore-and-aft 
sails. [Properly 
scooner— A. S. scu- 
nian, skip.] 

schottisehe (shof- 
esh), n. Dance sim- 
ilar to polka. [Ger. • 
= Scotch.] 

sciatic (si-at'ik), 
sciatica!, a. Per- 
tainiiag to, or Schooner, 

affecting, the hip. 

[Low L. sciaticus — Gr. ischion, hip- 
joint.] 

sciatica (si-at'i-ka) , n. Neuritis or neu- 
ralgic affection of the sciatic nerve. 

science ( si'ens ), n. 1. Systematized 
knowledge. 2. Pursuit of knowledge 
pr truth for its own sake. 3. That 
which refers to abstract principles, as 
distinguished from art. [ Fr. — L. 
scientia—scio, know.] 

scientifie(si-en-tif'ik),scientifical, 
a. 1. According to, or versed in, 
science. 2. Having systematic knowl- 
edge.— scientifically, adv. 

scientist (si'en-tist), n. Person who 
studies science, esp. natural science; 
scientific investigator. 

scilicet (sil'i-set), adv. To wit (abbrev. 
soil, sc or ss). [L.— scire licet, you may 
know.] 

scimitar (sim'i-tar), n. Curved sword, 
sometimes broadest at the point end, 
used by the Turks and Persians. 
[Etymology doubtful.] 

scintilla (sin-til'a), n. 1. Spark. 2. 
Least particle. [L\] 

scintillate (sin'til-lat), vi. 1. Throw 
out sparks. 2. Sparkle; twinkle.— 
scintilla'tion, n. 

sciolism (si'ol-izm), n. Superficial 
knowledge. [L. sciolus, dim. of scius, 
knowing,— scio, know.] 

sciolist (si'ol-ist), n. One who knows 
many things superficially; pretender 
to science. 

scion (si'un), n. 1. Cutting or twig for 
grafting. 2. Young member of a fam- 
ily; descendant. [Fr.— L. sectio, cut- 
ting— seco, cut.] 

scioptic ( si-op'tik ), a. Pertaining to 
the camera obscm-a.— sciop'tics, n. 
Art of exhibiting images Of objects, 
received through a lense, in a darken- 
ed room. [Gr. sMa, shadow.and optic] 

scire facias (si're fa'shi-as), n. Writ 
to enforce either execution or annul- 
ment of a judgment or the like. [L. 
=make to know!] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, f&re, above; uie, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



scirrhous 



509 



Scotticism 



scirrhous (skir'us or sir'-), a. Hard- 
ened; proceeding from scirrhus. 

scirrhus (skir'rus or sir'), n. 1. Hard- 
ened gland, forming a tumor. 2. 
Hardening, esp. that preceding can- 
cer. [Gr. skiros, hard.] 

scissors (siz'iirz) , n. pi. Cutting instru- 
ment consisting of two blades fasten- 
ed at the middle. Often called a pair 
of scissors. [O. Fr. cisoires — L. caedo, 
caesum. cut.] [Slavonic. 

Sclav, Sclavonian, etc. See slav, 

sclerosis (skle-ro'sis),?i. Hardening of 
a tissue. [Gr.] 

sclerotal (sklg-rot'al). I. n. An ossifi- 
cation in the eyeball of the owl. 

II. a. Like, or pertaining to, a scle- 
rotal. [From Gr. skleros, hard.] 

sclerotica (skle-rot'i-ka), n. Opaque, 
white, inelastic front coat Of the eye. 

scoff (skaf ). I. vt. Mock; treat with 
scorn. II. vi. Show contempt or scorn. 

III. n. 1. Expression of scorn or con- 
tempt. 2. Object of derision.— scoff- 
er, n. [Dan. skuffe, delude. Low Ger. 
beschuppen, cheat.] 

scold (skold). I. vt. and vi. Chide in a 

loud and violent manner. II. n. Rude, 

clamorous woman. — scolder, n. 

[Low Ger. schelden. Ger. schelten.] 

Syn. Vituperate; censure; blame. 

scollop. Same as scallop. 

sconce (skons), n. 1. Bulwark; small 
fort. 2. Shelter; hut; chimney seat. 
3. Helmet. 4. Head; skull. [Dut. 
schans. Ger. schanze.] 

sconce (skons ), n. 1. Socket for the 
candle. 2. Ornamental hanging or 
wall candle-stick. [O. Fr. esconse-fLi. 
absconsa, sconsa, dark-lantern.] 

scoop (skop). I. vt. 1. Lift up, as water, 
with something hollow; empty with 
a ladle. 2. Make hollow; dig out. 3. 
Secure and publish a piece of news in 
advance of rivals. II. n. 1. Large hol- 
low shovel or ladle. 2. Place hollowed 
out. 3. Sweeping stroke. 4. Publica- 
tion of a piece of news by a newspaper 
in advance of rival papers. [Dan. 
skuffe. Ger. schueppe. See shovel.] 

scoot (skot), vi. Run. [Collog.] 

scope (skop), n. 1. Space. 2. Room or 
opportunity. 3 End before the mind; 
intention. [Gr. skopos— skopeo, look.] 

scopolamine (sko-pol'a-min), n. New 
alkaloid from a plant similar to the 
Atropia Belladonna, or deadly night- 
shade, used as an anesthetic. 

scorbutic (skar-bu'tik), scorbn'tic- 
al, a. Pertaining to scurvy. 

scorch (skarch), vt. and vi- 1. Burn 
slightly. 2". Affect painfully with heat. 
3. Ride recklessly fast, as on a bicy- 
cle. [O. Fr. escurchier, flay, skin.] 



score (skor). I. n. 1. Mark or notch 
for keeping count; line drawn; fur- 
row. 2. Number twenty, once repre 
sented by a larger notch. 3. Reckon- 
ing; account; reason. 4. Draught of a 
musical composition with all the 
parts, or its transcript. 5. Number of 
points gained in a game. II. vt. I. 
Mark with notches or lines. 2. Furrow ; 
cut into but not through. 3. Charge. 
4. Succeed in making or winning, as 
a victory. —scor'er, n. 1. One wh» 
or that which scores or notches. 2. 
One who keeps the score. [A. S. seor, 
notch.] 

scoria (sko'ri-a), n. Dross or slag left 
from metal or" ores after being under 
fire. — scoriae (sko'ri-e), n. pi. Vol- 
canic ashes. [Gr. skoria, refuse, offal. J 

scorn (skarn). I. n. 1. Lofty con- 
tempt. 2. Object of contempt. II. vt. 
Hold in contempt; refuse.— Laugh to 
scorn, deride.— Think scorn, despise.— 
scorn'er, n. 1. One who scorns. 2. 
One who scoffs at religion. — scorn- 
ful, a. Contemptuous. — scorn ful- 
ly . adv. [O. Fr. escarner — O. H. G. 
skirnon, mock.] 

Syn. Contemn ; disdain; slight; 
insult; mock; spurn. 

scorpion (skar'- 
pi-un), n. 1. In- 
sect with claws 
like the lobster, 
and armed with 
a poisonous 
sting in, its 
jointed tail. 2. 
One of the signs of the zodiac (Scor- 
pio). 3. Whip with points like a scor- 
pion's tail. [Gr. skorpios.] 

scot (skot), n. Contribution; payment; 
tax. — scot-free (skot'fre), a. Free 
from scot or payment; untaxed; un- 
hurt; safe. — Scot and lot, parish tax 
assessed according to the lot or abil- 
ity of the payer. [A. S. scot — sceotan, 
shoot, or throw in, as contribution. 
Ger. schosz.] [A. S. Scotta.] 

Scot ( skot) , n. Native of Scotland. 

Scotch (skoch), Scottish (skot'ish), 
Scots(skots), a. Relating to Scotland, 
its people, or language. — Scotch- 
man, Scots'man, ns. Native of 
Scotland. [ly. [Etym. doubtful..] 

scotch (skoch), v;!. Cut or wouud slight- 
scotch (skoch). I. vt. Prop up; block; 
put on the brake; scote. II. n. Wedge, 
prop or bar to keep a log or the like 
from rolling or moving. [O.Fr. ascoter.] 

scoter( sko'ter ), n. Species of marine 
duck with dark plumage, also called 
the scurf duck. [idiom. 

Scotticism ( skot'i-sizm ), n. Scotch 




Scorpio 



fate, fat, t&dk, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



scoundrel 



510 



screw 



scoundrel (skown'drel), n. Worthless, 
low fellow; rascal; man without prin- 
ciple. — scoun'drelism, n. [From 
A. S. scunian, shun, disgust.] 

scour(skowr),«i. 1. Clean by rubbing 
with something rougb. 2. Cleanso 
from grease, dirt, etc. 3. Purge. 4. 
Pass quickly over. — scourer, n. 
[O.F. escurer. L. Ger. schueern. Low L. 
scurare, sweep.] 

scourge (skurj ). I. n. 1. Whip made 
of leather thongs. 2. Instrument of 
punishment. 3. Punishment; means 
of punishment. II. vt.Whip severely; 
punish in order to correct. — scourg'- 
er,ra. [O.Fr. escourgee—Jj. (scutica)exco- 
riata, (whi-p) made of strips of leather.] 

scout ( skowt ). I. n. One sent out to 
bring in tidings, observe the enemy, 
etc. II. vi. and vt. Reconnoiter; ex- 
plore; observe. [O. Fr. escouter — L. 
auscultare, listen.] 

scout (skowt), vt. Sneer at; reject 
with disdain. [Icei. skuti, taunt.] 

scow ( skow ), n. Large flat-bottomed 
boat; pram. [Dut. schouw, punt.] 

scowl (skowl). I. v*. Wrinkle the brows 
in displeasure; look sour, angry, or 
gloomy. II. n. Wrinkling of the brows 
when displeased; look of sullenness, 
or anger. [A. S. sceol, squint. Dut. 
schuilen. Low Ger. schulen.] 

scrabble ( skrab'l ), vi. 1. Scrawl. 2. 
Scramble ; struggle. [Freq. of scrape.] 

scrag (skrag), n. 1. Anything thin or 
lean and rough. 2. Bony part of the 
neck.— scragged (skrag'ed), scrag- 
gy (skrag'i), a. Lean and rough; un- 

• even ; rugged.— s crag'gedness, 
scrag'giness, ns.— serag'gily, adv. 
[Cf. Sw. skrukka, shrink.] 

scramble (skram'bl). I. vi. 1. Struggle 
with hand and feet to seize something 
before others. 2. Move on all-fours. II. 
n. Struggle; clambering.— Scrambled 
eggs, eggs beaten, mixed with milk 
and cooked in a pan under constant 
scraping. — scram'bler, n. [Prov. 
E. scramb, rake together with the 
hands.] 

scrap ( skrap ), n. 1. Small piece. 2. 
Unconnected extract. — scrap- 
book, n. Blank book for pasting in 
extracts, prints, etc. [From scrape.] 

scrape ( skrap ). I. vt. 1. Rub with 
someting sharp. 2. Collect by drawing 
a sharp edge over. 3. Collect by labor- 
ious effort and save penuriously. 4. 
Move a foot backward. — Scrape an 
acquaintance, manage by strategy to 
become acquainted. II. n. Perplexing 
situation ; difficulty. [Icel. skrapa. 
From the sound.] 



scraper (skra'per), n. Instrument o\ 
fixture used for scraping, as the soles, 
of shoes. [scraped off. 

scraping(skra'ping), n. That which is 
scratch ( skrach ). I. vt. and vi. 1. 
Rub or mark the surf ace with some- 
thing pointed, as the nails; tear or 
dig with the claws. 2. Draw or write 
hastily. 3. Erase; efface; withdraw, 
as the name of a horse at a race. 4. 
Score accidentally, in any game. II. n. 

1. Mark or tear made by scratching. 

2. Slight wound. 3. Line in a prize- 
ring up to which boxers are led.— 
Come up to the scratch, meet the oppo- 
nent. 4. Lucky shot at billiards.— 
scratcb'er, n. 1. One who or that 
which scratches. 2. Bird which 
scratches for food, as a hen. [Cf. 
Ger. kratzen.] 

scrawl (skral). I. vt. and vi. Write 
irregularly, or hastily. II. n. Irregu- 
gular or hasty writing.— scrawl'er, 
n. [From scrabble.] 

scrawny ( skra'ni ), a. Lean; raw- 
boned; wasted.' [Corr. of sraggy.] 

screak (skrek). I. vi. 1. Scream; 
screech. 2. Creak. II. n. 1. Screech. 
2. Creaking._ [From the sound.] 

scream (skrem). I. vi. Cry out with a 
shrill cry, as in fear or pain; shriek. 
II. n. Shrill, sudden cry. [Cf. Dan. 
skriege. Imitative.] 

screech (skrech). I. 
vi. Shriek; utter a 
harsh, shrill, and 
sudden cry. II. n. 
Harsh, shrill cry. 
[From the sound.] 

s c r e e c h - owl 
( skrech'-owl ), n. 
Kind of owl, so call- 
ed from its screech- 
ing cry. 

screed (skred), n. 1. 
Shred; strip, esp. of 
mortar, serving as a 
gauge for the plas- 
terer. 2. Harangue; 
tirade. [Var. of shred.] 

screen (skren). I. n. 1. 
shelters from danger or observation. 
2. Partition in churches. 3. Coarse 
riddle for sifting coal, etc. II. vt. 1. 
Shelter or conceal. 2. Pass through 
a coarse riddle. [O. Fr. escren.} 

screw (skro). I. n. 1. Cylinder with a 
spiral groove or ridge on either its 
outer or inner surface, used as a fast- 
ening and as a mechanical power. 2. 
Screw-propeller. 3. Extortioner. 4. 
Worn-out horse. II. vt. Apply a screw 
to; turn, as a screw; press with a 
screw. 2. Twist. 3. Oppress by ex- 




Screech-owl. 



That which 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, metfher; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf •. 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



screw-driver 



511 



sculpture 



tortion. 4. Force; squeeze. [O. Fr. 
escrou — L. scrobis, ditch, internal 
screw, Low Ger. schruve, screw.] 

screw-driver (skro'-dn 'ver), n. In- 
strument lor turning screws. 

screw-propeller (skro'-pro-pel'er), 
n. 1. Spiral-bladed wheel at the stern 
of a steam-vessel for propelling it. 
2. Steamer so propelled. 

scribble (skrib'l), vt. and vi. Write 
carelessly: fill with worthless writing. 
— scrib'bler, n. [O. Fr. escrivailler.] 

scribe (skrib), n. 1. "Writer. 2. Public 
writer. 3. Clerk; amanuensis; secre- 
tary. 4. Among the ancient Jews, 
expounder of the Mosaic law. II. vt. 
1. Write; mark; score. 2. Fit closely, 
as in joinery. [L. scriba—scribo, write.] 

scrimmage (skrim'aj), n. Skirmish; 
general fight; tussle; confused close 
contest, as in football. [Corr. of 

SKIRMISH.] 

scrimp (skrimp). I. vt. and vi. 1. Make 
too small or short; pinch; be sparing. 

. II. a. Short; scanty. [A. S. scrimpan, 
shrink. Ger. krimpen; schru?npfen,.'\ 

scrip (skrip), n. 1. That which is 
written. 2. Piece of paper containing 
writing. 3. Certificate of shares in a 
joint-stock company, subscribed or 
allotted. [L. scriptum, pa. p. of scribo.] 

scrip (skrip), n. Small bag or wallet. 
[Icel. skreppa. Akin to scarf.] 

script (skript), n. 1. Written letters; 
handwriting. 2. Type like written 
letters. [L. scriptum — scribo, write.] 

scriptural (skrip'tur-al), a. Con- 
tained in, or according; to, Scripture; 
biblical. — script'nrally, adv. — 
script'uralness, n. 

scripture (skrip'tur). n. 1. Sacred 
writing. 2. (Scripture, or the Script- 
ures,) the Bible. 3. A text from the 
Bible. [L. scriptur a— scribo, write.] 

scrivener (skriv'en-er), n. 1. Scribe; 
writer; copyist. 2. One who draws up 
contracts; notary. 3. Money-broker. 
[O. Fr. escrivain — L. scriba, scribe.] 

scrofula ( skrof'u-la ), n. Constitu- 
tional tubercular disease of the gland- 
ular and bony tissues; struma; kings 
evil. [Li. scrofulae, swellings.] 

scrofulous (skrof'u-lus), a. Pertain- 
ing to, resembling, or affected with, 
scrofula. 

scroll (skrol), n. 1. Roll of paper or 
parchment; writing in the form of a 
roll. 2. Schedule; list. 3. Spiral orna- 
ment; volute of the Ionic and Corin- 
thian capitals. [O. Fr. escrol.'] 

scrub (skrub). I. vt. and vi. [scrub- 
bing; scrubbed.] Rub hard, esp. with 
something rough. II. n. 1. One who 
works hard and lives meanly. 2. Worn- 



out brush. 3. Low underwood. III. a. 
Of inferior breed or stunted growth; 
lacking proper training, as a crew.— 
scrub'ber, n— scrubby, a. 1. La- 
borious; penurious; mean. 2. Small; 
stunted in growth. [Dan. skrubbe.] 

scruff ( skruf ), n. Nape of the neck. 
[Formerly scuft. Cf. Ger. schopf.) 

scrumptious (skrump'sbus), a.Fine; 
delightful; particular. [Slang.] 

scruncb (skrunch),t;£. and vi. Crunch. 

scruple (skro'pl). I. n. 1. Small weight 
(20 graius, or y 3 drachm). 2. Very 
small quantity. 3. Reluctance to 
decide or act, as from motives of con- 
science. II. vi. Hesitate from con- 
scientious doubt. [L. scrvpidus, dim, 
of scrupus, sharp stone, anxiety.] 

scrupulous(skro'pu-lus),a. 1. Having 
doubts. 2. Conscientious.— scrupu- 
lously, adv. — scrn'pulousness. 
scrupulosity, ns. [L. scrupulosus.^ 
Syn. Hesitating; exact; precise. 

scrutin de liste (skro-tang' de list), 
n. Voting for all the representatives 
of a large district, instead of only for 
one representative of a subdivision. 
[Fr.] [minutely or closely. 

scrutinize (skro'ti-niz), vt. Examine 

scrutiny ( skro'ti-ni ), n. Careful or 
minute inquiry ; critical examination. 
TL. scrutor, search even to the rags- 
scud (skud). I. vi. [scud'ding; scud'- 
ded.] 1. Run quickly. 2. Run before 
the wind in a gale. II. n. 1. Act of mov- 
ing quickly. 2. Loose clouds driven 
swiftly along. [Dan. skyde, shoot.] 

scuffle (skuf'i). I. vi. Struggle closely; 
fight confusedly. II. n. Struggle at 
close quarters ; confused contest. 
[A. S. scufan, shove.] 

sculduggery (skul-dug'er-i), n. Con- 
temptible, underhanded rascality. 

scull (skul). I. n. 1. Short, light oar. 
2. Small boat; cock-boat. II. vt. 1. 
Impel by sculls. 2. Propel by working 
an oar diagonally at the stern, with- 
out raising the blade from the water. 
— scuffing 1 , n.— scull'er, n. 1. One 
who sculls. 2. Small boat rowed with 
two sculls by one man. [See Skull.] 

scullery (skul'er-i), n. Place for wash- 
ing dishes. [O. Fr. esculier — L. scu- 
tella, salver, dish.] [ant. 

scullion (skul'yun), n. Kitchen serv- 

sculpin, skulpiu ( skui'pin ), n. 1. 
Salt water fish with spines. 2. Mean 
fellow, [figures.— sculptress, /m. 

sculptor (skulp'tur)_, n. One who carves 

sculpture (skulp'tur). I. n. 1. Art oi 
carving figures in wood, stone, etc. 
2. Carved-work. II. vt. Carve; form, 
as a piece of sculpture. — sculp'4ur« 
al, a. [L. sculptura — sculpo, carve.] 



f-ite, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, r-'j^e, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl. then. 



512 



sea-island 



scum (skum). I. n. 1. Foam; froth; 
extraneous matter rising to the sur- 
face of liquids, esp. when lboiled or 
fermented. 2. Refuse. II. vt. [scUmm'- 
ing; scummed.] Take the scum from; 
skim. III. vi. Form a scum.-scom'- 
mer, n. [Dan. skum. Ger. schaum.] 

scunner (skun'er), vt. and vi. Affect 
with nausea ; become nauseated. 
[A. S. scunian, shun.] 

seup (skup), n. Food fish of the Atlan- 
tic coast, U. S. ; porgy. [From Indian 
name.] [vt. Swing. [Out. schop.] 

scup (skup). I. n. Swing. II. vi. and 

scupper (skup'er), n. 1. Opening in 
the side of a ship for carrying off 
water from the deck. 2. Gutter lead- 
ing to the opening. [O. Fr. escupir— 
L. ex-spuere, spit out.] 

scuppernong (skup'er-nong), n. 
Cultivated fox-grape of the southern 
U. S. and of Mexico. [Am. Indian.] 

scurf (skiirf), n. Crust or flaky matter 
formed on the skin; dandruff; any- 
thing adhering to the surface. — 
scurfy, a — scurf iness, n. 

seur rile (sktir'il) , a. Clownish ; gross- 
ly opprobrious ; low.— scurril'ity , n. 
Vulgar abuse; indecent language. — 
scur'rilous, a. Using, or contain- 
ing, low, indecent language. 

scnrry (skur'i), I. vi. Move hastily; 
scamper. II. n. 1. Hurry; bustle; flur- 
rv. 2. Scrub race. 

scurvily (sktir'vi-li), adv. In a scurvy 
manner; meanly; basely. 

seurviness (skuv'vi-nes), n. State of 
being scurvy; meanness. 

scurvy (skur'vi). I. n. Disease of sail- 
ors and others deprived of fresh pro- 
visions and vegetable food. Bleeding 
gums and prostration are among the 
symptoms. II. a. Scurfy; covered 
©r affected by scurf or scabs; scabby; 
diseased with scurvy; offensive; mean 
©r malicious, as a trick. [Prob. corr. 

from SCORBUTE.] 

scurvy-grass (skur'vi-gras) , n. North- 
ern and Arctic plant, antiscorbutic 
and eaten as a salad. [From scurvy- 
cress.] [Wei. cwt.] 

scut(skut), ft. Short tail, as of a rabbit. 

scutate (sku'tat], a. 1. Shaped like a 
round shield. 2. Protected by large 
scales. [L. scutum, shield.] 

scutch (skuck), vi. Dress by beating; 
swingle, as flax, to remove the woody 
parts of the stalks; 

scutcheon. Same as escutcheon. 

seutellated (sku'te-la-ted), a. Divided 
into surfaces like little plates. [L. 
scutellum, dim. of scutum, shield.] 

scutiform ( sku'ti-farm ), a. Having 
the form of a shield. [L. scutum, shield.] 



scuttle ( skut'l ), n. Hod; vessel foi 
holding coal. [A. S. scutel— L. scutella, 
salver.] 

scuttle (skut'l). I, n. 1. Opening or 
hatchway of a ship. 2. Hole through 
the hatches or in the side or bottom ot 
a ship. 3. Square hole in the roof of a 
house; lid covering the hole. II. vt. 
Cut holes through any part of a ship; 
sink a ship by cutting holes in it. 
[O. Fr. escoutille, hatch way <— O. Ger. 
scoz. Ger. schoosz, bosom, lap.] 

scuttle (skut'l). I. vi. Run with haste; 
hurry. II. n. Quick run. [From scud.] 

scutum (sku'tum), n. i. Oblong shield 
of the heavy-armed Roman legion- 
aries. 2. Knee-pan. 3. Second and lar- 
gest section of the Upper surface of 
the thoracic segment of an insect; any 
shield-like plate. [L.] 

scye (si), n. Hole in a garment to 
which the_sleeve is sewed. 

scythe (srth). I. n. Kind of sickle; 
instrument with a curved blade for 
mowing. II. vt. Cut with a scythe"; 
mow. [A. S. sithe. Low Ger. sets' ] 

se-, prefix. Apart; away; [L.] 

Sea (se), n. 1. Great mass of salt water 
covering the greater part of the 
earth's surface. 2. Any great expanse 
of water less than an ocean. 3. The 
ocean. 4. Swell of the sea in a tem- 

{>est; wave* — At sea. 1. Away from 
and; on the ocean; 2. Uncertain; in 
error; wrong. — Half -seas over, half- 
drunk.— High seas, open ocean. — Go 
to sea, become a sailor. [A. S.sae.j 

Sea-anemone (se'-a-nem'o-ne), n. 
Polyp, found on rocks on the seacoast. 

seaboard(se'bord), n. Border or shore 
of the sea. 

seacoast (-e'kost), n. Coast or shore 
of the sea; landadjacent to the sea. 

sea-elephant(se'-el'e-fant), n. Animal 
of the seal family, with a proboscis 
like an elephant. 

seafaring (se'far-ing) , a. Following 
the life of, or belonging to, a seaman. 

sea-gage (se'ga;}), n. 1. Depth a vessel 
sinks in the water. 2. Instrument 
for measuring the depth of the sea. 

sea-girt (se'gert), a. Girt or surround- 
ed by the sea_; 

sea-going (se'-go'ing), a. Sailing on 
the deep sea, as opposed to coast or 
river (vessels). [sea. 

sea-green (se'gren), a. Green like the 

sea-horse (se'hars), n. 1. Walrus 2. 
Hippopotamus or river-horse. 3. Hip- 
pocampus. 

sea-island(se'-i'land),a. Term applied 
to a fine long-stapled variety of cot- 
ton grown on the islands off the coast 
of South Carolina and Georgia. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit ; note, not, m5ve 
wolf ; mQte, httt, burn f oil, owl, *ften. 



seakale 



513 



sebaceous 



seakale (se'kal), n. Kind of cabbage 
found on sandy shores of the sea. 

sea-king (se'king), n. Leader of early- 
Scandinavian piratical expeditions. 

seal(sel;. I. n. 1. Engraved stamp for 
impressing the wax which closes a 
letter, etc. 2. Wax or other substance 
io impressed, 3 That which makes 
fast or secure; that which authenti- 
cates or ratifies; assurance. 4. Dram 
trap. II. vt. 1. Fasten with a seal; 
mark with a stamp; set a seal to. 2. 
Make fast ; confirm ; keep secure. 
[A. S. sigle. — L. sigillum, dim. of sig- 
num, mark.] 

seal (sel), n. Marine animal valuable 
for its skin, fur and oil. [A. S. seolh.] 

sealing-wax (se'ling-waks), n. Resin- 
ous compound for sealing letters, etc. 

sea-lion (se'-li-un), n. Large seal, the 
male haying a mane. 

seam (sem). I. n. 1. Line formed by 
the sewing together of two pieces. 2. 
Line of union; joint; suture. 3. Veiu 
or stratum of metal, ore, coal, etc. 4. 
Thin layer between thicker strata. 
II. vt. 1. Unite by a seam; make a 
seam in. 2. Scar; line. [A. S. seam— 
seowian, sew.] 

seaman (se'man), n. Man who assists 
in the navigation of ships at sea, 
sailor; mariner, —seamanship, n. 
Art of navigating ships at sea. 

seamark (se'mark). n. Object on land 
serving as a guide to those at sea; 
beacon. 

seamew ( se'mu ), n. Species of gull. 

seamless { sem'les ), a. Without a 
seam; woven throughout. 

seamstress (sern'stres ), n. Woman 
who sews. [From seam; doublet 

SEMPSTRESS.] 

seamy (se'mi), a. 1. Having a seam or 
seams. 2. Less presentable ; less 
pleasing. 

sean (sen)^ n. Drag-net. [See seine.] 

seance (sa'angs ), n. 1. Sitting, as of 
some public body. 2. Meeting of Spir- 
itualists for purposes of alleged 
"communication" through mediums. 
CFr. — L. sedeo, sit.] 

sea niece ( se'pes ), n. Picture repre- 
senting a scene at sea. 

seaport (se'port), n. 1. Harbor on the 
seashore. 2. Town near such a harbor. 

sear, sere (ser). I. vt. Dry up; burn to 
dryness on the surface; scorch; cau- 
terize; render callous or insensible. 
II. a. Dry; withered. [A. S. searian. 
Cf. Ger. veraehren, injure.] 

search ( serch ). I. vt. Look round to 
find ; seek ; examine ; inspect ; explore ; 
put to the test. II. vi. Seek; hunt; 
make inquiry. III. n. Act of seeking 



or looking for; pursuit.— searcher. 
n. [O.Fv.cercher—'L. circare, go about.] 
Syn. Examination; investigation; 
inquiry; scrutiny; quest. 

search-lig-ht (sercb'lit), n. Powerful 
light fitted with reflectors. 

search-warrant (serch-wor'ant), n. 
Warrant authorizing a constable, 
etc., to enter the premises of a person 
suspected of secreting stolen goods. 

seared ( serd ), a. Dried up; burned. 

searoom (se'rom), n. Space at sea for 
a ship to maneuver or drive about 
without running agrouud or ashore. 

seasalt (se'salt), n. Common salt ob 
tained from sea-water by evaporation 

sea-serpent (se'-ser-pent ), n. Fabu 
lous sea-monster. [to the sea 

seashore (se'shor), n. Land adjacent 

sea-sick (se'-sik), a. Affected with sea 
sickness.— sea'-sickness, n. Nerv 
ous affection attended with nausea 
and convulsive vomiting, produced by 
the motion of a vessel at sea. [sea. 

seaside (se'sid), n. Land beside the 

season (se'zn). I. n. 1. One of the four 
periods of the year. 2. Usual or proper 
time; any particular time. II. vt. 1. 
Mature. 2. Prepare for use; accustom. 
3. Fit for the taste; give relish to. 4 
Mingle. 5. Moderate. III. vi. 1. Be- 
come seasoned or matured ; grow fit 
for use; become inured. 2. Become 
dry and hard.— sea'soner, n. [Fr, 
saison—Jj. sata>,_seedtime.] 

seasonable ( se'zn-a-bl ), a. Happen- 
ing in due season; occurring in good, 
suitable, or proper time ; timely; 
opportune. — seasonably, adv. — 
sea'sonableness, n. 

seasoning (se'zn-ing) , n. 1 . That which 
is added to food to give it greater 
relish. 2. Act or process by which 
anything is seasoned. 

seat (set). I. n. 1. That on which one 
sits; chair, bench, etc. 2. Place where 
one sits; site; station; location. 3. 
Post of authority. 4. Right to sit IL 
vt. 1. Place on a seat; cause to sit 
down. 2. Place in any situation, site, 
etc.; establish; fix; assign or fuimish 
a seat to. 3. Put a seat or bottom in, 
as a chair. [A.S. scete—sitan, sit.] 

sea-urchin(se'-ur'chin), n. Sea-hedge 
hog. [So called from its spines.] 

seaward (se'ward). I. a. Being near or 
looking towards the sea. II. adv 
Towards or in the direction of the sea, 

seaweed (se'wed), n. Plant of the sea. 

seaworthy (se'wur-ZM), a. Fit for sail- 
ing on the sea. — sea'worthiness. n 

sebaceous (se-ba'shus). a. Resembling, 
secreting, or pertaining to, fat. [L, 
sebum, tallow.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, than. 



secant 



514 



sector 




secant (se'kant). I. a. Cutting; divid- 
ing into two parts. II. n. 1. Line that 
cuts another. 2. (See cut) 
Straight line from the A 

center of a circle (D) to 
one extremity (B) of an 
arc (BC), produced till it 
meets the tangent (CA) 
to the other extremity 
(Q. [L. se cans— seco, cut.] 

secede (se-sed'), vi. Sepa- 
rate one's self; with- 
draw from fellowship or 
association. — sece'der, 
n. [Li. — se, away, and Secant. (II, 2) 
cedo, go.] 

secession (se-sesh'un), n. Act of seced- 
ing; withdrawal; departure. 

seckel (sek'l), n. Small juicy pear. 

seclude (se-klod'), vt. 1. Keep apart; 
withdraw into solitude. 2. Exclude. 
[L. se, apart, and claudo, shut.] 

seclusion (se-klo'zhun), n. 1. Shutting 
out ; being secluded. 2. Secluded place. 
Syn. Separation; retirement; pri- 
vacy; solitude; solitariness. 

second (sek'und). I. a. 1. Immediately 
following the first; next in position; 
another; other. 2. Inferior. II, n. 1. 
One who or that which follows or is 
second. 2. One who attends another 
in a duel or a prize-fight; supporter. 
8. 60th part of a minute of time, or of 
a degree. III. vt. 1. Follow; act as 
second. 2. Assist; encourage. 3. Sup- 

f)ort the mover of a question or reso- 
ution. — seconder (sek'un-der), n. 
One who seconds or supports. [Fr.— 
L. secundus—sequor, follow.] 

secondary (sek'un-dar-i). I. a. 1. Com- 
ing after the first; second in position; 
inferior; subordinate. 2. Deputed. 3. 
Dependent. II. n. Subordinate; dele- 
gate; deputy. — see'ondarily, adv. 

second-hand (sek'und-hand ), a. Re- 
ceived from another; not new; used 
by another. [second place. 

secondly (sek'und-li ), adv. In the 

second-sight (sek'und-sit), n. Power 
of seeing things future or distant. 

secrecy (se'kre-si), n. 1. State of be- 
ing secret. 2. Retirement; privacy. 3. 
Ability to keep a secret. 4. Secretive- 
ness. 5. Secret; article concealed. 

secret ( se'kret ). I. a. 1. Concealed 
from notice; removed from sight; un- 
revealed. 2. Secluded. 3. Keeping 
secrets. II. n. 1. That which is con- 
cealed or unknown. 2. Privacy.— se'- 
cretly, adv.— secretness, n. [L. se- 
cretus—se, apart, and cerno, separate.] 
Syn. Concealed; private; unseen; 
obscure; recondite; latent; clandes- 
tine; retired; reserved. See hidden. 




Secretary-bird. 



secretary (sek're-tar-i), n. 1. One em- 
ployed to write for another. 2. Public 
officer intrusted with the affairs of a 
department of government. 3. Writ- 
ing-desk. — secretarial, a. — sec- 
retaryship, n. 
[From SECBET.] 

secretary-bird, 
n. S o. African 
bird with long 
legs, and a crest 
of feathers re- 
sembling pens 
stuck over the 
ears. 

see r ete (se-kref) , 
vt. 1. Hide; con- 
ceal. 2. Produce 
from the circu- 
lating fluids, as from the blood in 
animals, or the sap in vegetables. 
[Li. secerno.] 

secretion ( se-kre'shun ), n. 1. Act of 
secreting or separating from a circu- 
lating fiuid._2. That which is secreted. 

secretive (se-kre'tiv), a. 1. Tending to 
or causing secretion. 2. Given to 
secrecy or to having secrets. — se» 
cre'ti xely 9 _adv^- secre'tiveness. n. 

secretory (se-kre'to-ri),a. Performing 
the office of secretion. 

sect (sekt), n. 1. Body of people who 
unite in holding some particular 
views, esp. in religion and philosophy. 
2. Those who dissent from an estab- 
lished church. [Fr. secte — L. secta, 
way (cut through),— seco, cut.] 

sectarian (sek-ta'ri-an). I. a. Pertain- 
ing, or peculiar to, a sect. II. n. One of 
a sect. — sectarianism, n. Quality 
or character of a sectarian; devotion 
to a sect. 

sectary (sek'tar-i), n. One of a sect. 

sectile (ysek'tii ), a. That may be cut 
with a knife. [L.— seco, cut.] 

section (sek'shun), n. 1. Act of cutting. 
2. Division; portion. 3. Plan of any 
object cut through, as it were, to show 
its interior. 4. Line formed by the in- 
tersection of two surfaces. 5. Surface 
formed when a solid is cut by a plane, 
6. Square mile or 640 acres of land; 
l-36th of a township. (U. S.) 

sectional (sek'shun-al), a. Pertaining 
to a section or distinct part. — sec- 
tionalism, ?i. Local patriotism; pro- 
vincialism.— sec'tionally, adv. 

sector (sek'tiir), n. 1. That which cuts. 
2. That which is cut off. 3. Portion o* 
a circle between two radii and the in^ 
tercepted arc. 4. Mathematical in 
strument for finding a fourth propor- 
tional. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit ; n5te, not, mo"v«, 
wolf ; mute, hut, burn j oil, owl, then. 



secular 



515 



seeming 



secular (sek'u-lar). I. a. 1. Pertaining 
to an age or generation. 2. Coming 
only once in a century. 3. Pertaining 
to the present world, or to things not 
spiritual. 4. Not bound by monastic 
rules. II. n. 1. Laymau. 2. Ecclesiastic 
not bound by monastic rules.— sec- 
ularly, adv. [L. secularis—seculwn, 
age, generationj 

secularist (sek'u-lar-ist), n. One who 
discards religious belief and worship, 
esp. in education and civil affairs.— 
secularism, n. 

secular ity(sek-u-lar'i-ti), n. State of 
being secular orworldly; worldliuess. 

secularize (sek'u-lar-Iz), vt. Make sec- 
ular; convert from spiritual to com- 
mon use.— secularization, n. 

securable (se-kur'a-bl), a. That may 
be secured. 

secure (se-kur'). I. a. Free from fear, 
care or danger. II. vt. 1. Make safe, 
certain, or fast. 2. Get possession of; 
obtain.— secure'Iy, adv. — secure' - 
ness, 7i.[L. se,without,and cura, care.] 
Syn. Safe ;_ confident; incautious. 

security (se-kur'i-ti), n. 1. State of 
being secure. 2. That which secures; 
protection. 3. pi. Bonds or certif- 
icates in evidence of debt or property. 
Syn. Assurance; safety; careless- 
ness; pledge; ease; shelter. 

sedan (se-dan'), n. Covered chair for 
one, carried by two men. [Invented 
at Sedan, in France.] 

sedate (se-daf), a. Quiet; serene; seri- 
ous.— sedate'ly, adv.— sedate' ness, 
n. [L. sedatussedo, seat, compose.] 

sedative (sed'a-tiv). I. a. Tending to 
make sedate or composed ; moderat- 
ing; assuaging pain. II. n. Medicine 
that allays irritation or pain. 

sedentary (sed'en-tar-i), a. 1. Sitting 
much; remaining in one place. 2. Re- 
quiring much sitting. 3. Inactive.— 
sed'entarily, adv. — sed'entari- 
ness, n. [L. sedentarius—sedeo, sit.] 

sedae (sej), n. Kind of coarse grass 
growing in swamps and rivers. — 
sedgy ( sej'i ), a. Overgrown with 
sedge. FA. S seen, flag—root of saio, cut.] 

sediment (sed'i-ment), n. That which 
settles at bottom of a liquid; dregs. 
— sediinent'ary, a. Pertaining to, 
consisting of, or formed by, sediment. 
[Li. sedimentum—sedeo, sit, settle.] 

sedition (se-dish'un), n. Insurrection; 
stirring up of a factious commotion. 
—seditions ( se-dish'us ). a. Of the 
nature of, or tending to excite, sedi- 
tion; turbulent.— seditiously, adv. 
— sedi'tiousness, n. [L.— se, apart, 
and eo, itum, go.] 



seduce (se-dus'), vt. Draw aside from 
rectitude; entice; corrupt. — sedu*- 
cer, seduce'ment, ns. [L. seduco 
—se, aside, and duco, lead.] 

seduction (se-duk'shun), n. 1. Act of 
enticing from virtue. 2. Art of flat- 
tery and deception. 

seductive (se-duk'tiv). a. Alluring; 
tempting.— seduc'tively, adv. 

sedulity (se-du'li-ti), n. Diligent appli- 
cation; unremitting attention. 

sedulous (sed'u-lus), a. Diligent; con- 
stant; assiduous. — sed'ulously, 
adv.— sed'ulousness, n. [L. sedulus, 
sitting fast, persistent, — sedeo, sit.] 

see (se), n. Seat, court, or jurisdiction 
of a bishop, archbishop, or the pope. 
[O. Fr. se— L. sedes—sedeo, sit.] 

see(se). I. vt. [saw; seen.] 1. Perceive 
by the eye. 2. Observe. 3. Discover; 
experience. 4. Visit. 5. Escort; look 
after. II. vi. 1. Use the eyes; have 
vision. 2. Discern; understand ; notice. 
3. Give attention. III. interj. Look 1 
behold !— se'er, n. — See to, look after. 
[A. S. seon, sehvan. Ger. sehen.] 

seed ( sed ). I. %. 1. Thing sown. 2. 
Substance produced by plants and 
animals from which new plants and 
animals are generated. 3. First prin- 
ciple; original. 4. Descendants. II. vi. 
1. Produce seed. 2. Shed seed. 3. Sow 
seed. III. vt. Sow. [A.S. saed— sawan, 
sow.] [seed; ovule. 

seedbud ( sed'bud ), n. Germ in the 

seedcake (sed'kak), n. Sweet cake con- 
taining aromatic seeds. 

seedling* (sed'iing), n. Plant reared 
from the seed. 

seedlobe (sed'lob), n. Lobe or leaf of 
a plant which nourishes the growing 
point or seed. 

seedsman (seds'man); n. [pi. seeds'- 
men.] 1. One who deals in seeds. 2. 
Sower. [ing. 

seedtime (sed'tkn), n. Season for sow- 
seedy (se'di ), a. 1. Abounding with 
seed; run to seed. 2. Having the fla- 
vor of seeds (said of brandy). 3. Worn 
out; shabby.— seed'ily, adv.— seed - 
iness, n. [conj. Since. 

seeing (se'ing). I. n. Sight; vision. II. 

seek(sek), vt. and vi. [seek'ing;sought.] 
Go in search of; look for; try to find 
or gain; ask for; solicit.— seeker, n. 
[ A. S. se"ca> u . Ger. suchen. See sake.] 

seem (sent). I. vi. Appear; look. II. vt. 
Beht.— seem'er, n. [Icel. saema, be- 
fit. Ger. ziemen. From root of same.] 

seeming (se'ming). I. a. Apparent; 
specious. II. n. Appearance; sem- 
blance.— seemingly, adv.— seem'- 
ingness, n. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her ; mite, mit ; note, not, movei 
wolf ; mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



seemly 



516 



sell 



seemly (sem'li). I. a. Becoming; suit- 
able; decent. II. adv. In a decent or 
suitable manner. — seem'liness, n. 

seen (sen), pa. p. of see. 

seep (sep), vi. Percolate; trickle.— 
seepage, n. Water which slowly 
drains away, esp. the water which in 
irrigated land returns to the main 
chaunel through the ground. 

seer (ser), n. One Who foresees events; 
prophet. _ 

seesaw (se'sa). I. n. 1. Motion to and 
fro, as in the act of sawing. 2. Play 
among children, in which two seated 
at opposite ends of a board supported 
in the center move alternately up and 
down. II. a. Moving up and down, or 
to and fro. III. vi. Move backwards 
and forwards. [ Prob. a reduplica- 
tion of saw.] _ 

seersucker (ser'suk-er),n. Thin linen 
or silk fabric, having a craped or 
puckered appearance. [East Ind.] 

seethe (seth).I. vt. Boil; cook in hot 
liquid. II. vi. Be boiling ; be hot. 
[A. S. seothan, steam. Ger. sieden.] 

segment (seg'ment). I. n. 1. Part cut 
©ff ; portion. 2. Part of a circle cut off 
by a straight line. 3. Part of a sphere 
cut off by a plane. II. vt. and vi. 
Separate or divide into segments. 
[L.—seco, cut.] 

segregate ( seg're-gat ), vt. and vi. 
Separate from others. — segrega- 
tion, n. [L. segrego — se, apart, and 
grex, gregis,_ flock.] 

Seidlitz (sid'lits), n. 1. Saline water 
from Seidlitz in Bohemia. 2. Saline 
aperient powder. Also, Sedlitz. 

seignior (sen'yur) , ?&. 1. Title of honor 
in Southern Europe to superiors. 2. 
Lord oiamanor.-Sroftd seignior, the 
Sultan of Turkey.— seignorial (se- 
nyo'ri-al). [Fr. seigneur — L. senior, 
senex, old. Doublet sire.] 

seigniorage(sen'yur- aj) ,w. 1. Percent- 
age taken from bullion to pay for the 
minting of the coins from it. 2. Royal- 
ty on patents, copyright, etc. 

seine (san or sen), n. Large net for 
catching fish. [Pr. — L. sagena — Gr. 
sagene.] 

seismal (sis'mal), seismic (sis'mik), 
a. Belonging to, or caused by, an 
earthquake. 

seismology (sls-mol'o-ji), n. Science 
of earthquakes. [Gr. seismos, earth- 
quake, and logos.] 

seismometer (sls-mom'et-er), n. In- 
strument for obtaining data for the 
study of earthquakes; seismograph. 

seize (sez), vt. 1. Take possession of 
ferciblv; take hold of; grasp; appre- 
hend. 2. Take by legal authority. 3. 



Invade suddenly.— sei'zer, n.— sel- 

3 able, a. |Fr. saisir.] 

seizin (se'zin), n. 1. Legal possession. 
2. Act of taking possession. 3. Thing 
possessed^ [Fr. saisine— saisir, seize.] 

seiznre (se'shor), n. 1. Act of seizing; 
capture; grasp. 2. Thing seized. 

selah (se'la), n. In the Psalms, a word 
denoting a pause in the musical per- 
formance of the song. [Heb.] 

seldom ( sel'dum ), adv. Rarely; not 
often. [A. S. seldum. Ger. selten,.] 

select (se-lekf). I. vt. Pick out from a 
number by preference; choose; cull. 
II. a. Picked out; nicely chosen; 
choice. III. n. That which is selected 
(usually in the plural).— select'ness, 
n. [L. seligo — se, apart, and lego, 
gather.] 

selection (se-lek'shun), n. 1. Act of 
selecting. 2. Things selected.— Natural 
selection, that process in nature by 
which plants and animals best fitted 
for the conditions in which they are 
placed, survive, propagate.and spread, 
while the less fitted die out and disap- 
pear; survival of the fittest. 

selective ( se-lek'tiv), a. Selecting; 
tending to select. 

selectman (se-lekt'man), n. In New 
England, one of a board of town offi- 
cers who manage some affairs of the 
town. 

selenium (sel-e'ni-um), n. Elementary 
substance allied to sulphur. [From 
Gr. stlene, moon.] 

selenography (sel-en-og'ra-fl). n. De- 
scription of the moon. [Gr. selene,, 
moon, and grapho> write.] 

self (self), n. [pi. selves (selvz)] 1. 
One's own person. 2. One's personal 
interest ; selfishness. — self-act'- 
ing, a. Automatic; acting without 
human aid. — self-denial, n. Ne- 
glect of one's own appetites or 
desires.— self-ev'ident, a. Evident 
of itself, without proof.— self-exist'- 
ent, a. Independent of any cause or 
other being.— self-exist'ence, n.— 

I self-posses'sion, n. Calmness ; com- 
posure.— self-right eous, a. Right- 
eous in one's own estimation; Phari- 
saic— selfsame, a. Very same; iden- 
tical.— self-suffi'cient, a. Confident 
in one'sown sufficiency; overbearing; 
haughty, — self-suflfi'ciency, n. — 
self-willed(self-wild'), a. Obstinate. 

selfish (selfish), a. Regarding one's 
own self; void of regard to others.— 
selfishly, adv.— self ishness, n. 

seil(sel). I. vt. [sell'ing; sold.] I. Trans- 
fer (property) to another for an equiv- 
alent. 2. Betray for money. 3. Cheat; 
impose upon. II. vi. 1. Have cofn- 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; m§, met, her; mite, mit ; n6te, not, mSve, 
wolf ; mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



seltzer 



517 



sensationalism 




Semaphore. 



merce. 2. Be sold. III. n. Imposition, 
cheat; hoax. [Colloq.]— sell'er, n. [A. 
S. sellan, give. Cf. Low Ger. seller, 
dealer.] 

seltzer (selt'zer), n. Mineral water 
brought from Nieder Sellers, a village 
of Nassau, in Germany. 

selvage (sel' vaj), selvedge (sel'vej), 
n. Edge of a fabric, so woven that it 
does not ravel. [Self and Edge.] 

selves (seivz),|M. of self. 

semaphore (sem'a-for), 
n. Apparatus for signal- 
ing at a distance, fey os- 
cillating arms or flags 
by day-light and lan- 
terns by night. — sem- 
apho r'ie, semap nor' - 
leal, a. [Gr. serna, sign, 
zn&phero, bear.] 

semblance (sem'blans), 
n. Resemblance ; like- 
ness; appearance; fig- 
ure. [Fr.—sembler, seem.] 

semen ( se'men ), n. {pi. 
semina (sem'i-na).] Seed ; 
sperm. [L.]_ 

semester (se-mes'ter), n. 
Term of half a year. [L.— s^c.six, and 
mensis, month.] 

semi-, prefix. Half. [L.] 

semiannual (sem-i-an'u-al), a. Half- 
yearly, —semiannually, acta. Once 
every six months. [note. 

semibreve ( sem'i-brev ), n. Whole 

semicircle ( sem'i-ser-kl ), n. Half a 
circle.— semicircular, a. 

semicolon (sem'i-ko-lon),/i. Punctua- 
tion mark ( ; ) showing a division 
greater than the comma. [fluid. 

semillui<l(sem-i-fl6'id), a. Imperfectly 

semimonthly ( sem-i-munth'lj ), a. 
Occurring or issued twice a month. 

seminal (sem'in-al), a. Pertaining to 
seed; germinal; "original; radical. 

seminar {sem'in-ar), n. 1. A semin- 
ary course. 2. Advanced students 
studying by means of real research, 
writing of theses, etc. Gr. seminar. 

seminary ( sem'in-ar-i ), n. 1. Seed- 
plot. 2. Place of higher education, 
esp. for the ministry or pedagogy. 

semination ( sem-i-na'shun ), n. 1. 
Act of sowing. 2. Dispersion of seed. 

semiquaver (sem'i-kwa-ver), n. Mu- 
sical note, half the length of a quaver. 

Semitic (sem-it'ik), a. Pertaining to 
the family of languages that includes 
Hebrew and Arabic. {Shem, Gen. x, 21.] 

semitone (sem'i-ton), n. Half a tone. 

semivowel (sem-i-vow'el ), n. Half- 
vowel; sound partaking ot the nature 
of both a consonant and a vowel, as I, 
r. or w, y, and m, n. 



seroolina(sem-o-le'na), n. Particles of 
fine hard wheat which do not pass 
into flour in milling. [From It.semola 
— L. simila, finest wheat flour.] 

sempiternal(sem-pi-ter'nal), a. Ever- 
lasting; endless. [L. sempiter 'n us— sem- 
per, ever, and ceternus, eternal.] 

sempster ( sem'ster ), sempstress 
(sem'stres), n. Woman who sews.[See 
Seamstress.] 

senary (sen'ar-i), a. Containing six or 
belonging to six. [L,.—seni, six each.] 

senate (sen'at), n. Legislative or de- 
liberative body; esp. the upper house 
of a national or state legislature. [L. 
senatus— senex, senis, old man.] 

senator (sen'a-tur), n. Member of a 
senate.— senato'rial, a. — senato'- 
rially, adv.— sen'atorship, n. 

send (send). I. vt. [send'ing; sent.] 1. 
Cause to go; cause to be conveyed; 
despatch; commission. 2. Throw; 
emit. 3. Diffuse. 4. Bestow; inflict. II. 
vi. Despatch a message or messenger. 
III. n. 1. That which is sent or given, 
as in 'Godsend'. 2 Large broad wave; 
impulse of a large wave.— send'er, n. 
[A.S. sendan.] [fabric. [O. Pr.] 

semlal (sen'dal), n. Thin silk or linen 

senescent ( se-nes'ent ), a. Growing 
old, aging. [L.] 

seneschal (sen'esh-al), n. Steward; 
majordomo.— sen'eschalship,??.[L. 
siniscalcus— Goth, sini, old, and skalk, 
servant.] 

senile(se'nil or nil), a. Pertaining to 
old age; infirm. — senil'ity, n. [L. 
senilis — senex, old man.] 

senior (se'ni-ur), I. a. 1. Older. 2. Older 
in office. II. n. 1. One older than an- 
other. 2. One older in office. 3. Aged 
person. 4. Student in last year of his 
college course.-— seniority (se-nior 1 - 
i-ti), n. [L., comp. of senex.] 

senna (sen'a), n. Dried, purgative 
leaves of several species of cassia. 
[Ar. sena.] [ed from sevennight.] 

sennight (sen'it), n. Week. [Contract- 

seiior (se-nyor'), n. Gentleman; Mr. ; 
Sir. — sefiora (se-nyo'ra), n. fern. 
Madam; lady; Mrs.. — seflorita (se- 
nyo-re'ta), n. fern. Young lady; Miss. 
[Sp.— L. senior, older.] 

sensation (sen-sa'shun), n. 1. Percep- 
tion by the senses. 2. State of excited 
feeling. 3. That which causes general 
excitement.— sensa'tional, a. 

sensationalism (sen-sa'shun-al-izm), 
n. 1. Doctrine that our ideas originate 
solely in sensation, and that there are 
no innate ideas. 2. Practice of excit- 
ing the reader or hearer, or of grati- 
fying vulgar curiosity.— sensation- 
alist, n. Believer in sensationalism. 



fate, fat, task, far. fftll. fare, above; me, met, her; mite, rait; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, bum; oil, owl, (/ten. 



sense 



518 



sepia 



sense (sens), n. 1. Faculty t>y which 
impressions are perceived, as sight, 
hearing, smell, taste and touch. 2. Per- 
ception through theintellect. 3.Po\ver 
or soundness of judgment. 4. Opinion. 
5. Meaning. [L. — sentio, perceive.] 
Syn. Feeling; sensation; reason; 
discernment; understanding; convic- 
tion; signification; import. 

senseless ( sens'les ), a. 1. Without 
sense. 2. Incapable of feeling; foolish. 
— senselessly, adv. — senseless- 
ness, n. 

sensibility (sen-si-bil'i-ti), n. 1. State 
or quality of being sensible. 2. Capac- 
ity or acuteness of feeling; suscepti- 
bility; delicacy. 3. Actual feeling. 

sensible (sen'si-bl), a. 1. Capable of 
being perceived by the senses or by 
the mind. 2. Capable of being affected ; 

- easily affected; delicate. 3. Intelli- 
gent; judicious. 4. Cognizant; aware. 
— sen'sibleness, n— sen'sibly, adv. 

sensitive(sen'si-tiv), a. 1. Having sense 
or feeling; pertaining to sensation. 2. 
Very susceptible to sensations; easily 
affected.— sen'sitively, adv.— sen'- 
sitiveuess, sensitiv'ity, ns.— Sen- 
sitive plant, species of plant, the leaves 
of which close when touched. 

sensorial (sen-so'ri-al), a. Pertaining 
to thesensorium. 

sensorium (sen-so'ri-um ), sensory 
(sen'sur-i), n. Organ which receives 
the impressions made on the senses; 
seat of sensation; nervous system. 

sensual (sen'sho-aD, a. 1. Pertaining to, 
affecting, or derived from, the senses, 
as distinct from the mind; not intel- 
lectual or spiritual. 2. Given to the 
pleasures of sense; voluptuous: lewd. 
3. Worldly ; carnal. — sen'sually, 
fldt).-sen'sualness,». [L. sensualist 

sensualism (sen'sho-al-izm ), n. 1. 
Sensual appetite or indulgence. 2. 
Doctrine that all ideas are derived 
originally, and merely transformed, 
from the senses. 

sensualist ( sen'sh6-al-ist ) , n. 1. One 
given to sensualism or sensual indul- 
gence. 2. Believer in the doctrine of 
sensualism. 

sensuality (sen-sho-al'i-ti), n. Indul- 
gence in sensual pleasure; luxurious- 
ness. 

sensualize(sen'sho-al-Iz), itf.Make sen- 
sual ; debase by carnal gratification. 

sensuous (sen'sho-us), a.'l. Pertaining 
to the senses. 2. Connected with sen- 
sible objects. 3. Full of passion. 

sent. Imp. and pa. p. of send. 

sentence (sen'tens). I. n. 1. Opinion; 
2. Judgment, esp. one pronounced on 
a criminal by a court or judge. 3. 



Maxim; axiom 4. Group of words con- 
taining a complete thought. II vt. 
Pronounce judgment on; condemn. 
[Fr. L. sententta— sentio, feel, think.] 

seut*jntial(sen-ten'shal), a. 1. Pertain- 
ing to a sentence. 2. Comprising sent- 
ences.— senten'tially, adv. 

sententious ( sen-ten'shus ), a. 1. 
Abounding withsentences or maxims. 
2. Short and pithy in expression; 
bombastic; affected in speech.— sen- 
ten'tiously, adv. — senten'tious- 
ness, n. 

sentient(sen'shi-ent), a. 1. Having the 
faculty of perception and sensation. 
2. Very sensitive.— sen'tience, n. 

seutiment(sen'ti-ment),w. 1. Thought 
occasioned by feeling. 2. Opinion; 
judgment. 3. Sensibility; feeling. 4. 
Thought expressed in words; maxim; 
toast. [Fr. sentement—Iu. sentio, feel.] 

sentimental (sen-ti-men'tal), a. 1. 
Abounding in reflections or'emotions. 
y. Having an excess of sentiment or 
feeling ; affectedly tender. — senti- 
ment' ally, adv. 

sentimentalism(sen-ti-men'tal-izrn), 
sentimentality(sen-ti-men-tal'i-ti). 
ns. 1. Quality of being sentimental. 2. 
Affectation of fine feeling. 

sentimentalist ( sen-ti-men'tal-ist )» 
n. One who affects fine feeling. ' 

sentinel (sen'ti-nel), n. One who keeps 
watch, pacing to and fro; sentry. [Fr. 
sentinelled [of sentinel.] 

sentry (s en' tri), n. Sentinel. [A corr. 

sepal (se'pal or sep'al), n. Calyx-leaf. 
[From L. root of separate.] 

separable (sep'a-ra-bl), a. That may 
be separated or disjoined.— separa- 
bly, adv.— separability, n. 

separate (sep'a -rat). I. vt. and vi. Di- 
vide; part; withdraw. II. a. 1. Sepa- 
rated; divided. 2. Apart from another; 
distinct.— separately , adv. [ L. sepa- 
ro, separatus—se, aside, and paro, put.] 

separation (sep-a-ra'shun), n. 1. Act 
of separating or disjoining. 2. State 
of being separate. 3. Disunion. 4. 
Limited divorce. 

separatism (sep'a-ra-tizm), n. Act of 
withdrawing from an established 
church. 

separatist (sep'a-ra-tist), n. One who 
withdraws, esp. fro"m an established 
church; dissenter. 

separator ( sep 'a-ra-tur ), n. 1. One 
who separates. 2. Machine or imple- 
ment that separates, as cream from 
milk, chaff from wheat, etc. 

sepia (se'pi-a), n. Fine brown pigment 
prepared from the "ink" of the cuttle- 
fish; Indian or China ink. [ Gr. =■ 
cuttle-fish.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



sepoy 



619 



sergeant 




Sepoy. 



sepoy ( sg'poi ), n. Native soldier, 
whether Hindu or Mohammedan, in 
the British army in India. 
[Prom Hind, sipahi, sol- 
dier,— Pers. sipah, army. 
Cf. Fr. spahi.] 

seppuku (sep-ok'6), n. 
Hari-kari. [Jap.'=cut the 
abdomen.] 

sepsis (sep'sis), n. Putre- 
faction; decomposition; 
septicemia. [Gr.] 

September ( sep-tem'- 
ber), n. Ninth mouth of 
the year. [L. — septem, 
seven. September was 
the seventh month of the 
old Roman year, which 
begau in March.] 

septenary (sep'ten- ar-i). 
I. a. 1. Consisting of 
seven. 2. Lasting seven years. II. n. 
Group of seven things. [L. septena- 
rius — septem, seven.] 

septennial (sep-ten'i-al), a. 1. Lasting 
seven years. 2.Happening every seven 
years. — septen'nially, adv. [L.— 
septem, seven, and annus, year.] 

Septentrion (sep-ten'tri-un), n. 1. 
Great Bear. 2. (s) Northern regions. 
[L. — septem, seven, and trio, plow 
oxen.] 

septic (sep'tik). I. a. Promoting putre- 
faction. II. n. Substance that pro- 
motes putrefaction. [Gr. septikos— 
sepo, make putrid.] 

septicemia (sep-ti-se'mi-a), n. Bac- 
terial sepsis, [septic and Gr. aima, 
blood.] [meration. 

septillion (sep-til'-yun), n. See nu- 

septuagenarian ( sep-tu-a-jen-a'ri- 
an), n. Person seventy years old. 

septuagenary(sep-tu-aj'en-ar-i). I. a. 
Consisting of seventy. II. n. One 70 
years old. [L. septuagenarius — septua- 
geni, seventy each.] 

septuagesima (sep-tu-a-jes'i-ma), n. 
Third Sunday before Lent (seventieth 
day before Easter). [L. septuagesimus, 
seventieth.] 

septuagesimal (sep-tu-a-jes'i-mal), 
a. Consisting of seventy; counted'by 
seventies. 

Septnagint(sep'tu-a-jint), n. A Greek 
version of the Old Testament, said to 
have been made by seventy transla- 
tors at Alexandria about 300 years 
B. c. [L. septuaginta, seventy.] 

septum (sep'tum), n. Partition wall 
separating two cavities or cells. [L. 
—sepire, hedge in.] [Fr.] 

septuple (sep'tu-pl), a. Sevenfold. 

sepulcher, sepulchre (sep'ul-ker ), 
n. Tomb. — sepulchral, a. 1. Per- 



taining to graves, or monuments 
erected for the dead. 2. Deep, hollow, 
as tone. [burial. 

sepulture (sep'ul-tur), n. Interment; 

sequel ( se'kwel ), n. That which fol- 
lows; continuation; succeeding part; 
result; consequence. [L. sequela.] 

sequence (se'kwens), n. 1. State of 
being sequent or following. 2. Order 
of succession. 3. That which follows; 
consequence; result. [ceeding. 

sequent(se'kwent), a. Following; suc- 

sequester (se-kwes'ter). I. vt. 1. Sepa- 
rate. 2. Withdraw from society. 3. 
Set apart. 4. Place anything contested 
into the hands of a third person till 
the dispute is settled. 5. Seize and 
confiscate. II. vi. Renounce any in- 
terest in the estate of a husband. [L. 
—sequester, trustee.] 

sequestrate ( se-kwes'trat ), vt. S e- 
quester. — sequestration, se- 
questrator, ns. 

sequin (se'kwin), n. Gold Venetian 
coin of the 13th century, worth about 
$2.25. [Fr.— It. zechino — zecca, mint, 
— Ar. sekkah, die.] 

sequoia (se-kwoi'a), n. Gigantic tree 
of California; redwood. [Am. Ind.] 

seraglio (se-ral'yo), n. 1. Palace of 
the Turkish Sultan. 2. Harem. [It. 
serraglio, inclosure,— serrare, lockup, 
shut in.] 

seraph (ser'af), n. [pi. seraphs (ser'- 
afs) , seraphim (ser'a-fim).] Angel of 
the highest rank.— seraphic(se-raf - 
ik), seraph'ical, a. Angelic; pure; 
sublime.— seraph'ically, adv. 

sere. Same as sear. 

serenade (ser-e-nad'). I. n. 1. Even- 
ing music in the open air. 2. Music 
performed by a gentleman under a 
lady's window at night. II. vt. Enter- 
tain witha serenade. [Fr.] 

serene (se-ren'), a. Calm; unclouded 
— serene'ly, adv.— serenity (se-ren'- 
i-ti), n. Clearness. [L. serenus, clear.) 
8yn. Bright; clear; undisturbed. 

serf (serf), n. Slave attached to the 
soil and sold with it.— serf dom, n. 
Condition of a serf. [L. servus.] 

serge (serj), n. Cloth of twilled worst- 
ed or silk. [Fr.— L. serica, silk, — Seres, 
Latin name of the people of China.] 

sergeant (sar'jent), n. 1. Non-commis- 
sioned officer next above a corporal. 
2. In England, lawyer of hieh rank. 
— ser'geant-at-arms, n. Officer of 
a legislative body for keeping order, 
etc. — sergeant-major, n. Highest 
non - commissioned officer. — ser'- 
g-eancy, ser'geantship, ns. [Fr. 
sergent — L. serviens. Doublet of ser- 
vant.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



serial 



520 



set 




[Lt.—sero, 
(se-ri- 






;C'«c 



Series winding of 
dynamo. 



serial (se'ri-al). I. a. 1. Pertaining to, 
or consisting of, a series. 2. Appear- 
ing periodically. II. n. Composition 
appearing in successive parts, as in a 
period ical.-se'rially, adv. In a series 
or in regular order. 

seriate ( se'ri-at ), a. Arranged in a 
series; serial.— se'riately, adv. 

seriatim (se-ri-a'tim), adv. Seriately; 
one after another. 

[L - ] , V- \ 
series (se'rez), n. 

[pi. series.] 1. Suc- 
cession of things 
connected by some 
likeness; sequence; 
order. 2. Progres- 
sion of quantities L'NItJ IS! 
according to a cer- <-*- -\V/ — ' 
tain law. 
join.] 

serio- comic 
o-kom'ik), a. Both 
serious and comical. 
— serio - comic- 
ally, adv. 

serious (se'ri-us), a. 1. 
Solemn; grave. 2. In earnest. 3. Im- 
portant. 4. Dangerous.— seriously, 
adv. — seriousness, n. [L. serius.] 

sermon (ser'rnun), n. Discourse on a 
text of Scripture.— sermonette(ser- 
mun-et'), n. Short sermon. — . ser'- 
monize, vi. Preach. [L. sermo — 
sero, compose.] 

serous (se'rus), a. Resembling serum; 
thin; watery.— seros'ity, n. 

serpent (ser'pent),ra. 1. Reptile which 
moves by means of its ribs and scales. 
2. Person subtile or malicious. 3. 
[S] One of the constellations. 4. Bass 
Wind-instrument, so-called from its 
form. [L. serpens— serpo, creep.] 

serpentine (ser'pen-tln). I. a. Repem- 
fcling a serpent; winding; spiral; 
crooked. II. n. Mineral of a green, 
fclack.or red color, sometimes spotted 
like a serpent's skin. 

serrate (ser'at), ser'rated,a. Notch- 
ed like a saw. — serra'tion, n. [L. 
serratus—serra, saw.] 

serried (ser' id), a. Crowded ; pressed 
together. [From obsolete serry — Fr. 
serrer.] 

serum (se'rum), n. 1. Watery part, as 
of curdled milk, blood, etc. 2. Chyle; 
lymph. [L. = whet.] 

servant(ser'vant), n. One who is in the 
service of another; domestic; slave. 
[Fr., pr. p. of servir, serve.] 

serve (serv), vt. and vi. 1. Be a servant 
(to) ; work for and obey. 2. Discharge 
the duties of an office. 3. Attend; 
wait. 4. Bring forward; distribute. 



5. Be sufficient. 6. Operate; take the 
place. 7. Deliver; bring to notice.— 
server, n. 1. One who serves. 2. 
Salver. [L. servio.] 

Syn. Minister to; benefit; satisfy; 
suit; arrange; answer. See aid. 

service (ser 'vis), n. 1. Condition or 
occupation of a servant; perform- 
ance of work for another. 2. Duty 
required in any office; military or 
naval duty. 3. Office of devotion; 
worship. 4. Labor, assistance, or 
kindness to another; benefit. 5. Pro- 
fession of respect. 6. Set of dishes 
at table. [Fr.— L. servitium.] 

serviceable (serv'is-a-bl), a. 1. Able 
or willing to serve; diligent. 2. Advan- 
tageous; useful. 3. Durable; strong; 
wearing well.— ser'viceably, adv.— 
ser'viceableness, n. 

serviette (ser-vi-ef), n. Napkin. [Fr.] 

servile ( ser-vil), a. Pertaining to a 
slave or servant; meanly submissive. 

— ser'vilely, adv. — servil'ity, n. 
servitor ( ser'vi-tur ), n. One who 

serves; servant; follower or adherent. 

— servitude (ser'vi-tud), n. Slavery; 
bondage; state of slavish depend- 
ence. [L.] 

sesame (ses'a-me), sesamum (ses'a- 
mum), n. Annual herb of Southern 
Asia, whose seed yields a valuable 
oil.— Open sesame, charm that gives 
ready admittance. 

sesamoid (ses'a-moid), a. Like a ses- 
ame seed. ( Used of nodular ossifi- 
cation, as the kneepan, or in the joints 
of the great toe, the thumb, etc.) 

sessile (ses'il), a. Without a stalk. 

session (sesh'un), n. 1. Sitting of a 
court or public body. 2. Period of 
time between first meeting and last 
adjournment. [L. sessio — sedeo, sit.] 

sesspool. Same as cesspool. 

set (set). I. vt. [set'ting; set.] 1. Make 
to sit; place; fix. 2. Put in a condi- 
tion. 3. Render motionless. 4. Deter- 
mine beforehand. 5. Obstruct. 6. 
Plant. 7. Arrange, as the teeth of a 
saw so as to cut narrow or wide. 8. 
Assign, as a price. 9. Put in order 
for use; compose, as type. 10. Sharp- 
en. 11. Spread, as sails. 12. Pitch, 
as a tune. 13. Adapt music to. 14. 
Adorn with something fixed; stud. 
II. vi. 1. Sink below the horizon; 
decline. 2. Plant. 3. Become fixed; 
strike root. 4. Congeal. 5. Have a 
certain direction in motion ; flow; 
tend. 6. Point out game. 7. Apply 
(one's self). 8. Fit. — Set aside, put 
away; omit; 1'eject. — Set at naught, 
despise. — Set by, value. — Set forth. 
1. Exhibit; publish. 2. Set off to 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf,- 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



set 



521 



sexennial 



advantage. 3. Set out on a journey. 
— Set in, put in the way ; begin. — Set 
off. 1. Adorn. 2. Place against, as an 
equivalent.— Set to, affix. [A.S. setlan.] 

set (set). I. a. 1. Fixed; rigid; firm. 
2. Determined. 3. Regular; estab- 
lished. II. n. 1. Settiug; descent; 
eud. 2. Number of things used to- 
gether as of books, dishes, etc. 3. 
Number of persons associated; 
group; clique. 

setaceous ( se-ta'shus), a. Bristly; 
bristlelike. [L. — seta, bristle.] 

set-off (set'af), n. 1. Claim set up 
against another; counterbalance. 2. 
Contrast; ornament. 

seton (Se'tun), ,i. 1. Twist of silk or 
the like, introduced under the skin, 
to maintain an artificial discharge. 
2. The discharge itself. [Fr. seton — 
l^.seta, bristle.] 

setose (se'toz), setous (se'tus), a. 
Bristly. [L. setosus.] [back. 

settee (set-te'), n. Long seat with a 

setter (set'er), n. 1. One who sets, ns 
words to music. 2. Dog which 
crouches when it scents the game. 

setting- (set'ing), n. 1. Act of setting. 

2. Direction of a current of wind. 3. 
Hardening of plaster. 4. That which 
holds, as the mounting of a jewel. 

settle (set'l). I. vt. 1. Place m a fixed 
state; fix; establish in a situation or 
business. 2. Render quiet, clear, etc.; 
compose. 3. Decide; free from un- 
certainty. 4. Fix by gift or legal act. 
5. Adjust; liquidate; pay. 6. Colon- 
ize. II. vi. 1. Become fixed or station- 
ary. 2. Fix one's residence. 3. Grow 
calm or clear. 4. Sink by its own 
weight. 5. Adjust differences or 
accounts. [A.S. setlan,] 
Syn. Regulate. See adjust. 

settle (set'l), n. Long bench with a 
high back; settee. [A.S. setl. Ger. 
sessel.] 

settlement (set'1-ment ), n. Act of 
settling; state of being settled; pay- 
ment; arrangement ; colony newly 
settled; sum settled on a woman at 
her marriage. [colonist. 

settler ( set'ler ), n. One who settles; 

set-to (set-to'), n. Fight; contest. 

seven (sev'u), a. and n. Six and one, 
— sevenfold, a. Folded seven times ; 
multiplied seven times. [A.S. seofon.] 

sever ( sev'er ), vt. and vi. Separate 
with violence; cut apart; divide. [Fr. 
sevrer— L. separo. Doublet separate.] 

several (sev'er-al), a. 1. Distinct; par- 
ticular. 2. Different; various; divers. 

3. Consisting of a number; more than 
two; sundry. — sev'erally, adv. 
[O. Fr.— L. separalis.] 



severalty ( sev'er-al-ti ), n. State of 
separation from others. — Estate in 
severalty, estate which the tenant 
holds in his own right without being 
joined in interest with any other 
person. [separation. 

severance (sev'er-ans), n. Severing; 

severe (se-ver'), a. 1. Serious; grave. 
2. Searching; hard to bear.— severe'- 
ly, adv. — severe'ness, severity 
(se-ver'i-ti), ns. [Fr. sivere—li. severus.] 
Syn. Rigid; exact; tart; cutting: 
cruel. See austere and strict. 

Sevres ware (savr war), n. Porce- 
lain ware, unsurpassed for artistic 
design and brilliancy of coloring, 
manufactured at Sevres, in France. 

sew (so). I. vt. Join or fasten together 
with aneedleand thread. II, vi. Prac- 
tice sewing. — sewer, n. [A. S. seo- 
wian.] [by sewer*. 

sewage (sffaj ), n. Refuse carried off 

sewer ( su'er ), n. Underground pas- 
sage I or draining of water and filth. 
[O. Fr. essuei* — L. ex, out, and sucus, 
moisture.] 

sewerage(su'er-aj), n. 1. Whole sewers 
of a city; drainage by sewers. 2. Con- 
struction of sewers. 3. Sewage. 

sewing (so'ing), n. 1. Act of sewing. 
2. Whatis sew- 
ed; needle- 
work, 

sewing -_m a- 
chine (so'ing- 
ma-shen), n. 
Ma chine for 
sewing or 
stitching. 

sex(seks),n.Dis- 
tinc tion be- 
tween male 
and female. 
[ Fr. sexe — L. 
sexus, — seco, 
cut, distinguish.] 

sexagenarian (seks-a-jen-a'ri-an), n. 
Person sixty years old. 

sexagenary (seks-aj'en-ar-i or seks'- 
a-jen-ar-i). I. a. Designating the num- 
ber sixty. II. n. 1. Sexagenarian. 2. 
Something containing sixty. [L. 
sexaginta, sixty,— sex, six.] 

Sexagesiina(seks-a-jes'i-ma) n. Sec- 
ond Sunday before'Lent, being about 
the sixtieth day before Easter. [L. 
sexagesimus, sixtieth.] 

sexagesimal (seks-a-jes'i-mal), a. 1. 
Pertaining to the number sixty. 2. 
Proceeding by sixties. 

sexennial (seks-en'yal), a. 1. Lasting 
six years. 2. Happening ouce in six 
years.— sexen'iiially, adv. [L. sex, 
six, and annus, year.] 




Se wing-Machine. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, aboTe; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



sexfici 



522 



shaker 



sexfid (seks'fid), sexlfid (seks'I-fid), 
a. Six-cleft; liaving six parts, as a 
calyx with six sepals. [L. sex, six, and 
findo, cleave.] 

sextant (seks'tant), n. Sixth part of 
a circle. 2. Optical instrument hav- 
ing an arc = the sixth part of a circle, 
and used for measuring angular dis- 
tances, esp. in finding the latitude 
and longitude at sea. [L. sextans.] 

scxtile (seks'til), a. In astrol. Denot- 
ing the aspect or position of two 
planets when distant from each other 
60 degrees. [Fr.] [meration. 

sextillion (seks-til'yun), n. See nu- 

sexto(seks't5),w. (pi. sextos (seks'toz). 
Book formed by folding each sheet 
into six leaves. [L.] 

&exto-decimo (seks-to-des'j-mo), n. 
Book, pamphlet, or the like, folded so 
that each sheet makes sixteen leaves; 
size of the book thus folded. (Usually 
written: 16mo, 16°.) [L. sextus deci- 
?nus, sixteenth.] 

sexton (seks'tun), n. 1. Officer who 
has charge of a church. 2. One who 
digs graves, etc. — sex'tonship, n. 

[A CO IT. Of SACRISTAN.] 

sextuple (seks'tu-pl), a. Six-fold; hav- 
ing six parts. [Fr.j 

sexnal (seks'u-al), a. Pertaining to 
sex; distinguishing, or founded on, 
the sex.— sex'ually, a^.-sexnal'- 
ity, rt. 

Sforzando (sfor-tsan'do), a. Forced; 
with special energy. (Abbreviated: 
sf, or sfz, or marked: > or a), [it.] 

shabby (shab'i), a. 1. Threadbare; 
worn; in rags. 2. Having a look of 
poverty. 3. Mean; low; paltry.— 
shabbily, adv. — shab'biness, n. 
—shabby-genteel', a. Retaining in 
present shabbiness traces of former 
gentility; aping gentility but really 
shabby. [Fromscabby. Ger. schaebig.) 
Syn. Seedy; mean; base; scurvy. 

shackle (shak'l). I. n. 
Fetter; gyve; hand- 
cuff; everything that 
hinders free action. 
ll.vt. Fetter; restraiu. 
— shackle-bar, n. 
Coupling bar or link 
on the pilot of a loco- 
motive. [A. S. sceacul, 
shackle.] 

shad (shad), n. [pi. 
shad.] Food fish of 
vhe herring family, 
about two feet long. 
It ascends rivers to 
deposit its spawn. [A 

shaddock (shad'ok), n 




S. sceadda.] 
Citrus decu- 



mana; tree with a large orange-like 



fruit, often weighing 15 pounds. The 
grape-fruit is a variety of it. [First 
brought from the East by Capt. Shad- 
dock.] 

shade (shad'). I. n. 1. Partial dark- 
ness; interception of light; obscur- 
ity. 2. Shady place. 3. Protection; 
shelter; screen. 4. Degree of color; 
very minute change. 5. Dark part of 
a picture. 6. Soul separated from the 
body; ghost. II. vt. 1. Screen from 
light or heat. 2. Shelter. 3. Mark 
with gradations of color. 4. Darken; 
dim.— sha'der, n. [A. S. scead.] 

shadow (shad'6). I.n. 1. Shade caused 
by an object. 2. Shade; darkness. 3. 
Shelter; security; favor. 4. Dark part 
of a picture. 5. Reflected image; faint 
representation; trace. 6. Inseparable 
companion. II. vt. 1. Shade; cloud; 
darken. 2. Represent faintly. 3. Fol- 
low unobserved. — shadowless, a. 

— shad'owy, a. 1. Full of shade; 
dark; obscure. 2. Typical. 3. Unsub- 
stantial. [Doublet of SHADE.] 

shady (sha'di), a. 1. Affording shade. 

2. Sheltered from light or heat. 3. 

Equivocal; dubious.— sha'dily, adv. 

—sha'di n ess, n. 
shaft (shaft), n. 1. Anything long and 

straight, as the stem of an arrow. 2. 

Part of a column between the base 

and capital. 3. Stem of a feather. 

4. Entrance to a mine. 5. One of the 

thills of a vehicle ; pole of a carriage. 

— shafted, a. Having a shaft or 
handle. [A. S. sceaft.] 

shag* (bhag), n. 1. That which is rough 
or bushy. 2. Woolly hair. 3. Cloth 
with a rough nap. 4. Kind of tobacco 
cut into shreds.— shagr'gy, a. Cov- 
ered with rough hair or wool ; rough ; 
rugged.— shag'glness, n. [A. S. 
sceacga, head of hair.] 

shagreen (sha-gren'), n. 1. Species 
of leather prepared without tanning, 
from horse, ass, and camel skin. 2. 
Skin of a shark, seal, etc., used for 
polishing. [Persia. -[Pers.] 

shah (sha)_, n. Title of the monarch of 

shake (shak). I. vt. [sha'king; shook; 
sha'ken.] 1. Move with quick, short 
motions. 2. Agitate. 3. Make to trem- 
ble. 4. Threaten to overthrow. 5. 
Cause to waver; make afraid. 6. Give 
a tremulous note to. II. vi. Be agi- 
tated; tremble; shiver; lose firmness. 
III. n. 1. Rapid tremulous motion. 
2. Trembling or shivering. 3. Con- 
cussion. 4. Rent in timber, rock, etc, 
[A. S. scacan. - Ger. schaukeln.] 

shaker ( sha'ker ), n. 1. Person or 
thing that shakes or agitates. 2. (S) 
Member of a religious sect founded 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, abdve; m€, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, nut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



shaky 



628 



shark 



about 1750, so called from the agita- 
tions which form part of their cere- 
monial, but calling themselves the 
United Society of Believers in Christ's 
Second Appearing. 

shaky (sha'ki), a. 1. In a shaking 
condition; feeble; unsteady. 2. Full 
of cracks or clefts.— sbaliiness, n. 

shale (shal), n. Rock of a slaty struc- 
ture, often found in or between coal 
strata. [Doubletof scale and shell.] 

shall (shal), v. aux. [should (shod).] 
Be under obligations. (Used in the 
future tense of the verb.) [A. S. sceal, 
be obliged. Ger. soil.] 

shalloon (shal-lon'), n. Light kind of 
woolen stuff, first made at Chdlons, in 
France. 

shallop (shal'op), n. Large schooner- 
rigged boat with two masts. [Fr. 
chaloupe. Dut. sloep. Doublet sloop.] 

shallot (shal-lot'), n. Kind of onion 
with a flavor like that of garlic. 
[O. Fr. eschalote.] 

shallow (sbal'o). I. n. Flat place over 
which the water is not deep; shoal. 
II. a. 1. Not deep. 2. Not profound; 
not wise; trifling. — shallowness, 
n. [Conn, with shoal, and perhaps 
with SHELF.] 

shalt (shalt), 2d pers. sing, of shall. 

sham (sham). I. n. Pretense; that 
which deceives expectation; impos- 
ture. II. a. Pretended; false. III. 
vt. and vi. [shamming; shammed.] 1. 
Pretend ; feign. 2. Impose upon. 
[From root of shame.] 

shamble (sham'bl), vi. Walk with an 
awkward, unsteady gait. — sham'* 
bling-, a. 

shambles (sham'blz), n.pl. 1. Butch- 
er's stalls. 2. Slaughter-house. [A.S. 
6camel, bench. Ger. schemel.] 

shame(sham). I. n. 1. Feeling caused 
by the exposure of that which ought 
to be concealed, or by a conscious- 
ness of guilt. 2. The cause of shame; 
dishonor. II. vt. 1. Make ashamed; 
cause to blush; cover with reproach 
or disgrace. [A. S. scamu, modesty. 
Ger. scham.] 

shamefaced (sham'fast), a. Very 
modest or bashful; easily confused. 
— shamefacedly, adv. — shame* 
facedness,n. Modesty. [A. S. sceam- 
.fast—scamu, and fcest, fast, very.] 

shameful (sham'fol), a. 1. Bringing 
shame; disgraceful. 2. Raising shame 
in others; indecent.— shame' fully, 
adv.— shame'fulness, n. 

shauieless(sham'les), a. 1. Immodest; 
audacious. 2. Indecent. — shame* 
lessly, adv.— shame'lessness, n. 
Syn. Unblushing; impudent ; brazen. 



shammy (sham'i), shamoy(sbam'oi), 
Leather orig. prepared from the skirt 
of the chamois. [Corr. of chamois.] 

shampoo (sham-po'). I. vt. 1. Knead 
the body, in connection with a hot 
bath. 2. Wash thoroughly with soap 
and water, as the head. II. Act of 
shampooing. — sham po o'er, n. 
[Hind, tshampna, squeeze.] 

shamrock (sham'rok), n. Species of 
clover, or sorrel, national emblem of 
Ireland. [It sea?nrog.] 

shandygaff (shan'di-gaf), ?i. Beer and 
ginger-ale mixed. 

shang-hai (shang-hi'). I. n. A kind of 
long-legged chicken. II. vt. Drug and 
bring aboard ship, for money. 

shank (shangk), n. 1. Leg below the 
knee to the foot. 2. Long part of any 
instrument. [A. S. sceanca. Ger. schin- 
ken. schenkel.] 

shanty (shan'ti), n. Rude dwelling; 
hut. [Ir. sean, old and tig, house.] 

shape ( shap ). I. vt. Form; fashion; 
adapt to a purpose; regulate; direct; 
conceive. II. n. Form ; figure ; external 
appearance; particular nature. — 
shape'less, a. Having no shape, re- 
gular form or symmetry. — shape'* 
lessness, n.— shapely (shap'll), a. 
Having shape or regular form; sym- 
metrical. — shape'liness, n. [A.S. 
sceapian, scapan. Ger. schaffen.] 

shard (shard), n. 1. Fragment of an 
earthen vessel or of any brittle sub- 
stance; potsherd. 2. Shell of an egg 
or of a snail; hard wing-case of a 
beetle. — shard'ed, shard'y, a, 
Formed by a shard furnished with 
shards. [A. S. sceran, shear.] 

share (shar). I. n. Part; portion; di- 
vidend ; one of a number of equal por- 
tions of anything. II. vt. 1. Divide 
into parts. 2. Partake with others. 
III. vi. Have a par t ;receive a dividend. 
— shar'er, n. — share'holder, n. 
One who owns a share in a joint fund 
or property. [A. S. — sceran, shear.] 

share (shar), n. Iron blade of a plow. 
[A. S. scear —sceran, cut.] 




shark (shark). I. n. 1. Large voracious 
fish with cartilaginous skeleton. 2, 
Sharper; cheat. II. vi. Live by one's 
wits; swindle. [Etym. doubtful; perh. 
— Gr. karcharos, having sharp teeth.] 



fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; m§, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf} 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, than. 



sharp 



524 



sheer 



sharp (sharp). I. a. 1. Having a thin, 
cutting edge or fine point. 2. Peaked 
or ridged. 3. Affecting the senses as if 
pointed or cutting; severe; keen. 4. 
Of keen or quick perception. 5. Pun- 
gent ; biting; sarcastic. 6. Eager ; 
fierce; impetuous. 7. Shrill. II. n. 1. 
Acute sound. 2. Note raised a semi- 
tone; character g, directing this. 3. 
Shrewdly dishonest man. 4. Sharpie 
III. adv. 1. Precisely; exactly. 2. 
Eagerly.— sharp'ly, adv. — sharp- 
ness, n. [A. S. sceurp. Ger. scharf.] 

sharpen ( sharp' en ), vt. and vi. Make 
or become sharp. [swindler. 

sharper(sharp'er), n. Trickster ; cheat; 

sharpie, sharpy (shar'pi), n. Long, 
sharp, flat-bottomed boat, used by 
oystermen. 

sharp-shooter ( sharp'shot-er ), n. 
One skilled in the use of a rifle; 
marksman. 

sharp-sighted (sharp'si-ted), a. Hav- 
ing acute sight; shrewd; discerning. 

sharp-witted (sharp'wit-ed),a. Acute, 
sagacious. 

shatter (shatter), vt. 1. Break or dash 
to pieces; crack. 2. Disorder; render 
unsound.— shat'tery , a. Brittle. 

[Doublet Of SCATTER.] 

shave (shav), vt. [shaved; sha'ven or 
shaved.] 1. Cut off the hair with a 
razor. 2. Pare closely; make smooth 
by paring. 3. Cut in thin slices. 4. 
Skim along the surface. 5. Strip.— 
sha'ver, n. 1. One who shaves; bar- 
ber. 2. Sharp dealer. 3. Youngster; 
lad. [A. S. scafan, Ger. schaben.] 

shaving (sha'ving ), n. 1. Act of shav- 
ing. 2. What is shaved or pared off. 

sUhawl (shal), n. Cloth of wool, cotton, 
silk, or hair, used by women as a 
covering for the shoulders. [Per. shal.] 

shawm (sham), n. Ancient musical 
wind instrument, replaced by the 
bassoon L [ O. Fr. ehalemie — L. eala- 

shay (sha), n. Chaise. [mus, reed.] 

she (she), pron. fern. The female pre- 
viously mentioned. [A. S. seo.'\ _ 

sheaf (shef), n. [pi. sheaves (staevz).] 
Bundle of stalks of grain ; any bundle 
or collection. [A.S. sceaf. Gev.schieben, 
shove.] 

shear (sher), vt. Clip with shears, etc. 
— shearer, n. [A. S. sceran. Ger. 
scheren]. [once sheared. 

shearling (sher'ling), n. Sheep only 

shears (sherz), n. pi. 1. Instrument 
for sheaving or cutting, consisting of 
two pivoted blades that meet each 
other; anything like shears. 2. Appa- 
ratus for raising heavy weights, con- 
sisting of upright spars fastened 



together at the top and furnished 
with tackle. 

sheath (sheth), re. 1. Case for a sword, 
etc.; scabbard. 2. Auy thin defensive 
covering, as the membrane covering 
a stem or branch, or the wiogcase of 
an insect. [A. S. scaeth. Ger. scheideJ] 

sheathe (sheth), vt. 1. Put into a 
sheath. 2. Cover with a sheath or 
case; inclose in a lining. 

sheathing , (she^'ing),?i. I That which 
sheathes. 2. Material for covering, 
encasing, etc. 

sheave (shev), n. 1. Grooved wheel in 
a block, etc., on which a rope works; 
wheel of a pulley. 2. Slice, as of bread. 
3. Sliding scutcheon for covering a 
keyhole. [O. Dut. sciajve. Ger. scheibe.] 

sheave (shev), vt. Bring together into 
sheaves. 

sheave-hole ( shev'hol ), n. Channel 
cut in a mast, yard, or other timber, 
in which to fix a sheave. 

shed (shed) vt. [shed'ding; shed.] 
Throw off; pom; spill; let fall.— 
shed'der, n. [A. S. sceadan. Ger. 
scheiden.] 

shed (shed), vt. Part, separate. [A. S. 
scade, division, parting of the hair. 
Ger. scheitel. See watershed.] 

shed (shed), n. Light structure usual- 
ly of wood, for shade or shelter; hut. 

sheen (shen). I. n. Brightness or splen- 
dor. II. a. Beautiful; shining. III. vi. 
Glitter; shine. 
[A.S. scione. Ger. 
schoen.] 

sheep ( shep ), n. 
sing, and pi. 1. 
Ruminant ani- 
mal covered with 
wool. 2. Leather 
made from sheep- 
skin. [A.S. sceap. 
Dut schaap. Ger. 
schaf.] 

sheepeote (shep'kot), sheep fold 
(shep' fold), ns. Inclosure for sheep. 

sheepish (she'pish), a. Like a sheep; 
bashful; foolishly diffident.— sheep'- 
ishly. adv.— sheep'ishness, n. 

sheepskin (shep'skin), n. 1. Skin of 
sheep. 2. Leather made from it. 3. 
Diploma engrossed on sheep-skin 
parchment. [Uolloq.] 

sheer (sher). I. a. 1. Pure; unmin- 
gled; clear; downright. 2. Perpendi- 
cular. II. adv. Clear; quite; straight. 
[Icel. skaerr, bright.- Ger. schier.] 

sheer (sher). I. vi. Deviate; swerve; 
turn aside. II. n. 1. Deviation from 
the straight line. 2. Longitudinal 
curve or bend of a ship's deck or sides. 
[Dut. and Ger. SGheren, withdraw.] 




fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then, 



sheers 



525 



shimmer 



sheers. Same as shears, 2. 

sheet (shet). I. n. 1. Large, thin piece 
of anything, as of cloth in a bed, of 
paper, or a sail. 2. Rope fastened to 
the leeward corner of a sail to extend 
it to the wind. II. vt. 1. Cover with or 
as with a sheet. 2. Furnish with 
sheets. 3. Expand. [A. S. sceat, scet, 
—sceotan, shoot, extend. Ger. schote.] 

sheet-anchor (shet-ang'kur), n. Lar- 
gest anchor of a ship, thrown out in 
extreme danger; chief support; best 
refuge. [bed-sheets. 

sheeting (ske'ting), n. Cloth used for 

sheet-lightning- ( shet-ht'ning ), n. 
Lightning appearing in sheets, or 
having abroad appearance. 

sheik (shek or shak), n. Chief of an 
Arab family, village or tribe. [Ar. 
= elder.] 

shekel (shek'l),w. Ancient weight and 
ooin among the Jews. [Heb. —shakal, 
weigh.] [large duck. 

sheldrake (shel'drak), n. Kind of 

shelf (shelf), n. [pi. shelves (shelvz).] 
1. Board fixed on a wall, etc., for lay- 
ing things on. 2. Flat layer of rocks; 
ledge; shoal; sandbank.— shelf y, a. 
JA. S. scylfe. 

shell(shel).I. n. 1. Hard covering as of 
an animal, fruit, egg, etc. 2. Any hol- 
low framework. 3. Light rowboat. 4. 
Metallic cartridge case ; bomb. II. vt. 
1. Break or strip off the shell. 2. Take 
out of the shell. 3. Throw shells or 
bombs upon; bombard. III. vi. Fall 
oM like a shell; cast the shell; fall out 
of the pod. [A. S. scell. Ger. schale.] 

shell-bark (shel'bark), n. Species of 
hickory having loose, peeling bark. 

shellac (shel'lak or -lak'), n. Lac pre- 
pared in thin plates. [See lac] 

shellfish (shel'fish), n. Aquatic ani- 
mal with an external shell. 

shellproof (shel'prof), a. Proof 
agaiDst bombs. 

shelter (shel'ter). I. n. 1. That which 
shields or protects; refuge; retreat; 
harbor. 2. One who protects; guar- 
dian. 3. Protection. II. vt. Cover or 
shield; defend; conceal. III. vi. Take 
shelter. [A.S. scildtruma, a covering 
composedof shields; line of soldiers.] 
Syn. Asylum; covert; security. 

sheltie (shel'ti), n. Shetland pony. 

shelve (shelv). I. vt. 1. Furnish with 
shelves. 2. Place on a shelf. 3. Put 
aside. II. vi. Slope like a shelf. 

sbelvy (shel'vi), a. Full of shelves or 
shoals; shallow. [Heb.] 

Sheol (she'ol), n: Grave; hell; pit. 

shepherd (shep'erd), n. 1. Man em- 
ployed in tending sheep in the pas- 
ture. 2. Pastor. [A. S. scedp-hirde.] 



shepherdess (shep'er-des), n. Woman 
that tends sheep; rural lass. 

sherbet (sher'bet), n. 1. Drink of 
fruit-juice, sweetened and flavored. 
2. Flavored water ice. [Arab, shariba, 
drink.] [ment. 

sherd (sherd), n. Shred; shard; f rag- 
sheriff (sher'if), n. Highest officer in 
a shire or county. — sheriffalty, n. 
Office or jurisdiction of a sheriff. [A.S. 
scirgerefa — scir, shire, and gerefa, 
governor. See reeve.] 

sherry (sher'i), n. Strong dry Spanish 
wine. — sherry-cobbler. See cob- 
bler. [From Xeres, a town in Spain.] 

shew (sho). Same as show. 

shibboleth (shib'bo-leth), n. Watch- 
word of a party. [Heb. word, used as 
a test by the Gileadites to detect the 
Ephraimites, who could not pro- 
nounce the sh.] 

shield (sheld). I. n. 1. 
Broad plate worn for 
defense on the left arm; 
defense; person who 
protects. 2. Escutcheon. 
II. vt. Defend. [A. S. 
scyld. Ger. schild. J 

shift (shift). I. vt. and vi. 
1. Change ; put out of 
the way. 2. Dress in 
fresh clothes. 3. Resort 
to expedients for some 
purpose. 4. Manage ; 
contrive. II. n. 1. Change; 
contrivance; artifice; 
evasion. 2. Set of 
workmen, changing off 
with another set; turn 
at woi'k. 3. Something often changed; 
chemise. — Makeshift, find ways and 
means. — shift'er, n. — shifty, a. 
Full of expedients; tricky. [A. S. 
sciftan, divide, order. Cf. Low Ger. 
schicht.] 

shiftless (shift'les), a. Destitute of 
expedients; incapable; thriftless. 

shillalah (shil-la/la), shillaly (shil- 
la'li), n. Oak or blackthorn sapling; 
cudgel. [From an Irish wood, Shil- 
lelagh, famous for its oaks.] 

shilling- (shil'ing), n. English silver 
coin (=12 pence); worth about twen- 
ty-five cents. [ A. S. settling,— scill, 
sound, ring. Cf. Ger. schall.] 

shily (shi'li). Same as shyly. 

shilly-shally (shil'i-shal-i). I. vi. Act 
irresolutely; trifle; vacillate. II. adv. 
In an irresolute manner. [From shall 
1, shall If ] 

shimmer ( shim'er ). I vi. Gleam 
faintly; glisten. II. n. Faint light; 
gleam. [A. S. scymrian, shine.] 




Shield. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



shin 



526 



shock 



shin (shin). I. n. Large bone of the 
leg, below the knee, or the forepart of 
it. II. vt. and vi. [shinn'ing; shinn'ed.] 
1. Use the shins m climbing. 2. Walk. 
3. Kick on the shins. [A. S. scina.] 

shindy (shin'di), n. 1. Game of shin- 
ny. 2. Rumpus. [Etym. doubtful.] 

shine (shin). I. vi. [shi'ning; shone.] 

1. Beam with steady radiance ; glit- 
ter. 2. Be bright or beautiful. 3. Be 
eminent. II. vt. Polish. III. n. 1. 
Brightness; splendor. 2. Fair weath- 
er. 3. Polish. 4. Liking; fancy. [A. S. 
scinan. Ger. scheinen.] 

shingle (shing'l). I. n. 1. Wood 
sawed or split' thin, used instead of 
slates or tiles, for covering houses. 

2, Coarse gravel on a shore. II. vt. 

1. Cover or roof with shingles. 2. 
Trim, as the hair. [M. E. ehindel — L. 
scindo, split.l 

shingles (shing'lz), n. Eruptive dis- 
ease with often spreads round the 
body like a belt. |L. cingulum, belt.] 

shingling (shing'ling), n. 1. Cover- 
ing with shingles. 2. Shingles. 3. 
Squeezing the iron in the process of 
puddling; blooming. 

shining (shi'ning). I. a. Scattering 
light ; bright ; resplendent ; conspic- 
uous: splendid. II. n. Effusion or 
clearness of light; brightness; lustre. 
Syn. Brilliant; sparkling; radiant. 

Shinto (shin'to), n. Japanese indigen- 
ous religion. Shin'toism, n. 

shiny (shi'ni), a. Shining; diffusing 
light; bright; splendid; unclouded. 

ship (ship). I. n. Vessel having three 
masts with tops and yards to each; 
any large vessel. II. vt. [shipping; 
shipped.] 1. Put on board a ship. 2. 
Send or convey by ship. 3. Send or 
transport by any conveyance, on land 
or water. 4. Engage for service on 
board. 5. Receive on board. 6. Fix in 
Its place. III. vi. 1. Engage for ser- 
vice on shipboard. 2. Embark. — 
shijVper, n. — ship'board. I. n. 
Side or deck of a ship. II. adv. Upon 
or within a ship. [A. S. scip.] 

ship-chandler (ship'chaad'ler), n. 
Dealer in cordage, canvas, and other 
furniture and provisions for ships. 

shipmate(ship'mat), n. Fellow sailor. 

shipment ( ship'ment ), n. 1. Act of 
putting on board ship; embarkation. 

2. That which is shipped. 
shipping (ship'ing), n. 1. Voyage. 2. 

Act of sending freight. 3. Ships col- 
lectively; tonnage. 

shipshape ( ship'shap ), a. and adv. 
Orderly; trim; proper. 

ship way ( ship'wa ), n. Support on 
which a ship is built. 



shipworm ( ship'wurm ), n. Kind of 
bivalve mollusc, so named from its 
boring into the bottoms of ships. 



Ship-worm boring through the wood. 

shipwreck (ship'rek). I. n. I. Wreck 
or destruction of a ship. 2. Destruc- 
tion; ruin. II. vt. Destroy on the sea. 

shipwright (ship'nt) , n. Shipbuilder. 

shipyard fship'yard), n. Place where 
ships are t»uilt or repaired. 

shire (shir or sher; in compounds, in 
Engl, sher, in U. S. shir or sher). 
n. Division of land; country. [A- S. 
scir, division— sceran, cut.] 

shirk (sherk). I. vt. Avoid; slink away 
from. II. n. One who avoids his duty. 
[From shark, shift for a living.] 

shirr (sher). I. n. 1. Fulling produced 
by parallel gathering-threads. 2. 
Elastic cord inserted between two 
pieces of cloth. II. vt. Gather. 

shirred (sherd ), a. 1. Puckered or 
gathered into a shirr. 2. Broken into 
a saucer and baked, or poached in 
cream, as eggs. 

shirt ( shert ), n. Short garment worn 
next the body. [ A. S. sceort, short. 
Cf. Ger. schurz, apron.] [shirts. 

shirting (shert'ing ), n. Cloth for 

shire (shiv), n. Thin disk, as of cork; 
scale. [See sheave, n.] 

shiver (shiv'er). I. n. Splinter; one of 
the small pieces into which a brittle 
thing breaks by sudden violence. II. 
vt. and vi. Shatter; fall into shivers. 
[From root of sheave.] 

shiver (shiv'er). I. vi. Shake; trem- 
ble; shudder. II. vt. Cause to shake 
in the wind, as pails. [Imitative.] 

shivery ( shiv'ei-i ), a. 1. Trembling. 
2. Brittle. 

shoal (shol). I. n. Great multitude, as 
of fishes swimming together. II. vi. 
Crowd ; gather in shoals. [A.'S. scolu 
— L. schola,_ school.] 

shoal ( shol ). I. n. Place where the 
water is not deep; sandbank. II. a. 
Shallow. III. vi. 1. Grow shallow. % 
Come upon shallows. — shoal'y, a 
Full of shoals, not deep. — shoal i* 
ness, n. [From shallow.] 

shoat (shot), n. Young hog; shote. 

shock (shok), n. 1. Violent shake or 
onset; concussion; collision. 2. Vio- 
lent effect on the mind or nerves. II. 
vt. 1. Shake by violence. 2. Startle the 
mind or nerves; offend; disgust; dis- 
may. [Fr. choc—O. Ger. schoc, shock.T 



f&te, fat, taak, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, h§r; mite, mitj note, not, move, wolf; 
route, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



shock 



527 



shovel 



shock ( shok ), n. Pile of sheaves of 
grain. [Ger. schock, heap, threescore.] 

shocking- (shok'ing), a. Highly offens- 
ive.— shockingly, adv. 

shod (shod), pa. t. and -pa. p. of shoe. 

shoddy (shod'i), n. 1. Waste thrown 
off in spinning wool. 2. Fabric woven 
from such waste, entirely or partly. 
[From shed, throw off.] 

shoe(sho).I. n. 1. Covering for the foot. 
2. Rim of iron nailed to the hoof of an 
animal to keep it from injury. 3. Any- 
thing in form or use like a shoe. II. 
vt. [shoeing: shod.] 1. Furnish with 
shoes. 2. Cover at the lower end; tip. 
[A. S. sco. Ger. schuh.] 

shoeblack (sho'blak), n. One who 
blacks and claans shoes or boots. 

shoehorn (sho'harn), n. Curved piece 
of horn or metal used in putting on 
a shoe. 

shone(shon), pa. t. and pa. p. of shine. 

shook (shok), pa. t. of shake. 

shoon (shon), n. Old plural of shoe. 
[A. S. sceon.] 

shoot (shot). I. vt. [shoot'ing; shot.] 1. 
Dart. 2. Let fly with force. 3. Dis- 
charge from a bow or gun. 4. Strike 
with a shot or other missile dis- 
charged from a weapon. 6. Thrust 
forward. 6. Send forth new parts, as 
a plant. II. vi. 1. Perform the act of 
shooting. 2. Be driven along. 3. Fly, 
as an arrow. 4. Jut out. 5. Germi- 
nate. 6. Advance. III. n. 1. Act of 
shooting. 2. Young branch.— shoot' - 
er, n. [A. S. sceotan. Dut. schieten. 
Ger. schiessen.] 

Shooting-star ( sh 6'ting-star), n. 
1. Meteor. 2. American cowslip. 

shop (shop). I. n. 1. Building in w r hich 
goods are sold at retail. 2. Place 
where mechanics work. II. vi. [shopp'- 
ing; shopped.] Visit shops for the 
purpose of buying. [A. S. sceoppa, 
storehouse. Ger. schuppen.} 

shop-lifting (shop'lift-ing). n. Steal- 
ing from a shop.— shop-lifter, n. 

shore (shor), n. 
Coast ; land ad- 
jacent to the sea, 
a river or a lake. 
[A. S. scor e— 
seer an, shear, 
divide.] 

shore (sh5r). I. 
n. Prop or sup- 
port for the side 
of a building, or 

to keep a vessel in dock steady on the 
slips. II. vt. Prop.— shor'er, n. [M.E. 
schore, stick of wood,— A. S. sceran, 
cut off.] 




Shores. 



shoreless (shor'les), a. Unlimited 

extent. 

shorn (sharn),pa. p. of shear. 

short (shart). I. a. 1. Not long in 
time or space. 2. Near at hand. 3. In- 
sufficient; scanty; narrow. 4. Abrupt. 
5. Brittle. II. adv. Not long. III. n. 

1. Brief account. 2. Deficit. 3. pi. 
Bran and coarse part of meal mixed. 
4. pi. Sales of futures. 5. pi. Breeches; 
short-clothes. — shortness, n. — In 
short, in a few words. [A. S. sceort— 
root of skirt. Ger. kurz.] 

shortcoming (shart'kum-ing), n. 1. 
Neglect of, or failure in, duty. 2. 
Falling off of the usual quality, 
quantity, etc. 

shorten (shar'tn), vt. and vi. 1. Make 
shorter. 2. Deprive. 3. Make brittle, as 
pastry, by adding butter, lard, etc. 

shorthand ( shart'hand ), n. System 
of writing, much more rapid than the 
ordinary longhand; stenography. 

short-lived (shart'livd), a. 1. Living 
or lasting only for a short time. 

shortly (shart'li), adv. 1. In a short 
time; quickly; soon. 2. In a brief 
manner. 

short-sighted ( shart'sl-ted ), a. Un- 
able to see far. 2. Lacking discern- 
ment.— short'sight-edness, n. 

short-winded ( shart-win'ded ), a. 
Affected with shortness of breath. 

shot, pa. t. and pa. p. of shoot. 

shot (shot). I. n. 1. Act of shooting. 2. 
Missile; small globules of lead; solid 
projectile. 3. Flight of a missile; dis- 
tance it. flies. 4. Marksman. II. vt. 
[shot'ting; shot'ted.] Load with shot. 

shot (shot), a. Of a changeable color. 

should (shod), pa. t. of shatj,. 

shonlder (shol'der). I. n. 1. Joint 
which connects the human armor the 
foreleg of a quadruped with the body. 

2. Flesh about the shoulder; upper 
joint of the foreleg of an animal, cut 
for market. 3. Prominence; abrupt 
projection. II. vt. 1. Push with 
the shoulder. 2. Take upon the 
shoulder; assume the burden of.— 
shoulder-blade, n. Broad, flat 
bone of the shoulder; scapula. — 
shoul'der-strap, n. Strap worn 
over the shoulder as a support, or as 
a badge of rank. [A. S. sculdor.] 

shout (showt). I. n. Loud and sudden 

outcry. II. vi. Utter a shout. III. vt. 

Utter with a shout; cry.— shout'er, 

n. [Etymology unknown.] 
shove (shuv). I. vt. and vi. Push. II. 

n. Act of shoving; push. [A. S. sceo- 

fan. Ger. schieben.] 
shovel (shuv'l). I. n. Instrument with 

a broad blade.and a handle for lifting. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



show 



528 



shuck. 



II. vt. [shov'eling; shov'eled.] 1. Lift 
up and throw with a shovel. 2. Gather 
in large quantities. [A. S. scofl. Ger. 
schaufel.]_ 

show (sho). I. vt. [show'ing; showed; 
shown or showed. ] 1. Present to 
view; display. 2. Enable to perceive 
or know; inform; teach; guide. 3. 
Prove; explain. 4. Bestow; manifest; 
give. II. Vi. Appear; look. III. n. 1. 
Act of showing; display. 2. Sight; 
spectacle; parade. 3. Appearance; 
plausibility. 4. Pretence; pretext. 
— show'er, n. [ A. S. sceawian, look, 
see. Ger. schauen.] 

showbread (sho'bred), n. Among the 
Jews, the twelve loaves of bread pre- 
sented before the Lord in the sanctu- 
ary every Sabbath. 

shower (show'er). I. n. 1. Fall of rain 
©r hail, of short duration. 2. Copious 
rapid supply. II. vt. 1. Wet with 
rain; sprinkle. 2. Bestow liberally. 
IJI. vi. Rain in showers. [A. S. scur. 
Cifer. schauer.] 

showy (sho'i), a. Making a show; cut- 
ting a dash; ostentatious; gay. — 
Showily, a^.-show'iness, n. 

shrank (shrangk),pa. t. of shrink. 

shrapnel (shrap'nel), n. Shell filled 
With musket-balls, called after its 
inventor, Col. Shrapnel. 

shred (shred). I. n. Long, narrow 
piece cut or torn off; strip or frag- 
ment. II. vt. Cut or tear into shreds. 
[A. S. screade; Ger. schrot.] 

shrew (shro), n. 1. Shrewmouse. 2. 
Brawling, troublesome woman; scold. 
[A. S. screawa, biter.] 

shrewd (shrSd), a. Of an acute judg- 
ment ; cunning; artful; wily.— 
shrewdly, adc.-shrewd'ness, n. 
[From beshrewed, accursed.] [sharp. 
Syn. Sagacious; subtle ; astute ; 

shrewish (shro'ish), a. Like a shrew; 
peevish ; clamorous. — shrew'ish- 
ly, adv.— shrewishness, n. 

shrewmouse (shro'mows), n. Harm- 
less burrowing little animal like the 
mouse. [See shrew.] 

shriek (shrek). I. vi. Utter a shriek; 
scream. II. n. Shrill outcry of terror 
or anguish. [Imitative.] [sheriff. 

shrievalty (shre'val-ti), n. Office of a 

shrift(shrif t), n. Confession to a priest. 
— Short shrift, punishment very soon 
after condemnation. [From shrive.] 

shrike (shrik), n. Bird which preys 
on insects and small birds, impaling 
its prey on thorns; butcher bird, 
[{from shriek.] 

shrill ( shril ), a. Piercing; sharp. — 
Shril'ly, adv.— shrillness, n. [Cf. 
<Ser. schrill.] 



shrimp (shrimp), n. Small shellfish, 
somewhat resembling the lobster, 
about two inches long,much esteemed 
as food. [Allied to scrimp.] 

shrine (shrm). I. n. Place in which 
sacred things are deposited; sacred 
place. II. vt. Enshrine. [A. S. serin.'] 

shrink (shringk). I. vi. [shrinking; 
shrank or shrunk; shrunk or shrunk- 
en.] 1. Contract; wither; shrivel; 
wrinkle. 2. Recoil, as from fear, dis- 
gust, etc. II. vt. Cause to shrink or 
contract. III. n. 1. Contraction. 2. 
Withdrawal; recoil. — shrink'age, 
n. 1. Contraction. 2. Loss in bulk or 
value. [A. S. scrincan. Cf . Ger. schraen- 
Tcen, cause to shrink.] 

shrive (shriv). I. vt. [shri'ving; shrove 
or shrived; shriVen.] Hear confes- 
sion of; impose a penance on; grant 
absolution. II. vi. Receive confession ; 
make confession. [A. S. scrifan, — L. 
scribo, write.] 

shrivel (shriv'l), vi. and vt. Contract 
into wrinkles. [Etymology doubtful.] 

shroud (shrowd). 

I. n. 1. Dress of 
the dead. 2. That 
Which clothes or 
covers. 3. pi. Set 
of ropes from the 
mast-heads to a 
ship's sides, to 
support the masts. 

II. vt. 1. Inclose in 
a shroud. 2. Cover; 
hide; shelter. [A.S. 
scrud, clothing.] 

shrove (shrov), pa. 
t. of SHRIVE. 

Shrovetide ( shrov'- tid), n. Time at 
which confession used to be made, 
immediately before Lent. — Shrove- 
Tues'day, n. Day before Ash- 
Wednesday. [A.S. scraf. See shrive.] 

shrub (shrub), n. Woody plant with 
several stems from the same root. — 
shrub'bery, n. Collection of 
shrubs.— shrub'by, a. Consisting or 
full of shrubs ; like a shrub. [A. S. 
scrobb.] 

shrub (shrub), n. Drink of fruit juiee, 
spirit, sugar, and water. [A corr. of 

SHERBET.] 

shrug: (shrug). I. vt. [shrug'ging; 
shrugged.] Draw up; contract. II vi. 
Draw up the shoulders. III. n. Draw- 
ing up of the shoulders. [Sw. skrukka, 
hump.] 

s Sir usik, pa. t. and pa. p. of shrink. 

shuck(shuk). I. n. Husk ; pod ; shell. II 
vt. Remove the husk or husks from. 
— Not worth shucks, worth nothing. 




Shrouds. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, more, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



shudder 



529 



sieve 



shudder ( shud'er ). I. vi. Tremble 
from fear or horror. II. n. Trem- 
bling. [Dut. schuddern.] 

shuttle (sbuf'l).- I. vt. Shove a little; 
push back and forth ; change the rela- 
tive positions of; confuse. II. vi. 1. 
Change the order of cards in a pack. 
2. Shift ground. 3, Evade fair ques- 
tions. 4. Move by dragging the feet 
along the ground. III. n. 1 Act of 
shuffling. 2. Evasion ; artifice. — 
shuffler, n. [Prom root of shovel,.] 
Syn. Juggle; equivocate; quibble. 

shun(.shun),^. [shun'ning; shunned.] 
Avoid; keep clear of; eschew. [A. S. 
scwnian. See schooner.] 

shunt (shunt). I. vt. Turn aside: 
switch. II. n. 1. Act of turning aside, 
or using a shunt. 2. Switch.— 
shunting, n. [ From shun.] 

shut (shut), vt. and vi. [shutting; 
shut.] 1. Close, as a door. 2. Bar out; 
exclude. 3. Contract. [A. S. scyttan ] 

shutter (shut'er), n. 1. One who or 
that which shuts. 2. Close cover for 
window or aperture. 

shuttle ( shut'l ), n. 1. Instrument 
used for shooting the thread of the 
woof in weaving. 2. Similar instru- 
ment in a sewing machine. [A. S. 
scytel—sceotan, shoot.] 

shuttlecock ( shut'1-kok), n. Cork 
stuck with feathers, driven with a 
battledore, in game of the same name. 

shy (shi). I. a. 1. Timid; coy; reserved; 
cautious. 2. Scant; short. II. vi. 1. 
Start aside, as a horse from fear. 2. 
Fling; jerk; toss, as a stone. III. n. 
Fling; trial.— shy'ly, shi'ly, adv.— 
shy'ness, n. [A. S. sceoh. Ger. scheu.] 
Syn. Bashful; diffident; suspicious. 

shyster (shi'ster), n. Person who re- 
sorts to low tricks; esp. a tricky 
lawyer. [Etym. doubtful.] [scale. 

si (se), n. Seventh note in the musical 

sibilant (sib'i-lant). I. a. Hissing. II. 
n. Sibilant letter, as s, z, sh and zh. 
[L. sibilo, hiss.] 

sibilation (sib-i-la'shun), n. Hissing 
sound; hiss. [sibylla. 

sibyl ( sib'il ), n. Prophetess. [ Gr. 

sibylline (sib'il-m or -in), a. 1. Per- 
taining to, uttered, or written by, 
sibyls. 2. Prophetical. 

sic (sik), adv. So written or printed. 
Used in parenthesis, to assert that 
the quotation is accurate. [L.=so.] 

sick (sik), a. 1. Diseased; ill. 2. In- 
clined to vomit. 3. Disgusted — sick- 
ness, n. [A. S. sio'). Ger. siech.] 
Syn. Ailing; morbid; surfeited. 

sicken (sik'n). I. vt. 1. Make sick. 2- 
Disgust. II. vi. 1. Become sick or weak. 
2. Become disgusted. 



sickish(sik'ish), a. Somewhat sick.— 
sick'isbly, adv.— sick'ishness, n. 

sickle ( sik'l ), n. Hooked instrument 
for cutting grain. [A. S. sicel — L. 
secula—seco, cut.] 

sickly (sik'li), a. 1. Inclined to sick- 
ness ; unhealthy ; somewhat sick; 
weak; languid. 2. Producing disease, 
— sickliness, n. 

side (sid). I. n. 1. Edge, border. 2. 
Surface of a solid; part of a thing as 
seen by the eye. 3. Region; part; esp. 
the part of an animal between the hip 
and shoulder. 4. Part, party, interest, 
or opinion, opposed to another, as 
left and right; faction. 5. Line of des- 
cent. II. a. 1. Being on or toward the 
side; lateral. 2. Indirect. III. vi. Em- 
brace the opinion or cause of one 
party against another. [A.S.] 

sideartns (sid'armz), n. pi. Weapon 
worn on the side,_as a sword. 

sideboard (sid'bord), n. Piece of fur- 
niture in a dining-room for holding 
dishes, etc. [side; sloping. 

sideling (sid'ling), a. Inclining to a 

sidelong (sid'lang). I. a. Oblique; not 
straight; lateral. II. adv. In the di- 
rection of the_ side; obliquely. 

sidereal (si-de're-al), a. 1. Relating to 
a star or stars; starry. 2. Measured 
by the apparent motion of the stars. 
[L. sidus, sideris, star.] [women. 

side-saddle (sid'-sadl), n. Saddle for 

sidewalk (sid'wak), n. Walk for foot 
passengers on "either side of the 
street. 

sideways (sid'waz), sidewise (sid'- 
wiz), adv. Toward or on one side; in- 
clining; laterally. 

siding ( si'ding), n. 1. Short line of 
track on which railroad cars are 
shunted or switched off from the main 
line. 2. Covering cf the outside wall 
of a frame building. [most. 

sidle (si'dl), vi. Go or move side-fore- 
siege (sej), n. 1. Setting of an army 
round or before a fortified place to 
take it by force. 2. Continued endeav- 
or to gain possession. [Fr. siege — L. 
sedes, se&i—sedeo, sit.] 

sienna ( si-en'a ), n. Fine orange-red 
pigment used in painting. [From 
Sienna, in Italy.] 

sierra (se-er'ra), n. Ridge of moun- 
tains or crags. [Sp. — L. serra, saw.] 

siesta (si-es'ta). n. Nap at midday. 
[Sp.— E. sexta ; (hora), the sixth (hour) 
after sunrise.] 

sieve (siv), n. Vessel with a bottom 
of woven hair or wire, or perforated, 
used to separate the fine part of any- 
thing from the coarse. [A. S. si;,*.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, rait; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, bum; oil, owl, then. 



sift 



530 



silk 



sift (sift), vt. Separate with or as with 
a sieve ; examine closely.— sift'er, n. 
[A. S. sift an.] 

sigh (si). I. vi. Inhale and respire 
with a long, deep, and audible breath- 
ing, as in grief; sound like sighing. 
II. vt. Express by sighs. III. n. Long, 
deep, audible respiration. [A. S. 
sican; from the sound.] 

sight (sit). I. n. 1. Act of seeing; view; 
2. Faculty of seeing. 3. That which 
is seen; a spectacle; space within 
vision. 4. Examination. 5. Small 
opening for looking through at ob- 
jects. 6. Piece of metal on a gun to 
guide the eye in taking aim. 7. Large 
quantity. II. vt. Catch sight of. [A. 
S. ge-siht. Ger. gesicht.] 

sighted (si'ted), a. Having sight. 

sightless (sit'les), a. Wanting sight; 
blind. — sightlessly, adv.— sight'- 
lessness. n. 

sightly (s'lt'li), a. Pleasing to the 
sight or eye.— sightliness, n. 

Sign (sin). I. n. 1. That by which a 
thing is known or represented ; mark ; 
token; symptom; proof. 2. Word; 
gesture, or mark, intended to signify 
something else. 3. Remarkable event; 
miracle. 4. Something set up as a 
notice in a public place. 5. Mark 
showing the relation of quantities, 
as — and +. 6. One of the twelve parts 
of the zodiac. II. vt. 1. Represent or 
make known by a sign. 2. Attach a 
signature to; convey by signing 
(away). [L. signum, sign.] 

Byn. Indication; type; omen; pre- 
sage; emblem; manifestation. 

signal (sig'nal). I. n. 1. Sign for giving 
notice, generally ajt a distance; token. 
2. Notice. II. vt. and vi. Make signals 
(to); convey by signals; be a sign; 
signify. III. a. Constituting a sign; 
remarkable; striking; eminent. — 
signaling, n.— sig'nally, adv. [Fr.] 

signalize (sig'nal-iz),«tf. Render note- 
worthy; indicate. 2. Make signals. 

signatory (sig'na-to-ri). I. n. One who 
has signed. II. a. Bound by signature 
and seal, as parties to a treaty. 

signature (sig'na-tur), n. 1. Sign; 
mark. 2. Name of a person written 
by himself. 3. Flats and sharps after 
the clef to show the key. [Fr.] 

signboard (sm'bord), n. Board with a 
notice concerning a man's trade. 

signet (sig'net), n. Private seal. [Fr.] 

significant (sig-nif'i-kant), a. 1. Ex- 
pressive; suggestive; standing as a 
sign. 2. Important. — signifi- 
cantly, adv.— significance, n. 1. 
That which is signified; meaning. 2. 
Importance; moment. 



signification (sig-ni-fi-ka'shun), n. 

1. Act of signifying. 2. That which 
is signified; meaning. [nificant. 

significative (sig-nif'i-ka-tiv), a. Sig- 

signify (sig'ni-fi), vt. [sig'nifying; 

sig'nified.] 1. Mean; indicate; show; 

2. Have consequence; Import; mat- 
ter. [L. significo — signum, and facio, 
make.] 

sign-nianual (sin-man'u-al), n. Sig- 
nature of a sovereign, usually only 
the initial with R. for Rex (L.=king), 
or Regina_(L.=queen). [Signor. 

Signior (sen'yiir), n. English form of 

Signor (sen'yur), n. Sir; gentleman; 
Mr. — Signora (sen-yo'ra), re.Madam; 
lady; Mrs.— Signorina (sen-yo-re'- 
na), n. Miss. (It). 

signpost (sin'post), n. Post on which 
a sign is hung; direction- post. 

silence (si'lens). I. n. 1. State of being 
silent. 2. Absence of sound or speech; 
muteness. 3. Cessation of agitation; 
calmness. 4. Oblivion. II. vt. Cattse 
to.be silent; hush; still; put to rest; 
stop. III. interj. Be silent! 

silent (si'lent), a. 1. Free from noise 

or sound. 2. Not speaking. 3. Taci 

turn. 4. Not pronounced, as k in 

know.— silently, adv. [L. silens.] 

8yn. Quiet- dumb; mute; unuttered. 

silex (si'leks), n. Silica, found in 
nature, as flint, quartz, rock-crystal, 
etc. [L. silex, flint.] 

silhouette (sil'o-et or 
-et')i n. Shadow-out- 
line of the human fig- 
ure or profile. [From 
Silhouette, a French 
minister of finance in 
1759, after whom ev- 
erything cheap was 
named, from his ex- 
cessive economy. 

silica(sil'i-ka), n. Pure 
silex or flint, the most 
abundant solid con- 
stituent of our globe. 

silicate(sil'i-kat), n. Salt of silicic acid, 

siliceous, silicions ( si-li sh'u s), 
silicic (si-lis'ik), as. Pertaining to, 
containing, or resembling 
silex or flint. 

silio.ua (sil'i-kwa), silique 
(si-lek'), n. Seed" vessel or 
pod of a cruciferous plant. 
[L. and Fr.J 

silfc (silk). I. n. 1. Delicate, 
soft thread, produced by 
certain caterpillars in form- 
ing cocoons. 2. Thread or 
cloth woven from it. 3. 
Anything resembling silk. 
II. a. Pertaining to, or consisting of, 




Silhouette of 
Benj. Franklin. 



Siliqua. 



iate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, woii!; 
mute, hut, bum; oil, owl, then. 



sill 



531 



sine 



Bilk. — silk'en, a. 1. Made of silk. 2. 
Resembling silk ; soft ; delicate. — 
silk-worm (silk'wurm), n. Cater- 
pillar which produces silk. — silky 
(silk'i), a. Like silk in texture; soft; 
smooth and glossy. — silk'iness, n. 
[A. S. seolc — Lt. sericum— Seres, name 
of the people of China.] 

sill (sil) , n. Timber or stone at the foot 
of a door or a window ; threshold. 
[A.S. syll.] 

sillabub (sil'a-bub), n. Wine or cider 
mixed with milk and sweetened. 

silly ( sil'i ), a. 1. Foolish; witless. 2. 
Imprudent. 3. Absurd; stupid. — 
sil'lily, adv.— silliness, n. [Orig. 
eeeley — A. S.saelig, blissful.] 

silo (sl'io), n. Pit for storing green 
fodder. [Fr.— L. sirus, pit.] 

silt (silt). I. n. Sediment, as sand, mud, 
etc., left by water. II. vt. and vi. 1. 
Choke with silt. 2. Percolate. [Low 
Ger. sielen, strain.] 

Silurian (si-16'ri-an) , a. Belonging to 
Siluria, the country of the Silures, the 
ancient inhabitants of part of Wales 
and England; applied to the strata 
below the old red sandstone. 

silvan, sylvau (sil'van), a. Pertain- 
ing to woods; woody; inhabiting 
woods. [L. silva, forest.] 

silver ( sil'ver ). I. n. 1. Soft white 
metal, capable of a high polish. 2. 
Money made of silver. 3. Anything 
having the appearance of silver. II. a. 
1. Made of silver. 2. Resembling sil- 
ver. III. vt. 1. Cover with silver. 2. 
Make like silver. — silvering, n. 
Operation of covering with silver.— 
sil'ver smith, n. One who works in 
silver.— sil'very, a. 1. Covered with 
silver. 2. Resembling silver, 3. Sound- 
ing like silver. [A. S. silfer, seolfer.] 

simian (sim'i-an). I. a. Pertaining to 
or resembling an ape or monkey; 
monkey-like. II. n. Ape or monkey. 
[From L. simius, ape.] 

similar ( sim'i-lar ), a. Resembling; 
nearly corresponding; alike in shape. 
— similarly, adv.— similarity, n. 
[L. similis.] 

simile (sim'i-le), n. 1. Similitude. 2. 
Iu rhet. Illustrating comparison. 

similitude (si-mil'i-tud), ft. 1. Resem- 
blance. 2. Comparison; simile. 

simioid, siinious. a. Same as simian. 

simmer (sini'er), vi. Boil very gently. 
[From the sound.] 

simony ( sim'on i ), n. Crime of buy- 
ing or selling ecclesiastical prefer- 
ment; so named from Simon Magus 
who thought to purchase the gift of 
the Holy Spirit with money, Acts viii. 
— simoniac ( si-mo'ni-ak ), n. One 



guilty of simony.— simoniacal (sim« 
o-ni'ak-al), a. 

simoom (si-mom'), simoon (si-mon'k 
ns. Destructive hot wind in Northern 
Africa and Arabia. [ Ar. samum — 
serum, poison.] 

simper (sim'per). I. vi. Smile in a silly 
or affected manner, smirk. II. n. Silly 
or affected smile. 

simple (sim'pl). I. a. 1. Single; un- 
divided; not compounded; element- 
ary; homogeneous. 2. Open; unaf- 
fected ; undesigning; true; clear; 
straightforward. 3. Artless; guile- 
less; unsuspecting; credulous. 4. Not 
cunning; weak in intellect; silly. 5. 
Plain; not adorned; not luxurious. 
II. n. 1. Something not mixed or 
compounded. 2. Medicinal herb. 3. 
Simpleton. — sim'pleness, n. — • 
simplicity, n. — simply, adv. 1. 
In a simple manner. 2. Merely; solely. 
[L. simptus, simplex, onefold.] 
Syn. Mere; sincere; frank; humble. 

simpleton ( sim'pl-tun), n. Weak or 
foolish person. 

simplify (sim'pli-fi) .vt. Make simple or 
less difficult. — simplification, n. 

simulate ( sim'u-lat ), vt. Imitate; 
counterfeit ; pretend.— simulation, 
n. — sim'ulator, n. [L. simulo — 
similis, like.] 

simultaneous (si-mul-ta'ne-us or 
sim-), a. Acting, existing, or happen- 
ing at the same time.— si mult a'- 
neously, adv. [M. L. simultimsimul^ 
at the same time.] 

sin (sin). I. n. 1. Willful violation of 
a divine law; transgression. 2. Wick- 
edness; iniquity. II. vi. [ sin'ni'og; 
sinned.] Violate or neglect the laws 
of morality or religion; do wrong. 
[A. S. synn.] 

sinapism ( sin'a-pizm), n. Mustard 
plaster. [Gr. sihapi, mustard.] 

since (sins). I. adv. 1. From that time 
till now. 2. Past; ago. II. prep. 1. 
After. 2. From the time of. II. conj. 
Seeing that; because; considering. 
[A. S. sith-than, after that.] 

sincere (sin-ser'), a. 1. The same in 
reality as in appearance; unfeigned; 
genuine. 2. Frank; honest; true. — 
sincerely, adv. — sincerity (sin- 
sei'i-ti). n. [L. sincerus.] [fected. 
Syn. Upright; honest; real; unaf- 

sinciput (sin'si-put), n. Forepart of 
the head. [L. — semi, half, and caput, 
head. ] 

sine (sin), n. Straight line drawn from 
one extremity of an arc perpendi- 
cular to the diameter that passes 
through the other extremity. [L. 
sinus, curve.] 



fite, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not. move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



sine 



532 



siren 



sine (sl'ne), prep. Without,— Sine die, 
for an indefinite time. — Sine qua non, 
necessary, indispensable. [L.] 

Sinecure (si'ne-kur), n. Office with 
salary but without work.— si'necur- 
ist, n. One who holds a sinecure. 
[Li. sine, without, and ciira, care.] 

?inew (sin'u). I. n. 1. That which 
joins a muscle to a bone; tendon. 2. 
That which supplies vigor; muscle; 
nerve. II. vt. Bind as by sinews; 
strengthen.— sin'ewy, a. 1. Consist- 
ing of, belonging to, having or resem- 
bling, sinews. 2. Strong; vigorous. 
[A. S. sinu, Ger. sehne.\ 

sinful (sin'fol), a. Full of, or tainted 
with, sin; iniquitous; wicked ; de- 
praved ; criminal ; unholy. — sin'- 
fully, adv.— sin 'fulness, n. 

sing ( sing ). I. #£. and vi. [sing'ing; 
sang or sung; sung.] 1. Utter melo- 
dious sounds; chant. 2. Relate or 
celebrate in verse.— Sing small, adopt 
a humble tone. — sing'er, n. [A. S. 
singan.] 

singe (sin;j). I. vt. [singe'ing; singed.] 
Burn on the surface; scorch. II. n. 
Slight burn. [A. S.—setigan, the cau- 
sative of sing, from the singing noise 
of burning hair.] 

single ( sing'l ). I. a. 1. One only; 
individual, separate. 2. Alone; un- 
married; not combined with others; 
unmixed. 3. Meant for one person 
only. 4. Straightforward; sincere. II. 
vt. 1. Separate; make single. 2. (with 
out) Choose. — sin'gle-handed, a. 
Having only one hand ; unassisted. — 
single-hearted, a. Sincere; with- 
out duplicity.— sin'gle-mind'ed, a. 
Upright , guileless ; unswerving. 
[L. smgulus.] 

singleness ( sing'1-nes ), n. 1. State 
of being single or alone. 2. Freedom 
from deceit. [2. Alone; only. 

singly (sing'li), adv. 1. One by one. 

singsong (sing'sang). I, n. 1. Bad 
singing. 2. Drawling. II. a. Monot- 
onous. 

singular (sing'u-lar). I. a. 1. Alone. 
2. In gram. Denoting one person or 
thing. 3. Standing alone; unique; 
rare; strange; odd. II. n. In gram. 
Singular number.— singularity , n. 
— sin'gularly, adv. [L. singularis] 
Syn. Extraordinary; unusual; un- 
common; peculiar; particular. 

sinister (sin'is-ter), a. 1. Oh the left 
hand. 2. Unfair; dishonest. 3. Inaus- 
picious; evil. [L..] 

sinistral (sin'is-tral), a. 1. Belonging 
or inclining to the left; reversed. 2. 
Having both eyes on the left side.— 
sin'istrally, adv. 



sini^trous (sin'is-trus), a. 1. On the 
left side. 2. Wrong; absurd; perversa. 
— sin'istrously, adv. 

sink (singk). I. vt. tsink'ing; sank or 
sunk; sunken.] 1. Fall to the bottom, 
down or below the surface; descend 
lower. 2. Enter deeply; be impressed. 
3. Be overwhelmed; fail in strength. 
II. vt. 1. Cause to sink; put under 
water; suppress; cause to decline or 
fall; plunge into destruction. 2. Make 
by digging or delving. III. n. 1. Drain 
to carry off dirty water. 2. Low re- 
sort; dive.— sinR'er, n. [A.S. sencan] 

sinless (sin'les),a. Without sin; inno- 
cent ; pure ; perfect. — sin'lessly, 
adv.— sin'lessness, n. 

sinner (sin'er), n. 1. One who sins. 2. 
Unregenerate person. 

sinter (sin'ter), n. Rock precipitated in 
a crystalline form from mineral 
waters. [Ger.— root of cinder.] 

sinuate (sin'u-at). I. a. Sinuous; with 
a waved margin. II. vi. Bend in and 
out— sinua'tion,%. [Li. si?iuo, bend J 

sinuous ( sin'u-us ), sinuose (sin'u- 
os), a. Bending iu and out; winding; 
undulating. — sinuously, adv. — 
sinuosity, n. [L. sinuosus.] 

sinus (si'nus), n. 1. Bend; fold. 2. Bay 
of the sea; recess in the shore. 3. In 
anat. Cavity wider in the interior than 
at the entrance. 4. In med. Cavity 
containing pus. [L. sinus, bending, 
curve.] 

sip (sip). I. vt. [sip'ping; sipped.] Drink 
in small quantities. II. n. 1. Taking 
of a liquor with the lips. 2. Small 
draught taken with the lips. [A. S. 
supan, sip. Cf. Ger. saufen. Root of 

SUP.] 

siphon (si'fun), n. 
1. Bent tube for 
drawing liquids 
from one vessel 
into another. M. 
Tubular organ, as 
in molluscs. 3. Si- 
phon-bottle. [Gr. 
siphon.'] 

sippet ( sip'et ), n. 
Small sop; small 
piece of bread, toasted or fried. 

sir (ser), n. 1. Title of respect used in 
addressing a man. 2. [S] Title of an 
English knight or baronet. [O. Fr. 
sire — Li. senior, elder.] 

sire (sir). I. n. 1. Title of address used 
to a lord or king. 2. Father. 3. Male 
parent of a beast, esp. of a horse. 4. 
pi. Ancestors. II. Beget, used of ani- 
mals. [See sir.] 

siren(si'ren). I. n. 1. Oneof certain fab- 
ulous nymphs who enticed mariners 




Siphon. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; ndte, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 




II 10 
A — Iris 
L, 2, 3, 4 and 9, 10, 11, 12, 
Anterior ciliary arteries. 
5, Ciliary muscle. 6, Iris. 
7, Ciliary artery. 8, Pupil. 



'4 13 12 



B — Pancreas. 1, Lower end of Esopha- 
gus. 2, Upper part of stomach. 3. Left 
(20, Right) suprarenal capsule. 4, Splenic 
vessel. 5, Left (18, Right) gastro-epiploic 
artery. 6, Pancreas. 7, Jejunum. 8, Sup. 
(11, Inf.) mesenteric artery. 9, Left (16, 
Right) Kidney. 10-14, Spermatic vessels. 
12, Aorta. 13, Vena cava inf. 15, Duode- 
num. 17, Sup. mesenteric vein. 19, Pyloric 
orifice. 21, Hepatic artery. 22, Cystic 
duct. 23, Hepatic duct. 24. Portal vein. 
25, Gastric vessels. 



C— Retina. 
1, Arteria centralis ret- 
ina?. 2, Retina. 3, Chor- 
oid. 4, Sclerotic. 5, Up- 
per temporal branch 
arteria centralis retina?. 



(1) D 



(1) Spinal Cord. 1, Ventral 
median (4, Dorso-median; 5, 
Dorso-lateral) fissures. 2, Ven- 
tral (3, Dorsal) roots. 6, Dor- 
sal (8, Lateral ; 9, Ventral) 
horns. 7, Reticular forma- 
tion. 10,"-Dorsal (11, Ventral) 
columns. 12-13, Cauda equi- 
na. 14, Filum terminale. 
(2) Spinal Column. 

1, 7 Cervical vertebrae. 

2, 12 Dorsal. 3, 5 Lumbar. 
4, Sacrum. 5, Coccyx. 






E— Kidney. 1, Renal artery. 2, 
Renal vein. 3, Cavity of Pelvis. 
4, Infundis. 5, Ureter. 6, Calyx. 
7-11, Columns of Bertin. 8-10, 
Medullary pyramids. 9, Cortex. 



F — Sympathetic Nerve. 
1, Pulmonary vein. 2, Carot- 
id artery. 3, Heart. 4, Dia- 
phragm. 5, Stomach. 6, 
Transverse colon. 7, Solar 
plexus. 8, Small intestines. 
9, Bladder. 10, Vena cava 
Inf. 11, Common iliac ar- 
tery. 12, Hypogastric plex- 
us. The sympathetic nerve 
consists of two gangliated 
cords running parallel with 
the spinal cord. 



H — The Heart. 
Pulmonary artery. 2, Aorta. 



Gland. 



3-5, Pulmonary veins. 4. Left auricle. 
5, Left ventricle. 
The heart has two auricles and two 
ventricles, through which the blood 
passes. It enters the right a., is forced 
through to right v., then through pul- 
monary artery to lungs, from thence 
through pulmonary veins through left 
auricle to left ventricle and aorta to 
the system and back to right auricle. 




The Heart. 



ORGANS AND PARTS OF THE HUMAN BODY. 




A — A, Sternum. B, Dorsal ver- 
tebras. 1 to 12, Costce or ribs. 1 to 
7, True or sternal ribs. 8, 9, 10, 11, 
12, False or asternal ribs 11 and 
12, Floating ribs. (In all 24 ribs.) 




D— 1, Frontal. 2, Nasal. 3, Sphenoid. 4, 
Lachrymal. 5, Zygoma. 6, Malar. 7, Sup. 
maxillary. 8, Inf. maxillary. 9, Pterygoid 
process. 10, Styloid process. 11, Ex. audi- 
tory meatus. 12, Occipital. 13, Mastoid 
process. 14, Lambdoid suture. 15, Tempo- 
ral. 16, Squamous suture. 17, Parietal. 18, 
Inf. temporal ridge. 19, Sup. temporal ridge. 
20, Sagittal suture. 21, Coronal suture. 




1, Cranium (see skull) 

2, Clavicle. 

3, Humerus. 

4, Radius. 5, Ulna. 

6, Ribs (which see). 

7, Spinal column. 

8, Pelvis (which see, 

9, Hand (which see). 
10, Femur. 11, Tibia. 

12, Fibula. 

13, Foot (which see). 




13—1, Auricularis ant. 2, Frontalis. 3, Orbi- 
cularis palpebrarum. 4. Pyramidalis nasi. 5, 
Levator labii sup. alaeque nasi. 6, Levator 
labii proprius. 7, Compressor naris. 8, Leva- 
tor anguli oris. 9, Zygomaticus minor. 10, 
Zygomaticus major. 11, Orbicularis oris. 12, 
Masseter. 13, Depressor anguli oris. 14, De- 
pressor labii inf. 15, Risorius. 16, Platysma. 
17, Trapezius. 18, Scalenus posterior. 19, 
Levator scapuli. 20, Sterno mastoid. 21, Sple- 
nius. 22, Auricularis posterior. 23, Occipita- 
lis, 24, Auricularis superior. 



F— 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, first, second, third, fourth 
and fifth metacarpal bones. A, B, C, first, 
second and third phalanx on each finger. 
6, Trapezium: 7, Trapezoid. 8, Os mag- 
num. 9, Unciform. 10, Pisiform. 11. Cu- 
neiform 12, Semi-lunar. 13, Scaphoid. 
14, Radius. 15, Ulna. 





© — I to 5, first, second, third, fourth and 
fifth metatarsal. 6, Inferior cuneiform. 7, 
Middle cuneiform. 8, External cuneiform. 9, 
Cuboid. 10, Navicular. 11, Astragalus. 12, 
Calcaneum. A, B, first and second phalanges. 
C, Distal phalange. * 

I 

1, Ilium. 

2, Ischium. 

3, Os pubis. 

4, Coccyx. 

5, Sacrum. 




BONES OF THE HUMAN BODY AND MUSCLES OF THE HEAD. 

A, Bones of thorax. B, Skeleton. C, Vertebrae. D, Skull. E, Muscles of head and 

face. F, Bones of hand and wrist. G, Bones of the foot. H, Teeth. I, Pelvis. 



Sirii 



635 



sketch 



to destruction by sweet musle. 2. 
Enticing, wicked woman. 3. Amphi- 
bious animal with only one pair of 
feet. 4. Fog-horn. 5. Acoustical in- 
strument. II. a. Pertaining to or 
like a siren; fascinating. [Gr, seiren.] 

Sirius (sir'i-us), n. Dogstar. [Gr. sei- 
rios, scorching.] 

sirloin (ser'loin),n. Loin of beef. [Fr. 
surlonge— sur, above, and longe, loin.] 

sirname (ser'nam), n. Surname. 

sirocco (si-rok'o), n. Hot, oppressive 
wind from the south-east, in S. Italy 
and adjoining parts. [It. Hrocco — 
Ar. shorug.] 

sirrah (sir 'a), n. Sir, used in anger or 
contempt. [Modified form of sir.] 

sirup, syrup (ser'up), n. 1. Solution 
of sugar and water, simple, flavored 
or medicated. 2. Juice of fruit, etc., 
boiled with sugar. [Fr. strop. Ar. 
sharub, sirup. See sherbet.] 

siskin (sis'kin), n. Small finch resem- 
bling the green canary. [Dan. sisgen. 
Sw. siska.] 

sister (sis'ter), n. Female born of the 
same parents. 2. Female closely al- 
lied to or associated with another. — 
sister-in-law, n. Husband or wife's 
sister, or a brother's wife. — sis'ter- 
like, sis'terly, a. Like or becom- 
ing a sister; kind; affectionate. [A. S. 
sweoster.] 

sisterhood (sis'ter-hod), n. 1. State 
of being a sister; duty of a sister. 

2. Society of females. 

sit (sit). I. vi. [sifting; sat.] 1. Rest 
on the haunches. 2. Perch, as birds. 

3. Rest; remain. 4. Brood. 5. Occupy 
a seat, esp. officially; be officially en- 
gaged; hold a session. 6. Blow from 
a certain direction, as the wind. 7. 
Fit. II. vt. 1. Keep the seat upon. 2. 
Seat (one's self).— sit'ter, n.—Sit up, 
rise from a lying to a sitting position. 
[A. S. sittan.] [situs.] 

site (sit), n. Situation; location. [L. 

sith (sith), adv., prep, and conj. Since. 
[See since.] 

sitting (sit'ing), n. 1. State of resting 
on a seat. 2. Seat. 3. Act or time of 
sitting. 4. Official meeting to transact 
business; session. 5. Uninterrupted 
application to anything for a time. 6. 
Brooding on eggs. 

situate ( sit'u-at ), sit'uated, a. 1. 
Permanently fixed. 2. Placed with res- 
pect to other objects; circumstanced. 
3. Residing. [L. situs, site, situation.] 

situation ( sit-u-a'shun ), n. 1. Place 
where anything is situated; position. 
2. Temporary state; condition. 3. 
Office; employment. 



sitz-bath (sits'bath), n. 1. Bar 1 * a* a 
sitting posture. 2. Tub or ocher vessel 
for bathing in a sitting attitude. [Gar. 
sitzen, sit, and Eng. bath.] 

six(siks),a. and ft. Five and one. [A.S.j 

sixfold (siks'fold), a. Folded or multi- 
plied six times, [coin = 12 cents U.S. 

sixpence (siks'pens), n. EDglisb silver 

sixth (siksth). I. a. 1. Last of six. 2. 
Ordinal of six. II. n. 1. Sixth part. 
2. In music. Interval of four tones and 
a semitone, or six intervals. [A. S. 
sixta.] [AS. .rixtig.] 

sixty (siks'ti), a. and n. Six times ten. 

size ( siz ). I. n. Extent of volume or 
surface ; bulk ; magnitude. II. vi. 
Arrange according to size. — Size up, 
estimate; judge. [Contr. of assize.] 

size (siz). I. n. Kind of weak glue, used 
as varnish; sizing; gluey substance. 
II. vt. Cover with size. [It. sisa.] 

sizy (si'zi), a. Size -like.- glutinous; 
viscous. — si ziness, n. 

sizz (siz), vi. Hiss; sizzle. 

sizzle (siz'l). I. vi. Make a hissing 
sound from heat. II. n. Hissing or 
sputtering sound. 

skate (skat). I. n. Frame with a steel 
runner under it for gliding on ice. II. 
vi. Glide on skates. — skater, n.— 
ska'ting, n. [Dut. schaats.\ 

skate (skat), n. Large flat fish belong- 
ing to the Ray family, with spikes or 
thorns onthe back. [Icel. skata. skate.] 

skean (sken), n. Dagger. [Gail, sgian, 

skee. Same as ski. [kuife.] 

skedaddle (ske-dad'l), vi. Run away, 
as if in panic. (Volloq., U. S.) 

skein (skan), n. Knot or number of 
knots of thread or yarn. [O. Fr. es- 
caigne.] 

skeleton (skel'e-tun), n. 1. Bones of 
an animal separated from the flesh 
and preserved in their natural posi- 
tion. 2. Framework or outline of 

, anything. — skeleton-key, n. Key 

■ for picking locks, without the inner 
bits. [Gr. skeletos, dried.] 

skeptic (skep'tik), n. 1. One who is in 
doubt. 2. One who doubts the exist- 
ence of God or the truths of revela- 
tion; infidel; unbeliever.— skep'iic^ 
skep'tical, a.— skeptically, adv. 
[L. skeptomai, look about, consider.] 

skepticism(skep'ti-sizm),7?,. 1. Doubt. 
2. Doctrine that no facts con be cer- 
tainly known. 3. Doubt of the exist- 
ence of God or the truth of revelation. 

sketch (skech). I. n. First draft; out- 
line. II. vt. Make a rough draft of, 
draw the outline of; give the princi- 
pal points of. [Dut. schets — It. schizzo 
— L. schedius, hastily done.] [pian. 
Syn. Delineation; draught; design; 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, hev; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf? 
mute, hut, burnt oil, owl, tAen. 



sketchy 



o36 



Sky-rocket 



sketchy (skech'i), a. Containing a 
sketch or outline; incomplete.— 
sketch'ily, adv. — sketch'iness n. 

»kew (sku).I. a. Oblique; not at right 
angles. II. adv. Awry; obliquely. 
[Allied to shun.] 

skewer (sku'er). I. n. Pin of wood or 
iron for keeping meat in form while 
roasting. II. vt. Fasten with skewers. 
[Sw. skiff er, splint of wood.] 

ski (ske), n. Wooden runner, about 
eight feet long, used as a substitute 
for a snowshoe and skate. [Dan. 
Allied to skid.] [ture; radiograph. 

skiagraph (ski'a-graf), n. X-ray pic- 
skid (skid). I. n. 1. Piece of timber 
hung against a ship's side to protect 
it from injury. 2. Sliding wedge or 
drag to check the wheel of a wagon 
on a steep place. 3. Slab put below a 
1 gun to keep it off the ground. II. vt. 
[skidd'ing; skidd'ed.] Check; protect, 
or support with a skid. III. vi. Slide 
without turning. [A. S. scid, piece 
split off.] [Doublet of ship.] 

skiff (skif), n. Small light row boat. 

skill ( skil ), n. Practical knowledge; 
dexterity in practice. [Icel. skil, dis- 
cernment; skilja, separate.] [art. 
Syn. Dexterity; adroitness: ability; 

skilled (skild), a. Skillful; expert. 

skillet (skil'et), n. Small metal vessel 
with a long handle, used for boiling 
water, stewing meat, etc. [O. Pr. 
escuellette—Li. scutella, dish.] 

skillful (skil'fol). a. Having or display- 
ing skill; dexterous. — skill'fully, 
adv.— skill'fulness, n. 

skim (skim), vt. and vi. [skim'ming; 
skimmed.] 1. Clear off scum. 2. Take 
off by skimming. 3. Lightly brush the 
surf ace of ; glide along near a surface. 
— skim'mer, n. Utensil for skim- 
ming milk. — skim-milk, n. Milk 
from whicb the cream has been taken. 
[Doublet of scum.] 

skimp(skimp). l.vt. Supply meagerly. 
II. a. Scanty; hardly sufficient. 

skin (skin). Ifn. 1. Membranous outer 
covering of an animal body. 2. Hide 
or pelt. 3. Bark or rind of plants, hull 
of fruits, etc. II. vt. [skinning; skin- 
ned.] 1. Cover with skin; cover the 
surface of. 2. Strip the skin from; 
peel. 3. Cheat; strip. III. vi. Be cov- 
ered with a skin.— skin'ner,^. [A.S. 
scinn. Cf. Ger. schinn, dandruff.] 

skin-deep (skin'-dep), a. As deep as 
the skin only; superficial. 

skinflint ( skin'flint ), n. Very nig- 
gardly person. 

skinny ( skin'i ), a. Consisting mostly 
of skin, or of skin only; wanting flesh. 
— skiu'niness, n. 



skip (skip). I. vi. [skip'ping; skipped.] 

1. Leap; bound lightly and joyfully 

2. Pass over. II. vt. 1. Leap over. 2. 
Omit. III. n. 1. Light or short leap; 
bound. 2. Omission of a part. — 
skip'per, n. 1. One who or that 
which skips; dancer; butterfly of 
jerky flight; cheese-maggot; locust; 
click-beetle, etc. [Etyniol. doubtful.] 

skipjack (skip' jak), n. 1. Shallow; 
impertinent fellow. 2. Toy made of 
a wishbone. 3". Leaping fish. 4. Click- 
beetle. 5. Plat boat used on Florida 
coasts, [chant-ship. [Dut. schipper .} 

skipper(skip'er), n. Master of a mer- 

skirmish (sker'mish). I. n. Irregular 
fight between two small parties; con- 
test. II. vi. Fight in small parties or 
lightly.— skirmisher, n. [Fr. escar- 
mouche— It. schermire, fence, fight.] 

skirt (skert). I. n. 1. Part of a gar- 
ment below the waist. 2. Petticoat. 

3. Edge; border; margin. II. vt. 1. 
Cover with a skirt. 2. Border; form 
the edge of; move along the edge of. 
[A doublet of shirt.] 

skit (skit), vi. Leap aside; caper. 
skittish (skit'ish), a. 1. Unsteady; 

lightheaded. 2. Easily frightened. — 

skit'tishly, adv. — skit'tishness, 

n. [From skit.] 
skittles (skit'lz), n. pi. Game in which 

wooden pins are knocked down with 

a wooden ball; ninepins; tenpins. 

[From root of skittish.] 
skulk (skulk), vi. 1. Sneak out of the 

way. 2. Lurk.— skulk'er, n. [Dan. 

skulke, sneak.] 
skull (skul), n. Bony 

case that encloses 

the brain; cranium; 

bones in the head. 

[Dan. skal, shell.] 
skullcap (skul'kap) , 

n. Cap which fits 

the head closely. 
skunk (skungk), n. 

Small N. American 

carnivorous qua- 
druped allied to the weasel, which 

defends itself by emitting a most 

offensive fluid. [Am. Indian seganku.} 
sky (ski), n. 1. Apparent canopy over 

our beads; firmament; heavens. 2. 

Weather. [Icel. sky, cloud.] 
skylark (ski'lark), n. Species of lark 

that mounts high and sings on the 

wing.— sky'larking, n. 1. Running 

about the rigging of a ship in sport. 

2. Frolicking. 
skylight (ski'lit), n. Window in a 

roof, ceiling or ship's deck. 
sky-rocket (ski'-rok-et), n. Rocket 

that ascends high and burns as it flies. 




Human skull. 



late, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



skysail 



537 



slave 



skysail (ski'sal), n. Sail above the 
royal. 

sky-scraper (ski'-skra-per), n. 1. 
Skysail of a triangular shape. 2. Very 
high building. [sky. 

skyward (ski'ward), adv. Toward ihe 

slab (slab), n. 1. Thin piece of stone, 
having plane surfaces. 2. Outer piece 
sawed from a log. [Dan. sleip, slip- 
pery.] 

slabber (slab'er). I. vi. Slaver; drivel; 
drool. II. vt. Eat hastily; soil with 
saliva. III. n. Saliva. — slab'berer, 
n. [From the sound, as of a dog lap- 
ping water.] 

slack (slak). I. a. 1. Lax or loose; not 
firmly extended or drawn out. 2. Not 
holding fast; weak; not eager or dili- 
gent; inattentive. 3. Not violent or 
rapid; slow. II. n. 1. Part of rope etc., 
hanging loose. 2. Slack period.— 
slack ly, adv.— slackness, n. [A. 
S. sleac] 

slack (slak), slacken (slak'n). I. vi. 

I. Become loose or less tight. 2. Be 
remiss. 3. Abate; become slower; fail 
or flag. II. vt. 1. Make less tight; 
loosen; relax. 2. Remit. 3. Abate. 4. 
Withhold; use less liberally; check. 
5. Slake, as lime. 

slack (slak), n. Coal-dust; screenings. 

slag- (slag), n. 1. Vitrified cinders from 
smelting works, etc. ; dross. 2. Scorias 
of a volcano. [Low Ger. slagge.] 

slain (slan),pa. p. of slay. 

slake (slak). I. vt. 1. Quench. 2. Disin- 
tegrateby rinsing with water; slack. 

II. vi. Become disintegrated or ex- 
tinct. [Form of slack.] 

slam (slam). I. vt. and vi. [slam'ming; 
slammed.] Shut with violence and 
noise. II. n. 1. Act of slamming. 2. 
Sound made by slamming. [From 
the sound.] 

slander (slan'der). I. n. False and 
malicious report; defamation; cal- 
umny. II. vt. Calumniate. — slan- 
derer n.— slan'derons, a. 1. Given 
to or containing slander. 2. Calum- 
nious.— slan' deronsly, adv. [Fr. 
esclandre, disgrace.] 

Syn. Malign; vilify; asperse; de- 
fame; disparage; traduce; libel. 

slang (slang), n. Low or inelegant, 
unauthorized language. [Etymology 
doubtful.] 

slant (slant). I. a. Sloping; oblique; 
inclined from a direct line. II. n. 
Slope. III. vt. Turn in a sloping 
direction. IV. vi. Slope. [Sw. slinta, 
slide.] 

slantly (slant'li), slantwise (slanf- 
wiz), adv. In a sloping, oblique, or 
inclined manner. 




slap (slap). I. n. Blow with the open 

hand or anything flat. II. vt. [slapp'- 

ing; slapped.] Give a slap to. III. 

adv. With a slap; suddenly ; violently. 

[From the sound.] 
slapdash (slap'dash), adv. 1. In a 

bold, careless way. 2. With a slap; 

all at once. [cake. 

slapjack (slap'jak), n. Kind of pan- 
slash (slash). I. vt and vi. 1. Cut by 

striking with violence and at random. 

2. Make long cuts. II. n. 1. Long cut; 
| cut at random. 2. Cut in cloth to 
1 show colors through the opening. 

[From root of slice.] 
slat (slat), n. Thin, narrow strip, as 

of wood. [O. Fr. esclat, splinter.^ 
slate (slat). I. n 

Well - known 

stone which 

splits into 

thin plates. 

2. Piece of 
slate for roof- 
ing or for 
writing on. 

3. List of po- 
litical candi- 
dates, as of a 
party, (U. S.) 
II. vt. 1. Cov- 
er with slate. 

2. Nominate 
as a candidate. (TJ. S.) — sla'ter, n. 
[O. Fr. esclat, — O. Ger. sMeizan, Ger. 
schleiszen, split.] 

slate-pencil (slat'-pen-sil), n. Pencil 
of soft slate, or for writing on slate. 

slating (sla'ting), n. 1. Act of cover- 
ing with slates. 2. Covering of slates. 

3. Materials for slating, 
slattern (slat'ern), n. Woman negli- 
gent of her dress; untidy woman.— 
slatternly , a. and adv. 

slaty (sla'ti), a. Resembling slate; 
having the nature or properties of 
slate. 

slaughter ( sla'ter ). I. n. Slaying: 
killing ; great destruction of life ; 
butchery; havoc. II. vt. 1. Slay; kill 
for the market. 2. Destroy in large 
numbers ; massacre. — slaughter- 
er, n. [A. S. sleaht, slaughter; battle.] 
Syn. Massacre; murder; carnage. 

slaughterhouse (sla'ter-hows), n. 
House where beasts are slaughtered 
or killed for the market. 

Slav, Slave (slav), n. Name of the 
peoples inhabiting East Europe. — 
Slav'ic,a. [Polish, slowo, speaking.] 

slave (slav). I. n. 1. Captive in servi- 
tude; one in bondage; serf. 2. One 
who labors like a slave; drudge. 3. 
One wholly under the will of another. 



Slate under the micro- 
scope. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, faro, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then, 



slaver 



538 



slight 



II. vi. Work like a slave; drudge. 
[Orig. Slav made captive by the Teu- 
tons. [Fr. esclave— Ger. sclave — slav.] 
Syn. Bondman ; vassal ; thrall. 

slaver (sla'ver), n. Ship employed in 
the slave-trade. 

slaver (slav'er). I. n. Saliva running 
from the mouth. II. vi. Let the saliva 
run out from the mouth. III. vt. Wet 
with saliva. — slav'erer, n, [Form 

Of SLABBER.] 

slavery (sla' ver-i), n. 1. State of being a 

slave. 2. Institution of holding slaves. 

Slavic ( slav'ik), a. and n. Same as 

SLAVONIC. _ 

slavish (sla'vish), a. Of or belonging 
to slaves; servile; laborious.— sla'- 
vishly, adv.— sla'vishness, n. 

Slavonic ( sla-von'ik ), Sclavonic 

(skla-von'ik ), Slavonian (sla-vo'ni- 
an) , Sclavonian (skla-vo'ni-an). 

1. a. Of or belonging to the Slavs,' or 
their language. II. n. Slav, or Slav 
language. 

slaw (sla), n. Sliced cabbage, used as 

a salad.^" [Dut. ste-Fr. salade.] 
slay (sla), vt. [slay'ing; slew; slain.] 

Kill; put to death.— slay'er, n. [A.S. 

slean, strike.] 
Syn. Murder: slaughter; butcher. 
sleazy ( sle'zi), a. Wanting firmness 

of texture; thin; flimsy. [Ger. schleis- 

sig, threadbare.] 
sledfsled), sledge (slej), ns. Carriage 

made for sliding upon snow; sleigh. 

[Low Ger. sleden—A. S. slidan, slide.] 
sledge (slej), n. Large heavy hammer 

used chiefly by blacksmiths. [A. S. 

slecge— slean, strike.] 
sleek (slek). I. a. 1. Smooth; glossy. 

2. Soft; not rough. II. adv. Neatly. 

— sleeh'ly, adv. — sleek'ness, n. 
[Icel. slikr, smeoth.] 

sleep (slep)-. I. vi. [sleeping; slept.] 
1. Slumber. 2. Rest; be motionless or 
inactive. 3. Remain unnoticed. 4. 
Live thoughtlessly. 5. Be dead; rest 
in the grave. II. n. State of one who 
or that which sleeps; slumber; rest; 
death. — sleeper, n. 1. One who 
sleeps. 2. Sleeping car.— sleep'less, 
a. Without sleep; unable to sleep.— 

— sleep'lessly , adv. — sleep'less- 
. ness, n. [A.S. slaepan— root, slap, lax..] 

Syn. Repose; nap; doze; drowse. 

sleeper (sle'per), n. Horizontal timber 
supporting a weight, rails, etc. [Norw. 
sleip, slippery, smooth.] 

sleep-walker (slep'wak-er), n. One 
who walks while asleep; somnambu- 
list. — sleep-walking, n. 

sleepy (sle'pi), a. Inclined to sleep; 
drowsy; dull. — sleepily , adv. — 
sleepiness, n. 



sleet ( slet). I. n. Rain mingled with 
snow or hail. II. vi. Hail or snow with 
rain mingled.— sleet'y, a. [Low Ger. 
slote, grain of hail. Ger. schlosze.] 

sleeve ( slev ). I. n. 1. Part of a gar- 
ment which covers the arm. 2. Tube 
that fits over another tube. II. vt. 
Furnish with sleeves. [A. S. slefe— 
slupan, slip.] 

sleigh (sla), n. Same as sled. 

sleight (slit), n. 1. Cunning; dexter- 
ity. 2. Artful trick. — sleight-of- 
hand, n. Legerdemain. [Icel. sloegth, 
cunning.] 

slender (slen'der), a. 1. Thin; narrow; 
slim. 2.Feeble inconsiderable; slight; 
spare; frugal. — slen'derly, adv. — 
slen'derness, n. [O. Dut. slinder.] 

slept (slept), pa. t. and pa. p. of sleep. 

sleuth-hound (sloth'hownd), n. Dog 
that tracks game by the scent; blood- 
hound. 2. Detective. [Icel. sloth, trail, 
scent.] . [slough. 

slew (slo), n. Narrow, shallow creek; 

slew (slo), pa. t. of slat. 

slice (slis). I. ttf.Cut into thin pieces. 
II. n. 1. Thin broad piece. 2. Broad, 
thin knife; slicer. [O. Fr. esclisse — 
O. Ger. sleizan, split. See slit] 

slicer ( sli'ser ), n. One who or that 
which slices; broad, flat knife. 

slick. Same as sleek. 

slid (slid), pa. t. and pa. p. of slide. 

slidden (slid'n), pa. p. of slide. 

slide ( slid ). I. vt. and vi. [sli'ding; 
slid ; slid or slidd'en.] Slip; glide; pass 
along smoothly II. n. 1. Smooth 
movement. 2. Fall of a mass of earth 
or rock. 3. Smooth declivity. 4. Slider. 
5. In music. Two notes sliding into 
each other.— slider, n. [A. S. slidan, 
slide.] 

slide - valve 
(slid'valv), n. 
Flat faced 
valve alter- 
nately open- 
ing and clos- 
ing the ports 
in front of 
and behind 




Slide-valve. 



the piston-head, in a steamchest. 

sliding-scale (sli'ding-skal), n. Scale 
of duties or wages varying according 
to the value or market prices. 

slight ( slit). I. a. 1. Weak; slender. 
2. Of little value; trifling; small. 3. 
Not decided. II. vt. 1. Disregard as 
of little value. 2. Treat with disre- 
spect or intentional neglect. III. n. 
Neglect; disregard ; disrespect; indig- 
ity. — slight'ingly, adv. [Low Ger. 
sligt. Ger. schiicht, plain, smooth.] 



fate, fftt, task; far, IftH, fare, atovej m6, met, hSrj mite, mitj upte, HOt, OM»ve, wolf ; 
mute, but, bSrui oil, owl, ttteo. 



slily 



539 



slow 



slily (sli'li), adv. See sly 

slim (slim), a. [slim'mer: slim'mest ] 
Weak; slender; slight. [Ln\v Ger. slim. 
Ger. schlimm, crooked; wrong; sore.] 

slime (slimj, n. Glutinous mud; vis- 
cous substance.— sli'my, a.— sli'mi- 
uess, n. [A. S. slim. Ger. schleim.] 

sling- (sling). I. n. 1. Instrument 
consisting of a strap and two cords, 
for throwing stones by whirling it. 
2. Throw. 3. Hanging bandage for a 
wounded limb. 4. Rope with hooks, 
used in hoisting and lowering weights. 
II. vt. [sling'inc; slung.] 1. Throw 
with a sling; hurl; cast. 2. Hang so 
as to swing. 3. Move or swing by 
means of a rope. — sling'er, n. [A. S. 
slingan, turn.] 

slink (slingk), vi. [slinking; slunk.] 
Crawl away; sneak. [A. S. slincan.] 

slip (slip). I. vi. [slip'ping; slipped.] 

I. Slide; glide along. 2. Move out of 
place. 3. Escape. 4. Err; make a 
mistake. 5. Slink; move furtively. II. 
vt. 1. Cause to slide. 2. Convey 
secretly. 3. Omit. 4. Throw off. 5. 
Let loose. 6. Escape from. 7. Part 
from the branch or stem. III. n. 1. 
Act of slipping. 2. That on or from 
which anything may slip. 3. Error; 
blunder. 4. Escape. 5. Twig. 6. Strip. 
7. Leash. 8. Space for a vessel, between 
two wharves. [A. S. slipan.] 

slip-knot (slip'-not), n. Knot which 

slips along the rope or line around 

Avhich it is made. 
slipper (slip'er), n. Loose shoe easily 

slipped on.— slippered (slip'erd), a. 

Wearing slippers, 
slippery (slip'er-i), a. 1. Smooth; not 

affording firm footing or hold. 2. Apt 

to slip away. 3. Unstable; uncertain ; 

untrustworthy; dishonest. — slip'- 

periness, n. 
slipshod (slip'shod), a. Wearing 

shoes down at the heel; slovenly ; slat- 

ternlv. 
slit (slit). I. vt. [slit'ting;.slit.] 1. Cut 

lengthwise; split. 2. Cut into strips. 

II. n. Long narrow opening. [A. S. 
slitan.] 

sliver (sliv'er). I. n. 1. Long, narrow. 

irregular strip torn off. 2. Strand of 

cotton, etc. II. vt. and vi. Cut or tear 

in long, narrow pieces. 
slobber. Same as slabber. 
sloe (slo), n. Small sour wild plum. 

the fruit of the blackthorn. [A. S.sla.] 
slogan (slo'gan), n. War-cry among 

the ancient Highlanders of Scotland. 

[Gael, sluagh-ghairm, army-cry.] 
sloop (slop), n. Broad, one-masted 

fore-and-aft-rigged vessel. [Dut. sleep.] 



slop (slop). I. n. 1. Water carelessly 
spilled; puddle. 2. Mean liquor or 
liquid food. 3. pi. Dirty water. II. vt. 
[slop'ping; slopped.] Soil by letting 
a liquid fall upon. [Imitative of the 
sound.] 

slope (slop). I. n. 1. Incline dowy 
which a thing may slip. 2. Direction 
downward. II. vt. Form with a slope, 
or obliquely. III. vi. Be inclined. IV. 
a. Sloping; slanting. [A. S slupan, 
slip.] [slop'piness, n. 

sloppy ( slop'i ), a. Wet; muddy.— 

slops (slops). n. pi. Ready-made clo- 
thing, etc. [From slip.] [slush.] 

slosh (slosh), vi. Flounder. [ Var. of 

slot (slot), n. 1. Broad, flat, wooden 
bar; slat. 2. Long, narrow opening; 
slit. — Slot machine. Automatic vend- 
ing or gambling device, operated by 
dropping a coin in a slot. [Low Ger. 
slot, lock.] [sloth. See sleuth.] 

slot (slot),_w. Track of a deer. [Icel. 

sloth (sloth 
or sloth), n. 

1. Laziness; 
sluggishness. 

2. Slow-mov- 
ing So. Amer- 
ican quadru- 
ped which 
lives on 
trees. [A. S. 
sl&wth— slaw, 
slow.] 

slothfnl (sloth'fol or sloth'-), a. Given 
to sloth; inactive; lazy. — sloth - 
fully, adv.— sloth'fnllness, n. 

slouch (slowch). I. n. 1. Hanging 
clown loosely; drooping attitude. 2. 
Clownish, ungainly gait. 3. Clown; 
useless fellow. II. vi. 1. Hang down. 
2. Have a clownish look or gait. III. 
vt. Depress.— slouch'y, a. Inclined 
to slouch; careless; awkward. 

slough (slow), n. Deep mud; bog. 

slough (sluf). I. n. 1. Cast-off skin of 
a serpent. 2. Dead part which separ- 
ates from a sore. II. vi. 1. Come away 
as a slough. 2. Be in the state of 
sloughing. [O.Ger. sluch, Ger. schlauch, 
cast-off skin of the serpent.] [miry. 

sloug-hy (slow'i). a. Full of sloughs; 

sloughy (sluf'i), a. Of the nature of 
or like slough. 

sloven (sluv'n), n. Person habitually 
careless of dress. — slov'enly. a.— 
slov'enliness, n. [Low Ger. sluf — 
A. S. slupan. slip. Ger. schlumpe.] 

slow (slo), a. 1. Not swift. 2. Late; 

behind in time. 3. Notreadv. 4. Not 

progressive. 5. Dull.— slow'ly, adv. 

— slowness, n. [A. S. slaw, slow.] 

Syn. Sluggish; inactive; dilatory. 




£»te, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, 7Qlf; 
mute, but, burn; oil, owl, then. 



Slow-worm 



540 



smell 



slow-worm (slo'-wurm), n. Species 
of lizard without feet; blind-worm. 

sloyd, sloid (sloid), n. Swedish sys- 
tem of elemeutary manual training. 
[S\v. slojd, skill.] 

sludge (sluj), n. slush. 

slue (slo), vt. and vi. Turn about an 
axis. [Etymology doubtful.] 

slue (slo), n. Heap; lot; slew. (Slang.) 

slug- (slug), n. 1. Heavy, lazy fellow. 
2. Snail without a shell; fat larva. 
[Prom root of slack.] 

slug (slug). I. 7i. Heavy, roundish piece 
of metal for firing from a gun. II. vi. 
Strike heavily, as with a slug. 

sluggard (slug'ard), n. One habitually 
idle or inactive. 

sluggish (slug'ish), a. 1. Habitually 

lazy; slothful; having little motion. 2. 

Having little or no power-. — slug- 

gisb ly , adv.— sluggishness, n. 

Syn. Inert; indolent; idle; slow. 

sluice ( slos ), n. 1. Sliding gate for 
regulating the flow of water. 2. Stream 
which flows through it. 3. That 
through which anything flows ;source 
of supply. [Dut. sluis — O. Fr. escluse 
— L. excludo, exclude.] 

slum (slum). I. n. Low street or neigh- 
borhood. II. vi. Visit the slums of a 
city. [Etymology doubtful.] 

slumber (slum'ber). I. vi. 1. Sleep 
lightly; sleep. 2. Be in the state of 
negligence or inactivity. II. n. Light 
sleep; repose. — slum'berer, n. — 
slum'berous, a. Inviting or causing 
slumber; sleepy. [A. S. slumerian.~] 

slump (slump). I. vi. Fall or sink sud- 
denly, as into water or mud. II. n. 1. 
Noise of such fall. 2. Sudden fall, 
as of prices. [From the sound.] 

slung, pa. t. and pa. p. of sling. 

slungshot ( slung'shot ), n. Weapon 
consisting of a ball and a short strap. 
slunk, pa. t. and pa. p. of slink. 
slur (slur). I. vt. [slur'ring; slurred.] 
l.Soil; contaminate. 2. Disparage; as- 
perse. 3. Pass over lightly; pronounce 
indistinctly. 4. Conceal. 5. Sing or 
play in a gliding manner. II. n. 1. 
Stain; slight reproach; disparage- 
ment. 2. In mus. Mark (\^s or / — \) 
showing that notes are to be sung 
to the same syllable. [Low Ger. slur- 
en, drag.] 
slush (slush). I. n. 1. Liquid mud; 
melting snow. 2. Lubricating grease. 
3. Mixture of lime and white lead for 
painting the bright parts of machin- 
ery. II. vt. 1, Apply slush to. 2. Wash 
roughly. 3. Fill up the joints between 
stones and bricks.— slush'y, a. 
slut (slut), n. Female dog. [Dan. slutte.] 



sly (sli), a. Dexterous in doing without 
being observed ;cunning ; wily ; secret ; 
done with artful dexterity.— sly'ly 
or sli'ly, adv. — sly'ness, n. [Icel. 
slaegr. Ger. schlau.] 
smack (smak). I. n. 1. Taste; flavor; 
pleasing taste. 2. Small quantity. 3. 
Loud kiss; any similar sound. 4. 
Slap; smart blow. II. vi. 1. Make a 
noise with the lips, as after tasting. 2. 
Have a taste or quality. [A. S. smaec. 
From the sound made by the lips.] 
smack (smak), n. Small vessel used 
chiefly in the coasting and fishing 
trade. [Dut. smak.] 
small (smal). I. a. 1. Little in quan- 
tity or degree; minute. 2. Unimport- 
ant; of little worth or ability. 3. 
Gentle ; fine ; weak. 4. Narrow- 
minded ; mean ; selfish. 5. Marked 
by a small figure, as the hours after 
midnight. 6. Light; trifling, as talk. 
II. n. Small or narrow part.— small'- 
ness, n. [A. S. smoel. Ger. sch?nal.] 
small-arms, n. pi. Portable fire- 
arms, as rifles, pistol, etc. 
smallpox (smal'poks), n. Contagious, 
feverish disease, characterized by 
eruptions on the skin. [Mistaken form 
of POCK.] 
smalt (smalt), n. Glass melted, tinged 
blue by cobalt, and pulverized when 
cold. [ Low L. smaltum — O. Ger. 
smalzjan, melt.] 
smart (smart). I. n. Quick, stinging 
pain in body or mind. II. vi. Feel a 
smart; suffer. III. a. Causing a 
smart ; pricking ; severe ; sharp ; 
acute ; vigorous ; clever ; witty. — 
smartly, adv. — smart'ness, n. 
[Dut. smerte. Ger. schmerz, pain.] 
Syn. Poignant; quick; brisk; dashy. 
smash (smash). I. vt. Break in pieces 
violently; crush. II. n. Destruction; 
collapse. — smash-up, n. Railroad 
collision.— smash'er, n. [Imitative 
of the sound.] 
smatter (smat'er), vi. 1. Talk super- 
ficially. 2. Have a superficial knowl- 
edge. — smat'terer, n. — smat'ter- 
ing, n. Superficial knowledge. [Ci\ 
Ger. schmettern, rattle; blow.] 
smear (smer). I. vt. Overspread witli 
anything sticky or oily; daub. II. n. 
Stain; blot. [A. S. smerian.] 
smell (smel). I. vi. [smelling; smelled 
or smelt. ] 1. Affect the olfactory 
nerves; have odor. 2. Use the sense 
of smell. II. vt. Perceive by the nose. 
III. n. 1. Quality of bodies which 
affect the nose; odor; scent; perfume 
2. Sense which perceives this quality 
[Cf. Low Ger. smellen, smoke.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit-, note, not, move, wolf; 
mQte, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



smelling-bottle 



541 



siiuiKh 



smelling-bottle (smel'ing-bot'l), n. 
Bottle containing a smelling sub- 
stance for stimulating tho nose and 
reviving the spirits. 

smelt (smelt), n. 
Small food fish. 
[A. S.] 

smelt (smelt), vt. 
Melt ore in order 
to separate the 
metal.— smelt- 
er, n. -smelt- 
ery, n. Place for 
smelting. [Dut. 
smelt en. Ger. 
schmelzen.] 

smew (smu), n. 
Species of duck 
or diver; whiie- 
nun ; vare-wid- 
g e o n ; s m e e. 
[Etymology un- 
known.] 

sinilax(smi'laks), 
w.Delicate climb- 
ing plant with 
evergreen leaves 




Smelting-Furnace. 
1. Crucible; hearth. 2. 
Masonry. 3. Opening 
for charging. 4. 



and greenish Boshes. 5. Throat. (5 
flowers. [G-r.] Fire brick lining. 7 

Smile (Smil). I.Vl. Blast tube; twyer. 

1. Express pleas- 
ure by the countenance. 2. Express 
slight contempt. 3. Be favorable. II. 
n. 1. Act of smiling. 2. Expression 
of the features in smiling. 3. Favor. 
[Dan. smile. Sw. smila.] 

smirch (smerch), vt. Besmear, dirty. 

[From M. E. smeren, smear.] 
smirk (smerk). I.vi.. Smile affectedly; 

look affectedly soft. II. n. Affected 

smile. [A. S. smercian.] 
smite (srnit), vt. [smi'ting; smote; 

smit'ten.] 1. Strike with the fist, hand, 

or weapon; kill; overthrow. 2. Affect 

with feeling; afflict. — smi'ter, n. 

[A. S. smitan. Ger. schmeiszen.] 
smith (smith;, n. 1. One who forges 

with the hammer: worker in metals. 

2. One who makes anythiog. [A. S. 
See smite.] 

smithereens (smi^-er-enz')- smith- 
ers (smi^'erz), n. pi. Small pieces; 
bits. (Collog) 

Sinithery (smith'er-i), n. 1. Workshop 
of a smith. 2. Work done by a smith. 

smithy ( smith! ), n. Workshop of a 
smith. 

smitten (smit'n), pa. p. of smite. 

smock ( sniok ), n. Woman's shift; 
chemise. [A. S. smoc—smeogan. snug- 
gle, fit close.] 

smock-frock (smok'frok), n. Loose 
shirt-like garment of coarse linen 
worn over the other clothes. 



smoke ( smok ). I. n. Visible vapor 
from a burning body. II. vi. 1. Emit 
smoke. 2. Draw in and puff out the 
smoke of tobacco. III. vt. 1. Apply 
smoke to; dry. scent, or cure, etc., by 
smoke. 2. Inhale the smoke of ; use in 
smoking. 3. Try to expel by smoking. 
— smokejack (sm6k';jak),7i. Device 
for turning a roasting-spit by means 
of a wheel moved by the upward cur- 
rent in the smokestack. [A.S. smoca.] 

smoker (smo*ker), n. One who smokes 
tobacco. 2. One wh o dries by smoking. 
3. Smoking chimney. 4. Smoking car. 

smoke-stack (smok'stak), n. Chim- 
ney; pipe carrying off smoke. 

smoky (smo'ki ), a. 1. Giving out 
smoke. 2. Like smoke. 3. Filled with 
smoke. 4. Tarnished with smoke. — 
smo'kily, adv. — smo'kiness, n, 

smolder. Same as smoulder. 

smooth ( smbtk ). I. a. 1. Having an 
even surface; not rough; evenly 
spread; glossy. 2. Gently flowing; 
easy; regular ;unobstructed. 3. Bland; 
mild. II. vt. Make smooth. III. n. 
Smooth part. — smoothly, adv. — 
smooth'ness, n. fA.S. smoethe. Low 
Ger. smoedig. Ger. geschmeidig, pliable.] 
Syn. Polished; sleek; voluble. 

smote (smot), pa. t. of smite. 

smother (smu^A'er). I. vt. 1. Suffocate 
by excluding the air. 2. Conceal. 3. 
Stew in a closed dish, mostly with 
onions. II. vi. 1. Be suffocated or 
suppressed. 2. Smoulder. III. n. Suf- 
focating, dense smoke; thick floating 
dust. [A. S. smorian.] 

smoulder (smol'der), vi. Burn slowly 
or without vent. [Low Ger. smoelen!] 

smudge ( srnuj ). I. n. 1. Suffocating 
smoke. 2. Smoldering fire to drive off 
mosquitos. 3. Smutch; stain. II. vt. 

1. Suffocate with a smoldering fire. 

2. Stain; smear. [From smutch.] 
smug (smug), a. 1. Neat; prim; spruce. 

2. Affectedly smart. [Low Ger. smuck. 
Ger. schmuck.] 

smnggle ( smug'l ). vi. 1. Import or 
export with out paying thelegal duty. 
2. Convey secretly.— smng'gler, n. 
1. One who smuggles. 2. Vessel used 
in smuggling.— smuggling, n. 
[Low Ger. smuggeln.] 

smut (smut). I. n. 1. Spot of dirt, soot, 
etc.; foul matter, as soot. 2. Disease 
of corn by which the ear becomes a 
soot-like powder. 3. Obscene lan- 
guage. II. vt. [smut'ting; smut'ted.] 
Soil with smut; blacken. III. vi. 1. 
Gather smut. 2. Be turned into smut. 
[Low Ger. smuts. ] 

smutch (smuch). I. n. Dirty mark. II. 
( vt. Blacken, as with soot. [From smut.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute- hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



smutty 



542 



snow-bliudness 



smutty (smut'i),a. Stained with smut. 
— smuttily, adv.— smut'tiness, n. 

snack (snak), n. 1. Share. 2. Slight, 
hasty meal. [A form of snatch.] 

snafile (snaf'l), n. Bridle which crosses 
the nose and has a slender mouth-bit 
without branches. [Dut. snavel, nose 
of a beast; beak. Ger. schnabel.] 

snag (snag), n. 1. Sharp protuber- 
ance; short branch; projecting tooth. 
2. Stump or tree in navigable water 
endangering ships.— snag'g-ed, 
snag gy, a. Full of snags. [.Gael, 
and jr. snaigh, prune.] 

snail(snal), n. Slimy creeping mollusk, 
with or without a shell. [A. S. snegl.] 

snake (snak), n. Serpent. [A. S. snaca 
—snican, creep.] 

snakeroot (snak'rot), n. Name of 
numerous plants having a root of a 
snake-like appearance, and regarded 
as a remedy for snake bites. 

snap (s n a p). I. vt. and vi. [snap'- 
ping ; snapped.] 1. Break short or at 
once; crack. 2. Bite, or catch at, sud- 
denly. II. n. 1. Act of snapping, or 
the noise made by it. 2. Small catch 
or lock. 3. Period of extreme weather. 
4. Thin, brittle cake. 5. Vigor; dash. 
6. Pleasant position. [Icel. snapa.] 

snapdragon (snap'drag-un ), n. 1. 
Garden flower; lion's mouth. 2. Play 
in which raisins are snatched from 
burning brandy; raisin so taken. 

snapper (snap'er), n. 1. One who 
snaps. 2. End of a whip-lash. 3. Snap- 
ping turtle or beetle. 4. Rose-colored 
food fish of the Florida coast. 

snappish (snap'ish). a. 1. Inclined to 
snap; eager to bite. 2. Sharp in reply. 
— snap'pisnness, n. 

snap-snot (snap'shot), n. Kodak pic- 
ture taken instantaneously. 

snare (snar). I. n. 1. Running noose for 
catching an animal. 2. Trap; that by 
which any one is entrapped. 3. Cord 
across lower end of a drum. II. vt. 
Catch.— snar'er, n — snar'y, a. 

snarl (snarl), vi. 1. Growl as a surly 
dog. 2. Speak in a surly manner.— 
snarl'er, n. [Imitative.] 

snatch (snach). I. vt. and vi. Seize 
quickly; take without permission; 
seize and carry away; try to seize. 
II. n. 1. Hasty seizing. 2. Short time 
of exertion. 3. Small piece or frag- 
ment. [Dut. snakJcen. See snack.] 
Syn. Catch; grab; grasp; snap. 

snath (snath), n. Handle of a scythe. 

sneak (snek). I. vt. 1. Move privately 
or meanly. 2. Behave meanly. II. n. 
Mean, servile fellow.— sneaking, a. 
sneak'ingly, adv. [A. S. snican.] 



sneer (sner). I. vi. Show contempt by 
the expression of the face; speak with 
contempt. II. n. Indirect expression 
of contempt.— sneer'er, n- sneer'- 
ing-, a. — sneer'ingly, adv. [Imit.] 
Syn. Deride; gibe. See jeer. 

sneeze (snez). 1. vi. Eject air rapidly 
and audibly through the nose. II. n. 
Sueezing. (A. S. fneosan.] [Imit.] 

snicker (snik'er), vt. and vi. Giggle. 

sniff (sniff). I. vt. and vi. 1. Snuff or 
draw in air sharply through the nose. 
2. Scent. II. n. 1. Act of sniffing, 
2. Scent obtained by sniffing. 

snip (snip), I. vt. [snip'ping; snipped.] 

I. Cut off at once with scissors. 2. 
Cut off the nib of. II. n. 1. Single cut 
with scissors. 2. Clip or small shred. 
[Dut, snippen.] 

snipe (snip), n. Bird which frequents 
marshy places. [Icel. snipa.] 

snivel (sniv'l). I.vi. [sniv'eling; sniv'- 
eled.] 1. Run at the nose. 2. Cry 
with snuffling; affect a tearful regret. 

II. n. 1. Mucus flowing from the 
nose; snot. 2. Hypocritical weeping. 
— sniv'eling, a — sniv'eler, n. 
[A. S. snofel, mucus.] 

snob (snob), n. One who apes his 
superiors and is insolent towards bis 
inferiors. — snob'bisb, a.-snob'- 
bishness, n. — snob'bishly, adv. 
[Icel. snapr, dunce.] 

snood (snod), n. Fillet which binds a 
maiden's hair. [A. S. snod.] 

snooze (snoz). I. vi. Dose; slumber. 
II. n. Quiet nap. [From snore.] 

snore ( snor ). I. vi. Breathe roughly 
and hoarsely through the nose in 
sleep. II. n. Noisy nasal breathing 
in sleep. — snor'er, n. [Imitative.] 

snort (snart), vi. Force the air with 
violence "and noise through the nos- 
trils, as horses. — snort'ing, n — 
snort'er, n. [From snork, imitative 
of the sound.] 

snout (snowt), n. Projecting nose of 
a beast, as of a swine. [Low Ger. 
snut. Ger. schnauze.] 

snow (sno). I. n. Frozen moisture 
which falls from the atmosphere in 
light, white flakes. II. vi. Fall in 
snow. [A.S. snaw. Ger. schnee.] 

snowball (sno'bal). I. n. Round mass 
of snow pressed or rolled together. 
II. vt. and vi. Throw or pelt with 
snowballs. — snowball tree, n. 
Guelder rose. 

snowbird (sno'berd), n. Small bird 
that appears in the time of snow. 

snow-blindness ( sno-blind'nes ), n. 
Blindness caused by the reflection of 
light from snow. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; n5te, not, more, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



snow-bound 



543 



socialize 




Snowdrop 
Line upon a 



snow-bound (snS'bownd), a. Shut in 
or blocked by snow. 

snow-bunting* ( sno'bun-ting ), n. 
Arctic bird of the bunting family. 

snowdrift (sno'drift), n. Bank of snow 
drifted together by 
wind. 

snowdrop (sno'- 
drop), n. Bulbous- 
rooted plant with 
b e a u t i f u 1 white 
flowers, which often 
come fortb before 
the snow has disap- 
peared. 

sniowflake(sno'fiak), 
n. Small feather> 
mass of falling snow. 

snowline (suo'lm), n. 
mountain that marks the limit of 
perpetual snow. 

snowplow (sno'plow), n. Machine for 
clearing roads and railways from 
snow. 

snowsboe (sno'sho), n. Broad frame 
worn to prevent sinking in the snow. 

snowy (sno'i), a. Abounding or cov- 
ered with snow ; white like snow; 
pure; spotless. 

snub(snub). I.vt. [snubT)ing; snubbed.] 
Check; reprimand; slight. II. n. Re- 
buke.— snub-nose, n. Short or flat 
nose. [Dan. snub'oe, nip (off). Icel. 
snubba, chide] 

snuff (snuf). I. n. 1. Powdered tobacco 
or other substance for snuffing. 2. 
Charred part of a candle-wick. II. vi. 
Draw in air violently and noisily 
through the nose; sniff. III. vt. 1. 
Draw into the nose; smell. 2. Take off 
the snuff of a candle. [Dut. snuffen.] 

snuffer (snuf 'ev),n. l.One who snuffs. 
2. pi. Instrument for taking the snuff 
off a candle. 

snuffle ( snuf'l ). I. vi. Breathe hard 
through the nose. II. n. 1. Snuffling; 
nasal twang; cant. 2. pi. Nasal ca- 
tarrh. (Colloq.) [Freq. of snuff.] 

snuffy (snuf'i), a. Soiled with, or 
smelling of, snuff. 

snug (snug), a. 1. Lying close and 
warm, or safe. 2. Comfortable; com- 
pact; trim. 3. Not exposed to notice. 
— Snug up, snuggle.— snugly, adv.— 
snug'ness, n. [Icel. snoggr, smooth.] 

snuggle (snug'l), vt. and vi. Move to 
get close, for comfort and warmth; 
cuddle; nestle. 

so (so), adv. and conj. 1. In this man- 
ner or degree; thus; for this reason; 
en these terms; therefore; etc. 2. In 
§4 high degree. 3. Provided that; in 
-■ \se that. 4. In order that. [A. S. 
ya— root of L. suus, one's own.] 



soak (sok). I. vt. 1. Steep in a fluid- 
wet thoroughly; drench. 2. Draw it 
by the pores. II. vi. 1. Be steeped in 
a liquid. 2. Enter into pores.— soak'- 
er, n. [A. S. socian.] 

soap (sop). I. n. Compound of oils ot 
fat with soda or potash, used in wash- 
ing. II. vt. Rub or wash with soap.— 
soapy ( so'pi ), a. 1. Like soap. 2 
Covered with soap.— soap'iness, n 
[A. S. sape.) 

soap-bubble ( sop'bub'l ), n. Inflated 
filmy sphere of soapy, soft water. 

soapstone (sop'ston), n. Soft kind of 
magnesian rock having a soapy feel 
a variety of steatite; talc. 

soar(sor). I. vi. 1. Mount into the air; 
fly aloft. 2. Rise in imagination; 
aspire. II. n. Towering flight. [O. Fr. 
s'essorer—Li. exaurare, expose to air.] 

sob (sob). I. vi. [sob'bing; sobbed.] 
Sigh in a convulsive manner, with 
tears. II. n. Short, convulsive sigh 
[A. S. seofian and sobbian.] 

sober (so'ber]. I. a. 1. Not drunk. 2 
Temperate, esp. in the use of liquors 
3. Not excited or passionate; self 
possessed. 4. Sedate; grave. II. vt. and 
vi. Make or become sober — so'berly, 
adv. — so'berness, n. [L. sobrius.] 
Syn. Moderate; staid; steady; ser- 
ious; calm; somber; quiet. 

sobriety (so-bri'e-ti), n. State or habit 
of being sober. [L. sobrietas.] 

sobriquet (so-bri-ka/), n. Nickname 
assumed name. [Fr.] 

sociability (so-sha-bil'-i-ti). n. Qual 
ity of being sociable; good-fellowship 

sociable (so'sha-bl). I. a. 1. Inclined 
to society; fit for company; compan 
ionable; communicative. 2. Affording 
opportunities for intercourse. II. n. 
1. Informal social meeting. 2. Phae 
ton with two seats facing each other. 
— so'ciably, adv. — so'ciableness, 
n. [L. sociabilis.] 

social (so'shal), a. 1. Pertaining to 
companionship. 2. Relating to men 
united in a society, or to the public 
body. 3. Inclined to friendly inter- 
course; convivial. 4. Consisting in 
mutual converse.— so'cially, adv.— 
sociality, so'cialuess, ns. [ L 
socialis—socius, companion.] 

socialism ( so'shal-izm ), n. Name 
given to theories " for regenerating 
society by a more equal distribution 
of property, and esp. by substituting 
the principle of association for that 
of competition. — socialist, n. Ad- 
herent of socialism. 

socialize (so'shal-iz), vt. Reduce to a 
social state; render social. 



fate, /at, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf ; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



society 



544 



solemn 



society (sd-si'e-ti), n. 1. Fellowship; 
company. 2. Number of persons asso- 
ciated for a common interest. 3. Com- 
munity; partnership. 4. Civilized 
body of mankind. 5. Upper class of a 
community. [L. societas—socius, com- 
panion.] 

sociology (so-shi-ol'o-ji), n. Social 
science; philosophy of human society, 
including ethics, politics, political 
economy, etc.— sociological, a. [L. 
socius, and Gr. logos, science.] 

sock (sok), n. 1. Half-stocking. 2. 
Comedy. [Orig. low-heeled light shoe, 
worn by actors of comedy. [L. soccus.] 

sockdologer ( sok-dol'o-jer ), n. 1. 
Knockdown argument or blow. 2. Big 
thing. [Corr. of doxology, sung at the 
end of the service.] 

socket (sok'et), n. Hollow into which 
something is inserted. [From root of 

SOCK.] 

Socratic (so-krat'ik), Socrat'ical,a. 

Pertaining to Socrates, a celebrated 

Greek philosopher, to his philosophy, 

or to his manner of teaching, which 

was by a series of questions leading 

to the desired result. 
sod (sod). I. n. Surface of earth grown 

with grass, etc.; turf; sward. II. vt. 

Cover with sod. [Low Ger. sode, peat.] 
soda (so'da), n. Carbonate of sodium. 

— soda-water, n. Water charged 

with carbonic acid. 
sodality (so-dal'i-ti), n. Fraternity or 

society. [L. aodalis, mate.] 
sodden (sod'n), p. a. Saturated; soggy. 

[Low Ger. sod, well.] [turfy. 

soddy (sod'i) , a. Covered with sod; 
sodium ( so'di-um ), n. Silver-white 

metal,_the base of soda; natrium. 
sofa (so' fa), rc. Long upholstered seat, 

with back and arms. [Ar. suffa.] 
soffit ( sofit ), n. Underside, as of an 

arch, ceiling, etc. [It. sojitto—li. suf- 

fixus, fixed below.] 
soft (saft). I. a. 1. Easily yielding to 

pressure; easily cut or acted upon; 

malleable. 2. Not rough to the touch; 

smooth. 3. Pleasing or soothing to 

the senses. 4. Easily yielding to influ- 
ence; mild; gentle; effeminate; easy. 

5. Free from lime, magnesia or salt, 

as rain-water. 6. Not intoxicating. 7. 

Pronounced as a sibilant, as g in gin. 

II. adv. Gently; quietly. — soft'ly, 

adv.— soft'ness, n. [A. S. sefte, Ger. 

sacht.] 
soften ( saf'n ), vt. and vi. Make or 

become soft or softer.— soft'ener, n. 
soggy (sog'i), a. Saturated; damp and 

heavy ; soaked with water. [Formed 

from soak.] 



soi-disant ( swa-de-zang' ), a. Self- 
styled; would be; pretended. [Fr.l 

soil (soil), n. 1. Ground; mold on the 
surface of the earth which nourishes 
plants. 2.Ccantry. [L.solum.Fr.seuiL] 

soil (soil). I. n. Dirt; foulness; spot; 
stain. II. vt. Make dirty; stain. III. 
vi. Take a soil; tarnish. [Fr. souille, 
wallowing-place— L. sus, pig.] 

soiree (swa-ra'), n. Evening party, 
[Fr.— soir, evening,— L. serus, late.] 

sojourn ( so'jurn or so-jurn' ). I. vt. 
Dwell for a time; tarry. II. n. Tem- 
porary residence. — sojourner, n. 
[Fr. sejoumer — L. sub, under, and 
diurrio, stay.] 

Sol (sol), n. The sun. [L.] [scale. [It.] 

sol (sol), n. Fifth note of the diatonic 

solace (solas). I. n. Consolation; com- 
fort in distress; relief. II. vt. 1. Com- 
fort; cheer. 2. Allay. [L. solatium.] 

solar (solar), a. 1. Pertaining to the 
sun. 2. Measured by the progress of 
the sun. 3. Produced by the sun. [L. 
Solaris/] 

sold (sold), pa.t. pa.p. of sell. 

solder (sod'er or sol-der). I. vt. Unite 
two metallic surfaces by a fusible 
metallic cement. II. n. Metallic ce- 
ment for uniting metals. [O. Fr. soli- 
der—Li. solidare, make solid.] 

soldier (sol'jer). I. n. 1. Man engaged 
in military service. 2. Private, as dis- 
tinguished from an officer. 3. Man of 
much military experience or of great 
valor. II. vi. 1. Serve as a soldier. 2. 
Pretend to work while actually shirk- 
ing. — sol'dierlike, sol'dierly, a. 
Like a soldier; martial; brave. [O. 
Fr. soldier— L. soldum, pay.] 

soldiery (sol'jer-i), n. Soldiers collect- 
ively; military. 

sole (sol). I. n. 1. Under side of the 
foot. 2. Bottom of a boot or shoe. 3. 
Bottom o f 
anything. 4. 
Flat kind of 
fish. II. vt. 
Furnish with 



a sole. [A.S.] 
sole (sol), a. 




Sole. 



1. Being or 
acting with- 
out another. 2. Unmarried. — sole'- 
ness, n. [L. solus.] [solitary. 

Syn. Alone: single; individual; only; 

solecism (sol'e-sizm), n. 1. Breach of 
the rules of srntax. 2. Absurdity; 
of propriety. [Gr. soloikismos.] 

solecist (sol'e-sist), n. One who com- 
mits solecisms. 

solely (sol'li), adv. Alone; only; singly. 

solemn (sol'em), a. 1. Attended with 
religious ceremonies, pomp or grav- 



(ate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



solemnity 



545 



solvable 



ity; sacred. 2. Impressing with, se- 
riousness; awful; devout. 3. Having 
the appearance of gravity; affectedly 
grave. 4. Attended with an appeal 
to God, as an oath.— solemnly , adv. 
— soleiunness, n. [Fr. solennel — 
L. solemnis, annual.] [pressive. 

Syn. Cei-emonious ; dignified ; im- 

solemnity (sol-era'ni-ti), n. 1. Solemn 
or religious ceremony; dignified for- 
mality. 2. Formal dignity; awe; 
seriousness. 

solemnize (sol'em-niz), vt. 1. Perform 
religiously or solemnly. 2. Celebrate. 

3. Render grave. — sol'emnizer, n. 
— solemniza'tion, n. 

sol-fa (sol'fa'), vi. [sol-fa'ing; sol-fad'.] 
Sing the notes of the scale, do, re, 
mi, fa, sol, la, ti, in solmization. [%.% ] 

solfeggio (sol-fej'i-o), n. Exercise on 
the notes of the scale sol-fa. 

solicit (so-lis'it), vt. 1. Ask earnestly; 
petition. 2. Seek; plead. 3. Incite; 
arouse. [Fr. See solicitous.] 

Syn. Entreat; beseech; summon ; 
invite; advocate; try to obtain. 

solicitant (so-lis'it-ant), n. One who 
solicits. 

solicitation (so-lis'i-ta'shun), n. So- 
liciting; earnest request; invitation. 

solicitor (so-lis'i-tur), n. 1. One who 
solicits. 2. One who is legally quali- 
fied to act for another in a court of 
law.— solicitor-general, n. 1. In 
England, the second law-officer of the 
crown. 2. In the U. S., the second 
officer of the Department of Justice. 

solicitous(so-lis'it-us), a. 1. Earnestly 
asking or desiring. 2. Anxious; con- 
cerned ; apprehensive.— solic'itous- 
ly, adv. [L. sollicitus, agitated,— sol- 
lus, whole, and cietus, moved.] 

solicitude (so-lis'i-tud), n. Anxiety 
or uneasiness of mind. 

solid (sol'id). I. a. 1. Having the parts 
firmly adhering; hard; compact. 2. 
Full of matter.; not hollow. 3."Strong. 

4. Having lengtn, breadth and thick- 
ness (opp. to surface); cubic. 4. Sub- 
stantial ; weighty. II. n. 1. Sub- 
stance having the parts firmly adher- 
ing together. 2. Firm, compact bod; 
(opposed to fluid). — sol'idly, adv. — 
sol'idness. n. [L. solidus.] 

Syn. Firm; dense; sound; valid; 

real; true; just; important; grave. 
solidarity (sol-i-dar'i-ti), n. Oneness 

of interests; community. [Fr. soli- 

darite.] 
solidify (s5-lid'i-fl), vt. and vi. Make 

or become solid or compact; harden. 

— solidifica'tion, n. [Fr. solidijier— 

L. solidus and/aao, make.] 



solidity (so-lid'i-ti), n. 1. State of be- 
ing solid; fullness of matter. 2. 
Strength or firmness, moral or physi- 
cal; soundness. 3. In geom. Solid cou- 
tent of a body; volume. 

solidnngulate (sol-i-dung'-ii-lat), n. 
Quadruped, such as the horse, the foot 
of which terminates in a single toe 
encased in a single undivided hoof. 
[L. solidus, solid, d.n& ungula, hoof.] 

soliloquize (so-lil'o-kwiz), vi. Speak 
to one's-self ;_utter a soliloquy. 

soliloquy (so-lil'o-kwi), n. Speech to 
one's self; monologue of a person. [L. 
solus, alone, and loqui, speak.] 

soliped (sol'i-ped), n. Animal with a 
single or uncloven hoof on each foot; 
solidungulate. [L. solus, alone and 
pes, foot.] 

solitaire (sol-i-tar'), n. 1. Recluse; 
one who lives alone. 2. Game played 
by one person. 3. Gem set by itself, 
as a diamond. 

solitary (sol'i-tar-i), I. a. 1. Being the 
sole person; alone; lonely. 2. Living 
alone. 3. Remote from society ; re- 
tired; gloomy. 4. Single ;sole; alone. 
II. n. One who lives alone; recluse; 
hermit.— sol'itarily,a^i;.— sol'itar- 
iness, n. [L. solitarius— solus, alone.] 

solitude (sol'i-tud), n. 1. Being alone; 
lonely life; want of company. 2. 
Lonely place; desert. [L. soUtudo.] 

solmization (sol-mi-za'shun), n. Sol- 
faing; solfeggio; recital of the notes 
of the diatonic scale. 

solo (s-o'lo), n. [pi. so'los or soli (so'le).] 
Musical piece performed by only one 
voice or instrument. — soloist, n. 

Solon (so'lon), n. Famous Athenian 
lawmaker, B. C. 638. 2. A legislator. 

solstice (sol'stis), n. 1. Point in the 
ecliptic where the sun is farthest 
north or south from the equator, and 
seems to stand still. 2. Time about 
which the sun reaches either of these 
two points: June 21. and Dec. 23. 
[Fr.— L. solstitium — sol, the sun, an<i 
sisto, make to stand,— sto, stand.] 

solstitial (sol-stish'al), a. Pertaining 
to, or happening at, a solstice. 

soluble (sol'u-bl), a. Capable of being 
dissolved in a fluid.— solubil'ity, n , 
[L. solubilis. See solve.] 

solution (so-16'shun), n. 1. Act of 
solving or dissolving. 2. Separating 
of the parts of any body. 3. Prepara- 
tion resulting from dissolving a solid 
in a liquid. 4. Explanation; removal 
of a doubt; construction or solving of 
a problem. [L. solutio—solvo, loosen.] 

solvable (sol'va-bl), a. 1. Capable of 
being solyed or explained. 2. Capable 
of being paid— solvability, n. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



solve 



546 



sophist 



solve (solv), vt. 1. Clear up; explain 
(a riddle). 2. Bring to a desired result 
(a problem).— sol'ver, n. [L. solvo — 
se, apart, and luo, loosen.] 

solvent (sol'vent), I. a. 1. Having 
power to solve or dissolve. 2. Able 
to pay all debts. II. n. Anything that 
dissolves another. — sol'veney, w. 
[L. solvens.] 

somber, sombre (som'ber), a. 1. 
Dull; gloomy. 2. Melancholy.— som'- 
berness, n. [ Fr. sombre — L. sub, 
under, and umbra, shade.] 

sombrero (som-bra'ro), n. Broad- 
brimmed felt hat, commonly worn in 
Mexico. [Sp.] 

some (sum). I. a. 1. An indefinite 
number or quantity of. 2. A certain ; 
one. II. pron. Certain unspecified per- 
sons or things. III. adv. To some 
extent; about. [A. S. sum. See same.] 

somebody (sum'bod-i), n.l. Some or 
any person. 2. Person of importance. 

somehow (sum'how), adv. In some 
way or other; by some means. 

somersault (sum'er-salt), somerset 
(sum'er-set), n. Leap in which a per- 
son turns his heels over his head. 
[Fr. soubresaut — L. supra, over, and 
saltus, leap.] 

somethiiig(sum'thing). I. n. 1. An in- 
definite thing or event. 2. Portion; 
indefinite quantity. II. adv. In some 
degree. 

sometime (sum'tim). I. adv. 1. At a 
time not fixed, past or future. 2. At 
one time or other. II. a. Former. 

sometimes(sum'timz), adv. At certain 
times; now and then; occasionally. 

somewhat (sum'hwot). I. n. Unfixed 
quantity or degree. II. adv. In some 
degree. 

somewhere (sum'hwar), adv. la some 
unspecified place; in one place or 
another. 

somnambulate (som-nam'bii-lat), vi. 
Walk in sleep. — somnambula'- 
tion, n. [Li.— somnus, sleep, and am- 
bulo, walk.] 

somnambulism (som-nam'bu-lizm), 
n. Practice of walking in sleep or 
somnolence. — somnambulist, n. 
One subject to somnambulism. 

somniferous (som-nif'er-us), a. Bring- 
ing or causing sleep. [L. somnus, 
sleep, and/m>, bring.] 

somniloquist ( sora-nil'okwist ), n. 
One who talks in his sleep. 

somnolent (som'no-lent), a. Sleepy 
or inclined to sleep. — som'nolence, 
somnolency, n. 1. Sleepiness; in- 
clination to sleep. 2. State interme- 
diate between waking and sleeping. 
[Li. somnolentus.] 



somnolism(som'no-lizm),n. 1. State 
of being in mesmeric sleep. 2. Doc- 
trine of mesmeric sleep. 

son (sun), n. 1. Male offspring. 2. Male 
descendant. 3. Native or inhabitant. 
[A. S. sunu.] 

sonant ( so'nant). I. a. 1. Sounding. 
2. Produced by the voice; vocal. II. 
n. Sonant letter. [L. sonans.] 

sonata (so-na'ta), n. Musical compo- 
sition for one or more instruments, 
consisting of three or more move- 
ments. [It.— L. sono, sound.] 

song (sang), n. 1. That which is sung. 
2. Short poem or ballad. 3. Melody to 
which it is adapted. 4. Poem, or poet- 
ry in general. 5. Notes of birds. 6. 
Mere trifle. [A. S.— root of sing.] 

songster (sang'ster), n. Singer; one 
skilled in singing ; esp. a bird that 
sings.— songstress, n. fern. [A. S. 
sangestre, female singer.] 

son-in-law ( sun'-in-la ), n. Husband 
of one's daughter. 

sonnet (son'et), n. 1. Poem in fourteen 
lines, in 4 stanzas, 2 of 4, and 2 of 3 
lines each, the rhymes varying accord- 
ing to rules — sonneteer (son-et-er'), 
n. Composer of sonnets. [It. sonetto.] 

sonorous ( so-no'rus ), a. 1. Sound- 
ing when struck. 2. Giving a clear, 
loud sound; high sounding.— sono'- 
rously, adv. — sonorousness, n. 
[L. sonorus.] [acter of a son. 

sonship (sun'ship), n. State or char- 
soon (son), adv. 1. Immediately; in a 
short time; without delay; early. 2 
Readily; easily. [A.S. sona.] 

soot (sot or sot), n. Black substance 
condensed from smoke. [A. S. sot.] 

sooth (soth). I. n. Truth; reality. II. 
a. True; pleasing. [A. S. soth.] 

soothe (soth), vt. 1. Please with soft 
words; flatter. 2. Soften; assuage; 
calm; refresh. — soothingly, adv. 
[A. S. gesodhian, confirm, soothe.] 

soothsay (soth'sa), vi. Foretell. — 
soothsayer, n.— soothsaying, n* 

sooty ( sot'i or so'ti), a. Producing, 
consisting of, containing, like, or 
soiled by, soot. — soot'iness, n. 
[A S. sotig.] 

sop (sop). I. n. 1. 'Anything dipped or 
soaked, and to be eaten. 2. Anything 
given to satisfy. II. vt. [sop'ping; 
sopped.] Steep or soak in a liquid. 
[A. S. — supan, sip.] 

sophist (sof'ist), n. 1. One of a class of 
public teachers in the fifth century 
B. c, in Greece 2. Captious or falla- 
cious reasoner. — sophistry, n. 
Specious, fallacious reasoning. [Gr, 
sophistes—sophos, wise.] 



iate, fat, task, far, 



fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



sophism 



547 



sound 



sophism (sof'izm), n. Specious fallacy. 
sophistic (so-fis'tik), sophistical, 

a. 1. Pertaining to a sophist or to 
sophistry. 2. Fallaciously subtle.— so- 
phist'ically, adv. [Gr. sophistikos.] 

sophisticate (so-fis'ti-kat),^. Render 
sophistical, or unsound; corrupt by 
mixture ; adulterate.— sophistica- 
tion, n. 

sophomore (sof'5-mor), n. American 
student in his second year at college. 

sopor (so'por), n. Deep sleep; lethargy. 
[L.] 

soporiferons (sop-o-rif'er-us or so-), 
n. Causing sleep; sleepy. [L.— sopor, 
sleep, and /en?, bring.] 

soporific(sop-o-rif'ik or so-). I. a. Caus- 
ing sleep. II. n. Anything that causes 
sleep. [Pr. soporiiique.] [dyne. 

Syn. Somniferous ; narcotic; ano- 

soprano(so-pra'no). n. [pi. sopra'nos 
or sopra'ni (ne).] 1. Highest kind of 
female voice ; treble. 2. Soprano 
singer. 3. Voice-part for such a voice. 
[It.— L. supra, above.] 

sorcerer (sar'ser-er), n. One who prac- 
tices sorcery; enchanter; magician. — 
sor'ceress, n. fern. [Fr. sorcier — 
Low L. sortiarius — L. sors, lot.] 

sorcery (sar'ser-i), n. Divination by 
the assistance of evil spirits; enchant- 
ment, [craft; black art. 
Syn. Necromancy; magic; witch- 
sordid (sar'did), a. "Vile; mean: avari- 
cious. — sordidly, adv. — sor'did- 
ness, n. [L. sordidus, dirty.} 

sore(sor). I. n. 1. Wound; ulcer; boil. 
2. Grief; affliction. II. a. 1. Wounded. 
2. Tender; susceptible of pain; easily 
grieved. 3. Severe. III. adv. In a sore 
manner; grievously.— sorely, adv. — 
sore'ness, n. [A. S. sar. Ger. sehr.] 

sorghum (sar'gum), n. 1. Chinese sug- 
ar cane. 2. Syrup made from its juice. 

sorrel (sor'el) , n. Plan t of a sour taste, 
allied to the clover. [Fr. surelle— Ger. 
sauer. A. S. sur, sour.] 

sorrel ( sor'el ). I. a. Reddish-brown. 
II. n. Reddish^brown color. [Fr. saure.] 

sororicide(so-ror'i-sid),/i. 1. Murder 
of a sister. 2. Murderer of a sister. 
[Li.— soror, sister, and caedo, kill.] 

sorosis (so-ro'sis), n. Woman's club; 
sisterhood. _[N. L.— soror, sister.] 

sorosis (so-ro'sis), n. Compound pulpy 
fruit, as the pineapple. [Gr. soros. heap.] 

sorrow (sor'o). I. n. Pain of mind; 
grief; affliction. II. vi. Be sad; grieve. 
[A. S. sorg, sorh,_ca,re.] 

sorrowful (sor'o-fol), a. Causing 
or expressing sorrow — sor'rowful- 
ly, adv.— sor'rowfulness, n. 

Syn. Distressing; grievous; doleful; 
regretful; mourning; dismal; Bad. 



sorry (sor'i), a. 1. Grieved for some- 
thing past. 2. Melancholy. 3. Poor; 
worthless.— sor'rily , adv.— sor'ri- 

ness, n. [A. S. sarig—sare, sore.] 

sort (sart). I. n. 1. Number of persons 
or things having like qualities; class; 
kind; manner. II. vt. 1. Separate into 
classes. 2. Select. III. vi. 1. Be joined 
with others of the same sort; asso- 
ciate. 2. Suit. — sorter, n.— Out of 
sorts. Not having some sorts of type; 
out of order; disturbed. [Fr. sorte-- 
L. sors, lot.] [tion. 

Syn. Species; order; rank; condi- 

sortie (sar'te), n. Sally of troops from 
a besieged place to attack the besieg- 
ers. [Fr. — sortir, go out.] 

so-so (so'so), a. Passable; indifferent; 
middling. 

sotjsot), n. One stupefied by habitual 
drinking.— sottish, a.— sot'tishly, 
ady.-sot'tishness, n. _ [Fr.] 

sotto voce(sot-to-vo'cha), adv. With a 
softened voice; in an undertone. [It.] 

son (so), n. French copper coin = one- 
twentieth of a franc, or about one 
cent. [Fr.] 

soubrette (so-bref), n. 1. Chamber- 
maid; lady's maid. 2. Actress who 
plays pert parts. [Fr.] 

souchong (so-choug'), n. Fine kind 
of black tea. 

sough (sow or suf). I. vi. Whistle or 
sigh, as the wind. II. n. Sighing of 
the wind. [From the sound.] 

sought(sat), pa. t. and pa. p. of seek. 

soul (sol)',' n. 1. That part of man 
which thinks, feels, desires, etc. 2. 
Indwelling spirit. 3. Life; essence ; 
internal power. 4. Human being; per- 
son. [A.S. sawol. Ger. seele.] 

soulless (sol'ies), a. Without a soul 
or conscience; mean; spiritless. 

sound (sownd). I. a. 1. Safe; whole; 
entire; perfect. 2. Healthy; strong. 
3. Correct; orthodox: 4. Profound, 
undisturbed. 5. Heavy ; solid. 6. 
Valid; logic; legal. II. adv. Soundly; 
deeply. — soundly, adv. — sound'- 
ness, n. [A.S. sund, gesund, healthy.] 

sound (sownd), n. Narrow passage of 
water;' strait. [A. S. sund — swumd — 
swimma, swim.] 

sound (sownd), n. Air bladder of fish. 
[Cf. Icel. sundmagi, swimming-maw; 
bladder.] 

sound (sownd). I. vi. 1. Make a noise; 
produce a sound. 2. Appear; seem. 3 
Be spread. II. vt. 1. Cause to make a 
noise. 2. Utter audibly. 3. Direct by 
an audible signal. 4. Publish or pro- 
claim by voice. 5. Examine by per- 
cussion or auscultation. III. n. 1. Im- 
pression produced on the ear by the 



rite, fat, task, far, (all, fare, above; me, met, h$v, mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, but, burn; oil, owl, then. 



sound 



548 



span 



vibrations of air ; noise. 2. Note; tone. 
3. Report. 4. Empty or meaningless 
noise. 5. Hearing-distance; ear-shot. 
[M.E. sounen—O. Fr. souner—U. sono, 
sound.] 

sound (sownd). I. vt. and vi. 1. Meas- 
ure the depth of, esD. with a line and 
plummet. 2. Probe"; try to discover a 
man's secret wishes, etc. ; test. II. n. 
Instrument for exploring an inner 
cavity of the body ; probe. [Fr. sonder.] 

sounding (sownd'ing), n. 1. Ascer- 
taining the depth of water. 2. Depth 
of water ascertained by the sounding- 
line. 

soup (sop), n. Liquid food obtained by 
boiling meat, vegetables, etc., with 
seasoning. [Pr. soupe — Ger. suppe, 
so up. Allied to sip and sup.] 

sour (sowr). La. 1. Having a pungent, 
acid taste. 2. Turned, as milk; rancid. 
3. Crabbed or peevish in temper. II. vi. 
and vt. 1. Become or make acid. 2. 
Become or make cross or discon- 
tented.— sourly, adv. -sourness, 
n. [A. S.sur, sour.] 

source (sors), n. 1. That from which 
anything rises or originates; origin. 
2. Spring from which a stream flows. 
[Fr. — L. surgo, rise.] 

8yn. Commencement; derivation; 
foundation; spring; fountain; cause. 

sourcrout. Same as sauerkrout. 

souse (sows). I. n. Ears, feet, etc., of 
swine pickled. II. vt. 1. Steep in pickle. 
2. Plunge into water or other liquid ; 
drench. III. vi. Pall on suddenly; 
swoop. IV. adv. With sudden vio- 
lence. [Form of sauce.] 

south (sowth). I. n. 1. Direction in 
which the sun appears at noon to the 
people north of the Tropic of Cancer. 
2. Any land opposite the north. II. a. 
Lying towards the south. III. adv. 
Towards the south. [A. S. sudfi, akin 
to SUN.] 

southeast (sowth-esf). I. n. Direc- 
tion equally distant from the south 
and east. II. a. Pertaining to, di : 
rected toward, or coming from, the 
southeast. — southeast' erly, 
southeast' ern, as. 

southerly (suth'er-\i), southern 
(suth'ern), a. [superl. southernmost, 
southmost (sowth'most).] Pertaining 
to, situated in, or proceeding from or 
towards, the south. [the south. 

southward (sowth'ward), adv. Toward 

southwest (sowth- west'). I. n. Direc- 
tion equally distant from south and 
west. II. a. Pertaining to, proceed- 
ing; from or toward, or lying in the 
direction of the southwest.— south- 
west'erly, southwestern, as. 



south wester ( sow-wes'ter ), n. 1. 
Storm or gale from the southwest. 2. 
Painted canvas hat with a broad flap 
behind for the neck. 

souvenir ( s6-ve-ner' ), n. Remem- 
brancer; keepsake ; memento. [Fr.] 

sovereign (sov'er-in or suv-). I. a. 1. 
Supreme. 2. Possessing supreme 
power or dominion. 3. Superior to 
all others. II. n. 1. Supreme ruler; 
monarch. 2. English gold coin = 
$4.86, gold standard; pound. [Fr. 
souverain — Low L. superanus — L. 
super, above.] 

sovereignty (sov'er-in- ti), n. 1. Su- 
preme power; dominion. 2. Sover- 
eign state. 

sow (sow), n. 1. Female hog. 2. Oblong 
piece of metal larger than a pig. 
[A.S.jsw, sugu— Skt. root su. generate.] 

sow (so). I. vt. [sow'ing; sowed; sown 
or sowed.] 1. Scatter as seed; seed; 
plant by strewing. 2. Scatter seed 
over. II. vi. Scatter seed for growth. 

— sow'er, n. [A.S. sawan. Ger. sceen.] 
soy (soi), n. Sauce prepared in China 

and Japan from a kind of beans. 

spa (spa), n. Place where there is a 
mineral spring of water. [From Spa, 
a famous watering-place in Belgium.] 

space (spas), n. 1. Extension as dis- 
tinct from substance; largeness. 2. 
Room; place. 3. Distance between 
objects. 4. Quantity of time; distance 
between two points of time; inter- 
val. 5. Interval between lines or 
words in books; blank type. II. vt. 
Make intervals between. [Fr. espace 
— L. spatium.] 

spacious(spa'shus),a. Large in extent; 
roomy ; wide. — spaciously, adv. 

— spaciousness, n. [Pr. spacieux.] 
spade (spad). I. n. 1. Broad blade of 

iron with a handle, used for digging. 
2. Playing card, showing black figures 
resembling a pointed spade. II. vt. 
Dig with a spade. [A. S. spadu. Ger. 
spat en.] 

spadix (spa'diks).w. [pi. spa'dixes or 
spadices (spa-di'sez).] Spike-like form 
of inflorescense, mostly inclosed in a 
spathe. (See cut under inflores- 
cence.) [L.] 

spaghetti (spa-get'i), n. Macaroni in 
the form of tubes or sticks, larger 
than vermicelli. [It.] 

spahee, spahi (spa'he), n. Moham- 
medan cavalryman. [See sepoy.] 

spake (spak). Old pa. t. of speak. 

span (span), pa. t. of spin. 

span (span). I. n. 1. Space from the 
end of the thumb to the end of the 
little finger when the fingers are 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, but, bum; oil, owl, then. 



span 



649 



spay 




Spandrel. 



extended; nine inches. 2. Spread of 
an arch between its abutments. 3. 
Space of t.ime. II. vt. [spann'ing; 
spanned.] 1. Measure by spans; 
measure. 2. Stretch across; embrace. 
[A. S. spann, connect.] 

span (span), n. Pair of matched horses 
harnessed side by side. [Dut.] 

spandrel (span'- 
drel), n. Triaugu- ■ 
lar space between 
two arches and the 
molding above. 

spangle ( spang'l ). 
I. n. Small, thin 
plate or boss of 
shining metal ; any- 
thing sparkling. II. 
vt. Adorn with span- 
gles. [A. S. spange, 
clasn.] 

Spaniard (span'- 
yard), n. Native of 
Spain. 

spaniel ( span'yel ), n. Kind of dog, 
usually liver and white colored, and 
with large pendent ears, once sup- 
posed to be of Spanish origin. [O.Fr. 
espagneul, Spanish.] 

Spanish (span'ish). I. a. Of or pertain- 
ing to Spain. II. n. Language of Spain. 
—Spanish jly. shining green beetle, 
used for raising blisters. — Spanish 
main, Caribbean sea. 

spank (spangk). I. vt. Strike with 
the open hand on the buttocks. II. vi. 
Move quickly, as a spirited horse. III. 
n. Blow with the open hand. — 
spanking, a. Dashing; free-going. 
[Etymology doubtful.] 

spanker (spang'ker), n. After-sail of 
a ship or bark. 

spar (spar), n. Large pole, as a mast, 
yard, boom, gaff. etc. [Dut.] 

spar (spar), n. Nonmetailic, lustrous, 
crystalline mineral. [A. S. spaer 
{-stan), gypsum.] 

spar (spar), vi. [spar'ring; sparred.] 
1. Box with the fists ; fight with 
showy action. 2. Make the motions of 
boxing. 3. Bandy words ; dispute. 
[O. Fr. esparer, kick.] 

spare (spar). I. vt. and vi. l.Usefru 
gaily or savingly. 2. Withhold; for 
bear; omit. 3. Show mercy to; pre 
serve, as from danger, pain, destruc 
tion, distress, toil, etc. 4. Dispense 
with; give up. II. a. 1. Sparing; fru 
gal. 2. Scanty; lean. 3. Superfluous 
not needed. — spare'ness, n. [A. S 
spartan.] [small amount of meat, 

sparerifo (spar'rib), n. Rib with a 

sparing 1 ( spar'ing ), a. 1. Scarce; 
scanty. 2. Forbearing. 3. Saving. 




spark (spark). I. n. 1. Roysterer; gay 
fellow. 2. Lover; gallant. II. vi. Court. 

spark (spark), n. 1. Small particle of 
fire shot off from a body. 2. Small 
shining body or light. 3. Feeble point 
of fire in or on a cold mass; germ of 
vitality. [A. S. spearca.] 

sparkle (spar'kl). I. n. Little spark; 
lustre. II. vi. Emit sparks; shine; 
glitter. [Dim. or spark.] 

sparrow (spar'o), n. Common small 
bird. [A. S. spearwa.] _ 

sparrow-hawk (spar'o- 
hak), n. Small species 
of hawk. 

sparry (spar'i), a. Con- 
sisting of or like spar. 

sparse (spars), a. Thinly 
scattered. — sparse'ly, 
adv. — sparse'ness, n. 
[ L. sparsum, pa. p. of 
spargo, scatter.] 

Spartan (spar'tan). I. a. 
Of or pertaining to 
Sparta in Greece ; hardy; fearless. 
II. n. 1. Native of Sparta. 2. Person 
of fortitude. 

spasm (spazm), n. Violent and invol- 
untary contraction of the muscles. 
[Gr. spasmos—spao, draw.] 

spasmodic (spaz-mod'ik). I. a. 1. Re- 
lating to or consisting in spasms; 
convulsive. 2. Temporary ; intermit- 
tent; soon exhausted. II. n. Medicine 
for removing spasms. — spasmod- 
ical, a. [fish. [From spit.] 

spat (spat), n. Spawn or young of shell- 
spat (spat),poU. of spit. 

spat (spat). I. vt. andm. Give a light 
resounding blow; quarrel lightly. II. 
n. Light blow; dispute. 

spathe (spa^), n. Involucre around a 
spadix. TGr.] [to space. 

spatial (spa'shal), a. Of or pertaining 

spatter (spat'er). vt. Splash out upon; 
scatter about; sprinkle. [Freq. from 
spat, pa. t. of SPIT.] 

spatter-dashes (spat'er-dash'ez), n. 
pi. Coverings for the legs; gaiters. 

spatula (spat'u-la), spattle (spat'l), 
n. Broad kind of knife for, spreading 
plasters, paint, etc. — spat'ulate, a. 
Shaped like a spatula, as a racket. 

spavin (spav'in), n. Disease of horses 
affecting the hock-joint, a swelling of 
the bone. — spavined, a. Affected 
with spavin. [O. Fr. espavent.] 

spawn (span). I. n. 1. Eggs of zzi 
frogs, shellfish, etc. 2. See'd o± mush- 
rooms, etc.; any offspring. II>vt. and 
vi. Produce or deposit, as fishes and 
frogs do their eggs; bring forth. 
[Etym. doubtful.] [ovaries of. 

spay (spa), vt. Destroy or remove the 



fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mite j hut, buru; oil, owl, then. 



speait 



550 



Speculation 




Megaphone, 
speaking-trumpet. 



speak (spek), vt. and vi. [speak'ing; 
spoue or spake; spo'ken. J Utter 
words; talk; converse; pronounce; 
address; express by signs. [A. S. spe- 
can (for sprecan). Ger. sprechen.] 

speaker (spe'ker ), n. 1. One who 
speaks. 2. The person who presides 
in a deliberative or legislative body, 
as the House of Representatives* ; 
chairman. 3. Collection of pieces 
for rhetorical exercises.— speaker- 
ship, n. 

speaking;- 
t r_n in p e t 
(spe'king-trum- 
pet), n. Instru- 
ment used for 
intensifying 
the sound of 
the voice, so as 
to convey it a 
greater dis- 
tance; megaphone. 

spear (sper). I. n. 1. Long weapon 
used in war and huuting, made of a 
pole pointed with iron. 2. Lance with 
barbed prongs used for catching fish. 
3. Spike of grass, wheat, etc. II. vt. 
Pierce or kill with a spear. [A. S. 
spere.) [with a spear. 

spearman (sper'man), n. Man armed 

spearmint (sper'mint), n. Species of 
mint having spear-shaped leaves. 

special (spesh'al), a. 1. Of a species 
or sort; particular. 2. Confined to a 
particular subject.— spe'cially, adv. 
Syn. Peculiar; distinctive; excep- 
tional; extraordinary; uncommon; 
designed for the purpose; specific. 

specialist (spesh'al-ist), n. One who 
devotes himself to a special subject. 

speciality (spesh-i-al'i-ti), n. 1. Spec- 
ial or particular mark of a person or 
thing. 2. Special occupation or object 
of attention. [Fr.— L.[ 

specialize (spesh'al-iz), vt. State in 
detail.— specialization, n. 

specialty (soesh'al-ti), n. 1. Some- 
thing special. 2. Special contract. 3. 
That for which a person is distin- 
guished. 4. Special occupation or 
pursuit. 5. Article to which a dealer 
pays special attention. 

specie (spe'she), n. Coin; gold, silver, 
nickel, copper, etc., used as a circu- 
lating medium. [See species.] 

species (spe'shez), n. Group of individ- 
uals having common characteristics, 
—subordinate to -a genus. [L. specio, 
look.] 

specific (spe-sif'ik), a. 1 Pertaining 
to or constituting a species. 2. That 
specifies; precise. II. n. Remedy for a 



particular disease.— specif'ical, o. 

—specifically , adv. [ate. 

Syn. Particular; limited; appropri- 

specification (spes-i-fi-ka'shun), n. 
1. Act of specifying. 2. Statement of 
particulars. 3. Item specified. 

specify (spes'i-fi), vt. Make special; 
mention particularly. [Low L. speci- 
fieo—L,. species, and jacio, make.] 

specimen (spes'i-men), n. Portion of 
anything, or one of a number, to 
show kind and quality of the whole. 
Syn. Sample; pattern; model. 

specious (spe'shus, a. That looks 
well at first sight; showy; plausible. 
— speciously, adv. — spe'cious- 
n ess, n. 

speck (spek). I. n. 1. Small spot; 
blemish. 2. Very small particle. II. 
vt. Spot. [A.S. specca.] 

speckle (spek'l). I. n. Little speck or 
spot different in substance or color 
from its surroundings. II. vt. Mark 
with speckles. 

spectacle ( spek'ta-kl ), n. 1. Sight; 
show; exhibition. '2. pi. Glasses to 
assist the sight.— spectac'ular, a.— 
spectacled, a. Wearing spectacles. 
[L. spectaculum—specto, look at.] 

spectator ( spek-ta'tur ), n. One who 
looks on.— spectatress, fern. 

Syn. Looker-on ; bystander ; eye- 
witness; beholder; observer. 

specter, spectre (spek'ter),ra. Ghost. 
[L. spectrum, vision.] 

spectral (spek'tral), a. 1. Relating to, 
or like a specter. 2. Relating to the 
spectrum. 

spectroscope (spek'tro-skop), n. In- 
strument for forming and examining 
spectra of luminous bodies, so as to 
determine their composition. [Spec- 
trum, and Gr. skopeo, look at.] 

spectrum (spek'trum), n. [pi. spec'- 
tra.] I. Image of something seen, con- 
tinued after the eyes are closed. 2, 
Band of light showing colors, or lines 
and bands, seen when a beam of light 
from any source (as the sun or an 
ignited vapor), passes through a 
prism and is reflected from a diffrac- 
tion-grating. (See colored plate). [L.] 

specular (spek'u-lar), a. Resembling 
a speculum; having a smooth reflect- 
ing surface. [L.J 

speculate (spek'u-lat), vi. 1. Look at 
or into with the mind; consider; theo- 
rize. 2. Traffic for profit upon an 
uncertainty.— spec'ulator, n. [L.— 
speculor— specio. lookj 

speculation ( spek-u-la'shun ), n. 1. 
Mental view; contemplation; mere 
theory. 2. Buying: goods, etc., in ex- 
pectation of a rise in the market price. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fEre, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mule, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



speculative 



551 



spicy 



speculative(spek'u-la-tiv),a. 1. Given 
to speculation or theory; ideal. 2. 
Pertaining to speculation in business, 
etc.— speculatively, adv. 

speculum (spek'u-luin), n. [pi. spec'- 
cula.] 1. Reflector usually made of 
polished metal. 2. In surgery. Instru- 
ment for bringing into view parts 
otherwise hidden. [L.=looking-glass.] 

sped (s")*>f , ^,_pa. t. and pa. p. of speed. 

speech (spech), n. 1. That which is 
spoken; language. 2. Power of speak- 
ing. 3. Oration; formal discourse; 
declaration of thoughts. 4. Mention. 
[A. S. spcec, sprwc. See speak.] 

speechless ( spech'les ), a. Destitute, 
or temporarily deprived, of the power 
of speech.— speechlessness, n. 

speed (sped). I. n. 1. Quickness; veloc- 
ity. 2. Success. II. vi. [speed'ing; sped.] 

1. Move or act quickly. 2. Succeed: 
fare. III. vt. 1. Dispatch quickly. 

2. Hasten, as to a conclusion. 3. Ex- 
pedite; aid. [A. S. sped. Ger. sputen.] 

Syn. Swiftness; rapidity; celerity. 

speedy ( spe'di), a. Quick; nimble. — 
speed'ily, adv.— speed'iness, n. 

speiss (spis), n. Residue of nickel, 
arsenic, iron, etc., found in crucibles 
in which cobalt glass has been 
melted. [Ger. speise, bell metal.] 

spell (spel), n. Set of words supposed 
to possess magic power. [A. S. spell, 
narrative; speech.] 

spell (spel). I. vt. [spel'ling; spelled, 
or spelt.] 1. Name, write, or print the 
proper letters of. 2. Temporarily 
take another's place at work. II. vi. 
Form words with the proper letters. 
III. n. 1. Turn at work. 2. Short 
period. [O. Ger. spellon, do by turns. 
Cf. Ger. spielen, pi ay J 

spellbinder (spel'bm-der), n. Magi- 
cian; one who charms, esp. by speech. 

spellbound (spel'bo w nd), a. En- 
chanted; under magic influence. 

spelling (spel'ing), n. 1. Act of spell- 
ing or naming the letters of words. 
2. Orthography.— spel'ling-hee, n. 
Competition in spelling.— spel'ling- 
book, n. Book for teaching to spell. 

spelt (spelt), n. Kind of grain; also 
called German wheat. [ A. S. — L. 
spelta.] [ter.] 

spelter (spel'ter), n. TAwr. [See pew- 

spencer (spen'ser), n. Short jacket 
worn by men or women. [Named 
after a Lord Spencer.) 

spencer (spen'ser), n. Fore-and-aft 
sail abaft the fore and main masts. 
[Named after the inventor.] 

Spencerian (spen-se'ri-an), a. Per- 
taining to the English' philosopher 
Herbert Spencer, or to his philosophy. 



spend (spend). I. vt. [spend'ing; spent.] 

1. Expend or weigh out. 2. Give for 
any purpose. 3. Consume; waste. 4. 
Pass, as time. II. vi. 1. Make ex- 
penses. 2. Vanish; be dissipated.— 
spend'er, n. [A.S. aspendan — L. ex- 
pendo.] [igal. 

spendthrift (spend'thrift), n. Prod- 

spent(spent),po. t. and pa. p. of spend. 

sperm (sperm), spermaceti (sper- 
ma-se'ti or -set'i), n. Waxy matter 
from the bead of the sperm-whale. 
[L. sperma, seed, and cetus, whale.] 

spermatic (sper-mat'ik), spermat'- 
ical, a. Seminal, [the sperm-whale. 

sperm-oil (sperm'-oil), n._ Oil from 

sperm-whale (sperm'-hwal), n. Spec- 
ies of whale from which sperm or 
spermaceti is obtained. 

spew, spue (spu), vt. and vi. Vomit; 
eject withloathing. [A. S. spiwan.] 

sphere (sfer), n. 1. Ball; globe; orb. 

2. Circuit of motion; field of influ- 
ence, action or duty; province. 3. 
Rank; social position.— spher'al, a. 
[Gr. sphaira.] 

spheric (sfer'ik), spherical, a. Per- 
taining to or like a sphere.— spher'- 
ically, adv. 

sphericity (sfer-is'i-ti), n. Quality or 
state of being spherical; roundness. 

spheroid (sfer'oid), n. Body or figure 
having the form of a sphere, but not 
quite round. — spheroid'al. a. 

spherule (sfer'ol),^. Little sphere; 
globule. 

sphincter (sflngk'ter), n. Muscle that 
contracts or shuts an orifice or open- 
ing which it surrounds. [Gr. — sphing- 
go, bind tight.] 

sphinx (sfingks), 
n. 1. Monster with 
the head of a wo- 
man and the body 
of a lioness. 2. 
Enigmatical per- 
son. [Gr.] 

spice (spis). I. n. 1." 

Aromatic vege- Grecian sphinx, 
table used for sea- 
soning food. 2. Small quantity. 3. 
That which gives piquancy. II. vt. 
Season with spice. [O. Fr. espice — 
L. species, special kind.] 

spick and span new. As new as a 
spike (nail) just made and a chip 
(Cf. Ger. spahn) just split. 

spicula (spik'u-la), n. [pi. spiculae 
(spik'u-le).] Small spike found in 

. plants; dart. (See cut p. 554). fL.] 

spicy ( spi'si ), a. 1. Abounding with, 
or producing, spices. 2. Fragrant; 
pungent. 3. Pointed; racy.— spicily, 
adv.— spi'ciness, n. 




fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut. burn; oil, owl, then. 



SpMef 



552 



spiritism 




Spider. 



spider (spi'der), n. Small apterous in- 
vertebrate animal remarkable for 
spinning 
webs to take 
its prey. 
[Dan. spinder.] 

spigot fspig'- 
ut), n. Peg or 
plug for stop- 
ping a small 
hole in a 
cask; plug of 
a faucet. 
[Gael. spiocaid.\ 

spike (spik). I. n. 1. Large nail. 2. Ear 
of grain. 3. Cluster of flowers, sessile 
or issuing dir^'.Hy from an undivided 
axis. II. vt. Set or plug with spikes. 
[L. spica, spicus, sharp point.] 

spikelet (spik'let), n. Little spike. 

spikenard (spik'nardi. n. 1. Highly 
aromatic oil* obtained from an Indian 
plant, the Nardus, with spike-shaped 
blossoms. 2. The plant itself. 3. Name 
given to various fragrant essential 
oils. [L. sjiica nardi.Yl 

spiky (spi'ki), a. 1. Furnished with 
spikes. 2. Having a sharp point. 

spile (spil), n. 1. Spout, trough. 2. 
Peg used to stop a hole ; spigot. 
[Dut. spijl.] 

spill (spil). I. vt. [spil'ling; spilled or 
spilt.] 1. Allow to run out of a vessel. 
2. Shed, as blood. 3. Waste. II. vi. 1. 
Be shed. 2. Be allowed to fall; be 
wasted. — spill'er, n. [A. S. - spillan, 
destroy.] 

spill (spil). n. 1. Small peg or pin to 
stop a hole ; spile. 2. S trip of paper or 
wood for lighting a lamp. [Dut. spil. 
Ger. spille.] 

spin (spin). I. vt. and vi. [spin'ning; 
spun.] 1. Draw out and twist into 
threads. 2. Draw out a thread as 
spiders do. 3. Draw out tediously. 4. 
Whirl rapidly. II. n. Short run. — 
spin'ner, n. [A. S. spinnan.] 

spinach, spinage (spin'aj), n. Herb 
used as a vegetable. [O. Fr. espinache 
— Ar. isfanaj.] [backbone. 

spinal (spi'nal), a. Pertaining to the 

spindle (spin'dl), n. 1. Pin from 
which the thread is spun or twisted. 
2. Pin on which anything turns. 3. 
Fusee of a watch. [A. S. spinl.] 

spine (spin), n. 1. Thorn. 2. Thin, 
pointed spike, esp. in fishes. 3. Back- 
bone of an animal. [O. Fr. espine—Li. 
spina, thorn.] 

spinet ( spin'et or spin-et'), n. Old- 
fashioned keyed instrument like the 
harpsichord. [It. spinetta, dim. of spina 
— L. spina, thorn, so called from the 
pointed quills used in playing on it.) 



spinning- (spin'ing), a. Used in spin- 
ning, [a. Full of spiues ; thorny. 
spinose (spi'nos), spinous (spi'nus), 

spinster (spin'ster), n. Elderly unmar- 
ried woman. [Lit. woman who spins.] 

spiny(spi'ni), a. Full of spines; thorny; 
troublesome.— spi'niness, n. 

spiraele (spir'a-kl ), n. 1. Breathing- 
hole, as of the whale. 2. Minute pas- 
sage. \Xa. spir aculum— spir o, breathe.] 

spiral (spi'ral). I. a. 1. Pertaining to 
or like a spire. 2. Winding like the 
thread of a screw. II. n. Spiral line; 
curve which continually recedes from 
a center about which it revolves; 
screw.— spi'rally, adv. 

spire ( spir), n. 1. Winding line like 
the threads of a screw; curl; wreath. 
2. Tapering body; steeple. [L. spir a.] 

spirit (spirit). I. n. 1. Vital force; 
soul. 2. Disembodied soul; ghost; 
sprite. 3. Mental disposition; enthu- 
siasm; ardor. 4. Real meaning; in- 
tention. 5. Very lively person. 6. 
Person. 7. Intellectual and moral 
condition. 8. Any volatile, inflam- 
mable liquid obtained by distillation, 
as alcohol, brandy, etc. — The Spi?-it, 
the Holy Spirit, third person in the 
Trinity. II. vt. Take away suddenly 
or secretly. [L. spiritus, breath.] 

Syn. Lite ; essence ; apparition ; 
spectre; energy; morale; enterprise. 




Upper part of Spinal Cord and Brain. 
Sectional View. 
1. Spinal cord. 2. One of the cervical ver- 
tebrae. 3. One of the neural spines. 4. Lower 
brain or cerebellum. 5. Cerebrum. 

spirited (spir'it-ed), a. Full of spirit, 
life, or fire; animated.— spiritedly, 
adv.— spir'itedness, n. 

spiritism (spir'it-izm), n. See under 

SPIRITUALISM. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, more, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl r t hen. > 



spiritless 



553 



spoke 



spiritless ( spir'it-les ), a. Without 
spirit, cheerfulness, or courage; de- 
jected; dead.— spiritlessly, n. 

spiritual (spir'it-u-al), a. 1. Consist- 
ing of spirit; having the nature of a 
spirit; not material. 2. Pertaining to 
the soul; holy; divine; not carnal. 
3. Relating to the church; not lay or 
temporal.— spir'itually, adv. 

spiritualism (spir'it-u-al-izm), n. 1. 
Philosophical doctriue that nothing 
is real but soul or spirit. 2. Doctrine 
that spirit has real existence apart 
from matter. 3. Belief that certain 
peculiar phenomena ( as rapping, 
table-turning, etc.) are directly due 
to the influence of departed spirits, 
invoked by a "medium." 

spiritualist (spir'it-u-al-ist), n. Ad- 
herer of spiritualism. 

spirituality (spir-it-u-al'i-ti), n. 1. 
State of being spiritual. 2. State of a 
mind turned to holy things only. 3. 
Something pertaining to the church 
or spiritual matters. [spiritual. 

spiritualize (spir'it-u-al-Iz), v t. Make 

spirituous(spir'it-u-us), a. 1. Possess- 
ing the qualities of spirit. 2. Con- 
taining alcohol; intoxicating. 

spirt (spert). Same as spurt. 

spiry (sprr'i), a. 1. Of a spiral form; 
wreathed. 2. Tapering like a spire 
orapyramid. 3. Abounding inspires. 

spit (spit). I. n. 1. Iron rod on which 
meat is roasted. 2. Long, narrow 
peninsula. II. vt. [spit'ting; spit'ted.] 
Pierce with a spit. [A. S. spitu.] 

spit (spit). I. vt. [spit'ting; spit, spat; 
spit.] Throw out from the mouth ; 
eject with violence. [A.S. spittan, spit.] 

spite (spit). I. n. Active ill-will or 
hatred. II. vt. Vex; thwart. — In spite 
of, spite of, notwithstanding. [Short 
for despite.] 

Syn. Malice; malevolence; rancor ; 
pique; grudge; animosity; malignity. 

spiteful (spiff pi), a. Desirous to vex 
or injure; malignant.— spite'f ally, 
arito.— spite'f illness, n. 

spittle (spit'l).w. Moist matter thrown 
from the mouth: saliva. 

spittoon (spit-ton'), n. Vessel for 
receiving spittle; cuspidor. 

spitzdog (spits'dog), n. Breed of dog 
with long hair, mostly pur? white, 
erect ears, and pointed nose. [Ger 
spitz.] 

splash ( splash ). I. vt. Spatter with 
water or mud. II. vi. Dash about 
water or any liquid. III. n. 1. Water 
or mud thrown on anything. 2. Noise 
of splashing. [Imitative like plash.] 

splashy (splash'i), adv. Wet and mud- 
dy; full of dirty water. 



splay (spla). I. vi. 1. In arch. Slope; 
slant. 2. Dislocate, as the shoulder- 
bone. II. a. Spread out, as in splay- 
foot. [Abb. of DISPLAY.] 

spleen ( splen ), n. 1. Spongy body 
near the large extremity of the stom- 
ach; milt. 2. Ill-humor; melancholy. 
[L.— Gr. splen.] [L.] 

splendent ( splen'dent ), a. Shining. 

splendid (splen'did), a. Possessing 
splendor. — splendidly, adv. [L. 
splendidus—splendeo, shine.] 

Syn. Shining; bright; magnificent; 
showy; sumptuous; famous; illus- 
trious, [magnificence; glory. 

splendor (splen'dur), n. Brilliance; 

splenetic (sple net'ik or splen'e-tik). 

1. a. Affected with spleen; peevish; 
melancholy. II. n. Splenetic person.— 
splenet'ically, adv. [spleen. 

splenic (splen'ik), a. Pertaing to the 

splenitis ( sple-ni'tis), n. Inflamma- 
tion of the spleen. 

splice (splis). I. vt. Unite two ends of 
a rope, or the ends of two pieces of 
rope, timber, etc., so as to make one 
continuous piece. II. n. 1. Act of spli- 
cing. 2. Joint made by splicing. 
[Form of split.] 

splint (splint). I. n. 1. Small piece of 
wood split off. 2. In med. Thin piece 
of wood, etc., for confining a broken 
or injured limb. 3. Hard excrescence 
on the shank-bone of a horse. II. vt. 
Confine with splints. [Prom split.] 

splinter (splin'ter). I. /*. Thin, sharp 
piece of wood or other substance split 
off. II. vt. and vi. Cut or break into 
splinters. 

splintery (splin'ter-i), a. 1. Made of 
or like splinters. 2. Apt to splinter. 

split (split). I. vt. and vi. [split'ting; 
split.] 1. Cleave lengthwise. 2. Tear 
asunder violently. 3. Divide; throw 
into discord. II. n. 1. Break; division; 
schism. 2. Crack; rent lengthwise. 3. 
Piece or portion split off; half. [Ger. 
splitter.] 

splurge (splurj). I. n. Boisterous or ' 
ostentatious demonstration or effort. 
II. vi. Make an ostentatious display. 

splutter (splut'er). Same as sputter. 

spoil (spoil). I. vt. 1. Take by force. 2. 
Plunder. 3. Make unfit for use; cor- 
rupt; ruin. II. vi. X- Practice robbery. 

2. Become unfit for use; decay. III. 
n. 1. That which is taken by force; 
plunder; esp. in U. S., public office or 
other unjust preferment as reward 
for partisan service. 2. Pillagre; rob- 
bery. 3. Waste. [ O. Fr. despoiller — L. 
despoliare—spohum, booty.] 

spoke (spok), pa. t. of speak. 



tite, fat. task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then, 



spoke 



554 



spousal 



spoke (spok), n. One of the bars from 
the nave to the rim of a wheel. [A. S. 
spaca. Ger. speiche.] 

spoken (spo'kn) pa. p. of speak. 

spokeshave (spok'shav), n. Plane for 
dressing the spokes of wheels. 

spokesman (spoks'man), n. One who 
speaks for another, or others. 

spoliate (spo'li-at), vt. and vi. Rob; 
piuud er, pillage. —spoliation,^ [L. J 

spondaic (spon-da'ik), a. Pertaining 
to or consisting of spondees. 

spondee (spon'de), n. Foot of two 
long syllables. [Gr. spondeios.] 

sponge (spunj). I. n. 1. Porous frame- 
work of an animal, found attached 
to rocks, etc., under water, remark- 
able for its power of sucking up water. 
2. An instrument for cleaning cannon 
after a discharge. 3. Heel of a horse's 
shoe. 4. Anything like a sponge, as 
bread-dough before kneading, etc., 
5. One who lives upon others; para- 
site. II. vt. 1. Wipe with a sponge. 2. 
Wipe out with a sponge; destroy. 
HI. vi. 1. Suck in, as a sponge. 2. 
Make a living by mean tricks, or as 
a parasite. [Gr.— root of fungus.] 



►ongecake ( spunj 'kak ) 
light cake. 



Very 




A 

Sponge-spicules. 



spon ae- 
spicule 

(spunj'- 
spik-ul ), 
n. Chalky 
or silice- 
ous little 
spike or 
needle, 
as found 
in sponges. 

spongy (spun'ji) 
a. Soft and porous : wet and soft; 
capable of imbibing fluids. — sg>on'- 
g'iness, n. 

spousal (spon'sal), a. Pertaining to a 
betrothal, a marriage, or a spouse. 
[L.— sponsus, betrothal.] 

sponson ( spon'sun ), n. Curved pro- 
jection from the hull of a warship, 
for admitting of a gun to be trained 
fore or aft. [Etymology doubtful.] 

sponsor (spon'sur), n. One who prom- 
ises solemnly for another; surety; 
god-father or god-mother. — spon- 
sorship, n. [Li.—spondeo, promise.] 

sponsorial(spon-so'ri-al), a. Pertain- 
ing to a sponsor, or sponsorship. 

spontaneity (spon-ta-ne'i-ti),?i. State 
or quality of being spontaneous. 

spontaneous ( spori-ta'ue-us ), a. 1. 
Voluntary; actingby its own impulse 
or natura'l law. 2. Produced of itself 
or without interference. — sponta- 



neously, adv. [L —sponte, of one's 
own accord.] 

spool (spol). I. n. Hollow cylinder for 
winding yarn upon. II. vt. Wind on 
spools. [Low Ger.] 

spoon (spon). I. n. Instrument for 

. supping liquids. II. vi. Be spoony; 
court in a silly manner. [A. S. spon. 
Ger. span, chip.] 

spoon-bill (spon'-bil), n. Bird of the 
genus Platalea belonging to the heron 
family. [Prom the shape of the bill.] 

spooney, spoony (spo'ni), a. Silly; 
weakly affectionate. 

spoor(spor), n. Track or trail of an ani- 
mal, esp. when hunted as game. [Dut ) 

sporadic .( spo-rad'ik ), a. Scattered ; 
occurring singly. [Gr.— speiro, sow.] 

spore (spoi), n. 1. Minute grain whicii 
serves as a seed in fiowerless plants 
like the fern. 2. Germ; source of be- 
ing. [Gr. sporos, a sowing, seed — 
speiro, sow.] 

sporran (spor'an), n. Ornamental 
pouch worn in front of the kilt by the 
Scotch Highlanders. [Gael, sporan.] 

sport (sport). I. vi. 1. Play; frolic; jest. 
2. Practice field diversions or bet- 
ting. 3. Trifle. II. vt. 1. Amuse. 2. 
Represent playfully. 3. Exhibit; 
wear. III. n. 1. That which amuses 
or makes merry. 2. Contemptuous 
mirth ; derision. 3. Anything for play- 
ing with; toy; idle jingle. 4. Field 
diversion, as hunting, etc. 5. Sporting 
man ; gambler. — Make sport of, 
deride ; mock at. [Short for disport.] 
Syn. Prank; mirth; gamboling; rec- 
reation; hilarity; jollity; merriment. 

sportive (spdr'tiv), a. Inclined to 
sport; playful; merry. — sport'- 
iveiy, adv.— sport'iveness, n. 

sportsman (sports'man) n. One who 
practices, or one skilled in, held sports. 
— sports'mansnip, n. 

spot (spot). I. n. 1. Mark made by wet 
matter; blot; discolored place; small 
part of a different color. 2. Small ex- 
tent of space; particular place. 3. 
Stain on character or reputation. II. 
vt. [spotting; spott'ed.] 1. Mark with 
drops of wet; stain; discolor. 2. Taint; 
tarnish, as reputation. 3. Detect in 
the act. III. vi. Be liable to become 
spotted. [Prob. from root of spit.] 

spotless (spot'les), a. Without a spot; 
untainted; pure. —spotlessly, adv. 
— spot'lessness, n. 

spotter (spot'er), n. One who spots, 
or detects persons in the act of com- 
mitting offenses. 

spousal (spow'zal), a. Pertaining to a 
spouse, or to 'marriage ; nuptial; 
matrimonial. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



spouse 



555 



spruce 



spouse (spowz), n. Husband or wife. 
[O. Fr. espous, Fr. 4poux, fern. Spouse, 
— L. spondeo, promise.] 

spout (spowt). I. vt. Throw out as from 
a pipe. II. vi. 1. Issue with violence, as 
from a pipe. 2. Speak grandilo- 
quently. III. n. 1. Projecting mouth 
of a vessel from which a stream iss ues. 

2. Pipe for conducting a liquid. [Dut. 
spuiten. From root ot spit.] 

sprain (spran). I. vt. Overstrain the 
muscles of a joint. II. n. Excessive 
straining of the muscles of a joint. 
[O. Fr. espreindre — L. exprimere.] 

sprang*, pa. t. of spring. 

sprat (sprat), n. Sea-fish like the her- 
ring, but much smaller. [Ger. sprotte.] 

sprawl (spral), vt. and vi. 1. Toss or 
kick about the limbs. 2. Stretch the 
body carelessly when lying. 3. Stran- 
gle; spread ungracefully.— sprawl- 
er, n. [Dan. spraelle.] 

spray (spra). I. n. 1. Small particles 
of water driven by the wind, as from 
the top of waves, etc. 2. Any liquid 
sprayed or dispersed in small parti- 
cles. 3. Atomizer. II. vt. and vi. Scat- 
ter liquid in form of minute drops; 
moisten with spray. [A. S. spregan, 
pour.] [Doublet sprig.] 

spray (spra), n. Small shoot of a tree. 

spread (spred). I. vt. and vi. [spread'- 
ing; spread.] 1. Scatter abroad, or in 
ail directions. 2. Stretch; extend. 3. 
Circulate, as news. 4. Diffuse; propa- 
gate; strew. 5. Set with provisions, 
as a table. II. n. 1. Extent; compass; 
expansion of parts. 2. Cloth used as 
a cover. [A.S. spraedan. Ger. spreiten.] 

spree (spre), n. 1. Merry frolic. 2. 
Drunken frolic. [Icel. spraekr, lively.] 

sprig- (sprig). I. n. 1. Small shoot or 
twig. 2. Youth; boy. II. vt. [ sprig'- 
ging ; sprigged. ] Embroider withrepre- 
sentatlons of twigs. [A. S. spree] 

sprightly ( sprit'li ), a. Full of life; 
lively; brisk. — sprigbt'liness, n. 
[From spright, a corr. of spirit.] 

Syn. Vivacious; gay; brisk; anima- 
ted; spirited; vigorous; sprightlike. 

spring (spring). I. vi. [springing; 
sprang or sprung; sprung.] 1. Bound; 
leap; rush hastily. 2. Move suddenly 
by elastic force. 3. Start up suddenly; 
break forth to appear; issue; come 
into existence. 4. Bend; warp. II. vt. 
1. Cause to spring up; start. 2. Pro- 
duce quickly; contrive as a surprise. 

3. Explode as a mine : open, as a leak ; 
crack, as a mast. III. n. 1. Leap. 2. 
Flying back with elastic force. 3. 
Elastic power. 4. Elastic body. 5. 
Any active power; cause; origin; 
source. 6. Outflow of water from the 




earth. 7. Time when plants begin , ; 
spring up and grow; vernal seasc-; 
the first of the four seasons of the 
year. [A. S. springan.] 

springbok (spring'- 
bok), n. Sort of 
South African ga- 
zel, larger than a 
roebuck. [Dut.] 

springe(sprinj).I.n. 
Snare witli a spring- 
noose; gin. II. vi. 
Catch in a spiinge. 

springer(spring'er), 
n. Kind of dog allied 
to the spaniel, useful for springing or 
flushing game in copses. 

spring-tide (spring'-tid), n. 1. Tide 
which rises higher than ordinary 
tides, after new and full moon. 2. 
Season of spring. 

springy (spring'i), a. 1. Elastic; 
nimble. 2. Abounding with springs 
or fountains. — spring'iness, n. 

sprinkle (spring'kl;. I. vt. and vi. 1. 
Scatter in small drops or particles. 
2. Scatter on. 3. Baptize with a few 
drops of water; purify. 4. Rain in 
scattering drops. — sprinkling, n. 
Small quantity sprinkled. — sprink- 
ler, n. [A. S. sprengan, the causative 

of SPRING.] 

sprint (sprint). I. vi. Run fast. II. n. 

Fast run. — sprint'er, n. Foot race 

runner, 
sprit (sprit), n. Spar set diagonally to 

extend a fore-and-aft sail. [ A. S. 

spreot, pole.] 
sprite (sprit), n. Elf; fairy; goblin; 

spirit; ghost. [A corr. of spirit.] 
sprocket (sprok'et), n. Projection on 

a wheel, capstan, etc., for engaging a 

chain.— sprocket-wheel, n. Wheel 

having sprockets. 
sprout (sprowt). I. n. 1. Young shoot. 

2. pi. Young shoots from 

old cabbages. II. vt. and 

vi. Begin to grow; push 

out new shoots; cause to 

sprout. [ A. S. spreotan. 

Ger. sprieszen.] 
spruce (spros). I. a. Neat; 

smart; dandified; smug. 

IT. vt. Trim or dress with 

affected or finical neat- 
ness; prink. — spruce'- 

ly, adv. — spruce ness, 

n. [From spruce leather, 

a fine leather of Prussia.] 
Syn. Smart : jaunty ; 

foppish; finical. 
spruce (spros). spruce-fir (spros'- 

fer), n. Name of several species of con- 
iferous trees. [Ger. sprosse, sprout.] 




fate, fat, task, fax, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, but, bunt; oil, owl, then.. 



spruce-beer 



556 



square 



spruce-beer ( spros'-ber ), n. Fer- 
mented liquor made from the sprouts 
of the spruce-far. 

sprung*, pa. t. aud pa. p. of spring. 

spry (spn), a. Nimble; active. [Sw. 
sprygg.] 

spud (spud), n. Narrow spade with a 
short handle. [ From the root of 

spue. Same as spew, [spade.] 

spume ( spurn ). I. n. Scum thrown 
up by liquids; foam. II. vi. Throw up 
scum; foam. — spu'iuous, spumy 
(spu'mi), a. [L. spuma—spuo.] 

spun, pa. c and pa. p 1 of spin. 

spun-gold (spun'-g51d), n. Flattened 
gold, or gilded silver- wire, wound on a 
thread of yellow silk. 

spunk ( spungk), n. 1. Touchwood; 
tinder; punk. 2. Quick, ardent tem- 
per; mettle; spirit; pluck. [Gael. 
spong—Li. spongia, sponge.] 

sgmnkie (spung'ki), n. 1. Small flame 
<>r fiery spark. 2. Ignis fatuus; wiJl- 
o'-tbe-wisp. 3. Person of irritable tem- 
per. [Scotch.] 

spunky (spung'ki), a. 1. Spirited; 
iiery; plucky. 2. Irritable; touchy. 

spun-silver (spun'-sil-ver), n. Flat- 
tened silver wire wound round a 
thread of coarse silk. 

spur (spur). I. n. 1. Instrument on a 
horseman's heels, with sharp points 
for goading the horse. 2. That which 
goads or instigates ; incitement ; 
stimulus. 3. Something projecting. 4. 
Hard projection on a cock's leg. 5. 
Small range of mountains extending 
laterally from a larger range. II. vt. 
[spurr'ing; spurred.] 1. Urge on with 
spurs; urge onward; impel. 2. Put 
spurs on. III. vi. Press forward; 
travel in great haste. [A. S. spura.] 

spnrg-e (spurj), n. Class of acrid 
plants with a milky juice used for 
taking off warts. [ O. Fr. espurge — L. 
expurgare.\ 

spurious ( spu'ri-us ), a. Not genuine; 
false. — spuriously, adv. — spn- 
riousness, n. [L. spurius.] 

Syn. Counterfeit; fictitious; forged. 

spurn (spurn), vt. Drive away as 
with the foot; kick; reject with dis- 
dain. [A. S. spurnan —root of spur.] 

spurt (spurt). I. vt. and vi. Spout or 
gush out in a sudden stream, as 
water. II. n. 1. Sudden or violent 
gush of a liquid jet. 2. Sudden and 
short effort. [A. S. spryttan. Ger. 
spritzen.] 

sputter (sput'er). I. vi. 1. Spit in 
small drops, as in rapid speaking. 2. 
Speak rapidly and indistinctly. II. 
vi. 1. Throw out with haste and 
noise. 2. Utter hastily and indis- 



tinctly. III. n. Act of sputtering; 
noise made by sputtering. [Akin to 
splutter.] 
sputum (spu'tum), n. Spittle. [L.] 
spy (spi). n. 1. One sent into an ene- 
my's country or camp to find out 
their strength, etc. 2. One who keeps 
a watch on others. 3. One who se- 
cretly conveys information. II. vt. 
and vi. 1. See; discover, generally at 
a distance. 2. Discover by close 
search ; inspect secretly. [O. Fr. espie 
—Li. specio, look.] [scope. 

spyglass (spi'glas), n. Small tele- 
squab (skwob), a. 1. Short and stout; 
plump ; bulky. 2. Unfledged ; un- 
feathered, as a squab pigeon. — Phila- 
delphia squab, young pigeon. 
squabbish ( skwob'ish ), squabby 

(skwob'i), a. Thick; fat; heavy. 
squabble (skwob'i). I. vi. Dispute 
noisily; wrangle. II. n. Noisy, petty 
quarrel ; brawl.— squabbler, n. [Sw. 
skvabbel. Low Ger. kabbeln, quarrel.] 
squad (skwod), n. 1. Small body of 
men assembled for drill. 2. Any small 
body of persons. [See squadron.] 
squadron (skwod'run), n. 1. Body of 
cavalry, consisting of two troops. 2. 
Section of a fleet, commanded by a 
flag-officer. [Orig. a square of troops. 
Fr. escadron. See square.] 
squalid (skwol'id), a. Filthy, foul; 
extremely dirty. — squal'idly, adv. 
— squal'idness, n. [L. squalidus.] 
squall (skwal). 1. vi. Cry out violently. 
II. n. 1. Loud cry or scream. 2. Vio- 
lent gust of wind. [Icel. sqvala, shriek.] 
squally (skwal'i), a. Abounding or 
disturbed with gusts of wind; gusty, 
squalor (skwa'lur),7i. Filthiness. [L.] 
squander (skwon'der), vt. Spend lav- 
ishly, wastef ully. — squanderer, n. 
Syn. Waste; dissipate; scatter. 
square (skwar). I. a. 1. Having four 
equal sides and angles. 2. Forming a 
right angle. 3. Having a straight 
front or an outline formed by straight 
lines. 4. Fair; just; honest. 5. Ex- 
actly suitable; fitting. 6. Leaving no 
balance; even. 7. Substantial, as a 
square meal. 8. At right angles with a 
vessel's keel. II. n. 1. That which is 
square; square figure. 2. Four-sided 
space inclosed by or covered with 
houses. 3. Square body of troops. 4. 
Length of the side of any figure 
squared. 5. Instrument for measur- 
ing right angles. 6. Product of a quan- 
tity multiplied by itself. III. vt. 1. 
Form like a square; form with four 
equal sides and angles. 2. Multiply 
by itself. 3. Place at right angles with 
the keel. 4. Adjust; settle; balance. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; ine, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



squash 



557 



staff 



-squareness, n. [O. Fr. e&quarre 
— L. esquadra/e, make square,— quad- 
rus—quattuox \ four.] 

squash (skwosh). I. vi. Beat or press 
into pulp; crush flat. II. n. 1. Sudden 
fall or shock of soft bodies. 2. Any- 
thing soft and easily crushed ; any- 
thing soft or unripe. [O. Fr. escachier 
— L. excoactare, force.] 

squash(skwosb). n. Plant of the genus 
Cucurbita, and its fruit, cultivated as 
an article of food. — squash'-bug, 
n. Ill-smelling insect destructive to 
squash and pumpkin plants. [Amer- 
ican Indian askutasouash.l 

squat (skwot), vi. [squat'ting; squat'- 
ted. 1. Sit down upon the hams or 
heels; cower, as an animal. 2. Settle 
on public or new land without title. 
— squatter, n. 1. In U. S., settler on 
new land without title. 2. In Austra- 
lia, one who leases pasture land from 
the government. [O. Fr. esquatir.] 

squaw ( skwa), n. American Indian 
woman, or wife. 

squawk (skwak). I. vi. Utter a harsh 
outcry, as a frightened duck. II. n. 
Squall or harsh outcry. [Imitative.] 

squeak (skwek). I. vi. Utter a shrill 
and usually short cry. II. n. Sudden, 
shrill cry. [Imitative.] 

squeal (skwel), vi. 1. Utter a shrill 
and prolonged sound. 2. Turn in- 
former; peach. [Imitative.] 

squeamish (skwe'mish), a. 1. Sickish 
at the stomach. 2. Easily disgusted or 
offended; over-nice in questions of 
propriety ; finical ; fastidious.— 
squea'mishly, acta.— squea'mish- 
n ess, n. [O. Eng. sivemig, dizzy.] 

Syn. Dainty; qualmish; straitlaced; 
scrupulous; particular. 

squeeze (skwez). I. vt. and vi. 1. Crush 
or press between two bodies. 2. Em- 
brace closely. 8. Force or pass 
through a small hole; cause to pass. 
II. n. Act of squeezing; grasp; hug. 
[A. S. civisan. Ger. quetschen.] 

squelch (skwelch),^. Crush; subdue; 
suppress. 

squib (skwib), n. 1. Fizzling fire- 
cracker. 2. Short satirical writing. 
[M. E. squippen, dart, dash.] 

squid (skwid), n. 1. Cuttlefish. 2. 
Artificial bait or weighted hook used 
in angling. 

squil&ee (skwil'je), n. Instrument 
edged with India rubber or leather 
for scraping water from the deck of 
a ship; squeegee. 

squill (skwil), n. Genus of plants 
allied to the lily, an African species 
of which is used in medicine. [Fr. 
— Gr. skilla.] 




squill (skwil), n. 1. Kind of shrimp 
2. Mantis. [L.] 

squint (skwiut). I. a. Looking oblique- 
ly; distorted. II. vi. 1. Look oblique- 
ly. 2. Have the vision distorted. IIL 
vt. Cause to squint. IV. n. 1. Non- 
coincidence of the optical axes. 2. 
Distortion of vision. 

squire (skwir), n. Short for esquire. 

squirm (skwerm). L vi. Wriggle; 
writhe. II. n. Wriggling or writhing 
motion. 

squirrel (skwer'el), n. 
Nimble rodent ani- 
mal with a bushy 
tail. [O. Fr. esquirel 
(Fr. ecureuil) — Gr. 
skiouros—skia, shade, 
and our a, tail.] 

squirt (skwert). I. vt. 
Throw water in a 
stream from a nar- 
row opening. II. n. 
1. Small instrument 
for squirting. 2. 
Small, quick stream. [ Low Ger, 
swirtjen.] 

stab (stab). I. vt. aud vi. [stab'bing; 
stabbed. ] Wound with a pointed 
weapon. II. n. Thrust with a pointed 
weapon; treacherous injury. [Gael. 
stob, pointed stick. See staff.] 

stability (sta-bil'i-ti), n. Firmness: 
steadiness; immovability. [F.— L.] 

stable (sta'bl), a. Firmly established; 
not easily overthrown. — sta'bly, 
adv. — sta'bleness, n. [ L. stabilis — 
sto, stand. 

Syn. Fixed; firm; steady; steadfast; 
constant; durable; permanent. 

stable (sta'bl). I. n. Buildingfor horses 
and cattle. II. vt. Put or keep in a sta- 
ble. III. vi. Dwell in a stable. [ O. Fr. 
estable. (Fr. etable) — ~Lt. stabulum—sto, 
stand.] 

stabling (sta'bling), n. 1. Act of put* 
ting into a stable. 2. Accommodation 
for horses and cattle. 

staccato (stak-ka'to), a. Inmus. Giv- 
ing a clear distinct, sound to each note. 
[It. staccare, for distaceare, separate.] 

stack (stak).I. n. Large pile of hay, 
grain in the sheaf, etc. 2. Number of 
chimneys standing together. 3. Single 
tall chimney; smoke-stack. II. vt. 
Pile tip in a_stack. [Dan. stak.] 

stadium (sta'di-um), n. [pi. sta'dia.] 
Greek measure of 125 paces, equal to 
606 feet 9 inches English. 2. Greek 
course for foot-races 3. Stage or 
period of a isease. [Gr. stadion. ] 

staff (staf), n. [pi. staffs or staves.] 1. 
Stick carried for support or defence; 
a prop. 2. Long piece of wood; pole; 



fate, fat, task ; far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute. hut. burn; oil. owl. then. 



stag 1 



558 



stallion 



flagstaff. 3. Long handle of an instru- 
ment. 4. Stick or ensign of authority. 
5. [pi. staffs.] The five lines and 
spaces for music; stanza. 6. Establish- 
ment of general officers aiding ihe 
commander in chief; any simila: 
establishment, as the editors of a 
newspaper, teachers of a school etc. 
[A. S. stcef. Ger. stab.] 

stag- (stag), n. Male deer. —stag' - 
beetle, n. Beetle the male of which 
has mandibles like stag's horns. — 
stag'-party, n. Party attended by 
men only. [Colloq.] [Icel. steggr, male 
animal L — stig, mount.] 

stage(staj). I. n. 1. Elevated platform, 
esp. in a theater. 2. Theater; theat- 
rical representations. 3. Any place of 
exhibition or performance. 4. Place 
of rest on a journey or road. 5. Dis- 
tance between places. 6. Stage coach., 
II. vt. 1. Exhibit on a stage. 2. Put on 
the stage. [ O. Fr. estage, Fr. itage, 
story of a house.] 

stagecoach (staj'koch), n. Coach that 
runs regularly with passengers from 
stage to stage. ' [on the stage. 

stage-player (staj'-pla-er),w. Player 

stager (sta'jer), n. 1. Player. 2. Oue 
who has lived long; man of experi- 
ence. (Often used with old.) 

stagger (stag'er). I. vi. 1. Reel from 
side to side. 2. Begin to give way. 3. 
Begin to doubt; hesitate. II. vt. 1. 
Cause to reel. 2. Cause to doubt or 
hesitate. 3. Shock. [Icel. stakra, tot- 
ter.] 

staggers (stag'erz), n. Disease of 
horses, causing them to reel and fall 
suddenly. 

staghonmd (stag'hownd), n. Hound 
used in hunting the stag or deer. 

staging (sta'jing), n. Scaffold for 
workmen in building. 

stagnant (stag'nant), a. 1. Not flow- 
ing; motionless; dull. 2. Impure from 
being motionless. — stag'nantly, 
adv. [L. stagnans. See stagnate.] 
Syn. Inert; sluggish; torpid. 

stagnate (stag'nat), vi. Cease to flow; 
become dull or motionless. — stag- 
nation n. [L. stagnum, pool.] 

staid (stad), a. Steady; sober; grave. 
— staid'ly, adv. — staid'ness, n. 
[From stay.] [of stay. 

staid, stayed (stad), pa. t. a,ndpa.p. 

stain (stan). I. vt. 1. Tinge; color; 
dye; esp. a solid, as wood, glass, etc. 
2. Discolor; spot; tarnish. 3. Mark 
with guilt or infamy; bring reproach 
on. II. n. 1. Discoloration; spot. 2. 
Taint of guilt; cause of reproach; 
shame. [Short for distain.] 
Syn. Paint; soil; sully; disgrace. 




Stalactites and 
stalagmites. 



stainless (stan'les), a. "Without, or 
free from, stain. 

stair (star), n. 1. One step for ascend- 
ing to a higher level. 2. Series of such 
steps. C pi. Flight of steps. — stair- 
case, star'way, ns. Flight of stairs 
with balusters, etc.. [ A. S. stceger — 
stigan, ascend. Ger. steigen.] 

stake (stak). I. n. 1. Strong stick or 
post, pointed at one end. 2. Post to 
which an animal is tied, or to which 
a martyr was tied to be burned. 3. 
Martyrdom. 4. Anything pledged in a 
wager. II. vt. 1. Fasten, or pierce 
with a stake. 2. Mark the bounds of 
with stakes. 3. Wager; hazard. [A 
S. staca] 

stalactic(sta-lak'tik), 
stalactitic, (sta- 
lak-tit'ik), a. Having 
the form or proper- 
ties of a stalactite. 

stalactite (sta-lak'- 
tit), n. Cone of car- 
bonate of lime, hang- 
ing like an icicle, in 
a cavern, formed by 
the dripping of water 
containing carbon- 
ate of lime. [ Gr. stal- 
azo, drip.] 

stalagmite (sta-lag'mit), n. Cone of 
carbonate of lime on the floor of a 
cavern, formed by the dripping of 
water from the roof.— stalagmit'ic, 
a. [Gr.— stalazo, drip.] 

stale (stal), a. 1. Tainted; vapid or 
tasteless from age; no longer fresh; 
trite. 2. Not new. 3. Worn out by 
age; decayed.— stale'ness, n. [Ety- 
mology doubtful.] 

stalk (stak), n. 1. Stem of a plant. 2. 
Stem on which a flower or fruit. 
grows. 3. Stem of a quill. 4. Slender 
shaft or handle. [An extension of 
A. S. stel. IceL stil/cer. Ger. stiel.] 

stalk (stak). L vi. 1. Walk with long, 
slow steps. 2. Walk behind a stalk- 
ing-horse. 3. Pursue game by ap- 
proaching behind covers. II. vt. Ap- 
proach secretly in order to kill, as 
deer. — stalfc'er, n. [A. S. stealcian, 
walk stealthily.] 

stalking-horse (stak'ing-hars), n. 1. 
Horse behind which a hunter hides. 
2. Mask; pretence. 

stall (stal). I. n. 1. Division of a 
stable for a single animal. 2. Booth 
or stand where articles are exposed 
for sale. II. Put or keep in a stall. 
[A. S. steall.] [tened in a stable. 

stall-fed (stal'fed), vt. Fed and fat- 
stallion (stal'yun), '.%. Male horse. 
[Fr. estalon — O. Ger. stall, stable.} 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



stalwart 



559 



star 




Stamens of 
1. Cardoon thistle. %■ 
Flower of tuli~tree. 3- 
Rice. 4. Whortleberry- 
5. Glade mallow. 6. 
Hippocratea. 7. Thyme. 
8. Leek. 9- Spanish 
broom. 10. Hellebore. 



stalwart (stal'wart). I. a. Stout; 
strong; sturdy. II. re. Intense par- 
tisan. [ A. S. 
staelwyrthe, 
trustworthy.] 

stamen ( s t a'- 
nieu), re. 1. [pi. 
sta'niens.] Or- 
gan of a flower 
which produces 
the pollen. 2. 
[pi. stamina 
(stam'i-na) .] 
Main support; 
power of en- 
durance. [Gr.j 

stammer(stam'- 
er). I. vi. a.n6.vt. 
Halt in speech; 
falter; stutter; 
utter with hesi- 
tation. II. re. 

Hesitation in speech; defective utter- 
ance. — stani'merer, re.— stani'mer- 
ing, n. — stam'mering-ly, adv. 
[A. S. stamor.] 

stamp (stamp). I. vi. Plant the foot 
flrmly down. II. vt. 1. Strike with the 
•sole of the foot, by thrusting it down. 
2. Impress with some mark or figure; 
imprint. 3. Coin; form. 4. Affix an 
adhesive stamp to. 5. Crush, as ores. 
III. re. 1. Act of stamping. 2. Mark 
made by pressing. 3. Instrument for 
making impressions. 4. Small piece 
of paper to toe attached to a paper, 
letter, document or article, in order 
to show that a duty, tax or charge 
has toeen paid. 5. Cast; form; char- 
acter. 6. Heavy hammer worked by 
machinery for crushing metal ores.— 
stamper, n.-stamp'ing;, re. [Low 
Ger. sta?npen.] 

stampede ( stam-ped' ). I. re. Sudden 
fright seizing on large toodies of 
horses, cattle, etc., causing them to 
run away; flight, caused by panic. II. 
vt. Cause to start off in a panic. [Sp. 
estampida.] 

stanch (stanch), staunch (stanch). 

I. vt. Stop the flowing of, as blood. 

II. vi. Cease to flow. III. a. Constant; 
trusty: zealous; sound; firm.— 
stanch'Iy. adv. — stanch'ness, re. 
[O Fr. estanchier—~L. stagno, stagnate.] 

stanchion (stan'shun), re. Upright 
beam used as support; pillar; post. 
[O. Fr. estangon.] 

stand (stand). I. vi. [standing; stood.) 
1. Be fixed in an upright position. 2. 
Occupy a certain position. 3. Be at 
rest. 4- Be in a particular state, posi- 
tion or rank. 5. Remain fixed or firm. 
6. Endure. 7. Offer one's self as a can- 



didate. II. vt. 1. Set upright. 2. En- 
dure; sustain; bear; resist. III. re. 1. 
Place where one remains for any pur- 
pose. 2. Platform for spectators. 3. 
Something on which anything rests; 
small table. 4. Stop ; difficulty. 5. Com- 
plete set, as of arms, —stand-by, re. 
1. Supporter. 2. Reliable support. 
— stand'er,re — standstill, re. Stop 
— Stand against, resist. — Stand by, 
support. [A. S. standan.~\ 

standard ( stand'arrl) . I. n. 1. That 
which stands or is fixed, as a rule or 
model. 2. Upright post of a truss. 3. 
Staff with a flag; flag. II. a. 1. Accord- 
ing to, or serving as, a standard. 2. 
Having a fixed or recognized value. 
[O.Fr. estendard—Li. extender e, stretch 
out.] 

standing (stand'ing). I. a. 1. Esfcab- 
ished; permanent. 2. Stagnant. 3. 
Being erect. II. re. 1. Continuance; 
existence. 2. Place to stand in. 3. 
Position in society; rank; reputation. 

standish (stand'ish),re. Standing dish 
for pen and ink. [stand and dish.] 

stand'point (stand'point), re. Point, 
of view. [halt. 

standstill (stand'stil), re. Stop; pause; 

stanhope ( stan'hop, ), r>. Light two- 
w heeled carriage without a top. 
[From Mr. Stanhope, its contriver.] 

Stannary (stan'a-ri) I. a. Of or relat- 
ing to tin mines or works. II. re. Tin 
mine. [L. stannum, tin.] 

stannic (stan'ik), a. Pertaining to, or 
procured from, tin.] 

stanEa(stan'za), re. 1. In poetry. Series 
of lines or verses connected with and 
adjusted to each other. 2. Division of 
a poem containing every variation of 
measure in the poem. [It. stanza, 
stop, — Li._stans, pr. p. of slo, stand.] 

stapes (sta'pez), re. Stirrup-shaped 
bone in the ear. See labykinth. [M. 
L. = stirrup.] 

staple (sta'pl). I. re. 1. Principal pro- 
duction or industry of a district or 
country. 2. Principal element. 3. 
Thread of textile fabric. 4. Unmanu- 
factured material. 5. Loop of iron 
for holding a pin, bolt, etc. II. a. 1. 
Established in commerce. 2. Regu- 
larly produced for market. [A. S 
stapul and staff el, prop: table.] 

stapler (sta'pler), re. 1. Dea^r. 2 
Wool sorter. 

star (star). I. re. 1. One of the bright 
bodies in the heavens (excepting sun 
and moon). 2. Representation of a 
star. 3. Person of brilliant or attrac- 
tive qualities, esp. an actor or actress. 
4. Asterisk. 5. Anything resembling 
a star. II. vi. 1. Shine, as a star; 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, ff.re, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, tften. 



starboard 



500 



stateroom 



attract attention. 2. Appear as a 
leading actor or actress.— Stars and 
stripes, American flag. [A.S. steorra.] 

starboard ( star'bord ). I. n. Right- 
hand side of a ship, looking toward 
the bow. II. a. Pertaining to or lying 
on the right side of a ship. [A.S. steor- 
bord — steor, rudder, and bord, side.] 

starcb (starch). I. a. Strong; stiff; 
precise. II. n. 1. Glistening white 
vegetable powder, forming when Wet 
a sort of gum much used as food, 
for stiffening cloth, etc. 2. Stiffness; 
formal maimer. III. vt. Stiffen with 
starch.— starcta'er, n. — starcb'ed, 
a. Stiffened with starch; stiff; formal. 
— starcb'ed ly, adv. — starch'ed- 
ness, n.— starcb'y, a. Consisting 
of or like starch; stiff; nrecise. [A.S. 
=strength,— stearc, strong, stark.] 

Star Cbamber (star'-cham-ber), n. 1. 
Formerly an English court of civil 
and criminal jurisdiction at West- 
minster. 2. Any tribunal that proceeds 
unfairly or arbitrarily. 

stare (star). I. vi. Look with a fixed 
gaze, as in horror, astonishment, etc. 
II. vt. Influence by gazing. III. n. 
Fixed look. [A. S. starian. Cf. Ger. 
starr, rigid. See stern.] 

starOsb (star'fish), 
n. Marine animal 
usually in the form 
of a tive-rayed star. 

star-gazer ( star'- 
ga-zei), in. One who 
gazes at the stars; 
astrologer; astron- 
omer. 

stark (stark). I. a. 
1. Stiff; rigid. 2. 
Absolute ; entire ; 
utter. II. adv. Ab- 
solutely; completely.— starkly, adv. 
[A. S. stearc, strong.] 

starling (starling), n. 1. European 
bird, easily tamed. 2. A somewhat 
similar American bird. [Ger. staar.] 

starling- (star'ling), n. Ringorinclos- 
ure of piles to keep out the water; 
cofferdam. [Dan. stoer, pole.] 

starred (stard), a. Adorned or studded 
with stars. 

starry (star'i), a. 1. Abounding or 
adorned with stars. 2. Consisting of 
or proceeding from the stars; stellar. 
3. Like or shining like the stars. — 
star'riness, n. 

start (start). I. vi. 1. Move suddenly, 
as if by a twitch or involuntary 
shrinking; wince. 2. Begin. 3. Be- 
come loose. II. vt. 1. Cause to move 
suddenly. 2. Disturb suddenly; rouse 
suddenly from concealment. 3. Set 




Starfish. 



i«i motion; call forth; invent or dis- 
cover. 4. Move suddenly from its 
place; loosen. 5. Empty; pour out. 
III. n. 1. Sudden motion of the body. 

2. Sudden rousing to action; unex- 
pected movement; sally; sudden fit. 

3. First motion from a point or place; 
outset. [Icel. sterta. Low Ger. storten, 
plunge. Ger. stuerzen.] 

startle (star'tl). I.vi. 1. Start or move 
suddenly. 2. Feel sudden alarm. II. 

, vt. Excite suddenly; shock; frighten. 
III. n. Sudden alarm or surprise. 
[Extension of start.] 

starvation (star-va'shun), n. Act of 
starving; state of being starved. 

starve (starv). I.vi. 1. Die of hunger. 
2. Suffer extreme hunger or want. 3. 
Be in want of anything necessary. 
II. vt. 1. Kill with hunger; destroy 
by want. 2. Deprive of strength; dis- 
able. [A. S. steorfan, die,] 

starveling- (starv'ling). I. a. Perish- 
ing from hunger; lean; weak. II. n. 
Pininganimal or plant. 

state(stat). I. n. 1. Condition or circum- 
stances of a being or thing at any 
given time. 2. Royal or gorgeous 
pomp; appearance of greatness. 3. 
Estate; body of men forming a divi- 
sion of the government. 4. People 
united into one body politic; com- 
monwealth. In U. S., one of the fed- 
erated commonwealths composing 
the Union. 5. Power wielded by the 
government of a country ; civil 
power, often as contrasted with the 
church. II. a. Public; relating to the 
body politic. [O. Fr. estat— L. status.] 

state (sta,t),vt. 1. Set; settle; establish. 
2. Express the particulars of; set 
down in detail or in gross. 

stated (sta'ted), n. 1. Settled; estab- 
lished; fixed; regular. 2. Named.— 
sta'tedly, adv^ [a state. (U. S.) 

Statebouse (stat'hows), n. Capitol of 

stately (stat'li) a. Showing state or 
dignity; majestic; grand.— state'li- 
ness, n. 

statement (stat'ment), n. 1. Act of 
stating. 2. That which is stated; nar- 
rative; recital. 

State-paper (stat'-pa-per), n. Official 
document relating to affairs of state. 

State-prison ( stat'-priz'n ), n. 1. 
Penitentiary. 2. Prison for political 
offenders. — State-prisoner, n. 1. 
Prisoner confined for offences against 
the State. 2. Penitentiary convict. 

stateroom ( stat'rom ), n. 1. Stately 
room in a palace or mansion. 2. 
Sleeping apartment in a passenger- 
steamer or sleeping-car. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; *^te, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; ii, owl, then. 



statesman 



561 



steal 




Frictional electric ma- 
chine, producing stat- 
ical electricity. 



statesman (stats'man), n. One skilled 
in government and public affairs. — 
states'manlike, a.— statesman- 
ship, n. 

static (stat'ik), 
statical, a. 1. 

Pertaining to 
statics. 2. Per- 
taining to bod- 
ies at rest or in 
equilibrium. 3. 
Acting by mere 
weight.— Static- 
al electricity, 
electricity pro- 
duced by fric- 
tion and analo- 
gous means, 

the phenomena of which are mostly 
statical. 

statics (stat'iks), n. Science which 
treats of the action of force in main- 
taining rest^ [Gr.] 

station ( sta'shun ). I. n. 1. Place 
where a person or thing stands. 2. 
Post assigned; position; office; situ- 
ation. 3. State; rank; condition in 
life. 4. Place where railway trains 
come to a stand. 5. District or branch 
post-office. II. vt. Assign a station 
to; appoint to a post, place, or office. 
[Li. statio — stq, stand.] 

stationary(sta'shun-ar-i), a. 1. Stand- 
ing; fixed; settled. 2. Acting from or 
in a fixed position (as an engine). 3. 
Not progressing or retrogressing ; not 
improving. 

stationer ( sta'shun-er ), n. One who 
sells articles used in writing. [Orig. 
a bookseller, from occupying a stall 
or station in a market place.] — sta- 
tionery, n. Articles sold by station- 
ers, [tician. 

statist (sta'tist), n. Statesman; poli- 

statistic (sta-tis'tik), statistical, a. 
Pertaining to or containing statistics. 
statistically, adv. 

statistician ( stat-is-tish'an), n. One 
skilled in the science of statistics. 

statistics ( sta-tis'tiks ), n. 1. Collec- 
tion of facts and figures regarding 
the condition of a people, class, etc. 
2. Science which treats of the collec- 
tion and arraugement of statistics. 
[From state.] 

statuary ( stat'u-ar-i ), n. 1. Art of 
carving statues. 2. Statue or a col- 
lection of statues. 3. One who makes, 
or deals in,_statues. [L. statuarius.] 

statue (stat'u), n. Likeness of a living 
being carved out of some solid sub- 
stance; image. [L. statua—sto.] 

statuesque ( stat-u-esk'), a. Like a 
statue. [Pr.] 



statuette (stat-u-et'], n. Small statue. 

stature (stat'ur), n. Height. [L. sta- 
tural [rank. [L.] 

status ( sra'tus ), n. State; condition; 

statutable ( stat'u-ta-bl ), a. 1. Made 
by statute. 2. According to statute. 
— stat'utably, adv. 

statute ( stat'ut), n. 1. Law enacted 
by the legislature (as distinguished 
from a customary law). 2. Act of a 
corporation or its founders, intended 
as a permanent rule or law. [L. sta- 
tutum, ordained.] 

statutory (stat'u-to-ri), a. Enacted by 
statute; depending on statute for its 
authority. 

staunch. See stanch. 

stave (stav). I. n. 1. One of the pieces 
of which a cask or pail is made. 2. 
Staff or part of apiece of music. 3. 
Stanza. II. vt. [ stav'iug; staved or 
stove.] 1. Break a stave or the staves 
of; burst. 2. Drive off, as with a staff; 
delay. 3. Furnish with staves. [ By- 
form of stab and staff.] 

staves (stavz), n. PI. of staff. 

stay (»ta). I. vi. [stay'lng; staid or 
stayed.] 1. Remain; abide; continue 
in a place or state; wait. 2. Cease 
acting. 3. Trust; rely; insist. II. vt. 

1. Cause to stand; stop; restrain; 
end 2. Delay. 3. Prevent from fall- 
ing; prop; support. III. n. 1. Con- 
tinuance in a place; abode for a time. 

2. Stop; stand-still. 3. Prop; sup- 
port. 4. Large strong rope running 
from the head of one mast to another 
mast or to the side of the ship. [O. Fr. 
esteir — L. stare, stand.] 

stead (sted), n. Place which another 
had or might have. [A.S. stede— root 

of STAND.] 

steadfast(sted'fast), a. 1. Firmly fixed 
or established. 2. Firm; constant; 
resolute; steady.— steadfastly, adv. 
— stead'fastness, n. 

steady (sted'i). I. a. [stead'ier; stead'- 
iest.] 1. Firm in standing or in place; 
fixed; stable. 2. Constant; resolute; 
consistent. 3. Regular; uniform. II. 
vt. and vi. [stead'ying; stead'ied. ] 
Make or become steady; make or 
keep firm.— steadily, adv.— stead'- 
iness, n : [See stead.] 

steak (stak), n. Slice pf meat (esp. 
beef) broiled, or for broiling. [Icel. 
steik, steikja, broil.] 

steal (stel). I. vt. [steal'ing; stole; 
stolen.] l.Take by theft, or felon- 
iously. 2. Move or get surreptitiously. 

3. Gain or win by address or by grad- 
ual means. II. vi. 1. Practice theft. 
2. Pass secretly; slip in or out unper- 
ceived.— steal'er, n. [A.S. stelan.] 



fate, £at, tatsk, far, tall, fare, above; ine, met, her; mite, mitj note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



stealth 



562 



SteilOj£Jfa£>h 



stealth (steltb), n, 1. Act of stealing. 
2. Secret manner of bringing any- 
thing to pass. —stealth'y, a. 
stealth'ily, adv. — stealth'iness, n. 

Steam (stem). I. n. I. Vapor into 
which water is changed when heated 
to the boiling-point; water in the gas- 
eous state. 2. Mist formed by con- 
densed vapor. 3. Any exhalation. II. 
vi. 1. Rise or pass off in steam or 
vapor. 2. Move by steam. III. vt. Ex- 
pose to steam. [A. S. Cf. Dut. stoo?n.] 

steamboat (stem'bot), steamship, 
steam'-vessel, ns. Boat, ship, or 
vessel propelled by steam. 

steam-engine (stem'-en'jin), n. Ma- 
chine with changes heat into motion 
through the medium of steam. . 

steamer (ste'mer), n. 1. Vessel moved 
by steam. 2. Vessel in which articles 
are steamed. 

steamy ( ste'mi ), a. Consisting of or 
like steam; full of steam or vapor. 

Stearine ( ste'a-rin ), n. Solid sub- 
stance of beef and mutton suet. [Gr. 
stear, suet.]_ [— stear, fat. 

steatite (ste'a-tit), n. Soapstone. [Gr. 

steed (sted), n. Spirited horse. [A. S. 

Steel Cstel). I. n. 1. Iron combined with 
a small portion of carbon. 2. Instru- 
ment of steel. 3. Instrument of steel 
for sharpening knives on. II. a. Made 
of steel. III. vt. 1. Overlay or edge 
with steel. 2. Harden ; make obdurate. 
[A. S. style. Ger. stahl.] 

b*eel square (stel'skwar), n. Square 
made of steel, on which are stamped 
hgures.lines and scales for measuring. 

steelyard (stir- 
yard),^. Weigh- 
ing machine, 

in which a sin- ^-^-t^t ' , , , , , ,. t t , 
gle weight is "A M 

moved along a () \J 

graduated 
beam. Steelyard. 

steep (step). I. 
a. 1. Rising or descending with great 
inclination; precipitous. 2. Excess- 
ive; difficult. (Colloq.) II. n. Preci- 
pitous place; precipice. — steep'ly, 
adv.— steep'ness, n.— steep'en, vi. 

steep (step). I. vt. Dip or soak in a 
liquid ; imbue. II. n. Something 
steeped or used in steeping ; fertiliz- 
ing liquid for seed. [Low Ger. stippen.] 

steeple (ste'pl), n. Tower of a church 
or. building, ending in a point. — 
steep'leehase, n. Race over all ob- 
stacles, direct toward a distant 
object, orig. a steeple. 

steer (ster), n. Young ox, from 2 to 
4 years old. [A. S. steor. Ger. slier.] 



steer (ster). I. vt. 1. Direct with the. 
helm. 2. Guide; govern. II. vi. 1. 
Direct a ship in its course. 2. Be di- 
rected. [A. _S. speoran. Ger. steuern,.] 

steerage (ster'aj ), n. 1. Act or prac- 
tice of steering. 2. Effect of a rudder 
on a ship. 3. Apartment in the fore 
part of a ship for passengers paying 
a low rate of fare. [steers a ship. 

steersman ( sterz'man ), n. Man who 

steeve (stev), vi. Project from the 
bows at an angle instead of horizon- 
tally ; said of a bowsprit. [Dut. stevig, 
stiff, firm.]_ 

steeve ( stev), a. Firm; compacted; 
not easily bent. — steeve'ly, adv. 
[ Scotch. Akin to stife.] 

stegnosis (steg-no'sis), n. Constipa- 
tion. [Gr.] [render costive. [Gr.j 

stegnotic (steg-not'ik), a. Tending to 

stein (stin), n. Earthenware beer- 
mug. [Ger. = stone.] 

steinbock (stin'bok), n. German 
name of the ibex. [Ger.=stone-buck.] 

stela ( ste'la ), stele ( ste'le ), n. 1. 
Small column without base or capital, 
serving as a monument, a milestone, 
and the like. 2. Sepulchral slab or 
column. [Gr. stele,— sta-. stand.] 

stellar (stel'ar), a. Relating to the 
stars; starry .JL. stellaris— stella, star.] 

stellate (stel'at), stellated, a. Like 
a star; radiated. 

stellular (stel'u-lar), a. 1. Formed 
like little stars. '2. Spangled with 
little stars. [ From L. stellula, little 
star.] [star. 

steliulate (stel'u-lat), a. Like a little 

stem (stem). I. n. 1. Part of a tree be- 
tween the ground and the branches; 
little branch supporting the flower 
or fruit. 2. Race or family; branch 
of a family. 3. Part of a derived or 
inflected word to which the endings, 
prefixes, etc. are added; base. 4. 
Curved piece of timber or metal, to 
which the sides of a ship are joined at 
the foremost end. II. vt. 1. Remove 
stems, as from fruits. 2. Stop; check. 
3. Resist; make progress against. 4. 
Cut with the stem of a vessel; dash 
against; steer. [A. S. stenc] 

steneh ( stench ), n. Offensive odor. 

stencil (sten'sii). I. n. Plate of metal, 
etc., with a pattern cut out, which is 
impressed upon a surface by drawing 
a brush with color over it. ll.vt. Print 
or paint by means of a stencil.— 
sten'ciler, n. [Ejym. doubtful.] 

stenograph (sten'o -graf), n. 1. Char- 
acter, or memorandum, in short- 
hand. 2. Machine for typewriting in 
shorthand. — stenographer, ste- 
nographist, ns. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then.. 



stenography 



563 



sternum 



stenography ( sten-og'ra-fi ), n. Art 
of writing very quickly by means of 
abbreviations, or short signs for whole 
words; shorthand. — stenograph'- 
ic, stenograph'ical, as. [ Gr. ste- 
nos, narrow, and grapho, write.] 

stenophyllons (ste-nof'il-us or sten- 
o-fil'us), a. Having narrow leaves. [Gr. 
stenos, narrow, and phyllon, leaf.] 

stenter (sten'ter). I. n. Machine for 
givingan elastic finish, to muslin, etc., 
by manipulating it over a current of 
hot air. II. vt. Operate with such a 
machine on, as muslin. 

stentorian ( sten-to'ri-an ), a. Very 
loud or powerful, like the voice of 
Stentor,a, herald mentioned by Homer. 

step ( step ). I. n. 1. Distance crossed 
by the foot in walking or running; 
pace. 2. One remove in ascending or 
descending a stair. 3. One of the rests 
for the foot on a stair case; round of 
a ladder. 4 Foot print. 5. Manner of 
walking. 6. Action ;measure. 7. pi. Self- 
supporting, portable ladder with flat 
steps. II. vi. [step'ping; stepped.] Ad- 
vance or retire by pacing; walk. III. 
vt. 1. Set, as a foot. 2. Fix the foot of 
a mast, etc. [A.S. staepe. Ger. stapfe.] 

step-, prefix. Denoting relation by 
marriage of a parent, as in step- 
mother. [A. S. steop, bereft. Orig. used 
of children only.] 

steppe (step), n. One of the vast 
uncultivated plains in the S. E. of 
Europe and in Asia. [Russ. stepj.] 

stepping-stone (step'ing-ston), n. 
1. Stone to raise the feet above the 
water or mud. 2. Means of advance- 
ment. 

-ster. Termination as in maltster, 
gamester, spinster, songster, denot- 
ing occupation. Orig. the sign of the 
feminine gender, corresponding to 
the masculine -er. In the XIV. cen- 
tury it gave way to the Norman end- 
ing -ess._ 

stere (ster or star), n. Unit of solid 
metric measure, equal to a cubic 
meter. [Fr.— Gr. stereos, solid.] 

stereo-, prefix. Solid; firm. [Gr.] 

stereo (ster'e-o), n. Abbreviation of 

STEREOTYPE. 

stereographic ( s t e r-e-o-g raf'ik), 
stereograph'ical, as. Pertaining 
to stereography; made according to 
stereography; delineated on a plane. 
— storeograph'ieally, adv. 

stereography (ster-e-og'ra-fi), n. 1. 
Art of showing solids on a plane. 2. 

. Branch of solid geometry treating of 
all regularly defined solids. [Gr. 
stereos, solid, and grapho, write.l 




Stereoscope. 



stereopticon ( ster-e-op'ti-kon ), n. 
Double magic lantern producing dis- 
solving views. 

stereoscope 

(ster'e-o-skop), 

n. Optical 

contrivance 

by which two 

flat pictures of 

the same object 

are seen as one 

and as having 

an appearance 

of solidity and 

reality. — stereoscop'ic, stereo- 

scop'ical, as. — ster'eoscopy, n. 

[Gr. stereos, solid J andskopeo, see.] 

stereotype (ster'e-o-tip). I. n. 1. Solid 
metallic plate for printing, cast from 
an impression of movable types, 
taken on some plastic substance. 2. 
Art of making or printing with such 
plates. II. a. Pertaining to or done 
with stereotypes. III. vt. 1. Casta ster- 
eotype plate of. 2. Prepare for print- 
ing by means of sterotype plates. 3. 
Fix or establish firmly or unchange- 
ably.— ster'eotyper, n. [Gr. stereos, 
solid, and type.] 

sterile (ster' il), a. Unfruitful; barren; 
destitute of ideas or sentiment.— 
steril'ity, n. Unfruitfulness. [L.] 

sterilize (ster'il-iz), vt. I. Deprive of 
fertility. 2. Render free from bac- 
teria as by boiling. 

sterling(ster'ling). I.e. 1. Ofthefixed 
or standard national value. Said of 
English money, as a pound sterling, 
a penny sterling 2. According to a 
fixed standard; having a fixed and 
oermanent value; genuine; pure; oi 
excellent quality. II. n. English 
coin. [Etymology doubtful.] 

stern (stern), a. 1. Severe of counten- 
ance or feeling. 2. Steadfast. 3. 
Gloomy. — stern'ly, adv. — stern'- 
ness, n. [A.S. sterne,— root of stare.] 
Syn. Austere; unrelenting; pitiless; 
harsh; gloomy. See severe. 

stern (stern), n. Hindpart of a vessel. 
— stern'post, n. Aftermost timber 
of a ship that supports the rudder. 
[Icel. stjorn, steering.] 

sternal (ster'nal). a. Pertaining to 
the sternum. 

slernalgia (ster-nal'ji-a), n. 1. Pain 
about the sternum or breast-bone. 2. 
Angina pectoris. [Gr. sternon, breast- 
bone, and algos, pain.] [astern. 

sternmost (stern' most), a. Furthest 

sternsheets (stern'shets), n. Part of a 
boat between the stern and the row- 
ers. [Gr. sternon.] 

sternum (ster'num), n. Breast-bone, 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mftte, hut, burn: oil, owl, then, 



sternutation 



564 



stile 




sternutation ( ster-nu-ta'shun ), n. 
Act of sneezing. [L.]_ 

stern-way (stern'-wa), n. Movement 
of a ship backward, or with stern fore- 
most. — Fetch stem-way, acquire mo- 
tion astern. 

stertorous(ster'to-rus),a. Snoring. — 
ster'torously, adv. [L. sterto, snore.] 

rftet (stet), n. Word written upon proofs 
to signify that something which has 
been deleted is to remain. Often used 
as a verb ; as, the passage was stetted. 
[L. - let it stand.] 

stethometer (ste-thom'et-er ), n. In- 
strument for measuring the external 
movement in the walls of the chest 
during ordinary or tidal respiration. 
TGr. stethos, breast, and metron, meas- 
ure.] 

stethoscope (steth'o- 
skop), n. Instrument 
used by medical men 
for distinguishing 
sound within the 
thorax and other cav- 
ities of the body. — 
stethoscop'ic, a. — 
stethoscoplcally , 
adv. [ Gr. stethos, 
breast, and skopeo, 
view; examine.] 

stevedore(ste've-dor), 
n. One who loads or 
unloads vessels; long- 
shoreman. [S-p.estivador, wool-packer.] 

stew ( stu ). I. vt. and vi. Boil slowly 
with little moisture. II. n. 1. Meat 
stewed. 2. Fuss; worry. [O. Fr. estu- 
ver. Fr. Stuve,_stove.] 

steward ( stu'ard ), n. 1. One who 
manages the domestic concerns of a 
family or institution. 2. One who 
superintends another's affairs, esp. an 
estate or farm. 3. Waiter on a ship.- 
stew'ardess, n. fern. — steward- 
ship, n. 1. Office of a steward. 2. 
Management. 

stibium (stib'i-um), n. Antimony. 

stick (stik), n. 1. Verse. 2. .Line in the 
Scriptures. 3. Row of trees. [Gr. 
stichos, line.] 

stick(stik). I. n. 1. Piece of wood of in- 
definite size and shape, generally long 
and rather slender; rod; wand; staff; 
walking-stick. 2. Anything shaped 
like a stick, as a stick of sealing-wax. 
3. Instrument in which types are 
composed in words, and the words 
arranged to the required length of the 
lines ; composing-stick. 4. Thrust 
with a pointed instrument ; stab. II. 
vt. [sticking; stuck.] l.Stab; thrust 
in. 2. Fasten by piercing; fix in. 3. 
Set with something pointed. 4. Cause 



Stethoscopes for 
one and two ears. 



to adhere; affix; attach. 5. Cause to 
stop; puzzle. [Slang.) 6. Cheat; im- 
pose upon. (Slang.) 7. Beat, as in a 
game, for a stake.— Be stuck on, be 
in love with. — Stuck up, conceited 
proud. III. vi. 1. Hold to ; adhere. 2. Be 
hindered or stopped. 3. Be embar- 
rassed or puzzled; hesitate. [A. S. 
siician.] 

stickle (stik'l), vi. 1. Interpose be- 
tween combatants. 2. Contend obsti- 
nately. — stickler, n. 1. Second or 
umpire, in a duel. 2. Unreasonable 
and obstinate contender, esp. for 
something trifling. 

stickleback ( stik'1-bak), n. Small 
river-fish, so called from the spines 
on its back. [A. S. sticel. Ger. stachel.] 

sticky (stik'i), a. That sticks or ad- 
heres; adhesive; glutinous.— sticki- 
ness, n. 

stiff (stif), a. 1. Not easily bent; rigid; 
tense. 2. Not liquid; neither hard nor 
soft. 3. Not easily overcome; obsti- 
nate. 4. Not natural and easy; con- 
strained; formal. —stiffly, adv.— 
stiff 'ness, n. [A. S. stif.] 

stiff (stif), n. 1. Negotiable paper; 
forged paper. 2. Dead body; corpse. 
{Slang.) 

stiffen ( stif'n ), vt. and vi. Make or 
become stiff,stiffer, or more obstinate. 

stiff-necked (stif-nekt), a. Obsti- 
nate; contumacious; stubborn. 

stifle (sti'fl). I. vt. 1. Stop the breath 
of, by foul air or other means; suffo- 
cate. 2. Extinguish; suppress the 
sound of; deaden. II. vi. Suffocate; 
perish by suffocation or strangula- 
tion. [Icel. stifla, stop, dam up.] 

stifle (sti'fl), n. 1. Joint of the hind 
leg of a horse between the hip and the 
hock, and corresponding to the knee 
in man. 2. Disease in the knee-pan of 
a horse or other animal.— stifle- 
bone, n. Bone in the leg of a horse, 
corresponding to the knee-pan in 
man. [From stiff.] 

stigma (stig'ma), n. [pi. stig'mas or 
stig'mata.] 1. Brand; mark of infamy. 
2. Top of a pistil. [Gr. = prick.] 

stigmata (stig'ma- ta), n. Latin plural 

Of STIGMA. 

stigmatic ( stig-mat'ik ), stigmat- 

ical, as. 1. Marked or branded with a 

stigma. 2. Giving infamy or reproach. 

— stigmat'ically, adv. 
stigmatize ( stig'ma- tiz), vt. Brand; 

put the mark of infamy on. 
stile (stil), n. Step or set of steps for 

climbing over a wall or fence. [A. S. 

stigel— stigan, mount.] 
stile (stil), n. Pin of a sun dial; style 



fate, fat, task, far, f«all, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



<9lt; 



stiieiio 



665 



stoceado 



stiletto (sti-let'o). I. n. [pi. stilet'tos.] 

1. Small dagger. 2. Pointed instru- 
ment for making eyelet holes. II. vt. 
Stab. [ It. dim. of stilo, dagger,— L. 
stilus. See styld.] 

still (stil). I. a. 1. Silent. 2. Motion- 
less. 3. Calm. 4. Not effervescing. II. 
vt. 1. Quiet; silence. 2. Appease; 
satisfy.III.aeto.l. Always; constantly. 

2. To this moment; yet; now. 3. Iu 
the future as till now. 4. Again, as in 
still louder; yet. 5. Nevertheless. — 
stillness, n. [A.S.stille.] [serene. 

Syn. Quiet; noiseless; undisturbed; 




Still. 
i. Alembic, with head (3) and beak (4). 2. 
Heater. 5, 9. Worm. 6. Cooler. 7. Cold 
water funnel, reaching to bottom of cooler. 
8, 8- Drain for warm water at surface. 

still (stil). I. vt. Cause to fall by drops; 
distil. II. n. Apparatus for distilling 
liquids; large retort. [L. stilla, drop.] 

still-born (stil'-barn), a. Dead when 
born. 

still-life (stil'-lif),n. Class of pictures 
representing inanimate objects, as 
dead game, fruit etc. 

stilly (stil'i). I. a. Still; calm; quiet. 
II. adv. Silently; gently. 

stilt (stilt). I. n. High support of 
wood with rest for the foot, used in 
walking. II. vt. 1. Raise on stilts. 2. 
Elevate by unnatural means.— 
stilted (stilt'ed), a. Inflated; bom- 
bastic. [Dut. stelte.] 

stimulant (stim'u-lant). I. a. Stimu- 
lating; increasing or exciting vital 
action. II. n. 1. Anything that stim- 
ulates or excites. 2. Stimulating med- 
icine; esp. one containing alcohol. 
[See stimulus.] 

stimulate (stim'u-lat), vt. Rouse to 
action; excite.— stimulation, n. 

Syn. Incite; prick; goad; animate; 
rouse ; irritate; incense; urge; spur; 
impel; instigate; provoke; kindle; 
whet. 

stimulative (stim'u-la-tiv). I. a. 
Tending to stimulate. II. n. That 
which stimulates or excites. 



stimulus (stim'u-lus), n. [pi. stim'uli.] 
Goad; anything that rouses to action; 
stimulant. [L. (for stigmulus) — Gr. 
slizo, prick.] 

sting (sting). I. vt. 1. Stick anything 
sharp into. 2. Pain acutely. II. n. L. 
Sharp-pointed weapon of some ani- 
mals. 2. Thrust of a sting into the 
flesh. 3. Anything that causes acute 
pain. [A. S.] 

stingy (stin'ji), a. Niggardly; ava- 
ricious. — stin'gily, adv. — stin gi- 
ness, n. [Possibly from stint.] 

stink (stingk). I. vi. [stinking; stunk.] 
Emit a strong, offensive odor. II. n. 
Disagreeable odor. [A. S. stincan.] 

stint (stint). I.vt. 1. .Limit; restrain; 
confine to a scanty allowance. 2. As 
sign a certain task to. II. n. 1. Limit; 
restraint. 2. Proportion or task allot- 
ted. [A.S. astyntan. See stunt.] 

stipe (stip), n. Stalk; stem; frond; 
trunk, etc. [L. stipes.] 

stipend (sti'pend), n. Salary paid 
for services. [ L. stipendium — stips, 
gift, and pendeo. weigh out.] 

stipendiary (sti-pen'di-ar-i). I. a. Re- 
ceiving stipend. II. n. One who per- 
forms services for a salary. 

stipple (stip'l),ttf. Make dots (instead 
of lines) in engraving. 

stipulate ( stip'u-lat ), vi. Contract; 
insert as a condition. — stip'ulator, 
n. [ L. stipulor — O. L. stipulus, firm. ] 

stipulation (stip-u-la'shun), n. Act 
of stipulating; contract; condition. 

stir (ster)- I. vt. [stir'ring stirred.] 
1. Change the place of. 2. Agitate. 
3. Rouse to action. II. vt. Move ones 
self to action; be active. III. n. Tti- 
mult; bustle. — stir'rer, n. [A.S. 
styrian. Ger. stoeren.} 

stirrup (ster' up or stir'up), n. Ring or 
hoop suspended from the saddle, for 
a horseman's foot while mounting or 
riding. [A.S. stigerap — stigan, mount, 
and rap, rope.] 

stitch (stich). I. n. 1. Single pass of 
a needle and thread. 2. Loop of 
thread made by one pass of the 
needle. 3. Acute pain. II. vt. and vi. 
Sew in a manner to show a regular 
line of stitches; sew. [A. S.stice, stitch. 
Cf. Ger. sticken, embroider.] 

stithy (stil'i), n. 1. Anvil. 2. Smithy; 
forge. [Icel. stethi.] 

stiver (sti'ver), n. 1. Dutch coin, 
worth two cents. 2. Anything of 
little value. [Dut. stuiver.] 

stoat(stot),w. Kind of weasel in its sum- 
mer pelage. It is called the ermine 
when in its winter dress. TEtymology 
doubtful.] [fencing. [It. stoccata.] 

stoccado (stok-ka'do), n. Thrust in 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut. burn; oil, owl. Men. 



stock 



566 



stony 



stock (stok). I. n. 1. Trunk of a tree 
or plant. 2. Part to which others 
are attached. 3. Lineage; family. 4. 
Fund; capital. 5. Shares of a public 
debt; shares of capital in railroad 
and other corporations. 6. Store. 7. 
Cattle. 8. Kind of stiff neckcloth. 9. 
pi. Instrument in which the legs of 
petty offenders were formerly con- 
fined. 10. The frame for a ship while 
building. 11. Stock -gillyflower. 12. 
Liquid preparation containing the 
juices of meat and vegetables, etc., 
and used in making soups, gravy, etc. 

II. vt. 1. Store. 2. Supply with stock. 

III. a. Constantly uyed. [A. S. stocc] 
Syn. Capital; store; fund; supply. 

Stockade (stok-kad'j. I. ^.Breastwork 
formed of stakes fixed in the ground. 
II. vt. Surround or fortify with a 
stockade. [Fr. estocade — estoc—Ger. 
stock, stick.] 

stockbroker(stok'bro-ker), ^.Broker 
who deals in stocks or shares. 

Stock company, n. 1. Company or 
corporation whose shares are held by 
individuals. 2. Company of actors and 
actresses regularly engaged at a 
local or home theater. [wild pigeon. 

stockdove ( stok'duv) , n. Species of 

stock-exchange ( stok'-eks-chanj' ), 
n. Place where stocks are bought and 
sold. 

stockfish (stok'fish), n. General term 
for cod, ling, tusk, and other fish used 
in a dried state. 

stockholder (stok'hol-der), n. One 
who holds stocks in a company, or, in 
England, in the public funds.- 

stockinet (stok-in-ef), n. Elastic knit 
fabric, of which stockings, undergar- 
ments, etc., are made. 

stocking' (stok'ing), n. Close-fitting 
covering for the foot and leg. 

stock-jobbing ( stok'-job-ing ), n. 
Speculating in stock. — stock' -job- 
ber, n. 

stock-market ( stok'-mar-ket ), n. 
Traffic in stocks or shares; demand 
for stocks. [stock or post. 

stock-still ( stok'-stil ), a. Still as a 

stock-yard (stok'-yard), n. Yard with 
pens, sheds, etc., for the temporary 
keeping and disposition of cattle, 
swine, sheep and other live stock. 

stocky (stok'i), a. Thick and firm; 
stout; stumpy. 

Stoic (sto'ik). I. n. 1. Disciple of the 
ancient philosopher Zeno, who taught 
under a porch at Athens. 2. One 
indifferent to pleasure or pain. II. a. 
1. Pertaining to the Stoics. 2. Indif- 
ferent to pain or pleasure. — Sto'ic- 
al, a.— stoically, adv.— stoical- 




Human stomach. 



ness, n.— Sto'icism, n. [Gr. Stoikos 
— stoa, porch; colonnade.] 

stoke (stok), vi. and «i. Tend a fire. 
— sto'ker, n. [D. stoken, poke with a 

stole (stol), pa. t. of steal,. [stick.] 

stole (stol),?i. 1. Long garment reach- 
ing to the feet. 2. Long narrow. scarf 
with fringed ends worn by a pries . 
[A. S.— Gr. stole, robe.] 

stolen (sto'ln), pa. p. of steal. 

stolid ( stol'id ), a. Dull; impassive; 
stupid; foolish.— stolidity, n. [L 
stolidus.] 

stomach 
( stum'ak). 

I. n.l. Sack- 
like cavity 
in man or 
in any ani- 
mal for the 
digestion 
of food. 2. 
Appetite. II. 
vt. Brook or put up with. [Gr. sto- 
machos— stoma, mouth.] 

stomacher (stum'a-ker), n. Woman's 
ornament or covering for the breast. 

stomachic (sto-mak'ik), stomach- 
ical, a. 1. Pertaining to the stom- 
ach. 2. Strengthening, or promoting 
the action of, the stomach. 

stone (ston). I. n. 1. Hard mass of 
earthy or mineral matter. 2. Pre- 
cious stone or gem. 3. Tombstone. 4. 
Concretion formed in the bladder. 5. 
Hard shell containing the seed of 
some fruits. 6. Standard British 
weight of 14 lbs. avoirdupois. 7. Tor- 
por and insensibility. — Philosopher's 
stone, imagined mineral, the touch of 
which would turn anything into gold. 

II. vt. 1. Pelt with stones. 2. Free 
from stones. 3. Wall with stones.— 
stone'blind, a. As blind as a stone; 
perfectly blind. [A. S. start, stone.] 

stonechat (ston'chat), stonechat- 
ter (ston'cbat-er), n. Bird, allied to 
the robin, so called from its chatter- 
ing and perching on large stones. 

stonecutter (ston'kut-er), n. One who 
cuts or hews stone. 

stone-fruit (ston'-frot), n. Fruit with 
its seed inclosed in a stone or hard 
kernel; drupe. 

stone's-cast (stonz'-kast) , stone's- 
throw (stonz'thro), n. Distance a 
stone may be thrown by the hand. 

stone-ware (ston'war), n. Coarse pot- 
ter's ware made from a composition 
of clay and flint. 

stony (sto'ni), a. 1. Made of or re- 
sembling stone. 2. Abounding with 
stones. 3. Hard; inflexible; pitiless; 
obdurate. 



fate, fat, 



t, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



stood 



667 



stove 



stood (stod), pa. t. and pa. p. of stand. 
[A. S. stod.] 

stool(stol), n. 1. Seat without a back. 
2. Seat used in evacuating the bow- 
els. 3. Fecal evacuation. [A.S. stol.] 

stool-pigeon (stol'-pij-un), n. 1. Pig- 
eon used as a decoy. 2. Person who 
acts as a decoy. 

stoop (stop). I. vi. 1. Bend the body; 
lean forward. 2. Descend from rank 
or dignity; submit; condescend. 3. 
Swoop down on the wing, as a bird 
of prey. II. vt. Cause to incline 
downward. III. n. 1. Act of stooping. 
2. Inclination forward. 3. Swoop. 
[A. S. stupian.] 

stoop (stop), n. Vessel of liquor, as 
of wine or ale. [A. S. stoppa, staup, 
cup. Cf. Dut. stoop, measure of about 
two quarts.] 

stoop (stop), n. Porch with a balus- 
trade and seats on the sides, but not 
roofed. [Dut. stoep. Akin to step.] 

Stop (stop). I.vt. [stop'piug; stopped.] 
1. Stuff; close up. 2. Obstruct; render 
impassable. 3. Hinder; intercept; 
restrain. II. vi. 1. Cease from motion 
or action; leave off; be at an end. 2. 
Stay; tarry ;put up. III. n. 1. Stopping 
or being stopped. 2. Hindrance; ob- 
stacle; piece which stops a door or 
a window. 3. Device for stopping 
action. 4. One of the vent-holes in a 
wind instrument; place on the wire 
of a stringed instrument, by the 
pressing of which certain notes are 
produced. 5. Mark (.) used in punc- 
tuation. [From root of Ger. stopfen.] 

stopcock (stop'kok), n. Short pipe 
in a cask, etc., opened and closed by a 
cock or key. 

stopgap (stop'gap), n. That which 
fills a gap, pause, or want; temporary 
makeshift. 

stoppage (stop'a.i), n. 1. Stopping or 
arresting progress or motion. 2. De- 
duction made from pay. 

stopper (stop'er). I. n. 1. One who 
stops. 2. That which closes a vent or 
hole, as the cork or glass mouth- 
piece for a bottle. 3. Short rope for 
making something fast. II. vt. Close 
with a stopper. 

stopple (stop'l). I. n. That which 
stops or closes the mouth of a vessel; 
cork; plug. II. vt. Close with a 
stopple. 

storage (stSr'aj), n. 1. Placing in a 
store. 2. Safe keeping of goods in a 
store. 3. Price paid or charged for 
keeping goods in a store. — Storage 
battery, secondary battery for accum- 
ulating electricity. 




Stork. 



storax (sto'raks), n. Fragrant gum 
resin produced by the tree styrax, 
[Gr. siyrax.] 

store (stor) . I. n. 1. Quantity gathered 
abundance; provisions. 2. Store- 
house. 3. In U. S., place where goods 
are sold. II. vt. 1. Gather in quan 
tities. 2. Supply. 3. Place in a ware 
house. [ O. Fr. estoire — L. instauro, 
make; M. L. provide.] 

storehouse (stor'hows), n. House foi 
storing goods; repository; treasury, 

storied ( sto'rid ), a. 1. Told or cele 
brated in a story. 2. Having a history, 

3. Having stories. 

storiette (sto-ri-ef), n. Short story 
[Of recent coinage. Cf. novellette, from 
novel.] 

stork (stark), n. Wading 
bird nearly allied to the 
heron. — stork's-b ill, 
n. Kind of geranium, 
with the seed pod like the 
bill of a stork. 

storm (starm). I. n. 1. Vio- 
lent commotion of the air 
with rain, etc. ; tempest. 
2. Violent agitation of so- 
ciety; commotion ; tu- 
mult. 3. Assault on a fort- 
ified place. II. vi. 1. Raise 
a tempest. 2. Blow with 
violence. 3. Be in a vio- 
lent passion. IJI.vt. Attack by open 
force; assault. "A. S.] 

stormy (starm'i), a. 1. Having many 
storms; agitated with furious winds; 
boisterous. 2. Violent; passionate. — 
storm'iness, n. 

storthing (stor'ting), n. Legislative 
assembly of Norway. [ Dan. stor, 
great, and thing, diet.] 

story (sto'ri), n. 1. Narrative of inci- 
dents. 2. Tale; anecdote. 3. Ficti- 
tious narrative; novel. 4. Falsehood. 
[Short form of history.] 

story (sto'ri), n. Division of a house on 
the same floor or level; floor. [O. Fr. 
estoree, building, — L. instaurare. Se& 
store.] 

stout (stowt). I. a. 1. Brave; proud. 
2. Firm; stubborn. 3. Strong; solid. 

4. Bulky. II. n. Name for porter. — 
stoutly, adv. — stoutness, n. [A. 

5. stolt. Ger. stolz, bold, proud.] 
Syn. Bold; valiant; haughty; reso- 
lute, sturdy; hardy; doughty; sub- 
stantial; thick; corpulent. 

stove (stov). I. n. Apparatus with a 
fire for warming a room, cooking, 
etc. II. vi. Heat or keep warm. [O. 
Ger. stupa, heated room. Ger. siube, 
room.] 

stove (stov), pa. t. and pa. p. of stav/s. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, t/ien. 



stow 



668 



stratify 



stow (st5), vt. 1. Place; arrange com- 
pactly. 2. Fill by packing things in. 
-stowage ( sto'aj ), n. [A. S. stowi- 
gan Ger. stauen.] 

strabismus ( stra-bis'mus ), n. Non- 
coincidence of the optic axes of the 
eyes; squint [Qv.—strabos, twisted.] 

straddle (strad'l). I. vi. 1. Stride or 
part the legs wide. 2. Stand or walk 
with the legs far apart. II. vt. Stand 
or sit astride of. III. n. Act of strid- 
ing. [Freq.— root of stride.] 

straggle (strag'l), vi. 1. Wander from 
the course; ramble. 2. Stretch beyond 
proper limits. 3. Be dispersed. — 
strag'gler,_n. [Freq. from stray.] 

straight (strat). I. a. 1. Direct; being 
in a right line; not crooked; nearest. 

2. Upright; honest. II. adv. 1. Im- 
mediately. 2. Directly.— straight- 
ly, adv. — straight'ness, n. [A. S. 
streht, pa. p. of streccan, stretch.] 

straighten(stra'tn), vt. Make straight. 

straightforward (strat-far'ward), a. 
Going forward in a straight course; 
honest; open; downright.- straight- 
forwardly, adv. 

straightway (strat' wa), adv. Imme- 
diately; without loss of time. 

strain (stran). I. vt. 1. Stretch; exert 
to the utmost. 2. Injure by overtask- 
ing. 3. Constrain; make uneasy or 
unnatural. 4. Filter. II. vi. 1. Make 
violent efforts. 2. Pass through a 
filter. III. n. 1. Act of straining; vio- 
lent effort; injury inflicted by strain- 
ing. 2. Note; sound; song; style. — 
strain'er, n. [O. Fr. straindre — L. 
stringo, stretch tight.] 

strain (stran), n. Race; stock; gener- 
ation; descent. [A. S. strynd, stock, 
—strynan, beget.] 

strait (strat). I. a. 1. Difficult; dis- 
tressful. 2. Strict; rigorous. 3. Nar- 
row; tight. II. n. 1. Narrow pass, 
specifically in the ocean between two 
portions of land. 2. Difficulty; dis- 
tress; poverty.— strait'ness, n. [O. 
,Fr. estreit (Fr. etroit) ,— L. str ictus, pa. 
p. of stringo, _draw tight.] 

straiten (stra'tn), vt. 1. Make strait 
or narrow; confine. 2. Draw tight. 

3. Distress; put into difficulties. 
straitlaeed (strat'last), a. Rigid or 

narrow in opinion. 
strake (strak), n. 1. Streak; strip; 

long rut or crack. 2. Tire of a wheel. 

3. Continuous line of planks from 

stem to stern of a ship. 
strand (strand). I. n. Beach of the 

sea or of a lake; shore. II. vt. Run 

aground. III. vi. Drift or be driven 

ashore. [A. S.] 



strand (strand). I. n. One of the 

strings or twists that compose a rope. 
II. vt. 1. Break a strand. 2. Twist 
into a strand. [O. Ger. streno (Ger. 
straefin), rope.] 

strange (stranj), a. I. Foreign. 2. 
Not formerly known, heard or seen. 
3. Causing surprise or curiosity; 
marvelous ; unusual ; odd. 4. Be- 
longing to another. — strangely, 
adv. — strange'ness, n. [O. Fr. es- 
trange (Fr. itrange) — L. extraneous- 
extra, beyond.J 

stranger (stran'jer), n. 1. Foreigner - 
2. One unknown or unacquainted. 3. 
Guest; visitor. 4. Outsider. [O. Fr. 
estrangier. See strange.] 

strangle (strang'l). I. vt. Draw tight 
the throat of, so aS to prevent breath- 
ing and destroy life; choke; hinder 
from emergence or appearance; sup- 
press. II. vi. Be choked or strangled. 
— strang'ler, n. [L. strangulo— Gr. 
straggo, draw tight/] 

strangulated (strang'u-la-ted), a. 
Having the circulation stopped by 
compression. 

strangulation ( strang'u-la'shun), n. 
1. Strangling. 2. Compression of the 
throat and partial suffocation. 

strangury (strang'u-ri), a. Painful 
retention of, or difficulty in discharg- 
ing, water. [Gr.] 

strap (strap). I. n. 1. Narrow strip of 
cloth or leather. 2. Razor strop. 3. 
Iron plate secured by screw-bolts, for 
connecting two or more timbers. II. 
vt. [strapping; strapped.] 1. Beat or 
bind with a strap. 2. Strop. — strap - 
ping, a. Tall and strong. [A.S.stropp.] 

strata (stra'ta), pi. of stratum. 

stratagem (strat'a-jem), n. Artifice, 
esp. in war; plan for deceiving an 
enemy or gaining an advantage. [Gr. 
strategem a — strategos, general — 
stratos, army, and ago, lead.] 

strategic (stra-te'jikor-tej'ik), stra- 
tegical, as. Pertaining to or done 
by strategy. — strategically, adv. 

strategist (strat'e-jist), n. One skilled 
in strategy. 

strategy (strat'e-ji), n. 1. Art of con- 
ducting a campaign and manoeuv- 
ring an army; generalship. 2. Use of 
a stratagem. 

strath (strath), n. Extensive valley 
through which a river runs. [Scotch.] 

stratiform (strat'i-farm), a. Formed 
in or like strata. 

stratify (strat'i-fl), vt. Form or lay in 
strata or layers. — stratification, 
n. [ Fr. stratifler — L. stratum and 
facio, make.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, thea. 



stratum 



569 



stride 



Stratum (stra'tum), n. [pi. strata, 
(stra'ta).j Bed of earth or rock, 
formed by natural causes, [h.—stemo, 
stratum, spread out.] 




CLOUD FORMATIONS. 

1. Stratus. 2. Cirrus. 

3. Nimbus. 4. Cumulus. 

stratus (stra'tus), n. Form of cloud 
in horizontal layers. [See stratum.] 

straw ( stra ), n. 1. Stalk on which 
grain grows. 2. Quantity of same 
when thrashed. 3. Anything worth- 
less. [A. S. stream — root of strew.] 

strawberry (stra'ber-i), n. Plant and 
its edible fruit. [straw. 

strawy (stra'i), a. Made of or like 

Stray (stra). i. vi. 1. Wander; go from 
the inclosure, company, or proper 
limits. 2. Err; rove; deviate from 
duty or rectitude. II. n. Domestic 
animal that has strayed or is lost. 
[O. Fr. estraier—Li. stratarius, wander- 
ing,— strata,_ street.] 

streak (strek). I. n. 1. Line or long 
mark. 2. Peculiar mark made by a 
substance, as ore, when rubbed on a 
rough hard surface, as of unglazed 
porcelain. 3. Trait of character; vein. 
4. Strake. II. vt. Form streaks in; 
mark with streaks. — streaky, a. 
Marked with streaks; striped. [A. S. 
stric. Ger. stHch— root of strike.] 

stream (strem). I. n. 1. Current of 
water, air or light, etc. 2. Anything 
forcible, flowing, and continuous. 3. 
Drift; tendency. II. vi. 1. Flow in a 
stream; pour out abundantly; over- 
flow with. 2. Stretch in a long line; 
float out; wave. III. vt. Cause to flow 
in a stream; float out; wave. [A. S. 
stream.] [tide; drift; course. 

Syn. River; brook; current; flow; 

streamer (strem'er), n. 1. Long, nar- 
row flag flowingin the wind; pennant. 
2. Luminous beam shooting upward 
from the horizon. 

streamlet(strem'let),7i. Little stream. 

streamy (strem'i), a. 1. Abounding 
with streams. 2. Flowing in a stream. 



street (stret), n. Road in a city lined 
with houses, wider than a lane. [A. S- 
straet — L. strata {via), paved (way).] 

strength (strength), n. 1. Quality of 
being strong ; active or passive power ; 
force; vigor. 2. Solidity; toughness; 
power to resist. 3. Intensity; bright- 
ness. 4. Support; security; validity. 
5. Potency of liquors; amount of 
alcohol contained. [A. S. strengthu— 
strung, strong.] 

Syn. Conclusiveness; authority; 
hardness; firmness; impregnability; 
spirit; excellence. 

strengthen (streng'thn). I. vt. Make 

strong or stronger. II. vi. Become 

stronger. [age; fortify. 

Syn. Confirm ; invigorate; encour- 

streuuous (stren'u-us),«. 1. Eagerly 
active; energetic ; vigorous ; urgent 
zealous; bold. 2. Necessitating exer- 
tion.— stren'nously, adv. — stren'- 
uosity, stren'uousness, n. [L 
strenuus.] [as songstress. 

-stress, fern, suffix. Denoting agency; 

stress (stres), n. 1. Force ; pressure; 
urgency; strain. 2. Violence, as of the 
weather. [Short for distress.] 

stretch (strech). I. vt. 1. Extend; 
draw out; expand; reach out. 2. 
Exaggerate; carry further than is 
right. II. vi. Be extended; extend 
without breaking. III. n. 1. Act of 
sketching. 2. Reach; extension. 3. 
State of being stretched. 4. Utmost 
extent of meaning. 5. Course; part of 
the way; turn; shift. [A. S. streccan.] 

stretcher ( strech'er), n. 1. Anything 
used for stretching. 2. Frame for 
carrying the sick or dead ; littar. 3. 
Footboard for a rower. 4. Brick laid 
the long way. 5. Tie-timber in a frame. 

strew (stro), vt. [strew'ing; strewed 
or strewn.] Spread by scattering; 
scatter loosely. [A. S. streowian.] 

striated (stri'a-ted), a. Marked with 
small parallel channels. — st ria'« 
tion, n. [L. stria, furrow.] 

stricken (strik'n), pa. p. of strike. — 
Stricken in years, very old. 

strict (strikt), a. 1. Exact; extremely 
nice. 2. Severe. — strictly, adv. — 
strictness, n. [L. strictus — stringo, 
draw tight.] 

Syn. Tight; taut; precise; rigorous; 
accurate; close; nice; punctilious, 

stricture (strik'tur), n. 1. Morbid con- 
traction of a passage of the body. 2. 
Unfavorable criticism. 

stride (strid). I.vi. [stri'ding; strode; 
strid'den.] 1. Walk with long steps. 
2. Straddle. II. vt. 1. Pass over at a 
step. 2. Bestride. III. n. Long step. 
[A. S. bestridan, stretch.] 



fate, fat, tank, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mate, hut, burn; oil, owl, tften. 



strident 



structure 



strident (strl'dent), a. Creaking; 
grating; harsh. [L. stridens.] 

strife (strif), n. Contention for superi- 
ority; emulation. [See strive.] 

Syn. Contest; conflict; struggle; 
fight; quarrel; battle; war. 

strike (strik). I. vt. [■stri'king; struck; 
struck or strick'en.] 1. Give a blow 
to; hit with force; dash against. 2. 
Stamp; coin. 3. Cause to sound. 4. 
Let down, as a sail or flag. 5. Affect 
strongly; affect with alarm or sur- 
prise. 6. Make, as a compact or agree- 
ment. 7. Hit upon; find. II. vi. 1. 
Give a quick blow; dash. 2. Sound; 
indicate the time by sounds. 3. Touch ; 
run aground. 4. Pass quickly; dart. 
5. Lower the flag in token of respect 
or surrender. 6. Give up work in order 
to exact some advantage from the 
employer. III. n. 1. Act of striking for 
higher wages. 2. Sudden discovery; 
lucky stroke or venture.— stri'ker, 
n. — Strike off. 1. Erase from an 
account. 2. Print.— Strike out, in base- 
ball, be put out of play for failing to 
hit the ball. [A. S. strican.] 

striking- (stri'king), a. Prominent; 
surprising; impressive. -stri- 
kingly, adv. 

string- (string). I. n. 1. Small cord or 
strip for tying. 2. Nerve; tendon. 3. 
Chord of a musical instrument. 4. 
Cord on which things are filed. 5. 
Series of things. II. vt. [stringing; 
strung.] 1. Supply with strings. 2. 
Put in tune. 3. Put on a string. 4. 
Make tense or firm. 5. Take the 
strings off. [A. S. streng.] 

stringed (stringd),a. Having strings. 

stringent ( strin'jent ), a. 1. Binding 
strongly; urgent. 2. Constrained; 
tight. — strin'gency, n— striu'- 
gently, adv. [See strict.] 

stringer ( string'er ), n. Horizontal 
beam connecting two uprights. 

stringy (string'i), a. 1. Consisting of 
small threads; fibrous. 2. Viscid; 
ropy.— string'iness, n. 

strip (strip). I. vt. [strip'ping; strip- 
ped.] 1. Pull off in strips or stripes; 
tear off. 2. Deprive of a covering; 
skin; make bare; expose. 3. Plunder: 
II. vi. Undress. III. n. Long narrow 
piece. [A. S. strypan.] 

st ripe (strip). I. n. 1. Blow, as one made 
with a lash, rod, etc. 2. Discolored 
mark made by a lash or rod. 3. Long 
narrow division of a different color 
from the ground. 4.Kindor character. 
II. vt, I. Make stripes upon, 2. Form 
with lines of different colors. [From 
root of strip.] [of STRIP. 

stripling(strip'ling),n. Youth. [Dim. 




strive (striv), vi. [ stri'ving; strove,- 
striv'en.] 1. Make efforts ; labor hard. 
2. Struggle; contend. 3. Compete; 
vie. — stri'ver, n. [O. Fr. estriver — 
root of Ger. streben.] 

strobile (strob'il), n. 
Cone, as of a pine. 

stroke (strok). I. n. 1. 
Blow. 2. Sudden attack; 
calamity. 3. Sound of a 
clock. 4. Dash in writing 
or drawing. 5. Sweep of 
an oar in rowing. 6. 
Movement of a piston of 
a steam-engine. 7. 
Strong effort. 8. Act ; 
performance. 9. Act of 
stroking. II. vt. Rub 
gently in one direction. — stro'ker, 
n. [From A. S. strac, pa. t. of strican, 
strike.] 

strokcsman (stroks'man), n. After- 
most rower, whose stroke leads. 

stroll (strol). I. vi. Ramble idly or 
leisurely; wander on foot. II. n. Leis- 
urely walk; wandering on foot. — 
stroll'er, n. [Etymology unknown.] 

strong (Strang), a. 1. Having physical 
power. 2. Hale; healthy; able to en- 
dure; solid. 3. Well fortified. 4. Hav- 
ing wealth or resources. 5. Moviug 
with rapidity; impetuous. 6. Valid; 
forcible; affecting the senses, or the 
mind, forcibly. 7. Containing a large 
proportion of something, esp. alco- 
hol; intoxicating. 8. Bright; intense. 
— strongly, adv. [ A. S. Strang, — 
root of STRING.] 

Syn. Vigorous; robust; stout; solid; 
powerful; firm; sound ;_violent. 

stronghold ( strang'hold ), n. Fast- 
ness; fortified place; fortress. 

strop (strop). I. n. Strip of leather, or 
of wood covered with leather, etc., 
for sharpening razors. II. vt. [strop'- 
ping; stropped.] Sharpen on a strop. 
[Older form of strap.] 

strophe (stro'fe), n. In the ancient 
drama, the song sung by the chorus 
while moving towards one side of the 
orchestra, to which its reverse, the 
antistrophe, answers. — stro'phic, a. 
[Gr. strepho, turn.] 

Stroud (strowd), n. Kind of coarse 
blanket, worn byN. Amer. Indians. 

strove, pa.t. of strive. 

strow (stro), vt. [pa. p. strowed or 
strown.] Same as strew. [strike. 

struck (struk), pa.t. and pa. p. of 

structure (struk'tur), n. 1. Manner 
of building; construction. 2. Build- 
ing. 3. Arrangement of parts or part- 
icles in a substance or body.—8truc'» 
tural, a. [L. stractura—struo, build.] 



fstt. fftt, tswjfj far, fftll, fare, above; me, met, herj mite, mitj note, not, move, wolf; 
isijte, but, buru} oil, owl, Men, 



straggle 



571 



stumble 



straggle (strug'l). I. vi. 1. Make great 
efforts with contortions of the body. 
2. Make great exertions. 3. Contend; 
labor in pain. II. n. 1. Violent effort 
with contortions of the body. 2. Great 
labor. 3. Contention; fight. 4. Agony. 
[Etymology doubtful.] 

strum (strum), vt. [strum'ming; 
strummed.] Play on ( as a musical 
instrument) in a coarse, noisy man- 
ner. [From the sound.] 

struma (stro'ma), n. 1. Swelling in a 
plant. 2. Scrofula. 3. Goiter. [L.] 

strumpet ( strum'pet), n. Dissolute 
woman. [string. 

strung (strung), pa. t. and pa. p. of 

strut (strut). I. vi. [strutting ; strut- 
ted.] Walk in a pompous manner. II. 
n. Proud step or walk. [Ger. strot- 
zen, be swollen or puffed up.] 

strychnia (strik'ni-a), strychnine 
(strik'niu), ns. Poisonous vegetable 
alkaloid, a powerful neurotic stimu- 
lant. [Gr. strychn os, nightshade.] 

strychnic (strik'nik), a. Of, pertain- 
ing to, obtained from, or containing, 
strychnine. 

stub (stub). I. n. 1. Stump left after 
a tree is cut down. 2. Short remain- 
ing piece. 3. Anything stumpy. II. vt. 
[stub'bing; stubbed.] 1. Remove 
stubs or roots from soil. 2. Strike the 
toes against a stump or other object. 
[A. S. styb.] 

stubbed (stubd), a. Short and thick 
like a stub or stump; blunt; obtuse. — 
stub'bedness, n. 

stubble (stub'bl.t, n. Stubs of corn and 
other grain, left when the stalk is 
cut. [Dim. of stub.] 

stubborn (stub'burn), a. Immovably 
fixed in opinion; unreasonably firm; 
obstinate. — stubbornly, adv. — 
stubbornness, n. [ From stub.] 
Syn. Obdurate; headstrong; intract- 
able; uuyieiding; uncompromising: 
inflexible'; refractory; stiff; steady. 

stubby (stub'i>, a. 1. Abounding with 
stubs. 2. Short and thick; stubbed. 

stucco (stuk'o). I. n. 1. Plaster of 
lime and fine sand, etc., used for 
decorations, etc. 2. Work done in 
stucco. II. vt. I. Face or overlay with 
stucco. 2. Form in stucco. [It. — O. 
Ger. stucchi, crust.] 

stuck (stuk), pa. t. and pa. p. of stick. 

stuck-up ( stuk'-up), a. Haughty; 
insolent; overbearing; snobbish. 

Stud (stud), n. 1. Collection of breed- 
ing horses and mares. 2. The place 
where thev are kept. 3. Collection of 
fine horses. [A.S. stocl] 

Stud (stud). I. n. 1. Nail with a large 
head. 2. Removable, ornamental but- 



ton. 3. Upright beam or scantling. II. 
vt. [stud ding; stud'ded.] Set or adorn 
with studs, knobs, or other prominent 
objects. [A.S. studu, post, nail.] 

studding- ( stud'ing), n. 1. Studs or 
joists collectively. 2. Material for 
studs or joists. 

student ( stu'dent ), n. 1. One whc 
studies; learner; scholar. 2. One de* 
devoted to learn- 
ing, esp. to 
books. 

st u elfish 
(stud'fish), 
n. Ameri- 
can kind of studfish. 
minnow. 

studhorse (stud'hars), n. Breeding 
horse; stallion. 

studied ( stud'id ), a. 1. Qualified by, 
I or versed in, study; learned. 2. Plan- 
ned with deliberation; premeditated. 

studio (stu'di-o), n, [pi. stu'dios.J 
Workshop of an artist. [It.] 

studious (stu'di-us), a. 1. Given to 
study; thoughtful; diligent. 2. Care- 
ful (withof). 3. Studied; deliberately 
planned.— stu'diously, adv. — stu'« 
diousness, n. 

study (stud'i). I. vt. Apply the mind 
to; try to learn thoroughly. II. n. 1. 
Setting of the mind upon a subject; 
absorbed attention. 2. Application to 
books, etc. 3. Object of attentive con- 
sideration; branch of learning. 4. 
Room devoted to study. [O.Fr. estu- 
dier, Fr. etudier—L. studeo, be eager.] 

stuff (stuf). I. n. 1. Material of which 
anything is made. 2. Textile fabrics, 
cloth, esp. woolen. 3. Worthless mat- 
ter. II. vt. 1. Fill by crowding. 2. Fill 
very full. 3. Press in; crowd. 4. Fill 
with seasoning, etc., as a fowl. 5. 
Fill the skin of a dead animal, so as 
to "reproduce its living form. III. vi 
Feed gluttonously. — stuffing-, n. 
That with which anvthingis, or is to 
be, filled or stuffed. [O. Fr. estoffe. Fr. 
etoire—'Li. stuppa, coarse part of flax.] 

stultify (stul'ti-fl), vt. Make a fool of; 
destroy the force of one's argument 
by self-contradiction. — stultifica- 
tion, n. [ L. stultus, foolish, and 
facio, make.] 

stum (stum), n. Unfermented grape- 
juice; must; new wine. [Dut. stom, 
mute, still.] 

stumble (stum'bl). I. vi. 1. Strike 
the feet against something and come 
near falling; trip in walkiDg. 2. (with 
upon) Find by accident. 3. Fall into 
crime or error. IT. n. 1. Trip in walk 
ing or running. 2. Blunder; fall into 
sin. [From root of stammer.] 



fate, fatj task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met. her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf ; 
mute, but, burn; oil, owl, thea, 



stumbling-block 



572 



styptic 



stumbling-block (stum'bling-blok), 
n. Obstruction; caused error. 

stump (stump). I. n. 1. Part of a tree 
left in the ground after the trunk is 
cut down. 2. Part of a body remain- 
ing after a part is cut off or destroyed. 
3. One of the three sticks forming a 
wicket in cricket. 4. Stub. II. vt. 1. 
Reduce to a stump. 2. Cut off a part 
of. 3. Knock down the wicket in 
cricket when the batsman is out of 
his ground. 4. Bring to a halt; non- 
plus. 5. Make a canvas of, as a stump- 
speaker. III. vi. Make stump-speeches. 
[Dut. stomp.] 

stump-speaker (stump-spe'ker), n. 
Political speaker who travels from 
place to place during an election 
campaign. 

stump-speech (stump-spech'), n. 
Speech made from a stump or tem- 
porary platform; speech made by a 
stump-speaker. 

stun (stun), vt. [stun'ning; stunned.] 
1. Stupefy with a loud noise, or with 
a blow. 2. S urprise completely ; amaze. 
[A. S. stunian.] 

stung(stung),pa. t. and pa. p. of sting. 

stunk (stungk). pa. p. of stink. 

stunt ( stunt). I. vt. 1. Hinder from 
growth. 2. Check in growth. II. n. 1. 
Task allotted to one ; short perform- 
ance, as on the stage. 2. Any short or 
stunted thing. [A. S. stunt, blunt, 
stupid. See stint.] 

stupa (stu'pa), stupe (stup), n. Flan- 
nel, flax, or other such articles wrung 
out of hot water, plain or medicated, 
and applied to a sore. [L. stupa, tow.] 

stupe(stup), vt. Apply a stupa ; foment. 

stupefaction ( stii-pe-f ak'shun ), n. 1. 
Act of making stupid or senseless. 2. 
Insensibility; stupidity. 

stupefactive (stu-pe-fak'tiv),o. Caus- 
ing stupefaction. 

stupefy (stu'pe-fi), vt. Deprive of sen- 
sibility; make stupid. [L. stupeo, 
am struck senseless, and/acio, make.] 

stupendous (stu-pen'dus), a. Of won- 
derful magnitude; amazing. — stu- 
pendously, adv. — stupen'dous- 
ness, n. [D. stupendus.] 

stupid (stu'pid), a. 1. Insensible. 2. 
Deficient or dull in understanding. 3. 
Formed or done without reason or 
judgment. — stu'pidly, adv. — stu- 
pid'ity, stu'pidness, ns. [L. stu- 
pidus.] [skillful. 

Syn. Sluggish; obtuse; foolish; un- 

stupor(stu'pur), n. 1. Suspension of 
feeling ; lethargy. 2. Insensibility, 
intellectual or moral. 



sturdy (stur'di), a. 1. Resolute; firm; 
forcible. 2. Strong; robust; stout.— 
stur'dily, adv. — stur'diness, n 

[O. Fr. estourdi, astonished.] 




Sturgeon. 

sturgeon (stiir'jun), n. Large cartilag- 
inous fish yielding caviare and isin- 
glass, and used for food. [Fr. estur- 
geon. Ger. steer.] 

stutter (stut'er). I. vi. Hesitate in 
speaking; stammer. II. n. Act of stut- 
tering; hesitation in speaking. — 
stutterer, ».-9tnt'terine, a.— 
stut'tering-ly, adv. [Ger. stoUem.] 

sty (stl), n. Small inflamed tumor on 
the eyelid. [A.S. stigend, swelling up, 
—stigan, rise.] 

sty (sti), n. Inclosure for swine; 
extremely filthy place. [A. S. stige, 
high place.] 

Stygian (stij'i-an), a. In Greek myth. 
Relating to Styx, the river of Hades, 
over which departed souls were said 
to be ferried; infernal. 

style (stil). I. n. 1. Anything long and 
pointed, esp. a pointed tool for en* 
graving or writing. 2. Manner of 
writing; mode of expressing thought 
in language. 3. Characteristic or 
peculiar mode of expression and ex- 
ecution ( in the fine arts ). 4. Title; 
mode of address. 5. Manner; form; 
fashion. 6. Pin of a dial. 7. Middle 
portion of the pistil, between the 
ovary and the stigma. — New Style, 
modern mode of reckoning the years, 
introduced by Pope Gregory XIII in 
1582, and adopted in England in 
1751: every year divisible by 4 is a 
leap-year, unless it is also divisible 
by 100, but not by 400. II. vt. Entitle- 
name ; designate. See old style 
[L. stilus.] 

Stylish (sti'lish), a. Displaying, or pre- 
tending to, style; fashionable. — sty'- 
lishly, adv. — sty'lishness, n. 

stylograph (sti'16-graf), n. Pen with 
a conical point and an ink reservoir 
feeding it. 

stylus (sti'lus), n. Pointed instru- 
ment, esp. for writing in duplicate; 
style. 

styptic (stip'tik). I. a. That contracts, 
or stops bleeding. II. n. Application 
which checks the flow of blood. [Gr. 
—stypho, contract.] 



(ate, Cat, task, far, fall 'are, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



Styx 



673 



submission 



Styx (stiks), n. See stfgian. 

suasion (swa'zhun), n. Act of persuad- 
ing or advisiug; advice. [ L. suasio — 
suadeo, advise.] 

snasive (swa'siv), a. Persuasive.— 
sua'sively , adv.— sua'siveness, n. 

suave ( swavor swav ), a. Pleasant; 
bland, —suavely, adv. —suavity 
(swa'vi-tl), n. [ L. suavis, sweet. ] 

snb-,preflx. Under; less; secret. [L,.] 

subacid (sub-as'id). a. Slightly acid. 

subaltern (sub-al'tern or sub'al-tern). 

I. a. Inferior; subordinate. II. n. 
Subordinate; commissioned officer in 
the army under the rank of captain. 
[L. sub, under, and alter, another.] 

subaltern ate (sub-al-ter'nat ), a. 1. 
Succeeding by turns. 2. Subordinate. 
— subalterna'tion, n. 

subaqueous (sub-a'kwe-us), a. Lying 
under water. 

subconscious (sub-kon'shus), a. 1. 
Feebly conscious. 2. Occurring in the 
mind, but not in consciousness. 

subcutaneous (sub-ku-ta'ne-us), a. 
Situated under the skin. 

subdivide (sub-di-vid'), vt. and vi. 
Divide into smaller divisions. 

subdivision ( sub-di-vizh'un ) , n. 1. 
Act of subdividing. 2. Part made by 
subdividing. 

subdual(sub-du'al), n. Act of subduing. 

subdue (sub-du'), vt. [subdu'ing; sub- 
dued'.] 1. Conquer; render submis- 
sive. 2. Soften; tone down.— subdu'- 
able, a. — subdu'er, n. [O. Fr. sub- 
duzer—L,. sub, under, and ducere, lead.] 
Syn. Overpower; vanquish; defeat; 
reduce; overcome; surmount. 

subfamily (sub'fam-i-li),n. Sub-divi- 
sion of a family. [of a genus. 

subgenus (sub-je'nus), n. Sub-division 

subjacent ( sub-ja'sent ), a. Lying 
under or below; being in a lower situ- 
ation. [L.— sub, under, andjaceo, lie.] 

subject (sub'jekt). I. a. 1. Under the 
power of another. 2. Liable; exposed. 

II. n. 1. One under the power of an- 
other; one under allegiance to a sov- 
ereign. 2.That on which any operation 
is performed; that which is treated 
or handled. 3. That of which anything 
is said; topic. [ L. subjectus — sub, 
under, andjacio, throw.] 

subject ( sub-jekt' ), vt. 1. Make sub- 
ject or subordinate; bring under. 2. 
Expose; make liable. 3. Cause to 
undergo.— subjec'tion, n. 

subjective(sub-jek'tiv). a. 1. Relating 
to the subject. 2. Derived from one's 
own consciousness or feelings. 3. Per- 
taining to the mind. — Opposed to 
objective.— subjectively, adv.— sub- 
ject'iveness, subjectivity, ns. 



subjoin (sub-join'), vt. Add at the end 
or afterward; affix; append. 

subjugate (sub'jo-gai), vt. Bring un 
der control; conquer.— subjugator, 
n.— subjugation, /i. [L. sub, under, 
and jugum, yoke.] 

subjunctive (sub-jungk'tiv). 1. a. 1. 
Subjoined; added to something. 2. 
Denoting that form of a verb wbich 
refers to something not as a fact, but 
as in the mind of somebody. In ' sup- 
port her, lest she fall . the speaker ex- 
presses his fear that she may fall. II. 
n. Subjunctive mood. [L. sub, under, 
and jungo, join. See Join.] 

sublease (sub-les'), n. Lease by one 
tenant to another. 

sublet (sub-let'), vt. Let or lease, as a 
lessee to another tenant. 

sublieutenant ( sub-lu-ten'ant ), n, 
Lowest commissioned officer.* 

sublimate (sub'lim-ai). I. vt. 1. Evap- 
orate by heat and consolidateby cold 
2. Refine, exalt. II. 'n. Product of 
sub lima ti on.— sublimation, n. 

sublime (sub-lim'). I. a. l.High; lofty. 
2. Majestic; awakening feelings of 
awe or veneration. II. n. 1. That 
which is sublime, lofty, or grand, in 
thought or style. 2. Emotion pro- 
duced by sublime objects. III. vt. Sub- 
limate. IV. vi. Be sublimated; evap- 
orate without melting, as ice. — sub- 
limely, adv. [L. sublimis] 

subliminal (sub-lim'i-nal), a. Pertain- 
ing to subconsciousness. 

sublimity (sub-lim'i-ti), n. Loftiness. 
Syn. Grandeur; elevation; nobility; 
excellence; magnificence; climax. 

sublunar (sub-16'nar ). sublunary 
( sub'16-nar-i ), a. Under the moon; 
earthly; belonging to this world. 

submarine 
(s ub-ma- 
ren'),a. In or 
under the 
sea. — Sub- 
marineboat, 
vessel capa- 
ble of trav- 
eling below 
the surface 
of the water for a considerable time. 

submerge (sub-merj'), submerse 
(sub-mers'), vt. and vi. Plunge under 
water; overflow with water; drown. 
— submergence, submersion, 

submersed (sub-mersf), a. Being or 
growing underwater; submerged. 

submission (sub-mish'un), n. 1. Act 
of submitting or yielding; acknowl- 
edgment of inferiority or of a fault, 
2. Humble behavior ; resignation. 




Snbmarine boat. 



fite, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf ; 
mQte, hut, bum; oil, owl, then. 



Submissive 



574 



subtile 



submissive (sub-mis'iv), a. Willing 
to submit; yielding; humble; obe- 
dient.— submis'sively, adv.— sub- 
mis'siveness, n. 

submit ( sub-mit' ), vt. and vi. [sub- 
mit'ting; submit'ted.] 1. Refer to the 
judgment of another. 2. Surrender. 
[L.— sub, under, and mitto, send.] 

subordinate ( sub - ar'din - at ). I. a. 
.Lower in order, rank, nature, power, 
etc. II. n. One in a lower order or 
rank; inferior. III. vt. 1. Place in a 
lower order; consider of less value. 
2. Make subject.— subor'dinately. 
adv.— subordination, n. 1. Act of 
subordinating. 2. State of being 
subordinate. 3. Discipline ; obedi- 
ence. [L. sub, under, and ordo, order.] 

Suborn ( sub-aru' ), vt. 1. Procure 
privately or indirectly. 2. Cause to 
commit perjury.— subornation, n. 

- suborn'er, n. [L,.—sub, under, and 
o^no. supply.] 

subpoena (sub-pe'na). I. n. Writ com- 
manding the attendance of a person 
in court as a witness, under a pen- 
alty. II. vt. Serve with a writ of 
subpoena. [L. sub, under, and poena, 
■punishment.] 

(Subscribe (sub-skrlb'), r ot. and vL 1. 
Write, as a name, -underneath. 2. 
Give consent to something written, 
or attest, by writing one's name un- 
derneath; sign one's name. —sub- 
scriber, n. [ L.— sub, under, and 
scribo, write.] 

subscription (sub-skrip'shun), n. 1. 
Act of subscribing. 2. Name sub- 
scribed. 3. Paper with signatures. 4. 
Consent by signature. 5. Sum sub- 
scribed, [vision. 

subsection (sub-sek'shun), n. Subdi- 

subsequent (sub'se-kwent), a. Fol- 
lowing; coming after.— sub'se- 
^quently, adv. [L,.—seguor, follow.] 

subserve (sub-serv'), vt. Serve subor- 
dinately or instrumentally; help. 

subservient (sub-ser'vi-ent), a. Serv- 
ing to promote; subject; submissive. 

— subser'viency, n. — subservi- 
ently, adv. 

subside (sub-sid'), vi. 1. Settle down; 
fall to the bottom. 2. Pall into a state 
of quiet; decrease. — subsidence, 
subsi'deney, ns. [L. sub, down, and 
sido, sit.] 

subsidiary (sub-sid'i-ar-i). I. a. Fur- 
nishing help, or additional supplies; 
aiding. II. n. One who or that which 
aids or supplies; assistant. 

subsidize (sub'si-diz), vt. 1. Furnish 
with a subsidy. 2. Aid with a grant 
from the public treasury. 



subsidy ( sub's i-di ), n. Assistance; 
pecuniary aid, esp. by one state to 
another in war, or in enterprises of 
great and semi-public importance, as 
railroads, steamship lines, etc. [_L. sub- 
sidium, orig. troops stationed behind 
in reserve,— sub, under, and side, sit.] 

subsist (sub-sisf), vi. 1. Have exist- 
ence; continue to be. 2. Have the 
means of living. — subsistence, n. 

1. Existence; real being. 2. Means of 
supporting life; livelihood. — sub* 
sist'ent, a. 1. Having real being, 2-. 
Inherent. [L. sub, under, and sisio, 
stand.] 

subsoil (sub'soil), n. Stratum of earth 

which lies immediately beneath the 

surface soil. 
substance (sub'stans), n. 1. That in 

which qualities or attributes exist; 

that which underlies all appearance. 

2. Essential part; body; matter; so- 
lidity. 3. Property; wealth. [L. sub- 
stantia— substo, stand under.] 

substantial (sub-stan'shal), a. 1. Bo 
longing to or having substance; act- 
ually existing; real. 2. Solid; ma 
terial; strong. 3. Having property or 
estate.— substantially, adv.— sub« 
stantial'ity, n— substan'tiais, n. 
pi. Essential parts. 

substantiate (sub-stan'shi-ar), vt. 1. 
Make substantial or real. 2. Prove, 

substantive ( sub'stan-tiv). I. a. 1. 
Expressing existence. 2. Of real, in- 
dependent importance. II. n. Part of 
speech denoting the name of any 
thing.— substantively, adv. 

substitute (sub'sti-tut). I. vt. Put in 
place of another. II. n. One who or 
that which is put in place of another 
—substitution, n. [L. sub, under, 
and statuo, set; place.] 

substratum (sub-stra'tum), n. 1, Stra- 
tum or layer below another. 2. Sub 
stance in which qualities exist. 

substructure ( sub-struk'tur ), ro 
Under structure; foundation. 

subtend (sub-tend'), vt. 1. Extend 
under; be opposite to. 2. In botany \ 
enclose in its axil, as aleaf. 

subterfuge { sub'ter-fuj ), n. That to 
which one resorts for escape or con 
cealment; evasion. [L.—subter. secret- 
ly, an&fugio, flee.] 

subterranean (sub-ter-ra'ne-an), 
subterraneous ( snb-ter-ra'ne-us ), 
a. Under the ground. [L. sub, under, 
and terra, earth.] 

subtile ( sub'til or sut'l), a. 1. Deli- 
cately constructed; fine; thin; rare. 
2. Subtle; penetrating.— subtilely, 
adv. — subtileness, n. [L. sublilis-. 
finely woven,— sub, and tela, web.] 



tifo, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil* owl, then.. 



subtilize 



575 



suction 



subtilize (sub'til-lz). I. vt. Make sub- 
tile, thin, or rare; spin into niceties. 
II. vi. Make nice distinctions. 

subtilty (sub'til-ti), n. State or qual- 
ity of being subtile: fineness; extreme 
acuteness; cunning; trickery. 

subtle (sut'l), a. Subtile in a fig. sense. 
— subtleness, re. — subtlety, n.— 
subt'ly, adv. [From subtile.] 

Syn. Refined ; elusive; insinuating; 
sly ; artful; cunningly devised. 

subtract (sub-trakf), vt. Take away a 
part from the rest; take one number 
or quantity from another to find their 
difference. — subtraction, n. [L. 
sub, under, and traho, draw away.] 

subtractive (sub-trak'tiv), a. 1. Sub- 
tracting. 2. Tending to subtract or 
lessen; having the minus (— ) sign. 

subtropical ( sub-trop'i-kal ), a. Ap- 
proaching the tropical zone. 

subtrahend (sub'tra-hend), n. Sum or 
number to be subtracted. 

suburb (sub'urb), n. suburbs, n. pi. 
District which is near, but beyond the 
limits of a city; outlying parts of a 
city. [L,.— sub. and urbs, city.] 

suburban (sub-ur'ban), I. a. Situated 
or living in a suburb or the suburbs. 
II. n. Person living in a suburb. [L.] 

subvention (sub-ven'shun), n. 1. Act 
of coming to relief ; support. 2. Gov- 
ernment aid or subsidy. [ D. sub, 
under, and venio, ventum, come.] 

subversion (sub-ver'shun), n. Entire 
overthrow; ruin. \Ju.subversio.] 

subversive (sub-ver'siv), a. Tending 
to subvert, overthrow or destroy. 

subvert ( sub-vert'), vt. Overthrow 
from the foundation; ruin utterly; 
cc rrupt. — subvert' er, n. [L. sub, 
under, and verto, versum, turn.] 

subway (sub'wa), n. Arched way un- 
derneath a street, for traffic or for 
water pipes, telegraph wii^es,_etc. 

suceetlaneous ( suk-se-da'ne-us), a. 
Acting as a substitute. [L.] 

succeed (suk-sed'). I. vt. and vi. 1. Fol- 
low; take the place of; he successor 
to. 2. Obtain one's wish or accom- 
plish what is attempted; end with 
advantage. [L. sub, and cedo, go.] 

success (suk-ses'), n. 1. Prosperous 
termination of any undertaking. 2. 
One who or that which succeeds. [L. 
successus — succedo.] 

successful (suk-ses' fol), a. 1. Having 
the desired effect or termination. 2. 
Prosperous.— successfully, adv. 

succession (suk-sesh'un), n. 1. Act 
of succeeding or following after. 2. 
Series of persons or things following 
each other in time or place. 3. Series 
of descendants. 4. Rotation, as of 



crops. 5. Right to take possession.- 
succcssional (suk-sesh'un-al), a 
Existing in a regular succession [Li.} 

successive (suk-ses'iv), a. Following 
in succession or in order.— success' 
ively, adv. 

successor (suk-ses'ur), n. One whc 
comes after; one who takes the place 
of another. [L.] 

succinct (suk-singkf), a. Short; con- 
cise.— suecinct'ly, acb.— succinct'- 
ness, n. [L. succinctus, girded up 
sub and cingo, gird.] 

succor (suk'ur). I. vt. Assist; relieve 
II. n. Aid; relief. — suc'corer, n 
[Li. subcurro, run up to.] 

succotash (suk'o-tash), n. Mess of 
Indian corn and beans. [Amer. Ind.} 

succulent (suk'u-lent), a. Full of 
juice or moisture.— suc'culence, n. 

— suc'cwlen *5y, adv. [L. succulentus 
succus, juice.] 

succumb ( suk-kum' ), vi. Sink un- 
der; yield. 2. Die. [L. sub, under 
and cumbo, lie down.] 

such (such), a. 1. Of the like kind; of 
the character mentioned. 2. Denot- 
ing a particular person or thing, as 
in suchand such.— Such like. such. [A.S 
swelc, swilc—swa, so, andlic, lik.] 

such (suk). I. vt. 1. Draw in with the 
mouth. 2. Drawfrom with the mouth 
3. Imbibe; absorb. II. vi. 1. Draw 
with the mouth. 2. Draw milk from 
thebreastor udder; suckle; draw iD 
air or liquid. III. n. 1. Act of suck 
ing. 2. Milk drawnfrom the breast 

— suck'er, w. 1. Re 
who or that which 
sucks. 2. Shoot of a 
plant from the roots 
or lower part of the 4 
stem. 3. Fish of the 
carp family. 4. Nick- 
name for one living 
in Illinois. 5. Spouger; 
parasite. [A.S.sugart.] 

suckle (suk'l), vt. Give 
suck to; nurse at the 
breast. [Dim. of suck.] 

suckling (suk'liug), n. 
Young child or ani- 
mal being suckled. 

sucrose (su'kros), n. 
Cane-sugar, or sugar 
of similar composi- 
tion. [Fr. sucre, sugar.] 

1. Plunger-valve. 2. 

Plunger, piston. 3- Barrel. 4. Spout. 5 

Head. 6. Lower valve. 7. Induction pipe. 

suction (suk'shun), n. Act or power of 
sucking, or drawing, as fluids, by ex- 
hausting the air. — suction pump, 




Suction pump. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wcif; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, than. 



sudatory 



576 



sulk 



n. machine for bringing a liquid to a 
higher level by exhausting the air in 
a tube. 

sudatory (su'da-to-ri). I. a. Sweating. 
II. n. Sweating-bath. [L. sudatorius 
—sudo, sweat.] 

sudden (sud'enj, a. Unexpected; 
hasty; abrupt. —sud'denly, adv.— 
said'denness, n. \0. Fr. sudain—Jj. 
subitus, — sub, and eo, go.] 

sudorific (su-dur-if'ik). I. a. Causing 
sweat. II. n. Medicine producing 
perspiration. [L. sudor, sweat, and 
facio, make.] 

suds ( sudz ), n. pi. Frothy, soapy 
water. [ From. A. S. seothan, seethe.] 

sue (su), v. [su'ing; sued.] I. vt. Prose- 
cute at law. II. vi. Make legal claim; 
plead; entreat; woo. [O. Fr. suir— L. 
sequor, follow.] 

suet (su'et), n. Fatty tissue, particu- 
larly that about the kidneys.— 
su'ety, a. [O. Fr. seu — L.. sebum, fat.] 

suffer (suf'er), ?;*. 1. Undergo; feel. 2. 
Bear up under. 3. Permit. II. vi. Feel 
pain or punishment; sustain loss; be 
injured.— sufferer, n. [L. suffero— 
sub, under, and/ero, bear.] 

Syn. Endure; sustain; experience; 
tolerate; allow; stand; bear. 

snfleraMe (suf'er-a-bl), a. That may 
be suffered; allowable. 

sufferance (sufer-aus), n. State of 
suffering; endurance; misery; sub- 
mission; toleration; permission. 

suffering- ( suf 'er-ing ) , n. Distress ; 
loss; injury. 

suffice (suf-fis'). I. vi. Be enough; be 
equal to the end in view. II. vt. Sat- 
isfy. [ L. sufficio, take the place of, 
meet the need of.] 

sufficiency (suf-fish'en-si), n. 1. State 
of being sufficient. 2. Competence. 3. 
Ability. 4. Conceit; self-sufficiency. 

sufficient (suf-fish'ent),«. 1. Enough; 

equal to the end or purpose; ample. 2. 

Competent; qualified. — suffi'- 

cientfiy, adv. [full. 

Syn. Satisfactory; adequate; fit; 

suffix (suf'iks), n. Particle (letter or 
syllable) added to the end of a word. 

suffix (suf-fiks'), vt. Add to the end of 
a word. [L. sub, and figo, fix.] 

suffocate (suf'o-kat), vt. Choke by 
stopping the breath; stifle; asphyxi- 
ate.— suffoca'tion, n. [L. suffoco — 
sub, and fauces, throat.] 

suffragan (suf'ra-gan). I. a. Assist- 
ing. II. n. Assistant bishop. [L. suffra- 
gans, voting in favor of.] 

suffrage (suf 'raj), n. 1. Vote; formal 
approval. 2. Right to vote. 3. Attest- 
ation. 4. Intercessory prayer. [L. 
suffragium—suffragor, vote for.] 




Sugar-cane. 



suffuse (suf-fuz'), vt. Underspread, 
cover.— suffu'sion, n. [See fusion.] 

sugar (shog'ar), 
I. n. Sweet 
crystalline 
substance ob- 
tained from 
^ sugar cane, 
sorghum, 
sugar - beet, 
rock maple, 
etc. IL vt. 1. 
Sweaten, sea- 
son, coat, or 
sprinkle,with 
sugar. 2.Make 
pleasant. III. 
vi. Boil down 
maple syrup 
to the proper 
consistency 
for crystalliz- > 
ing.— sugar- 
cane,w.Peren- 
nial plant yielding sugar. [Fr. sucre-* 
Low L. zucara — Arab. soKkar.] 

suggest (sud-jesf or sug-jest'), vt. In- 
troduce indirectly to the thoughts; 
hint. — suggestion, n. 1. Act of 
suggesting. 2. Hint. 3. In hypnotism, 
means by which a belief or impulse 
is insinuated into the mind of a sub- 
ject or patient. 4. Idea thus sug- 
gested.— sug-gest'ive, a. Containing 
a suggestion or hin t. — suggestive- 
ly, adv. [L. sub, and gero, carry.] 

suicidal (su-i-si'dal), a. Pertaining to, 
or partaking of, the crime of suicide. 
— suicidally, adv. 

suicide (su'i-sld), n. 1. One who dies 
by his own hand. 2. Self-murder. [L, 
sui, of himself, and ca&do, kill.] 

suit (sut). I. n. 1. Act of suing. 2. 
Action at law. 3. Petition. 4. Num- 
ber of things of the same kind or 
made to be used together, as clothes, 
rooms, cards, etc. 5. Courtship. II. 
vt. 1. Fit. 2. Befit. 3. Please. IIL 
vi. Agree; correspond. 

suitable (sii'ta-bl), a. That suits; fit* 
ting; agreeable. — sui t'aMy, adv. 
— suitability, suitableness, ris. 

suite (swet), n. 1. Train of attend- 
ants. 2. Regular set, esp. of rooms; 
suit. [Fr. See sub.] 

suitor (su'tur), n. One who sues in 
love or in law ; petitioner; wooer. 

sulcate (sul'kat), suleated (sul'ka- 
ted), as. Grooved with regular fur- 
rows. [Li. sulcus, furrow.l 

sulk (sulk), vi. Be sullen.— sulks, ». 
Fit of sullenness. 



Cette, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, rait; cote, not, move,- wolf} 
mate, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



sulky 



577 



sunbeam 



sulky (sulk'i). I. a. Silently sullen; 
morose. II. n. Light two-wheeled car- 
riage for one person. — suLk'iness, 
n. [O. Fr. soltif, solitary.] 

sullen (sul'en), a. 1. Gloomily angry 
and silent. 2. Malignant. 3. Dark; 
dull. -— sullenly, adv. — sul'len- 
ness,?i.[O.Fr. solain—L,. solus, alone.] 
8yn. Sulky; cross ;sour; intractable; 
ill-natured; ill humored; fretful; pee- 
vish; petulant; dismal; gloomy. 

sully (sul'i). I. vt. and vi. Soil; spot. 
II. n. Stain; tarnish. [ See soil, v.] 

sulphate (sul'fat), n. Salt formed by 
sulphuric acid with a base. 

sulphid (sul'fid), sulphide (sul'fld), 
ns. Same as stjlphuret. 

sulphite (sul'fit), n. Salt formed by 
sulphurous acid. 

sulphur (sul'fur), n. Yellow mineral 
substance, very brittle, fusible, and 
inflammable; brimstone. [L.] 

sulphurate (sul'fu-rat), vt. Combine 
with, or subject to action of, sulphur. 

sulphureous ( sul-fu're-us ), a. Con- 
sisting of, containing, or having the 
qualities of, sulphur. 

sulphuret ( sul'fu-ret ), n. Combina- 
tion of sulphur with an alkali, earth, 
or metal. 

sulphuric ( sul-fu'rik , a. Pertaining 
to, or obtained from, sulphur. — Sul- 
phuric acid, vitriol or oil of vitriol, 
composed of 1 part of sulphur and 3 
parts of oxygen. 

sulphurous (sul'fur-us), a. Pertain- 
ing to, resembling, or containing, sul- 
phur ; denoting the pungent acid 
given out when sulphur is burned. 

sultan (sul'tan), n. I. Sovereign of a 
Mohammedan dominion, esp. of the 
Turkish or Ottoman empire. — sui- 
tanship, n. [Ar. sultan, power, 
prince— salita, be 
strong.] 

sultana (sul-ta/- 
na), n. Queen or 
wife of a sultan. 
2. Small kind of 
raisin. 3. Marsh 
bird, of "W. Indies 
and So. U. S. 

sultanate (sul'ta-na'O, 
n. Reign or dominion of a sultan. 

sultry (sul'tri), a. Sweltering; very 
hot and oppressive; close. — sultri- 
ness, n. [From sweltry.] 

sum (sum). I. n. 1. Aggregate amount 
of two or more things or quantities 
taken together; whole of anythiug. 2. 
Problem in arithmetic. 3. Substance 
or result of reasoning; summary. 4. 
Heigh t ; completion. II. vt. [sum'ming ; 
summed.] 1. Collect into one amount 




Sultana bird. 



or whole. 2. Bring into a few words. £L. 
summa — smmnus, supremus, highest.] 

sumac, sumach ( su'mak or gho'- 
mak),ra. Shrub, the dried and pow- 
dered leaves of some species of which 
are used in tanning, dyeing, and mak- 
ing varnish. [Ar. sumag.] 

summarize (sum'ar-Iz), vt. Present 
in a summary or briefly. 

summary (sum'ar-i). I. a. 1. Summed 
up; condensed; brief; compendious. 
2. Done quickly, and without cere- 
mony. II. n. Condensed statement; 
compendium. — sunVmariiy, adv. 

summation (sum-maVhun), n. 1. Act 
of forming a total amount. 2. Ag- 
gregate. 

summer (sum'er). I. n. Second and 
warmest season of the year — June, 
July, August. II. vi. Pass the sum- 
mer. [A. S. sumor.] 

summer-complaint ( sum'er-kum- 
plant), n. Diarrhoea occurring in the 
summer, esp. in infants. 

summer-garden (sum'er-gar-dn), n. 
Open air refreshment resort. 

summer-house (sum'er-hows), n. 1. 
House in a garden used in summer. 
2. House for summer residence. 

summerset. Same as somersault. 

summit (sum'it), n. Highest point or 
degree. [D. summitas. See sum.] 

summon (sum'un), vt. 1. Call with 
authority. 2. Command to appear, 
esp. in court. 3. Rouse to exertion. — 
sum'moner, n. [L. summoneo — sub, 
secretly, and moneo, warn.] 

summons (sum'unz), n. 1. Author- 
itative call. 2. Call to appear, esp. in 
court. 

s u m p t e r (sum'ter), n. Pack horse 
[O. Fr. sommetier, pack horse.— L. 
sagma, saddle.] 

sumptuary ( sum'tu-ar-i ), a. Pertain- 
ing to, or regulatiug, expenses, as in 
sumptuary laws. [Li. sumptuarius— 
sumo, take; spend.]_ 

sumptuous ( sum'tu-us ), a. Costly; 
magnificent. — sumptuously r adv. 
— sump'tu- 
ousness, n. 

sun (sun). I. n. 1. 
Body which is 
the source of 
light and heat 
to our planet. 
2. Sunshine. II. 
vt. [sun'ning; 
sunned. ] Ex- 
pose to the 
sun's rays. [A. 
S. sunne.] 

sunbeam (sun'- 
bem), n. Ray or beam of the sun. 




Telescopic view 

of a portion of the 

6un's surface. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



sunburned 



578 



superexcellent 



sunburned (sun'burnd), sunburnt, 
(sun'biirnt), a. Burned or discolored 
by the sun. 

sunburst (sun'burst), n. Brooch set 
with diamonds radiating from a 
center. 

Sunday (sun'da). I. n. First day of the 
week, so called in honor of the sun ; 
Christian Sabbath; Lord's Day. II. 
a. Pertaining to, or observed on, the 
Lord's Day. 

sunder (sun'der), vt. Separate; divide. 
[A. S. sundrian. Ger. sondern.] 

sun-dial (sun'di-al), n. Instrument to 
show the time of day, by means of the 
shadow of a style on a plate or dial. 

sun-dog (sun'dog), n. Luminous spot 
occasionally seen a few degrees from 
the sun. 

sundown (sun'down), h. Sunset. 

sundries ( sun'dris ), n. pi. Various 
unclassified small articles or ac- 
counts. 

sundry (sun'dri), a. More than one or 
two; several; divers. [A. S.' syndrig.] 

sunfisn (sun'fish), n. 
Flat fish having a 
nearly circular form. 

sunflower (sun'flow- 
er), n. Plant whose 
flowei is a large disc 
wHh yellow petals 
like rays, and which 
turns toward the sun. 

sung {sung), pa. t. and 
pa. p. of SING. 

sunk (sungk), sunk- 
en ( sungk'n ), pa. p. of sink. 

sunless (sun'les),a. Without the sun; 
deprived of the sun or its rays ;shaded. 

sunsa (sun), n. East Indian material 
similar to hemp; Madras hemp. 

sunn a, sunnah (sun'a), n. Tradition- 
ary portion of the Mohammedan law. 
[Ar.*= tradition.] 

gunny Csun'i), a. 1. Pertaining to, 
coming from, or like the sun. 2. 
Exposed to, warmed, or colored by 
the sun's rays.— sun'niness, n. 

sunrise (smm z )» n. 1. First appear- 
ance of the sun above the horizon. 2. 
Time of this rising. 3. The east. 

sunset (sun'set), n. 1. Going down of 
the sun. 2. The west. 

sunshine ( sun'shm ), n. 1. Shining 
light of the sun. 2. Place on which it 
shines. 3. Warmth ; brightness ; cheer- 
fulness.— sun'shiny, a. 1. Bright 
with sunshine. 2. Pleasant; cheery. 

sunstroke ( sun'strok ), n. Sudden 
and often fatal prostration caused by 
exposure to the sun or its heat. 

sunstrucfa.(sun'struk), a. Prostrated 
by the sun's heat. 




Sunfish. 



sup(sup). 1.0£.[sup'ping; supped.] Takj 
into the mouth, with the lips, as a 
liquid. II. m". 1. Eat the evening meal. 
2. Sip. [A. S. supan.] 

snpe (sup), super (snper), n. Abbr. 
of supernumerary, used mostly in 
reference to a supernumerary actor. 
[Colloq.] [L.] 

super-, prefix. Over; above; beyond. 

superabound ( su-per-a-bownd'), vi. 
Abound exceedingly; be more than 
enough. 

superabundant (su-per-a-bun'dant), 
a. Abundant to excess; more than 
enough ; c o p i o u s.— superabun'- 
dantly,ac£y.-superabun'dance, n. 

superadd (super-ad' ), vt. Add over 
and above.— superaddi'tion, n. 

superadvenient ( su-per-ad-ve'ni- 
ent), a. Coming to the increase or 
assistance of something. 

superannuate (su-per-an'u-at). vt. 
1. Impair or disqualify by old age and 
infirmity. 2. Allow to retire from serv- 
ice on a pension, on account of old age 
or infirmity .— superannuation , n. 

superb (su-perb'), a. Proud; magni- 
ficent; grand; stately.— superb'ly, 
adv. [L. superbus— super, above] 

supercargo (su-per-kar'g5), n. Officer 
in a merchant-ship tending to all the 
commercial transactions while on a 
voyage. [Above the eyebrow. 

superciliary (_su-per-sil'i-ar-i ), a. 

supercilious (su-per-sil'i-us), a. Dis- 
dainful; haughty; dictatorial; over- 
bearing. — supeicil'iousgy, adv.— 
superciliousness, n. [L. supercili- 
osus — supercilium, eyebrow, — super, 
above, and 
cilium, eye- 
lid.] 

su perco- 
lumnia- 
tion ( su- 
per-ko-lum- 
ni-a'shun ), 
n. The plac- 
ing of one 
row of col- 
umns above 
another. 

supereminent (su-per-em'i-nent), a. 
Eminent in a superior degree ; excel- 
lent beyond others. — superem'i> 
nently,a*».— superem'inence, n. 

supererogation (su-per-er- o-g a'- 
shun), n. Doing more than duty re- 
quires. — supererogatory, a. [L. 
super, above, and erogo, pay out.] 

superexcellent (su-per-eks'el-ent), a. 
Excellent in an uncommon degree.— 
| superex'cellence, n. 




Supercolumniation. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



superficial 



579 



supervise 



superficial (su-per-fish'al), a. 1. Per- 
taining to, or being on," the surface. 
2. Shallow ; slight ; containing or 
reaching only what is apparent and 
simple ; not learned or profound, 
— superfi'cially, adv. — superfi'- 
cialness, superficiality, (su-per- 
nsh-i-al'i-ti), ns. [See superficies.] 

superficies (su-per-fish'ez), n. Sur- 
face. [Li. super, above, and fades, 
face.] [ordinary. 

superfine (su'per-fln), a. Finer than 

superfluity ( su-per-fio'i-ti ), n. 1. 
Larger quantity than required. 2. 
State of being superfluous. 

superfluous (su-per'fio-us), a. More 

than enough.— superfluously, adv. 

[Li.superfiuus, — super, and fiuo. flow.] 

Syn. Excessive ; superabundant ; 

unnecessary; useless; needless. 

superhuman (su-per-hu'man), a. 1. 
Above what is human ; gigantic ; 
enormous. 2. Divine. [above. 

superimpose(su-per-irn-poz'), vt. Lay 

superincumbent ( su-per-in-kum'- 
bent), a. Lying above. 

superinduce ( su-per-in-dus' ), vt. 
Bring in, over and above something 
else. 

superintend ( su-per-in-tend' ), vt. 
Have the oversight, or charge of; con- 
trol. - superintendence, n.— su- 
perintendent. I. a. Superintend- 
ing. II. n. One wbo superintends; 
overseer. [L. super, above, -diidiniendo. 

See INTEND.] 

superior (su-pe'ri-iir). I. a. 1. Higher 
in place, rank, or excellence. 2. Be- 
yond the influence of. II. n. 1. One 
higher in rank than others, 2. Chief 
cf a monastery, abbey, etc. [Li. comp. 
of superus, high.] 

superiority (su-pe-ri-or'i-ti), n. Qual- 
ity or state of being superior ; pre-em- 
inence; advantage. 

Syn. Preponderance; odds; predom- 
inancy; excellence; ascendancy. 

superlative(su-per'la-tiv).i. a. 1. Car- 
ried above others or to the highest 
degree; superior to all others; most 
eminent. 2. In gram. Expressing the 
highest degree of a quality. II. n. 
In gram. Form of the highest de- 
gree of adjectives and adverbs. — su- 
perlatively, adv. [L. superlatus, pa. 
p. of superfero, — super, above, and 
fero, carry.] 

supernal (su-per'nal), a. Relating to 
thingsabove; celestial. [L.supernus.] 

supernatural (su-per-nat'u-ral), a. 1. 
Being beyond the laws, or exceeding 
the powers, of nature. 2. Miraculous. 

supernumerary (^u-per-nu'rner-ar-i). 
I. «, Over and above llae number 



stated, or whichis usual or necessary, 
II. n. 1. Person or thing beyond the 
usual, necessary, or stated number. 
2. Substitute. [L. supernumeraries— 
super, over, and numerus, number.] 

superpose (su-per-poz'), vt. Place over 
or upon ; lay two congruent geometri- 
cal figures upon each other, so that all 
lines coincide. — superposition, n. 

superscribe (su-per-skrib'), vt. and 
vi. Write or engrave over, on the out- 
side or top. [ L. super, and scribo, 
write.] 

superscription (su-per-skrip'shun), 
n. 1. Act of superscribing. 2. That 
which is written or engraved above or 
on the outside. 

supersede (su-per-sed' ), vt. 1. Make 
useless by superior power. 2. Come 
in the room of; replace. 3. Suspend. 
[L. super, above,_and sedeo_, sit.] 

supersedeas ( su-per-se'de-as), n. In 
law. Writ having in general the effect 
of a command to stay, on good cause 
shown, some ordinary proceedings. 
[L. 2dpers. sing.pres. subj. of superse- 
deo. See supersede.] 

supersensible (su-per-sen'si-bl ), a. 
Beyond i he reach of the senses. 

supersensitive (su-per-sen'si-tiv), a. 
Morbidly sensitive. 

supersensnal ( su-per-sen'shb-al ), a. 
Beyond the reach of the senses. 

superserviceable ( su-per-ser'vis-a- 
bl), a. Over serviceable; over offi- 
cious, [of setting aside. 

supersession (su-per-sesh'un), n. Act 

superstition ( su-per-stish'un), n, 1. 
Irrational reverence or fear. 2. Exces- 
sive exactness in religious opinions 
or practice. 3. False worship or relig- 
ion. 4. Ignorant and irrational belief 
in supernatural agency. [L.— super 
and sto, st and, from the idea of "stand- 
ing and wondering over a thing."] 

superstitious (su-per-stish'us), a 1. 
Pertaining to or proceeding from 
superstition. 2. Addicted to super- 
stition. — supersti'tiously, adv. 

superstructure (su-per-struk'tur), n. 
Structure above or on some thing else; 
anything erected on a foundation. 

supervene (sii-per-ven'), vi. Occur, or 
come, in addition; take place, close- 
ly following. — supervention, n. 
Act of supervening. [L. super, and 
venio, come.] 

snpervisal (su-per-vi'zal), supervi- 
sion (su-per-vizh'un), ns. A c t o f 
supervising; inspection; control. 

supervise ( su-per-viz' ), vt. Oversee; 
<uperimerd. [L. super, ovqv, zntivideo, 
visum, Ste,] 



tite, fftt, tft3fc, f&r, tall, fare, above; uiS, met, her; mite, mit; D6te } Dot, move, woif; 
mute, h\jt, b§r«; oil, owl, *te*L 



supervisor 



580 



suprarenal 



supervisor ( su-per-vi'zur ), n. One 

who supervises; ovei'seer. 
supine (su-pln'), a. 1. Lying on the 

back; leaning. 2. Negligent; indolent. 

supine (su'pm), n. Latin noun form 
of the verb, ending in um and u. [L. 
supinum.] 

supper (sup'er), n. Meal taken at the 
close of the day. [Fr. souper. See sup.] 

supplant (sup-planf), vt. 1. Displace 
by stratagem; take the place of. 2. 
Undermine. — supplant'er, n. [L. 
supplanto, trip up one's heels, —sub, 
and planta, sole of the foot.] 

supple (sup'l). I. a. 1. Pliant; lithe. 2. 
Yielding to the humor of others; 
fawning. II. vt. and vi. Make, or be- 
come , pliable, soft or compliant. — 
suppleness, n. [Fr. souple—L. sup- 
lex, bending the knees,— sub, under, 
andplico, fold.] 

supplement (sup'le-ment). I. n. That 
which supplies or fills up; any addi- 
tion by which defects are supplied. 
II. vt. Supply or fill up; add to.— sup- 
plement' al, supplementary, as. 
[See supply.] 

suppliant (sup'li-ant). I. a. Suppli- 
cating; asking earnestly; entreating. 
II. n. Humble petitioner. — sup' - 
pliantly, adv. [L. supphco.] 

supplicant (sup'li-kant). I. a. Suppli- 
cating; asking submissively. II. n. 
One who supplicates. [L. supplicans .] 

supplicate (sup'li-kat), vt. Entreat 
earnestly; address in prayer, -sup- 
plication, n. — sup'plicatory, a. 
[L. supplier), -atum—supplex, kneeling 
down,— sub, under, ?m6.plico, fold.] 
Syn. Beseech; invoke; appeal to. 

supply (sup-pli'),?^. 1. Fill up, esp. a 
deficiency; add what is wanted; fur- 
nish. 2. Fill a vacant place; serve 
instead of. [O. Fr. supployer—~L. sup- 
pleo—sub, &ndpleo, fill.] 

supply (sup-pli'), n. 1. Act of supply- 
ing. 2. That which is supplied, or 
supplies a want. 3. (Generally in pi.) 
Amount of food or money provided. 

support (sup-p5rf). I. vt. 1. Bear up; 
sustain. 2. Endure. 3. Assist; patro- 
nize; defend. 4. Actor assume a part 
or character. 5. Supply with means 
of living. 6. Corroborate: make 
good. II. n. 1. Act of supporting or 
upholding. 2. That which supports, 
sustains, or maintains. 3. Mainte- 
nance; assistance. — support'er, n. 
[Li.—sub, an&porto, bear.] 

Syn. Uphold; carry; maintain; 
second; help; represent; nourish; 
substantiate; verify. 

supportable ( sup-port'a-bl ), a. 1. 
Capable of being supported or main- 



tained. 2. Endurable.— support'a- 
t>ly, adv. [may be supposed. 

supposable ( sup-po'za-bl ), a. That 

suppose (sup-poz'), vt. 1. Assume as 
true; imagine as existing. 2. Imply; 
require necessarily.— suppo'ser, n. 
[Fr. — L. sub, atid Fr. pose?', place.] 

supposition(sup-po-zish'un), n. 1. Act 
,of supposing. 2. Thing supposed; 
assumption; hypothesis.. [Fr.— L.] 

supposititious (sup-poz-i-tish'us), a. 
Put by trick in the place of another; 
spurious; imaginary. 

suppositive ( sup-poz'i-tiv ) . I. a. 1. 
Supposed. 2. Implying supposition. 
II. n. Word denoting or implying 
supposition, as if, granted, provided, 
etc.— suppos'itively, adv. With, by, 
or upon, supposition. 

suppository ( sup-poz'i-t5-ri ), n. 1. 
Medicine in the form of a cone or 
cylinder introduced into a duct of the 
body, where it dissolves. 2. Plug to 
hold back hemorrhoidal protrusions. 

suppress (sup-pres'), vt. 1. Put down ; 
crush. 2. Keep in; retain; conceal. 3. 
Stop.— suppress'or, n. [L, suppres- 
sum, pa. p. of supprimo — sub, and 
premo, press.] 

Syn. Subdue; overcome; repress; 
restrain; smother; stifle; swallow. 

suppression(sup-presh'un), n. Act of 
suppressing; stoppage; concealment. 

suppressive ( sup-pres'iv ), a. Tend- 
ing to suppress ;_subduing. 

suppurate (sup'u-rat), vt. Gather pus 
or matter.— suppuration,?}. 1. Sup- 
purating. 2. Pus. [See pus.] 

suppurative (sup'u-ra-tiv). I. a. Tend- 
ing to suppurate; promoting suppu- 
ration. II. n. Medicine that promotes 
suppuration. [L.] 

supra-, prefix. Above; over; beyond. 

supraiunar (su-pra-lo'nar ), a. 1. 
Beyond the moon. 2. Very lofty; of 
very great height. [L. supra, and 
luna, the moon.] 

supramaxillary (su-pra-maks'il-ar- 
i). I. a. Pertaining to the upper jaw. 
II. n. Upper jawbone. [See cut under 

TOOTH.] 

supramundane (su-pra-mun'dan), a. 
Being or situated above our world; 
celestial. [L. — supra, and mundus, 
the world.] 

supra-orbital (su-pra-ar'bit-al), a. In 
anat. Being above the orbit of the 
eye.— Supra-orbital artery, artery sent 
off by the ophthalmic artery, along 
the superior wall of the orbit. 

suprarenal (su-pra-re'nal), a. Situat- 
ed above the kidneys. [L. supra, over, 
and ren, kidney.] 



fats, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf ; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



supremacy 



581 



surround 



supremacy (suprem a-si), n. State 
of being supreme. [Coined from su- 
preme,] 

supreme (sii-prem'), a. Highest; great- 
est; most excellent. — supremely, 
adv. [L. supremus, super 1. of superus, 
high,— super, above.] [— L. super.] 

sur-, prefix. Over; upon; beyond. [Fr. 

Alirali (so'ra), surab silk, n. Soft 
twilled silk stuff for women's gar- 
ments. [FromSurat, in India.] 

surcease (sur-ses'). I. vi. Cease. II. vt. 
Cause to cease. III. n. Cessation. [Fr. 
sursis, pa. p. of sur-seoir, leave off. 
Doublet SUPERSEDE.] 

surcharge(suL-charj').I. vt. Overload; 
overcharge. II. n. Excessive load. 

surcingle (siir'sing-1), ri. Belt; girdle, 
esp. for a horse. [O. Fr. sur 's angle— L. 
super, over, and cingulum, belt.] 

surd (surd). I. a. 1. In algebra. Involv- 
ing surds. 2. Produced by breath (not 
the voice), as k, t, p, /, etc. II. n. In 
alg. Quantity inexpressible by ra- 
tional numbers, or which has no 
root. [L. surdus, deaf.] 

sure (shor), a. Secure; confident be- 
yond doubt; fit to be depended on. — 
sure, sure'ly, advs. [ Fr. sur — L. 
securus. Doublet secure.] 

surety (shor'ti), n. 1. State of being 
sure; certainty. 2. He who or that 
which makes sure. 3. Security 
against loss. 4. One who becomes.. 
bound for another.— suretyship, ft. 
[Doublet SECURITY.] 

surf (surf), n. Foam made by the dash- 
ing of waves. — surf 'y, a. [Etymol. 
doubtful.] 

surface (sur'f as), n. Exterior part of 
anything ; outward appearance.— sur- 
face-chucli, n. Face-plate chuck 
in a lathe to which an object is fixed 
for turning. —surface-road, n. 
Railroad on the surface of the ground 
as distinguished from an elevated 
or underground railroad. [O. Fr.] 

surfeit (sur'fit). I. vt. Fill to satiety and 
disgust. II. n. Excess in eating and 
drinking; sickness or satiety caused 
by overfullness. — sur'feiting, n. 
Eating overmuch ; gluttony. [Fr. sur- 
fait, overdone,— L. super, and factum.] 

surge (surj). I. n. Rising or swelling 
of a large wave. II. vi. Rise high; 
swell. [L. surgo, rise.] 

Surgeon (sur'jun), n. One who manu- 
ally treats injuries or diseases by 
operating upon them. [O. Fr. serur- 
gien. Fr. chirurgie — Gr. cheir, hand, 
and ergon, work.] 

Surgery (sur'jer-i), n. 1. Treatment of 
a disease by mauual operations. 2. 
Place for surgical operations. 



surgical (sur'jik-al), a. Pertaining to 
surgeons or to surgery; done by sur 
gery. — surgically, adv. [waves. 

surgy (sur'ji), a. Full of surges oi 

surloin. Same as sirloin. 

surly (siir'li), a. Morose; uncivil: 
churlish. — sur'lily, adv. — surli- 
ness, n. [From A. S. sur, sour, and 
lie. lice, like.] 

surmise (siir-miz'). I. n. Suspicion; 
conjecture. II. vt. Imagine; suspect. 
[O. Fr. surmise, accusation.] 

surmount (stir-mown t'), vt. Mount 
above; surpass. — surmountable, 
a. That may be surmounted. [Fr.— sur 
(Li. super), and monter. See mount.] 

surname (sur'nam). I. n. Additional 
name; name or appellation added to 
the baptismal or Christian name ; 
family name. II. vt. Name or call bj 
an appellation added to the origina; 
name; give a surname to. 

surnominal(sur-nom'in-al), a. Relat- 
ing to surnames. 

surpass (stir-pas'), vt. Pass beyond - 
exceed; excel. — surpass'afole, a. 
That may be surpassed or excelled 
[Fi*. surpasser.] 

surplice ( sur'plis ), n. White outer 
garment worn by the clergy. [Fr, 
surplis — LiOw L. superpellichum, over- 
garment. See pelisse.] 

surplus (sur'plus), n. Excess above 
what is required. [Fr.] 

surplusage (sur'plus- aj), n. Excess; 
matter not needed. 

surprise (sur-priz'). I. n. 1. Act of 
taking unawares. 2. Emotion caused 
by anything sudden; amazement. 3. 
That which causes the emotion of 
surprise. II. vt. 1. Come upon sud 
denly or unawares. 2. Strike with 
wonder or astonishment ; confuse. 

LFr. —surpris, pa. p. oi sur prendre — 
i. super, a"nd prehendo, take, catch.] 

surprising (sur-pri'zing), a. Exciting 
surprise; wonderful; unexpected. — 
sarpri'singly, adv. 

surrender (sur-ren'der). I. vt. Render 
or deliver over; resign. II. vi. Yield 
up one's self to another. III. n. Act 
of yielding. [O. Fr. surrendre. See 
render,! 

surreptitious ( sur-rep-tish'us ), a. 
Done by stealth or fraud. — surrep- 
titiously, adv. [L. — surripio, sur> 
reptum—sub, and rapio, seize.] 

surrogate (sur'ro-gat), n. 1. Substi- 
tute. 2. Probate judge who presides 
over the settlement of estates, wills. 
etc. [L. surrogo—sub, in the place of, 
and rogo, ask.] [pass; encircle 

surround ( sur-rownd' ), vt. Encom 



i, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; Dote, not, move, wolf; 
mate, hut, bum; oil, owl, th&n. 



SiirtOstt 



582 



swagger 



»«rtout (sur-to'),?i. Close-bodied frock- 
coat. [Fr.=over all.] 

surveillance { sur-val'lans or -ans), 
n. Supervision; inspection. [Fr.sur- 
veiller—lu. vigilare. See vigil..] 

survey (sur-va'), vt. Look over; view 
at large; inspect; examine; measure 
and estimate, as land. [O. Fr. surveoir 
— L. super, over, and viaere, see.] 

survey ( sur'va ), n. 1. General view. 

2. Examination. 3. Measuring of land 
with determination of the contour of 
the surface, etc. 

surveyor (sur-va'ur), n. 1. Overseer; 
examiner. 2. Measurer of land. 3. 
Public officer who does, and keeps 
records of, surveying in counties, 
states, etc.— survey'orship, n. 

survival (sur-vi'val), n. A surviving or 
living after. 

survive (sur-viv'). I. vt. Exist longer 
than; outlive II. vi. Remain alive. [Fr. 
— L. super, beyond, and vivere, live.] 

survivor ( sur-vi'viir ), n. One who 
survives or lives after another.— sur- 
vivorship, n. 

susceptibility (sus-sep-ti-bil'i-ti), n. 
Quality of being susceptible. 

susceptible (sus-sep'ti-bl), a. 1. Capa- 
ble of receiving; impressible. 2. Sen- 
sitive.— susceptibly, adv. [Fr.— L. 
suscipio, susceplum, take up.] 

susceptive ( sus-sep'tiv), a. Capable 
of receiving or admitting. 

suspect (sus-pekf). I. vt. 1. Mistrust; 
doubt; surmise. 2. Imagine to be 
guilty. II. n. One suspected of a crime. 
[L. suspicio, suspectum, look at secretly, 
— sub, and specio, look at.] 

suspend (suspend'), vt. 1. Hang one 
thing beneath another. 2. Make to 
depend on. 3. Make to stop for a time; 
delay. 4. Debar.— suspender, n. 1. 
One who or that which suspends. 2. 
One of a pair of straps for supporting 
trousers. [L.— sub, and pendo, hang.] 

suspense (sus-pens'), n. 1. State of 
being suspended. 2. Act of withholding 
judgment. 3. Uncertainty; indeci- 
sion. 4. Stop betwixt two opposites. 

suspension (sus-pen'shun), n. 1. Act 
of suspending. 2. Interruption; delay. 

3. Temporary privation of office or 
privilege. 4. Conditional withhold- 
ing, —suspension-bridge, Bridge 
supported by chains or wire cables, 
which pass over high piers. 

suspensory ( sus-pen'sor-i). I. a. 1. 
That suspends. 2. Doubtful. II. n. 
That which suspends. 

suspicion (sus-pish'un), n. Act of sus- 
pecting; imagining of something 
without evidence or on slender evi- 
dence; mistrust. 



suspicious (sus-pish'us), a. 1. Fulloi 
suspicion. 2. Showing suspicion. 3 
Inclined to suspect. 4. Liable to sus- 
picion.— suspiciously, acta, — sus- 
piciousness, n. 

sustain (sus-tan'), vt. 1. Hold up; en 
dure; prolong; maintain; relieve. 2. 
Prove; sanction.— sustain'er $ ». [L. 
sustineo—sub, and teneo, hold.] 

sustainable (sas«ta'na-bl), a. That 
may be sustained. 

sustenance ( sus'te-nans ), n. That 
which sustains; maintenance; pro 
visions. 

sustentation ( sus-ten-ta'shun ) , n. 
That which sustains; support. 

sutler (sufler), n. Person who follows 
an army and sells provisions, etc. to 
the soldiers; camp hawker. [Q. Dut. 
soeteler small trader. Cf. Ger. sudler, 
dabbler ] 

suttee(sut-te'), n. 1. In India, the sacri 
fice of a widow on the funeral pile of 
her husband. 2. Widow so sacrificed 
[Sans. cuddM,_ voluntary sacrifice.] 

su sural (su'tur-al), a. Relating to a 
suture. 

suture (su'tur), n. 1. A sewing together 
of a wound. 2. Seam uniting the 
bones of the skull. 3. Seam at the 
union of two margins in a plant. [L. 
sutura—suo, sew.] [by, sutures. 

sutured (su' turd), a. Having, or united 

suzerain ( soze-ran ), n. Feudal lord; 
supreme or paramount ruler. — su- 
zerainty, n. Dominion of a suze- 
rain; paramount authority. [Fr. sus 
—Late L. susum, for sursum=sub-ver- 
sum, above.] 

swab (swob). I. n. 1„ Mop for cleaning 
or drying floors or decks. 2. Instru- 
ment for cleaning a gun after dis 
charge. 3. Bit of sponge Oh the end of 
a handle for cleaning the mouth. II. 
vt. [swabb'ing; swabbed.] Clean or 
dry with a swab. — swabber, n. 1. 
One who uses a swab. 2. Officer who 
sees that the ship is kept clean. 
[From the sound.] 

swaddle (swod'l), vt. Swathe or bind 
tight with clothes, as aninfant. [A.S. 
sice^Z.swaddling-baud. See sw athe.J 

swaddling-band ( swod'ling-band ), 
swad'dling-cloth, ns. Ban d or 
cloth formerly used for swaddling an 
infant. 

swag (swag). I. vt. Sway; sag. II. n. 
1. Swaying motion. 2. Bundle; booty. 
(Slang.) [driving it into a mold. 

swage (swaj), vt. Shape, as iron, by 

swagger (swag'er). I. vi. 1. Sway or 
swingthe body in bluster. 2.Bragnois- 
ily; bluster. II. n. Insolent manner.— 
swag'gerer, n. [From swag.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. ■ 



swain 



583 



Swedenborgian 




Ssvallow. 



swain (swan), n. 1. Young man. 2. 
Country lover. _ [A. S. sivan, servant.] 

swallow (swol'o), 
n. Migratory bird 
with long wings, 
which seizes its 
insect food on the 
wing. [A. S. swa- 
lewe.] 

swallow (swol'o), 
vt. 1. Receive 
through the gul- 
let into the stom- 
ach. 2. Ingulf; 
consume; absorb; 

exhaust. 3. Take back: recant. 4. 
Tolerate; put up with. [A.S. swelgan, 
swallow. Cf. Ger. schwelgen. ] 

swam (swam), pa. t. of swim. 

swamp ( swomp ). I. n. Low ground 
saturated with water. II. vt. 1. Sink 
in. or as in a swamp. 2, Overset, or 
cause to fill with water, as a boat. 
— swampy , a. Consisting of swamp ; 
wet and spongy, [A.S. swamm, sponge.] 

swan (swon), n. 
Large, long- 
necked, web- 
footed bird 
larger than 
the goose. 

— swans'- 
down. n. 

1. Small 
soft feathers 

of the swan. 2. Thick fluffy fabric of 
wool and cotton or silk. — swan'. 
skin, n. Thick soft flannel. [A. S] 

swap (swop), n. Same as swop. 

sward (sward). I. n. Grassy surface of 
land; green turf. II. vt. Cover with 
s w a r d.— swarded, sward'y, as. 
Covered with sward. [A. S. sweard. 
Ger. schwarce, thick, tough skin.] 

sware (swar),po. t. of swear. 

swarm (swarm). I. n. 1. Large body 
or cluster of insects or other small 
animals, esp. of bees. 2. Great num- 
ber; throng. II. vi. 1. Gather as bees 
do, esp. when leaving a hive. 2. Ap- 
pear in a crowd; throng; abound. 3. 
Breed multitudes. [A. S. swearm.] 

swarthy (swar'thi), a. Of blackish com- 
plexion; dark-skinned.— swar'thily, 
adv.— swar'thiness, n. [A. S. sweart. 
Ger. schwarz, black.] [Climb. 

swarve (swavv). I. vi. Swerve. II. vt. 

swash (swosh). I. vi. andt'£. 1. Flow 
or dash noisily; splash; spill; swish. 

2. Bluster; swagger. II. n. Dirty 
water; narrow channel through sand. 

— swash-buckler, n. Swaggerer; 
braggadocio; bully. 




Swan. 



% 




SWASH-Fjl,ATE. 

1. Swash-plate. 2. 
Axis. 3. Friction 
wheel. 4. Shaft. 
5. Guide. 



swash-plate ( swosh'plat ), n. Flat 
disc liAtd at an angle on a revolving 
axis. It gives an 
up and down mo- 
tion to a friction 
wheel, the descent 
being effected by 
gravity or a spring 

swath (swath), n. 1. 
Line of grass or 
grain cut by the 
scythe. 2. Sweep of 
a scythe. [A. S, 
siccethe. Ger. schwa- 
den.] 

swathe (swaffi). I. 
vt. Bind with a 
band or bandage. 
II. n. Bandage. 
[A.S. swathu, band.] 

sway(swa). I. vt. and 
vi. 1 . Wield with the 
hand. 2. Incline to 
one side, or first to one side and then 
to the other. 3. Influence by power 
or moral force. II. n. 1. Sweep of a 
weapon. 2. That which moves with 
power; preponderance; power. [Dan. 
svaie. Akin to swing.] 

swear (swar). I. vi. [swear'ing; swore; 
sworn.] 1. Affirm, calling God to wit 
ness. 2. Give evidence on oath. 3. 
Utter the name of God or of sacred 
things profanely. II. vt. 1. Affirm, 
calling God to witness. 2. Admin- 
ister an oath to. 3. Declare 
on oath. — swear'er, n. 
[A. S. swerian. Ger. schiooe- 
ren.] 

sweat (swet). I. n. 1. Moist- 
ure from the skin; perspir- 
ation. 2. Labor; drudgery. 
II. vi. 1. Give out sweat or 
moisture. 2. Toil. III. vt. 
1. Give out, as sweat. 2. 
Cause to sweat. — sweat- 
gland, n. One of the innu- 
merable glands in the skin, 
secreting the moisture 
which exudes through the Sweat- 
pores. [A. S. swat.] gland 

1, 2, 3. Layers of skin. 4. Swer.t duct 
5. Sweat gland. 6. Subcutaneous fat. 7. 
Sweat pore. 

sweaty (swet'i), a. 1. Wet with per 
spiration ; consisting of sweat. 2 
Laborious. — sweat'iness, n. 

Swede (swed), n. Native of Sweden. 

Swedenborgian (swe-den-bar'ji-an) 
n. One who holds the doctrine's of th-: 
New Jerusalem Church as taught oj 
Emanuel Swedenborg, a Swedish 
noble, born at Stockholm in 1689. 



late, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, i/ien. 



Swedenborgianism 



584 



swill 



Swedenborgianism (swe-den-bar'ji- 
an-izm), n. Doctrines and practice of 
the Swedenbqrgians. 

Swedish (swe'dish).-I. a. Pertaining 
to Sweden. II. n. Language of the 
Swedes. 

Sweep (swep). I. vt. [sweeping; swept.] 
1. Wipe or rub over with a brush or 
broom. 2. Carry along or off by a 
long, brushing stroke or force. 3. 
Carry with pomp. 4. Pass rapidly 
over. II. vi. 1. Pass swiftly and for- 
cibly. 2. Pass with pomp. 3. Move 
with a long reach. III. n. 1. Act of 
sweeping. 2. Extent of a stroke, or 
of anything turning or in motion. 3. 
Direction of a curve. 4. Chimney- 
sweeper. 5. Pole supported by a high 
post on which it turns, used for rais- 
ing water from a well.— sweep'er, n. 
[A. S. swapan. Low Ger. swepen. Ger. 
schweifen.] 

*weepings(swep'ingz),H,.p£- "Whatever 
is collected by sweeping; rubbish. 

sweepstakes ( swep'staks ), n. 1. All 
the money or other things staked at 
a horse-race, or in gaming, all going 
to the winner. 2. Race for all the 
stakes. 3. A winning of all the money 
at stake. 

sweet ( swet ). I. a. 1. Of a pleasant 
taste like sugar. 2. Pleasing to any 
one of the five senses. 3. Not sour, 
foul, or rancid. 4. Not salty, as water. 
5. Pleasing to the mind; lovable. II. 
n. 1. Sweet substance. 2. pi. Sweet- 
meats. — sweetly , adv. — sweet' - 
ness, n. [A. S. swete.] 

sweetbread (swet'bred), n. 1. Pan- 
creas of an animal (stomach sweet- 
bread), used for food. 2. Thymus 
gland (neck sweetbread), used for 
food. 

sweet-brier (swet'bri-er), n. Thorny 
shrub of the rose kind, the leaves of 
which smell sweet. 

sweet-corn (swet'karn), n. Variety 
of maize of sweet taste. 

sweeten (swe'tn) vt. and vi. Make or 
become sweet, wholesome, fertile, or 
pure.— sweet'ener, n. 

sweetening (swe'tn-ing), n. 1. Act of 
sweetening. 2. That which sweetens. 

sweet-flag ( swet'-flag ), n. Aromatic 
plant with sword-shaped leaves; also 
called calamus. [person beloved. 

sweetheart ( swet'hart ), n. Lover; 

sweetish (swe'tish), a. Somewhat 
sweet to taste. — sweet'ishness, n. 

sweetmeat (swet'met), n. Confec- 
tions made wholly or chiefly of sugar. 

gweet-pea(swet'-pe) , n. Pea cultivated 
for the fragrance and beauty of its 
blossoms. 




weet-potato vine. 



sweet-potato ( swet'po-ta'to ), n. 
Creeping plant having tubers resem- 
bling the potato. 

sweet - william 

(swet-wil'yam), n. 
Species of pink of 
many colors and 
varieties. 

swell (swel). I. vi. 
[swelled; swelled 
or swollen 
(swoln).] 1. Grow 
larger; expand. 2. 
Rise into waves; 
heave. 3. Grow 
louder. 4. Be bom- 
bastic; strut; become elated, arro- 
gant. II. vt. 1. Increase the size of. 
2. Aggravate. 3. Increase the sound 
of. 4. Raise to arrogance. III. n. 1. 
Act of swelling. 2. Increase in size or 
sound. 3. Gradual rise of ground. 4. 
Wave; waves or tides of the sea, esp. 
after a storm. 5. Strutting foppish 
fellow; dandy. IV. a. Handsome; 
showy. (Slang). [A. S. swellan.] 

swelldom (swel'dum), ». The fashion* 
able world. 

swelling ( swel'ing ). I. a. Inflated, 
pompous; haughty. II. n. 1. Protu- 
berance; tumor. 2. Rising, as of pas- 
sion. 3. Inflation by pride. 

swelter (swel'ter), vi. Be faint or op- 
pressed with heat. [A.S. sweltan, die.] 

swept (swept), pa. t. and pa. p. of 

SWEEP. 

swerve (swerv), vi. Turn; depart from 
any line, duty, or custom. [A. S. swectr* 
fan. Dut. swerven. Akin to warp.] 

swift(swift), n. 1. Bird bearing an out- 
ward resemblance to the swallows, 
but differing much from them in var- 
ious structural points. The American 
swift is commonly called the chim- 
ney swallow. 2. Newt or eft, a species 
of lizard. 3. Small prairie wolf of 
western U. S. 

swift (swift), a. and adv. 1. Moving 
with great speed. 2. Ready; prompt; 
coming suddenly or without delay. 3. 
Of short continuance; rapidly pass- 
ing.— swift'Iy, adv. — swiftness, n. 
[A. S. Cf. Ger. schweifen.] 
Syn. Fleet; rapid; speedy; quick. 

swig (swig). I. n. Large draught, as 
of liquor. II. vt. [swig'ging; swigged.] 
Drink by large draughts; drink off 
greedily; gulp. (Golloq.) 

swill (swil). I. vt. or vi. Drink greed- 
ily or largely. II. n. 1. Large draught 
of liquor. 2. Liquid mixture given 
to swine.— swill'er, n. [A.S. Sicilian.] 



fate, fat, task, f&r, fall,, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolfj 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



Hvs'an 



585 



Sybarite 



swim (swim). I. vi. [ swim'ming; 
swam; swam or swum.] 1. Float. 2. 
Move on or in water by natural 
means, as a fish, duck, etc. 3. Be 
borne along by a current. 4. Be dizzy. 
6. Be drenched or overflown. II. vt. 

1. Pass by swimming. 2. Make to 
swim or float. III. n. 1 Act of swim- 
ming; any motion like swimming. 2, 
Air bladder of a fish.— In the swim, in 
the current of fashionable society. 
[A. S. swimman.] 

swimmer (swim'er), to. 1. One who 
swims- 2. Web-footed aquatic bird. 

swimmingly (swim'ing-li), adv. In a 
gliding manner, as if swimming ; 
smoothly; successfully. 

swindle (swin'dl). I. vt. Cheat under 
the pretence of fair dealing. II. n. Act 
of defrauding. [From Ger. schwind- 
lev, dishonest promoter; cheat.] 

swindler (swin'dler), to. Oue who de- 
frauds by imposition; cheat; rogue. 
[From swindle.] 

swine (swm), n. sing, and pi. Any ani- 
mal of the hog kind. [A. S. swin. 
G-er. schwein.] 

swine-bread (swin'bred), n. Truffle. 

swineherd (swm'herd), to. Herd or 
keeper of swine. 

swine-oat (swin'ot), to. Kind of oats 
cultivated for the use of pigs. 

swine-pox (swin'-poks), to. Variety 
of the chicken-pox. 

swing- (swing). I. vi. [swinging; 
swung.] 1. Sway; move to and fro, as 
a body hanging in air; vibrate. 2. 
Practice swinging. 3. Turn round at 
anchor. 4. Be hanged. II. vt. 1. Move 
to and fro; cause to wave or vibrate. 

2. Whirl; brandish. III. to. 1. Act of 
swinging; motion to and fro; waving 
motion. 2. Anything suspended for 
swinging in. 3. Sweep or compass of 
a swinging body. 4. Power of any- 
thing swinging. 5. Free course. [A. 
S. swingan.] 

swinge (swinj), vt. 1. Beat soundly. 
2. Forge; weld. [A. S. swengan, shake'.] 

swingle-tree ( swing'1-tre ), single- 
tree ( sing'1-tre ), to. Cross-piece of a 
carriage, plow etc., to which the 
traces of a harnessed horse are fixed. 
[From swing.] 

swinish (swl'nish), a. Like or befitting 
swine; gross; brutal.— swinishly, 
adv.— swi'uishness, to. 

swipe (swip). t vt. and vi. 1. Strike 
with a sweeping blow. 2. Purloin; 
carry off. II. to. 1. Sweeping stroke 
or blow, as with the full swing of the 
arms in golf. 2. Sweep used in draw- 
ing water from a well. [A. S. swipian, 
move swiftly.] 



swirl (swerl). I. vi. Sweep along with 
a whirling motion. II. to. Whirling 
motion as of water. [Imitative.] 

swish (swish). I. to. Rushing or rus- 
tling sound as of the swashing of 
waves on the shore or the swinging of 
a switch through the air. II. vi. and 
vt. Move or cause to move with such 
a sound. [Imitative.] 

Swiss (swis). I. a. Of or belonging to 
Switzerland. II. n. 1. Native of Swit- 
zerland. 2. Language of Switzerland. 

switch (swich). I. to. 1. Small flexible 
twig. 2. Lock of false hair. 3 Mov- 
able rail and its appendages usee 1 for 
transferring a car or train from one 
track to another; shunt of any kind. 
II. vt. 1. Strike with a switch. 2. 
Shunt. [Low Ger. zwukse, swutsche.] 

switchback (swich'bak). I a. Of au 
alternate motion. II. to, Railway 
curving back and forth, or ascending 
by momentum. 

switchboard (swich'bSrd), n. Device 
for controlling an electric current. 

swivel (swiv'l). to. 1 Something fixed in 
another body so as to turn around in 
it. 2. Ring or link that turns on a pin. 
3. Small cannon turning on a swivel. 

swollen (swol'n), pa. p. of swell. 

swoon (swon). I. vi. Faint; fall into a 
fainting-fit. II. to. Fainting-fit. [A.S.] 

swoop (swop). I. vt. 1. Sweep down 
upon and catch. 2. Catch while on 
the wing. II. vi. Descend with a 
sweep. III. n. Seizing, as of a bird on 
its prey. [Form of sweep.] 

swop (swop). I. vt. [swop'ping; swop 
ped.] Exchange; barter. II. n. Ex- 
change. 

sword (sord), to. 1. Offensive weapon 
with a long blade for cutting or 
thrusting. 2. Destruction by war. 

sword-bayonet ( s5rd'-ba'on-et ), to. 
Bayonet shaped like a sword. 

swordcane ( sord'kan ), to. Cane con- 
taining a sword. 

sword fish 
(sord'fish), 
to. Large 
sea-fish 
having the 
upper jaw 
elongated 
so as to resemble a sword. 

swordsman (sordz'man),7i. Man skill- 
ed in the use of the sword. —swords'* 
manship, to. 

swore, sworn. See swear. 

swum (swum),pa. t. a,ndpa.p.oi swim. 

Sybarite (sib'a-rit), to. One devoted to 
luxury.— sybaritic, sybarit'ical, 
as. [From Sybaris, a Greek town in 
ancient Italy.] 




Swordfish. 



tats, fat, teak, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf j 
mute, but, burn ■. oil, owl, then, 



sycamine 



586 



symposium 




Leaves of Egyptian 
Sycamore. 



sycamine (sik'a-mln) , n. Black mul- 
berry tree. 

sycamore ( sik'a- 
mor), n. 1. Fig- 
mulberry, growing 
in Egypt and other 
Eastern countries. 
2. In England, large 
maple. 3. InAmer 
ica, plane-tree, esp. 
the buttonwood. 
[Gr. sykomoros—sy- 
kon, fig, and moron, 
black mulberry.] 

sycophancy (sik'o-fan-si), n. Behav- 
ior of a sycophant ; mean tale- bearing ; 
obsequious flattery; base servility. 

sycophant (sik'o-fant), n. Tale-bear- 
er; servile flatterer; parasite.— syco- 
phant'ic,sycophant'ish, as. [Gr. 
sycophantes.] 

syenite ( si'en-it ), n. Rock composed 
of hornblende and mica, similar to 
granite. [From Syene, in Egypt.] 

syllabic (sil-lab'ik), syllab'ical, as. 
Relating to, or consisting of, a sylla- 
ble or syllables.— syllab'ically, adv. 

syllabicate ( sil-lab'i-kat ), vt. Form 
into syllables. — syllabication, n. 

syllabify ( sil-lab'i-fi), vt. Form into 
syllables. — syllabification, n. 
[From syllable, and L. facio, make.] 

syllable isil'a-bl),w. Letter, or several 
letters taken together, forming one 
sound ; word, or part of a word, utter- 
ed by a single effort of the voice. 
[Gr. syllabe—syn, and lab-, take.] 

syllabub. Same as sillabub. 

syllabus(sil'a-bus),w. 1. Abstract ;com- 
pendium. 2. 'Table of contents. [L.] 

syllogism (sil'o-jizm), n. Logical 
form of every argument, consisting of 
three propositions, of which the first 
two are called the premises, and the 
last which follows from them, the 
conclusion. [Gr.— syn, together, and 
logizomai, reckon.] 

syllogistic (sil-o-jis'tik), syllogis- 
tical (sil-o-jis'tik-al), as. Pertaining 
to, or in the form of, a syllogism. — 
syl!o«is'tically, adv. [gisms. 

syllogize(sil'o-jiz), vi. Reason by syllo- 

sylph(silf), n. 1. Imaginary being in- 
habiting the air, of graceful form and 
light and nimble movement. 2. Sylph- 
like girl or woman. [ Fr. sylphe. Cf. 
Gr. silphe, kind of moth.] [of sylph.] 

sylpbi<l(silf'id), n. Little sylph. [Dim. 

sylph-lihe (silf'lik), a. Like a sylph; 
light and graceful in form and move- 
sylvan. Same as silvan. [ment. 

symbol (sim'bul), n.l. Representation 
of an idea by an object. 2. Object rep- 
resenting an idea; letter representing 



a mathematical quantity, operation, 
etc. 3. Creed; compendium of doc- 
trine.-symboric, symbolical, as. 
Emblematic; figurative; typical.— 
symbolically, adv. [Gv.—symbalio, 
put together, compare, infer,— syn, to- 
gether and ballo, throw.] 
Syn. Emblem; type; sign; token. 

symbolism (sim'bul-izm), n. 1. Rep- 
resentation by symbols. 2. System of 
symbols. 

symbolize (sim'bul-lz). I. vi. 1. Be 
symbolical.. 2. Resemble in qualities; 
agree. II. vt. 1. .Represent by sym- 
bols. 2. Make emblematic— sym'bol- 
izer, sym'bolisft, n. 

syuabology (sim-bol'o-ji), n. Art of 
expressing by symbols. 

symmetrical (sim-met'rik-al), a. 1. 
Having symmetry or due proportion 
in its parts;, harmonious. 2. Com- 
posed of two parts corresponding to 
each other; regular.— symmetric- 
ally, adv. With symmetry. 

symmetrize ( sim'e-triz ), vt. Make 
symmetrical. 

symmetry (sim'e-tri), n. State of one 
part being proportionate to another; 
harmony of parts. [ Gr. — syn, to- 
gether, and metron, measure.] 

sympathetic (sim-pa-thet'ik), sym- 
pathet'ical, as. 1.' Pertaining to 
sympathy. 2. Having common feel- 
ing with another; capable of compas- 
sion. 3. Harmonious.— sympathet'- 
ically, adv. 

sympathize (sim'pa-thlz), vi. Have 
sympathy; feel with or for another; 
agree. 

sympathy (sim'pa-thi), n. 1. Feeling 
with another; agreement of inclina- 
tion, feeling, or sensation. 2. Com 
passion; pity. 3. Related state; influ- 
ence producing an analogous state in* 
another body. [Gr. — syn, with, and 
root of pathos.] [tion; harmony. 
Syn. Fellow-feeling; commisera- 

symphonious (sim-f 6'ni-us ), a. 
Agreeing in sound; harmonious. 

symphonist ( sim'fo-nist )> n. Com- 
poser of symphonies. 

symphony (sim'fo : ni), n. 1. Harmony 
of sound. 2. Elaborate composition 
for a full orchestra, generally in 
three movements. [ Gr. —syn, to- 
gether, and phone, sound.] 

symposium ( sim-po'zi-um ), n. 1. 
Banquet; feast. 2. Magazine discus- 
sion in which several authors write 
on the same subject in the same 
number, and usually in reply one to 
another ; collection of opinions or 
comments. [ Gr. symposion—syn, to- 
gether, and posis, a drinking.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; roe, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, buru; oil, owl, then. 



symptom 



687 



systole 



symptom ( sim'tum ), n. 1. Tbat 
which attends and indicates the ex- 
istence of something else. 2. That 
which indicates disease. [ Gr.— syn, 
together, and pipto, fall.] 

symptomatic (sim-tum-at'ik), a. 1. 
Pertaining to symptoms. 2. Indica- 
ting the existence of something else. 
3. In med. Proceeding from some 
prior disorder. — symptomatica!, 
a.— symptomatlcally, adv. 

syn°, prefix. With; together. Before I 
it becomes syl, and before b, p and 
m, it becomes sym. _ [Gr.] 

synreresis ( sin-er'e-sis ),n. Pronoun- 
cing of two vowels together. Opp. to 
diaeresis. [Gr.— syn, andhaireo, take.] 

synagogue (sin'a-gog), n. 1. Assem- 
bly of Jews for worship. 2. Jewish 
place of worship. [Gr. synagoge—syn, 
and ago. lead.] 

synchronal (sing'kro-nal), synchro- 
nous (sing'kro-nus), a. 1. Happen- 
ing or being at the same time; sim- 
ultaneous. 2. Lasting for the same 
time. [Gr. syn, and cfirqnos, time.] 

synchronism (sing'kro-nizm), n. 1. 
Concurrence of events in time. 2. 
Tabular arrangement of contempo- 
rary events, etc., in history. [Gr.] 

syncopate (sing'ko-pat), vt. Contract, 
as a word, by taking away letters 
from the middle.— syncopa'tion, n. 

syncope (sing'ko-pe), n. 1. Omission 
of letters from the middle of a word, 
as ne'er for never. 2. Painting-fit. 3. 
Sudden pause. [L. — Gr. sygkope — 
syn and kopto, cut.] 

syndic (sin'dik), n. 1. Magistrate; 
advocate; government official. 2. One 
chosen to transact business for 
others. [Gr.— syn and dike, justice.] 

syndicate (sin'di-kat), n. 1. Body of 
syndics; council. 2. Office of a syn- 
dic. 3. Body of men chosen to watch 
the interests of a company, or to 
manage a bankrupt's property. 4. 
Combination of capitalists for the 
promotion of some enterprise; trust. 

Synecdoche (sin-ek'do-ke), n. Figure 
of speech by which a part is made to 
stand for the w T hole, or the whole for a 
part. — synecdoch'ical, a. Ex- 
pressed by, or implying, synecdoche. 
[Gr.— syn, and ekdechomai, receive.] 

syneresis. See synreresis. 

synod (sin'od), n. 1. Ecclesiastical 
council. 2. Among Presbyterians, a 
church court consisting of several 
presbyteries. — synod'ic, synod'i- 
cal, as.— synodlcally, adv. [Gr. 
synodos—syn and hodos, way.] 

synonym, synonyme (sin'o-nim), a. 
Word having, exactly or nearly, the 



same meaning with another. — sy ib- 
onymous (sin-on'i-mus), a. 1. Per- 
taining to synonyms. 2. Having the 
same meaning. — synonymously, 
adv. — synonymy ( sin-on i-uii), n. 
1. Quality of being synonymous. 2. 
Rhetorical figure of amplification. 
[Gr.— syn, and onoma, name.] 

synopsis (sin-op'sis), n. [pi. synop'- 
ses (ses).] Review; a summing up 
[Gr. syn, and opsis, view.] 

synoptic (sin-op'tik), synop'tical, as. 
Affording a general view oi the whole. 

synovia (sin-o'vi-a), n. Fluid secreted 
in the cavity of joints to lubricate 
them.— sino'vial, a. [From Gr. syn 
and L. ovum, egg.] 

syntactic (sin-tak'tik), syny tacti- 
cal, as. Pertaining to syntax; ac- 
cording to the rules of syntax. — 
syntactically^ adv. 

syntax (sin' taks), n. Ingram. Correct 
construction of, and arrangement of 
words in, sentences. [Gr. — syn and 
tasso, put in order.] « 

synthesis_(sin'the-sis), n. 1. [ pi. syn'- 
theses (-sez).] Composition; making 
a whole out of parts. 2. Combina- 
tion of separate elements of thought 
into a whole; reasoning from prin 
ciples previously established to a 
conclusion. Opp. to analysis. 3. In 
gram. The uniting of ideas into a 
sentence. [Gr. syn and thesis, placing.] 

synthetic (sin-thet'ik), synthetic- 
al, as. 1. Pertaining to synthesis. 2. 
Consisting in synthesis or composi- 
tion.— synthetically, adv. [ren. 

syphon, syren. Same as siphon, si- 

syringa (si-ring'a;, n. 1. Mock- 
orange. 2. Lilac. [Gr. syrinx, reed.] 

syringe (sir'inj). I. n. Tube with a 
piston, or rubber ball, by which 
liquids are sucked up and ejected. II. 
vt. Inject or clean with a syringe. 
[Gr. syringx, reed.] 

syrup. Same as sirup. 

system ( sis'tem ), n. 1. Assemblage 
of bodies as a connected whole ; organ- 
ism. 2. Method; plan; order. 3. Full 1 
and connected view of some depart- 
ment of knowledge. 4. The universe. 
[Gr. — syn, and histemi, place.] 

systematic (sis'te-mat'ik), system- 
atical, as. 1. Pertaining to or con- 
sisting of system. 2. Formed or done 
according to system ; methodical.— 
systematically, adv. 

systematize f sis' te-ma-tlz), vt. Reduce 
to a system.— sys'tematizer, n. 

systole (sis'to-le),?i. 1. Contraction of 
the heart for expelling the blood. 2. 
Shortening of a long syllable. [Gr.— 

. syn, and stello, set.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, nut, burn; oil, owl, (Aon, 



588 



tackle 




Tabard. 



t (te), n. Twentieth letter of the 
English alphabet. In the arts it 
is used as an adjective prefix, 
as a T square, used for drawing; 
a T rail, etc.— To a T, exactly. 

tab ( tab ), n. 1. Latchet of a shoe. 2. 
End of a lace. 3. Tag. 4. (Oolloq.) 
Tally; check; account. 

tabard (tab' ard), n. Ancient 
garment, open at the 
sides, with wide sleeves, 
reaching to the elbows, 
worn over the body ar- 
mor, and generally em- 
blazoned with the arms 
of the wearer or of his 
lord. [Fr. — Low L. tabar- 
rus, cloak.] 

tabaret ( tab-a-ret' ), n. 
Stout satin-striped silk, 
used for furniture. 

tabbinet (tab'i-net), n. 
Delicate kind of tabby, 
resembling damask, used 
for window-curtains. 

tabby(tab'i). I. n. 1. Coarse 
kind of waved or watered silk. 2. 
Artificial stone, a mixture of shells, 
gravel, stones, and water. 3. Brindled 
cat; any cat. 4. Old maid; gossip. II. 
a. Brindled; diversified in color. III. 
vt. Water, or cause to look wavy. 
[Fr. tabis — Ar. atabi.] 

tabernacle ( ta b'er-na-kl) , n. 1. 
Lightly constructed temporary hab- 
itation; tent; pavilion. 2. Movable 
building, used by the Israelites in the 
wilderness. [L. tabernaculum, tent, 
dim. of taberna, tavern,— root of tabula, 
table.] _ 

tabes (ta'bez), ^..Wasting away of the 
body ; atrophy ; emaciation.— tabetic 
(ta-bet'ik), tabid, a. Affected with 
tabes. [L.— tabeo, melt away.] 

tablature(tab'la-tur), n. 1. Painting, 
esp. on a wall or ceiling. 2. Ancient 
mode of writing music by letters etc. 
[F. — L. tabula, board.] 

table (ta'bl). l.n. 1. Smooth, flat slab 
or board, with legs, used as an article 
of furniture. 2. Supply of food; en- 
tertainment. 3. Company at a table. 
4. Board for backgammon or check- 
ers. 5. Surface on which something 
is written or engraved ; that which is 
cut or written; inscription. 6. Con- 
densed statement; syllabus; index. 
II. vt. 1. Make into a table or cata- 
logue. 2. Lay on the table; postpone 
consideration of. [Fr. table— L. tabula, 
board.] 

tableau (ta-blo'o/- E. tab'lo), n. [pi. 
tableaux (tablo'), or tableaus (ta- 
bloz').] Living picture. [Fr.] 



table-d'hote (ta'bl-dot), n. Meal for 
several persons at the same hour and 
at fixed prices. [Fr. = table of the 
host.] 

table-land (ta'bl-land), n. Extensive 
elevated land; plateau. 

tablet (tab'let), n. 1. Small table or 
fiat surface. 2. Something fiat on 
which to write, paint, etc.; writing- 
pad. 3. Confection or medicine in the 
form of a small flat disk. [Dim. of 

TABLE.] 

table-turning* ( ta'bl-turn-ing), n. 
Movements of tables or other objects, 
attributed by spiritualists to the 
agency of spirits. 

taboo ( ta-bo' ) . I. n. 1. Institution 
among the Polynesians by which cer- 
tain things are consecrated. 2. Pro- 
hibition; interdict. II. vt. Forbid 
approach to, or the use of. 

tabor (ta'bur). I. n. Small drum played 
with one stick. II. vt. Play on a tabor; 
beat lightly and often. [Fr. tambour 
— Pers. tambur, kind of zither.] 

tabouret (tab'o-ret), tabret (tab'ret), 
ns. Small tabor. 

tabular (tab'u-lar), a. Of the form of, 
or pertaining to L a table. 

tabulate (tab'u-lat), «£. 1. Arrange in, 
or reduce to, tables or synopses. 2. 
Shape with a flat surface. 

tace (ta'se).w. In music. Direction that 
a voice, instrument or part is to be 
silent for a certain specified time. 
[L. = be silent!] [L.=is silent] 

tacet(ta'set),v. Inmusic. Same asTACE. 

tachometer (ta-kom'et-er), n. Instru- 
ment for measuring velocity. [Gr. 
tachos, speed, and metron, measure.] 

tacit (tas'it), a. Implied, but not 
expressed by words.— tacitly, adv. 
[L. tacitus, silent.] 

taciturn ( tas'i-turn ), a. Habitually 
silent; not fond of talking. — tac- 
iturnity, n. — taciturnly, adv. 
[L. tacitumus.] [reserved; mute. 

Syn. Uncommunicative; reticent; 

tack (tak). I. n. 1. Short, sharp nail, 
with a broad head. 2. Rope to fasten 
the corner of a sail. 3. Course of a 
ship in reference to the position of 
her sails. 11. vt. Fasten, esp. in a slight 
manner, as by tacks. III. vi. Change 
the course of a ship by shifting the 
position of the sails. [Low Ger. tak- 
ken, sharp point.] 

tackle (tak'l). I. n. 1. Ropes, rigging, 
etc., of a ship. 2. Tools; weapons; 
angler's outfit. 3. Ropes, pulleys, etc., 
for raising heavy weights. 4. One who 
tackles, as in foot-ball. II. vt. 1. Pro- 
vide with tackle. 2. Attach; hitch. 3. 
Seize; attack. [Dut. takel.] 



fate, Cat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
- mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



tackling- 



589 



tale 



tackling (tak'ling), n. 1. Furniture 
or apparatus belonging to the masts, 
yards, etc., of a ship. 2. Harness for 
drawing a carriage; tackle. 

tact (takt), n. 1. Touch; feeling. 2. Pe- 
culiar skill or faculty based on nice 
perception and a knowledge of hu- 
man nature. 3. Stroke in beating 
time in music. [Fr.— L. tactus, touch.] 

tactician(tak-tish'an), n. One skilled 
in tactics. 

tactics (tak'tiks), n. 1. Science or art 
of maneuvering military or naval 
forces in the presence of the enemy. 
2. Method of proceeding. [Gr. taktike, 
{tedfine, art), —tasso, taxo, arrange.] 

tactile (tak'til), a. That may be 
touched or felt. [L.. tango, touch. See 
tact.] [touch. 

taction (tak'shun), n. Act of touching, 

tactual (tak'tu-al), ol Relating to, or 
derived from, tlie sense of touch. 




Tadpoles of toad. 
1. Eggs. 2. Single egg. 3. Young tadpoles 
hanging to a plant. 4.-9. Successive stages 
of development. 

tadpole ( tad'pol ), n. Young toad, or 
frog; polliwog. [A. S. todie, toad, and 
poll, head.] 

tael (tal), n. 1. Chinese ounce. 2. Unit 
of Chinese monetary system. Value 
varies, about = $1.05 U. S. gold. 

taffcrel (taf'er-el), taffrail (taf'ral), 
n. Upper part of a ship's stern tim- 
bers. [Dut L tafereel, panel.] 

taffeta (taf'e-ta), taffety (taf'e-ti), n. 
1. Silk fabric plainly woven. 2. Thin 
glossy silk stuff, having a wavy luster. 
[It. taffeta — Pers. taftah, woven.] 

taffy (taf'i), n. 1. Sweetmeat made of 
molasses boiled down. 2. ( Colloq. ) 
Flattery. 

tag (tag). I. n. 1. Point of metal at 
the eDd of a string. 2. Any small 
thing tacked or attached to another. 
3. Rabble; ravel. II. vt. [tag'ging; 
tagged.] 1. Fit a tag to. 2. Tack «or 
fasten to. — tag'rag, n. Rabble. 
[Weaker form of tack.] 



tag (tag). I. n. Game in which the per- 
son gains who tags or touches an- 
other. II. vt. Touch, as in the game of 
tag; follow closely. 

tail (tal), n. 1. Appendage at the end 
of the backbone of an animal, as in 
quadrupeds, birds, and fishes. 2. 
Anything resembling a tail in appear- 
ance, position, etc., as a catkin, train 
of a comet, train of attendants, part 
opposed to the head, etc. [A.S. tcegel.] 

tail (tal), n. Estate which is limited 
to certain heirs. [Fr. taille, cutting. 

See ENTA.1L.] 

tailor (ta'liir). I. n. One who cuts out 
and makes men's clothes. — tai'Ior- 
ess. fern. II. vi. Work as a tailor. — 
tailoring, n. Business or work of 
a tailor. [Fr. tail- 
leur—tailler, cut.] 

tailor-bird (ta'- 
lur-berd), n. Bird 
that constructs 
its nest at the 
extremity of a 
twig, taking one 
large or two 
small leaves and 
sewing their edges to- 
gether, using its bill 
as a needle and vege- 
table fiber as thread. 

taint (tant). I. vt. Im- 
pregnate with any- 
thing noxious; infect; 
stain. II. vi. Be affected 
with something cor- 
rupting, III. n. 1. Infection; corrup- 
tion. 2. Spot; moral blemish. [O. Fr. 
taint, Fr. teint, pa. p. of teindre, dye, — 
L. tmgo, tinctum, wet. See tinge.] 

Syn. Pollute; vitiate; defile; con- 
taminate; corrupt; stain; sully; in- 
fect; pervert. 

take (tak). I. vt. [ta'king; ta'ken.] 1. 
Lay hold of; get into one's posses- 
sion ; catch ; capture ; choose. 2, 
Receive; allow; endure; understand; 
agree to; become affected with. II. 
vi. 1. Have the intended effect. 2. 
Gain reception; please. 3. Be favor- 
ably disposed. 4. Have recourse to. 
-taker, n. [Icel. taka.] 

taking (ta'king), a. Captivating; 
alluring.— takingly, adv. 

talc (talk), n. Mineral occurring in 
thin flakes, of a white or green color, 
and a soapy feel. — talck'y, talc- 
ons, as. Containing, consisting of, 
or like talc. [Fr.— Ar. talag.] 

tale (tal), n. 1. Narrative; story; 
fable. 2. Number; reckoning. [A. S 
tal. Ger. zahl.] 




Tailor-bird 
and its nest. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



tale-bearer 



iOO 



tamin 



tale-bearer (tal'bar-er), n. One who 
maliciously bears or tells tales. 

tale-bearing (tal'bar-ing. I. a. Given 
to telling tales, or officiously spread- 
ing scandal. II. n. Act of telling 
secrets. 

talent (tal'ent), n. 1. Ancient weight 
or sum of money = $1,650 to $1,925. 
2. Faculty; natural or special apti- 
tude. [ L. talentum — Gr. talanton, 
weight,— tlao, bear, weigh.] 

talented ( tal'ent-ed ), a. Possessing 
talents or mental gifts. 

tales (ta'lez), n. pi. 1. Persons in court 
from whom selections are made to 
supply the place of jurors who are ou 
the panel, but fail to appear. 2. Plead- 
ing or writ for the purpose of supply- 
ing the place of jurors. [From first 
word of the Latin phrase tales de cir- 
eumstantibuSj, such of the bystanders.] 

talesman (ta'lez-man or talz'man), n. 
Person summoned to act as a juror 
from among thebystanders at court. 

talipes ( tal'i-pez ), n. Club-foot; 
deformed foot. [L.] 

talisman ( tal'is-man ), n. [pi. tal'is- 
mans ] Charm engraved on metal or 

' stone, to which wonderful effects are 
ascribed; something that produces 
extraordinary effects. — talisman'- 
ic, a. [Ar. telsam — Late Gr. telesma, 
consecration] 

talk ( tak ), vi. 1. Speak; converse; 
confer.'"2. Prattle; chatter. 3. Utter 
words, as a parrot, or a mechanical 
contrivance. II. vt. 1. Express in 
words; enunciate. 2. Discuss; dis- 
course about. 3. Use as one's lan- 
guage. 4. Accomplish or affect by 
speaking. III. n. 1. Familiar conver- 
sation. 2. That which is uaered in 
familiar intercourse. 3. Subject of 
discourse. 4. Rumor. — talk'er, n. 
[Icel. tala, talk. Akin to tell.] 

talkative (tak'a-tiv), a. Given to 
much talking;' prating.— talk'ative- 
ly, adv.— talkativeness, n. 

Syn. Loquacious; garrulous; com- 
municative. 

tall (tal), a. 1. Seemly; brave. 2. High; 
long "3. Extravagant; great.— tall' - 
ness, n. [Etymology doubtful.] 

taHitb (tal'ith), n. Mantel or scarf, 
worn by Jews, at prayer. [Heb.] 

tallow (tal'6). I. n. 1. Fat of animals 
melted. 2. Any coarse, hard fat. II. 
vt. Grease with tallow. [Ger. talg.] 

tally (tal'i). I. n. [pi. tal'lies.] 1. One 
of two sticks notched alike to keep 
account by. 2. Anything correspond- 
ing to another as duplicate. II. vt. 
Score with notches. III. vi. Corre- 
spond; suit. [F. taille, cutting.] 



tally-bo ( tal'i-ho ). I. interj. Hunts- 
man's cry betokening that a fox has 
been started. II. n. In the U. S. Four- 
in-hand pleasure coach. 




Tally-ho. 

Talmud (tal'mud), n. Body of Hebrew 
laws, comprising the written law 
(Mishnah) and the traditions and 
comments (Gemara) of the Jewisb 
doctors.— Talmud'ic, Talmud'ic* 
a!, as. [Heb. = instruction.] 

talon (tal'un), n. 1. Claw of a bird of 
prey. 2. Cards remaining in the pack 
after dealing. [Fr. — L. talus, heel.] 

tamable ( ta'ma-bl ), a. Capable of 
being tamed.— ta'mableness, n. 

tamandua(ta-man'du-a), n. So. Amer- 
ican ant-bear. [Native name.] 

tamarack (tam'a-rak), n. 1. American 
larch, furnishing heavy strong tim- 
ber; hackmatack. 2. Black or ridge- 
pole pine of the Pacific coast. 

tamarind ( tam'a-rind), n. E.Indian 
tree, with a sweet, pulpy fruit in pods, 
much used as food and in medicine. 
[Ar. tamr hindi, Hindu date.] 

tamarisk (tam'ar-isk), n. Shrub with 
small whiie or pink flowers. [L. 
tamariscus.] 

tambour (tam'bor). I. n. 1. Small, 
shallow drum. 2. Circular frame for 
embroidering 3. Rich kind of gold 
and silver embroidery. II. vt. Em- 
broider on a tambour. [Fr. — root of 

TABOUR.] 

tambourine (tarn- 

bo-ren'), n. Shallow 
drum with one skin 
and bells, and played 
on with the hand. 
[Fr. tambourin, dim. 
of tambour.] 

tame (tarn). I. a. 1. Having lost native 
wildness and shyness; domesticated. 
2. Gentle. 3. Spiritless; without 
vigor; dull. II. vt. Reduce to a do- 
mestic state; make gentle; civilize.— 
tamely, adv. — tame'ness, n. [A. 
S. tarn. Ger. zahm.] 

tanjin (tam'in), tamis (tarn' is), 
tammy (tam'i), ns. Strainer of hair 
or cloth. LFr.] 



Tambourine. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf ; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



Tamil 



591 



tantra 



Tamil (tam'il), n. 1. One of a race of 
Ceylon and Southern India, belong- 
ing to the Dravidian people. 2. Lan- 
guage of the race. 

tamp (tamp), vt. 1. Plug up, as a hole 
drilled in a rock for blasting, after 
the explosive has been introduced. 2. 
Force or beat down by repeated light 
strokes. [From same root as tap.] 

tamper ( tani'per ), vi. 1. Try little ex- 
periments without necessity. 2. 
Meddle. 3. Practice secretly and un- 
fairly. [A by-form of temper.] 

tamping: (tam'ping), n. Material used 
as packing in ramming down a 
charge in a blast-hole. 

tampion (tam'pi-un), n. Plug for the 
mouth of a cannon, when not in use. 
rSee tap.] 

tam-tam. See tom-tom. 

tan (tan). I. n. 1. Bark bruised and 
broken for tanning. 2. Yellowish 
brown color. II. vt. [tan'ning; tan- 
ned.] 1. Convert skins and hides into 
leather by steeping in vegetable solu- 
tions containing tannin. 2. Make 
brown or tawny. 3. Thrash. III. vi. 
Become tanned. [Fr. Cf. Ger. tanne, 
fir. Bret, tann, oak.] 

tanager (tan'a-jer), n. Brilliant col- 
ored singing bird of many species. 

tandem ( tan'dem ). L a. Harnessed 
siugly one before the other. II. n. 1. 
Team of horses so harnessed. 2. Bi- 
cycle for two or more riders one 
behind another. [Originated in uni- 
versity slang, in a play on the L. 
adv. tandem, at length. 1 

tang- (tang), n. Strong or offensive 
taste, esp. of something extraneous. 
[Low Ger. tanger, biting.] 

tang- (tang), n. Tapering part of a 
knife or tool which goes into the haft. 
[By-form of tong. See tongs.] 

tangency (tan'jen-si), n. State of be- 
ing tangent; contact or touching. 

tangent (tan'jent), n. Line which 
touches a curve, and which when pro- 
duced does not cut it. — tangen- 
tial, a. 

tangerine (tan-jer-en'), n. Variety of 
Chinese seedless orange. [Fr. — Tan- 
ger, Tangiers.] 

tanghin (tan'gin), n. Deadly poison 
obtained from the seeds of Tanghi- 
nia venenifera, a tree of Madagascar. 
[Native name in Madagascar.] 

tangible (tan'ji-bl), a. 1. Perceptible 
to the touch. 2. Capable of being pos- 
sessed or realized. — tan'gibly, adv. 
— tangibility, n. [L. tangibilis — 
tango.'] 

tangle ( tang'I ). I. n. 1. Knot of 
things united confusedly. 2. Edible 



seaweed. II. vt. 1. Unite together 
confusedly; interweave. 2. Iusnare. 
[Goth, tagl, hair. Ger. tang, seaweed.] 

tangnm (tan'gum), n. Variety of pie- 
bald horse found in Thibet. 

tanistry(tan'ist-ri), n. Mode of tenure 
that prevailed among various Celtic 
tribes, according to which the tanist 
or holder of honors or lands held 
them only for life, and his successor 
was fixed by election. 

tank (tangk), n. Large basin; cistern; 
reservoir. [O. Fr. estanc—L,. stagnum, 
pool.] 

tankard itang'kard), n. Large vessel 
for holding liquors; drinking vessel 
with a lid. [Etymology unknown.] 

tanner (tan'er), n. One who tans. — 
tann'ery, n. Place for tanning. 

tannic (tan'ik), a. Of, or from, tan. 

tannin (tan'in), n. Astringent vege- 
table substance found largely in oak- 
bark or gall-nuts, in tea, coffee, etc., 
of great use in tanning; tannic acid. 
[Fr. tanin.] 

tansy (tan'zi), n. 1. Bitter, aromatic 
plant with rayless yellow flowers. 2. 
Formerly, a pudding flavored with 
tansy juice. [Fr. tanaisie — Gv. atha- 
nasia, immortality.] 

tantalize (tan'ta-liz), vt. Torment by 
presenting something to excite desire, 
but keeping it out of reach. [Tanta- 
lus, a mythical Phrygian king, was 
made to stand up to his chin in water, 
with brauches of fruit hung over his 
head, the water receding when he 
wished to drink, and the fruit when 
he desired to eat.] 

tantalns (tan' ta-lus), 
n. Voracious genus 
of wading birds of 
the heron family, in- 
cluding the wood- 
ibis of America. 

tantamount (tantf- 
a-mownt), a. Equi- 
valent, in value, 
force, effect, or sig- 
nification .[Fr. tant 
—h.tantus, so much, 
and Eng. amount.] 

tantivy (tan-tiv'i). I. 
adv. Swiftly. II. n. 
1. Rapid, violent gallop. 2. Adherent 
of the court in time of Charles II. 
III. vi. Hurry off. [From the notes of 
a hunting-horn.] 

tantra (tan'tra), n. Section of certain 
Sanskrit sacred works of the wor- 
shipers of the female energy of Siva. 
Each tantra has the form of a dia- 
logue between Siva and his wife. 
[Sans.— tan, believe.] 




fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf , 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



tantrum 



59*2 



tarnish 



tantrum ( tan'trum), n. Fit or burst 
©f ill-humor. [Wei. tant, burst of pas- 
sion.] 

tan-yard ( tan'yard ), n. Enclosure 
where the tanning of leather is car- 
ried on. 

tap (tap). I. n. Gentle blow or touch. 
II. vt. [tap'ping; tapped. ] 1. Strike 
with something small; touch gently; 
rasp; pat. 2. Put a thickness of leather 
on. [Ger. tappen, grope; strike.] 

tap (tap). I. n. 1. Faucet or short 
pipe through which liquor is drawn. 
2. Place where liquor is drawn. 3. 
Boring tool; reamer. II. vt. [ tap'- 
ping; tapped.] Pierce, so as to let out 
fluid ; open a cask and draw off liquor. 
[A. S. tappan.] 

tape (tap), n. Narrow band of woven- 
work, used for strings, etc. — tape- 
line, n. Instrument for measuring, 
often made of steel ribbon, from 20 
to 50 feet long,— tape-measure, n. 
Piece of tape for measuring, from 
one yard to two yards in length. 

taper (ta'per). I. n. Small wax-candle 
or light. II. a. Narrowed towards one 
end. III. vi. and vt. Become, or make, 
gradually smaller towards one end. 

tapestry (tap'es-tri), n. "Woven hang- 
ings of wool and silk .—Tapestry car- 
pet, two-ply carpet, the warp or weft 
being printed before weaving so as to 
produce a figure in the cloth. [Fr. 
tapis serie. See tapis.] 

tapeworm (tap'wurm), n. Worm often 
ot great length, found in the intes- 
tines. The "head" is really the whole 
worm, the other parts being genera- 
tive buds, issuing from the head one 
after the other. 

tapioca (tap-i-o'ka), n. Glutinous and 
granular substance obtained from 
the roots of the cassava plant of 
Brazil. [Brazilian.] 

tapir (ta'per), n. Thick-skinned, short- 
necked animal, having a short, flex- 
ible proboscis, found in Sumatra and 
South America. [Brazilian.] 

tapis (ta'pis), n. Tapestry; cover of a 
council table. — On the tapis, under 
consideration. [ Gr. tapes, figured 
cloth.] 

tappet (tap'et), n. Small projecting 
lever giving intermittent motion to a 
part of a machine. 

taproom (tap'rom), n. Room where 
beer or liquor is served. 

taproot (tap'rot), n. Root striking 
directly downward without dividing, 
and tapering, as that of the carrot. 

tapster (tap'ster), n. One who taps or 
draws off liquor. 




Tarantula. 



tar (tar). I. n. 1. Thick, dark-colored, 
viscid product obtained by the de- 
structive distillation of organic sub- 
stances and bituminous minerals, as 
wood, coal, peat, etc. 2. Sailor. II. 
vt. [tar'ring; tarred.] Smear with 
tar. — Tar and feather, pour heated 
tar over, and then cover with feathers. 
[A. S. teru. Dut. teer. Akin to tree.] 

tarantula 
(tar-an'tu-la), 
n. Poisonous 
large spi- 
der. [It. tar- 
antola — L. 
Tarentum, a 
town in S. 
Italy.] 

taraxacum 
(tar-aks'a- 
kum),7i. Root 
of the dande- 
lion, used in 
medicine. 

[Botanical word, coined— Gr. taraxis, 
trouble, and akeomai, cure.] 

tarboosh (tar-bosh'), n. Red cap of 
felt or cloth, often with a tassel, w©ra 
by the Turks, etc. [Ar.] 

tardy (tar'di), a. 1. Slow. 2. Late; 
dilatory; out of season. — tai-'dily, 
adv.— tar'diness, n. [Fr. tardif — 
L. tardus, slow.3 

tare (tar), n. Plant, like the vetch, 
sometimes cultivated for fodder, 
[Etym. doubtful.] 

tare (tar), n. 1. Weight of the vessel 
or package in which goods are con- 
tained. 2. Allowance made for it. 
LFr.— It. tara—Ar. tarah, throw away.] 

target (tar'get), n. 1. Small buckler 
or shield. 2. Mark or butt to shoot 
at. [O. Fr. targe, shield.] 

targ-eteer (tar-get-er'), n. One armed 
with a target._ 

tarheel (tar'hel), n. Inhabitant of the 
pine-barrens of N. Carolina, or of that 
State. 

tariff (tar'if), n. 1. List of goods with 
the duties or customs to be paid for 
thesame. 2. Any system of rates. [Ar. 
tarif, information.] 

tarlatan (tar'la-tan), n. Gauzy cotton 
fabric, used in ladies' dresses. [Per- 
haps—Milanese tarlantanna, linsey- 
woolsey.] 

tarn (tarn), n. Small mountain lake 
or pool, especially one which has no 
visible feeders. [Icel. tjorn.] 

tarnish (tar'nish). I. vt. 1. Spoil by 
exposure to the air, etc. 2. Dimmish 
the lustre or purity of. II. vi. Become 
dull; lose luster. [Fr. ternir, (pr. p. 
ternissant) — O. Ger. tarni, covered.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; une, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, miive, wolf; 
RiQte. hut, bum; oil, owl, then. 



laro 



593 



tattoo 



taro (ta'ro or ta'ro), n. Stemless plant 
with tuberous starchy roots from 
which poi is made. 

tarpaulin (tar-pa'lin), tarpaulins 

(tar-pa'liug ), ns. 1. Water-proof 
cover of coarse canvas. 2. Sailor's 
broad brimmed water-proof hat. 3. 
Sailor. [From tar, and t?»t.t..i 

tarry (tar'i), a. Consisting of, covered 
with, or like tar. 

tarry (tar'i), vi. 1. Be tardy or slow. 2. 
.Loiter; stay; delay. [O. Fr. targier — 
L. tardus, slow.] 

tarsal (tar'sal), a. 1. Pertaining to the 
tarsus or instep. 2. Pertaining to, 
the tarsi of the eyelids. 

tarsus (tar'sus), n. [pi. tarsi (tar'si).] 
1. All the bones between the tibia and 
the metatarsus. 2. Insect's foot. 3. 
Small plate or cartilage along the 
edge of the eyelid. 

tart (tart), a. 1. Sharp or sour to the 
taste. 2. Sharp; severe. —tart'ly, 
adv. — tart'ness, n. [A. S. teart — 
tearan, tear.] 

tart (tart), n. Small pie, containing 
fruit or jelly. [Fr. tarte, tourte—L,. 
tortus, twisted.] 

tartan (tar'tan). I. n. Woolen stuff, 
checked with various colors, worn in 
the Scottish Highlands. II. a. Woven 
in a tartan pattern. [Fr. tiretaine, 
linsey-woolsey.] 

tartan (tar'tan), n. Small one-masted 
vessel of the Mediterranean. 

tartar (tar'tar), w. l.Salt which forms 
on the insides of casks containing 
wine (when pure, called cream of tar- 
tar). 2. Concretion which sometimes 
forms on the teeth. [Fr. tartfre— Low 
L. tartarum—Ar. dourd.] 

Tartar ( tar'tar ), Tatar (ta'tar), n. 
Native of Tar'tary.- Catch a Tartar,la,y 
hold of or encounter a person who 
proves too strong for the assailant. 
[Pers. Tatar.] 

tartaric (tar-tar'ik), a. Pertaining to 
or obtained from, tartar. 

tartarus (tar'ta-rus), n. {In ancient 
myth.) "Lower world; place of pun- 
ishment for the wicked. [Gr. tartaros.] 

tartish (tar'tish), a. Somewhat tart. 

tartrate (tar'trat), n. Salt of tartaric 
acid. 

tasimeter (ta-zim'e-ter), n. Instru- 
ment invented by Mr. Edison for 
measuring extremely slight varia- 
tions of pressure, and by means of 
them other variations, as of tempera- 
ture, moisture, etc. — tasimet'ric, 
a. [Gr. — tasis, tension, and metron, 
measure.] 

task (task). I. n. 1. Set amount of work, 
esp. of study, imposed by another. 



2. Work; drudgery. II. vt. 1. Impose 
a task on; burden with severe work. 

2. Charge; accuse. — task'er, n. — 
Take to task, reprove. [O. Fr. tasgue— 
Low L. tasca — L. taxo, rate, tax.] 

taskmaster (task'mas-ter), n. Master 
who imposes a task; one whose office 
is to assign tasks. 

tassel (tas'el), n. Ornament consisting 
of a bunch of fringe hanging from a 
roundish moid.— tasselled (tas'eld), 
a. Adorned with tassels. TO. Fr. tas- 
sel — L. taxillus, dim. of talus, die.] 

tastable (tast'a-bl), a. That may be 
tasted._ 

taste (tast). I. vt. 1. Try or perceive by 
the touch of the tongue or palate. 2: 
Try by eating a little; eat a little" of. 

3. Partake of; experience. II. vi. 1. 
Take food. 2. Have a flavor. III. n. 
1. Act of tasting; gustation. 2. Sen- 
sation caused by a substance on the 
tongue. 3. Sense by which we per- 
ceive the flavor of a thing. 4. Quality, 
flavor, or savor. 5. Small portion; 
specimen; bit. 6. Intellectual relish 
or discernment. 7. Faculty by which 
the mind perceives the beautiful; 
nice perception. 8. Choice; predilec- 
tion.— tas'ter, n. [O. Fr. taster (Fr. 
tdter), — L. taxo, touch.] 

Syn. Smack; sensibility; judgment; 
relish; sample; liking. 

tasteful (tast'fol), a. 1. Having a 
high relish. 2. Showing good taste.— 
taste'fully, adv.— taste'fulness, n. 

tasteless (tast'ies), a. Without taste; 
insipid.— tastelessly, adv.— taste'- 
lessness, n. 

tasty (tas'ti), a. 1. Having a good taste 
or nice perception of excellence. 2. 
Conforming with good taste; elegant. 
— tas'tlly, adv. 

Tatar. See tartar. 

tatter ( tat'er ), n. Torn piece; loose 
hanging rag. [lce\. tetr, torn garment.] 

tatterdemalion (tat-er-de-ma'li-un), 
n. Ragged fellow. [From tatter.] 

tatting- (tat'ing), n. Knotted kind of 
lace. [From Hind, tatta, mat.] 

tattle ( tat'l ). I. n Trifling talk or 
chat. II. vi. 1. Prate; chatter. 2. Tell 
tales or secrets.— tattler, n. [Low 
Ger. tateln.] 

tattoo ( tat-to'), n. Beat of drum or 
bugle-call to warn soldiers to repair 
to their quarters. [Dut. tap toe, close 
tbe tap! Cf. Ger. zapfenstreich.] 

tattoo (tat-to'). I. vt. Mark perma- 
nently (as the skin) with figures, by 
pricking in color ing matter. II. n. 
Indelible marks made by pricking 
coloring matter into the skin. [Poly- 
nesian.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



taught 



594 



tearless 




Taurus 



[Plural 



taught (tat), pa. t. and pa. p. of teach. 

tauut(taritor tant).I. vt. Reproach with 
cutting words'; censure sarcastically ; 
tease spitefully; twit insultingly. II. 
n. Upbraiding; sarcastic words; bit- 
ter reproach ; insulting invective. — 
taunt'er, n. — tauiit'iugly, adv. 
[Fr. tauter, try, provoke.] 

Syn. Ridicule; de- 
ride; chaff; mock; 
flout. 

taurus ( ta'rus ), n. 
The Bull, one of the 
signs of the Zodiac. 
— tau'riue, a. [Gr. 
tauros.] 

taut(tat), a. 1. Stretch- 
ed out; not slack. 
2. Prepared against 
emergency. [From 
root of TIGHT.] 

fan tog 1 ( ta-tog'), n. 
Large food fish 
found on the coast 
of New England; black-fish 
of taut, the Indian name.] 

tautology ( ta-tol'o-ji), n. Needless 
and faulty repetition of the same 
thing in different words. [Gr. tautos, 
the same, and logos, word.] 

tavern (tav'ern), n. Licensed house 
for the sale of liquors with accommo- 
dation for travelers; inn. [Fr. tav- 
erne— Li. taberna, hut.] 

taw (ta), vt. Dress with alum and 
make into white leather, as the skins 
of sheep and kids. [A. S. tawian, 
prepare.] 

«aw (ta), n. 1. Large marble to be 
played with. 2. Game at marbles. 

tawdry (ta'dri), a. 1. (Formerly), fine, 
showy, elegant. 2. Showy without 
taste or elegance. — taw'driness, n. 
[Corr. from St. Audrey, the name of a 
cheap fair.] 

tawny (ta'ni), a. The color of tanned 
things; yellowish brown. — taw'ni- 
ness, n. [Dut. tanig. Fr. tanne".] 

tax (taks). I. n. 1. Rate imposed on 
property or persons for the benefit of 

* the state. 2. Anything imposed; bur- 
densome duty. II. vt. 1. Lay a tax 
on. 2'. Burden. 3. Accuse. — taxa'- 
tion, n. [Fr. taxe — L. taxo, — tango, 
touch.] 

Syn. Toll ; assessment ; charge ; rate ; 
contribution; tribute; impost. 

taxable ( taks'a-bl ), a. Capable of 
being, or liable "to be, taxed. 

taxidermy (taks'i-der-mi), n. Art of 
preparing and stuffing the skins of 
animals.-tax'idermist,n. [Fr.-Gr. 
taxis, arrangement, and derma, skin.] 




tea (te), n. 1. Dried leaves of a shrub 
in China, Japan and Ceylon. 2. Infu- 
sion of the leaves in boiling water. 3. 
Any vegetable infusion. 4. Supper. 
[So. Chinese te, the common form 
being tscha-] 

teach (tech). I.vt. [teach'ing; taught.] 

I . Show : poin t out ; impart the knowl- 
edge of. 2. Impart knowledge to; 

V, guide the studies 
of ; instruct. 3. 
Accustom; train. 

II. vi. Practice 
giving instruc- 
tion.— teacher, 
n. [ A. S. tce,can, 
show. Ger. zeigen.] 

teachable (tech'- 

a-bl), a. Capable 

of being taught; 

apt or willing to 

learn. — teach'- Branch of Teak-tree. 

ableness, n. 
teak (tek), n. Tree in the E. Indies 

and Africa, remarkable for its hard 

and durable wood. [Malabar telcka.] 
teal I, tel ), n. 

Web- footed 

waterfowl 

allied to the 

duck, but 

smaller. [Dut. 

teling.] 
team ( tern ), 

n. 1. Number 

of animals 

moving to- 

gether. 2. 

Two or more 

oxen or other animals harnessed to 

the same vehicle. 3. Number of per- 
sons associated for the performance 

of a definite piece of work, etc. [A. S. 

team, offspring. See tkbm.] 
teamster (tem'ster) , n. One who drives 

a team. 
tear (ter), n. Drop of the limpid fluid 

secreted by the lachrymal gland, and 

appearing in the eye or flowing from 

it. [A. S. tceher, tear. Ger. zmhre.] 
tear (tar). I. vt. [tear'ing; tore; torn.] 

1. Draw asunder or separate with vio- 
lence. 2. Make a violent rent in; 

lacerate. 3. Sunder; rend. II. vi. 1. 

Move or act with violence; rage. 2. 

Be rent. III. n. Something torn; rent. 

— tear'er, n. [A. S. teran. Ger. zeh- 

ren. Gr. dero, flay.] 
tearful (ter'fol), a. Abounding with 

or shedding tears; weeping. — tear'- 

fully, Gofv. — tear'fulness, n. 
tearless (ter'les), a. Without tears,; 

unfeeling. 




Teal. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



tease 



595 



tegmentum 




Teasel. 



teas© (tez). I. vt. 1. Comb or card, as 
wool. 2. Scratch, as cloth; raise a 
nap on. 3. Vex wita importunity, 
jests," etc. ; torment ; irritate. II. n. 

1. A teasing. 2. One who teases. 
[A. S. tcesan, pluck, tease.] 

Syn. Annoy; badger; bother; molest; 

pester; plague; worry. 
teasel, teazel (te'zl). I. 

n. I. Plant with large 

heads or burs, employed 

in dressing woolen 

cloth. 2. Bur of the 

plant. J I. vt. Subject 

to the action of teasels 

in the dressing of wool- 
en cloth; raise a nap 

on by the action of the 

teasel. [A. S. tcesl, teasel, 

— tcesan. pluck, tease. 

See tbasb.J 
teazeler, teazler (te'zler), ns. One 

who uses the teasel for raising a nap 

on cloth. 
teat(tet), n. Nipple of the female 

breast or udder [A. S. tit. Ger. zilze.] 
teazle (te'zl). Same as tkasbl. [tute. 
Tech (tek), n. Short for Technical Insti- 
technie (tek'nik), technical (tek'ni- 

kal), as. 1. Pertaining to the useful 

arts. 2. Belonging to a particular art 

or profession. — technically, adv. 

[Or. techne, a,vt,—teko, produce.] 
technicality ( tek-ni-kal'i-ti ), n. 1. 

State or quality of being technical. 

2. That which is technical, or peculiar 
to a trade, profession, etc. 

technics (tek'niks), npl. 1. Doctrine 
of arts in general. 2. Branches that 
relate to the arts; details of mechan 
ical performance. _ 

technique ( tek-nek' ), n. Technical 
skill in tbe fine arts. [Fv,~\ 

technography (tek-nog'ra-fi), n. De- 
scriptive technology. 

technology ( tek-nol'o-ji ), n. Sys- 
tematic and scientific knowledge < f 
the industrial arts.— technologist, 
ii.— technological, a. [Gr. techne. 
and logos, discourse.] 

techy (tech'i), a. Peevish; irritable.— 
tech'ily, adv. — tech'iness, n. [O. 
Pr. tache, blemish.] [on children. 

tecnology (tek-nol'o-ji), n. A treatise 

tectonic (tek-ton'ik), a. Pertaining to 
building or construction. [Gr. teJcton- 
ikos—tekton, builder.] 

tectonics (tek-ton'iks), n. sing or pi. 
Science of the art by which imple- 
ments, vessels, dwellings, and other 
edifices are constructed. 

tecnm (te'kum), n. Fibrous produce 
of a palm-leaf resembling green wool, 
imported from Brazil. 



ted (ted), vt. Spread to the air after 
being reaped or mown; turn (as new- 
mowed grass) from the swath and 
scatter for drying.— tedder (ted'er), 
n. 1. One who teds. 2. Machine that 
spreads grass or hay for the purpose 
of drying. [Mid. Eng. teden, spread.] 

TeDeum (tede'um), n. Latin hymn of 
praise beginning " Te Deum lauda- 
mus," (we praise thee, God), ascribed 
to St. Ambrose and St. Augustine. 

tedious (te'di-us), a. Wearisome; tire- 
some.— te'diously, adv.— te'dious- 
ness, n. [L. tcediosus.] 
Syn. Fatiguing; irksome; slow. 

tedium (te'di-um), n. Wearisomeness. 
[Li. tcedium—tcedet, it wearies.] 

tee (te). I. n. 1. Mark set up in play- 
ing at quoits. 2. Mark made in the 
ice, in the game of curling, towards 
which the st mes are pushed. 3. Nod- 
ule of earth from which a ball is 
struck off at the hole in the play of 
golf. II. vt. In golf-playing, place (a 
ball) on the tee preparatory to striking 
off. [Scotch. Cf. Icel. tja, point out.] 

teem (tern), vi. Bring forth; bear; be 
full or prolific. [A. S. tyman, produce.] 

teens (tenz), n. pi. Years of one's age 
from thirteen to nineteen. 

teeter (te'ter). I. n. A see-saw. II. vt. 
and vi. To move up and down. 

teeth, n.pl. of tooth. 

teethe {ieth),_vi. To cut teeth. 

teething (te^'ing), n. First growth 
of teeth; process by which teeth grow 
through the gums; dentition. 

teetotaler (te-to'tal-er),n. One pledged 
to entire abstinence from intoxicating 
drink.— teeto'tal, a. 1. Total (em- 
phatically). 2. Pertaining to the cause 
of total abstinence. 3. Pledged to 
total abstinence. — tecto'talism, n. 
[From T. = total, the letter T being 
used to signify "total abstinence" 
opposite a name on a pledge signed 
at Hector, N. Y., in 1818.] 

tee-rtotnin (te to'tum), n. Small four- 
sided top u-ed by children in a game 
or chance. [Named from T, for totum ] 

tesr, tegg (teg), n. 1. Female fallow- 
deer; doe in the second year. 2. 
Young sheep, older than a lamb. 

tegmen (teg'men), tegumen (teg'u- 
men), n. [pi.jbegmina (teg'mi-na), teg- 
umina (teg-u'mi-na).] Covering; esp. 
the inner skin which covers the seed. 

tegmentum (teg-men'tum), tegn- 
inentura ( teg-u-men'tum ), ns. [pi. 
tegmenta ( teg-men'ta ), tegumenta 
(teg-u-men'ta).] 1. Scaly coat which 
covers the leaf -buds of deciduous 
trees. 2. One of these scales. [L — 
tego, cover.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, thon. 



tegaexfn 



596 



teller 



tegnexin (te-gek'sin), n. Large lizard 
of Brazil and Guiana, over five feet 
long, said to give notice of the ap- 
proach of an alligator by hissing. 
tegument (teg'u-inent), n. Integu- 
ment; covering; skin. [L. tegumen- 
tum—tego, cover. ] 
tehee (te'he'). I. n. A laugh. II. vi. To 

titter; laugh contemptuously. 
telamon (tel'a-mon), n. Figure of a 
man, serving as a column or pilaster. 
telautograph (tel-a'to-graf), n. Tele- 
graph that reproduces hand-writing 
or drawing at a distance. [Gr.— tele, 
at a distance, autos, self, and grapho, 
write.] [ing badger. 

teledu (teVe-do), n. East Indian stink- 
telega (te-la'ga), n. The common 
Russian farmer's vehicle, without 



springe 
>le 




telegram (tel'e-gram), n. Message 
sent, by telegrapn. [Gr. tele, far, and 
gramma— grapho , write.] 

telegraph (tal'e-g 1 af), I. n. Apparatus 
for giving signals from a distance, 
through the 
medium of 
a wire, esp. 
by means of 
electricity 
II. vt. Con- 
vey, inform, 
instruct or 
announce by Telegraph sounder and key. 
telegraph.— 
telegraph'ie,a.— teleg'raphist,w.. 

telegraphoplione ( tel'e-gra-fo-fon ), 
n. Apparai us for producing a phono- 
graphic record at a distance, or for 
reproducing its sounds at a distance. 

telegraphy ( tel-eg'ra-fi or te-leg'- ), 
n. Science or art of making or using 
telegraphs. 

telekinesis (tel-e-ki-ne'sis), n. Pro- 
duction of motion in another body 
without contact. — telekiuet'ic, a. 
[Gr. tele, far, and kinesis, movement.] 

telemeter (te-lem'et-er), n. 1. Instru- 
ment for determining distance, as 
from the gun to the object fired at. 
2. Electrical apparatus for recording 
at a distance.— telem'etry, n. Art 
of using a telemeter. [Gr. tele, far, 
and metron, measure.] 

telengiscope ( te-len'ji-skop ), n. In- 
strument which combines the powers 
of the telescope and of the micro- 
scope. [Gr. tele, at a distance, engys, 
near, and skopeo, view.] 

teleological (tel-e-o-loj'ik-al), a. Per- 
taining to teleology. — ideologic- 
ally, adv. 

teleologist ( tel-e-ol'o-jist ), n. One 
versed in teleology; one who investi- 




gates the final cause or purpose of 
phenomena, or the end lor which each 
has been produced. 

teleology (tel-e-ol'o-ji), n. Science or 
doctrine of final causes; doctrine that 
everything was created for, and 
adapted to, a purpose. [Gr. telos, 
purpose, and logos, doctrine.] 

teleost (tel'e-ost), a. Having a skeleton 
of well-developed bones, as ordinary 
fishes. [Gr. teleios, complete, and 
osteon, bone.] 

telepathy (tel-ep'a-thi), n. Transfer- 
ence of mental impressious without 
visible agen- 
cy- |K 

telephone 
(tel'e-fon ), n\ 
Instrument 
transmitting 
sound, esp. 
of the voice, 
by means of 
electricity. — 
telephon'- < 
ic, a.-tel-. tiL JLis&:'= - i; L 
eph'onist, Telephone receiver (in sec- 
n. — tele ph- tion) and transmitter. 
ony (te-lef'o- 

ni), n. The act or art of telephoning. 
[Gr. tele, at a distance, and phone, 
sound.] 

teleophyte (tel'e-o-fit), n. Plant whose 
cells are arranged in tissues, as a 
tree. [Gr. teleios, complete, and 
phyton, plant.] 

telescope (tel'e-skop). I. n. 1. Optical 
instrument which makes distant ob- 
jects appear nearer and larger. 2. 
Valise composed of two cases, one 
fitting into the other. II. vt. and vi. 
Drive or run together in the manner 
of the joints of a telescope. [Gr. tele, 
far, and skopeo, see.] 

telescopic ( tel-e-skop'ik ), a. 1. Per- 
taining to, performed by, or like, a 
telescope. 2. Seen only by rr»eans of a 
telescope. — tel<>scop'ically, adv. 

telesm (tel'ezm), n. Talisman. [Late 
Gr. telesma, consecration.] 

telespectroscope (t e 1-e-s pek'tro- 
skop), n. An astronomical telescope 
with a spectrosco-oe attached. 

tell (tel). I. vt. [tell'ing; told.] 1. Num- 
ber; count. 2. Utter; narrate. 3. Dis- 
close. 4. Dis-ern. 5. Explain. 6. In- 
form. 7. Order; bid. 8. Assure. II. 
vi. 1. Talk; blab. 2. Produce, or take, 
effect. [A. S. tellan, Ger. zaehlen.) 

tell-clock (tel'klok), n. One who sits 
and counts the hours; idler. 

teller (tel'er), n. 1. One who tells or 
counts. 2. Clerk whose duty it is to 
receive and pay money. 



fate, fat, task, far , fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, but, burn ; oil, owl, then- 



telling 



597 



temporal 



telling- (tel'ing), a. Striking; effective. 
— teli'iugty ,adv. So as to be effective. 

telltale (tel'tal). I. a. 1. Telling tales. 
2. Officiously or heedlessly revealing; 
blabbing. 3. Indicating. II. n. 1. One 
who tells what is supposed to remain 
secret. 2. One who tells what pru- 
dence should suppress ; tattler. 3. In- 
dicator. 4. Name of grallatorial 
bird common in America; tattler. 

tellurian (tel-lo'ri-an). I. a. Pertain- 
ing to the earth. II. n. Inhabitant of 
the earth. [L. tellus, earth, and -ian.] 

telluric (tel-16'rik), a. 1. Pertaining to 
the earth. 2. Of, containing, or de- 
rived from, tellurium. 

tellurion (tel-16'ri-un), n. Instrument 
to show the causes of the succession 
of night and day, and the seasons; 
kind of orrery. 

tellurium (tel-16'ri-um), n. Element, 
by some classed as a metal, biittle 
and crystalline, chiefly found in a 
gold ore, associated with selenium. 

tellurous (tel'6-rus), a. Pertaining to, 
or derived from, tellurium. 

telpherage (tel'fer-aj), n. System of 
electric transportation by means of 
carriages suspended from electric 
cables. [Gr. tele, afar, and vhero, bear.] 

telson (tel'sun), n. In zool., the last seg- 
ment, as the long tail of a horseshoe- 
crab, the middle flipper of a crawfish's 
tail-fin, or the sting of a scorpion. [Gr. 
telson, limit.] 

temerity ( te-mer'i-ti ), n. Unreason- 
able contempt for danger. [E temeri- 
tas—temere r hy chance, rashly.] 

Syn. Rashness; foolhardiness; pre- 
cipitancy ; venturesomeness ; bold- 
ness; daring: audacity; recklessness. 

temiak (tem'i-ak), n. Seal-skin jumper 
worn by Eskimos. 

temper (tem'per). I. vt. 1. Modify by 
mixture. 2. Adjust; fit. 3. Moisten 
and knead, as clay. 4. Moderate; soft- 
en. 5. Bring to a proper degree of 
hardness and elasticity, as a metal. 
Steel is tempered by being repeatedly 
heated to a certain temperature and 
cooled quickly. For razors the tempe- 
rature is 450°, for axes 510 Q , for 
table knives 530 Q , for hand saws 600°. 
II. n. 1. Due mixture or balance of dif- 
ferent or contrary qualities or ingre- 
dients. 2. State of a metal as to hard- 
ness, etc. 3. Constitution of the body. 
4. State of mind; humor; mood. 5. 
Passion; irritation. 6. Calmness; 
moderation. [A. S. temprian — E. tem- 
'per o, combine properly.] 

tempera ( tem'pe-ra ), n. Manner of 
using solid pigments in painting; dis- 
temper. 



temperament ( tem'per-a-ment ), n. 

1. Condition arising from mixture or 
blending. 2. Peculiar nature control- 
ling one's thoughts and actions. 

temperance (tem'per-ans), n. 1. Mod- 
eration. 2. Act of tempering or mix- 
ing. 3. Abstinence from intoxicating 
liquors. [L. temperantia.\ 

temperate (tem'per-at), a. 1. Moderate 
inde^iee of any quality, esp. in the 
appetites and passions. 2. Calm; self- 
contained. 3. Not very cold or very 
hot, applied to climate.— temper- 
ately, adv. — tem'perateness, n. 

temperative (tem'pev-a-tiv), a. Hav- 
ing the power to temper. 

temperature ( tem'ijer-a-tur ), n. 1. 
Mixture; temper; constitution. 2. 
Moderation. 3. Inteusity of the sen- 
sible heat of a body.— The absolute 
zero of temperatui e is computed at— 
273° C. at which all molecular action 
ceases. [L. temperatura.] 

tempest (tem'pest), n. 1. Wind rush- 
ing with great velocity, usually with 
rain or snow; violent storm. 2. Any 
violent commotion. [O. Fr. tempeste— 
L. tempestas, weather,— tempus, time.] 

tempestuous (tem-pes'tu-us), a. Very 
stormy; turbulent.— tempest'uous- 
ly, adv.— tempest nonsness, n. 

templar (tem'plar), n. 1. Student or 
lawyer living in the Temple, Londou. 

2. (T.) One of a religious military 
order first established at Jerusalem 
in favor of pilgrims traveling to the 
Holy Land.— (Jood Templar, one of a 
society pledged by certain rites to tee- 
totalism. — Knights Templars, branch 
of the order of Freemasons in the 
U. S, [L. templum, temple.] 

temple (tem'pl). I. n. 1. Edifice erected 
to a deity or for religious purpose. 2. 
Place of worship. II. vt. 1. Build a 
temple for. 2. Inclose in a temple. [L. 
templum, space marked out.] 

temple ( tem'pl ), n. Flat region on 
either side of the head above the 
cheekbone. [O. Fr. temple— ~L. tempus.] 

templet (tem'plet), n. 1. Pattern or 
mold used by masons, machinists, 
smiths, shipwrights, etc. 2. Short 
piece of timber in a wall to sustain a 
girder or joist. [Fr. templet, stretcher. 
— L. templum, small timber.] 

templiu-oil (tem'plin-oil), n. Oil of 
pine-cones. 

tempo (tem'po), n. 1. Rate of move- 
ment or degree of quickness with 
which a piece of music is to be ex- 
ecuted; time. 2. The characteristic 
movement of a dance. [It. = time.] 

temporal (tem'po ral), a. 1. Pertain- 
ing to the temples. 2. Pertaining to 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



temporally 



503 



tender-loin 



time. 3. Worldly; secular. 4. In 
gram. Pertaining to a tense.— Tem- 
poral power, rule of an ecclesiastic in 
secular matters.— tem'porally, adv. 
[Fr.— L. tempus, time.] 

temporally (tem'po-ral-ti), tempo- 
rality, ns. 1. Laity. " 2. pi. Secular- 
possessions; revenues of an ecclesi- 
astic, proceeding from lands, etc., 
under civil jurisdiction. 

temporary ( tem'po -ra-ri ), a. For a 
time only; transient.— temporari- 
ly, adv.— tem'porariness, n. 

temporize (tern'po-riz), vi. 1. Comply 
with the time or occasion; yield to 
circumstances; humor the opinion of 
another. 2. Dilly-dally; procrastinate. 
— tem'porizer, n. Time-server. 

tempt (tern t),vt. 1. Try to persuade, esp. 
to do evil; eniice. 2. Provoke; act 
presumptuously toward. — tempt'- 
able, a. Accessible to temptation.— 
tempta'tion, n.— tempter, n. 1. 
One who tempts. 2. The devil.— 
temptress, n. /m.-tempt'ing, a. 
Adapted to tempt or entice. — tempt'- 
ingly, adv. [O. Fr. tempter (Fr. tenter) 
— L. tento, handle.] 

Syn. Bait; bribe; decoy; inveigle; 
lure; induce; attract; invite; dispose. 

temse (terns), re. Sieve; bolter. [Middle 
Li. tamisium. Fr. tamis.~\ 

temuleiit (tem'u-lent), a. 1. Given to 
drink. 2. Extremely drunk. 

ten (ten). I. a. Twice five. II. n. Figure 
denoting ten units, as 10 orx. [A. S. 
ten, tyn. Ger. zehn.] 

tenable (ten'a-bl), a. Capable of being 
retained, kept or defended. — ten'- 
ableness, tenabil'ity, n. [Fr. ten- 
able— tenir—L,. teneo, hold.] 

tenacious (te-na'shus), a. 1. Holding 
fast; apt to stick; stubborn. 2. 
Retentive, as a good memory. 3. 
Strongly adhesive, or cohesive.— 
tenaciously, adv. — tena'cious- 
ness, n. [L. tenax—teneo, hold.] 

tenacity (te-nas'i-ti), n. Quality of 
being tenacious. [L. tenacitas—tenax.] 

tenaculum (te-nak'u-lum), n. Sur- 
gical hooked instrument for seizing 
and drawing out bleeding arteries. 

tenancy (ten'an-si), n. 1. Holding of 
land or property. 2. Time during 
which a tenement is held or occupied. 

tenant (ten'ant) . I. n. One who holds 
or possesses land or property under 
another; one who has possession of 
anyplace; occupant. II. vt. Hold as 
a tenant. [Fr. tenant— L. tenens, pa. 
p. of teneo, hold.] 

tenantable ( ten'ant- a-bl), a. Fit to be 
tenanted ; in a state of repair suitable 
for a tenant. 



tenantless (ten'ant-les), a. Without 

a tenant. 
tenantry (ten'ant-ri), n. 1. Tenancy. 

2. Body of tenants on an estate. 
tench (tench), n. Fresh-water fish, of 

the carp family, very tenacious of life. 
[O. Fr. tenche. Fr. tanche—Lt. tinea.} 
tend (tend), vt. and vi. 1. Wait upon as 
assistant or protector; attend. 2. 
Take care of.— tend'ance, n. 1. Ex- 
pectancy. 2. Persons in attendance. 

3. Care. [From attend.] 

tend (tend), vi. 1. Aim at; move: be 
directed. 2. Be apt to operate; trend. 
3. Contribute; serve; conduce. [Fr. 
tendre — L. tendo, aim]. 
Syn. Incline; lean; verge. 

tendency (ten'den-si), ra. Inclination 
to move in some direction; drift. 
[Fr. tendance.] 
Syn. Propensity; bearing; direction, 

tender (ten'der), n. 1. One who tend-;. 
2. Small vessel that attends a larger 
one with stores, etc. 3. Car attacind 
to locomotives, carrying a supply of 
fuel and water. 4. Small water reter- 
voir, attached to a mop. 

tender (ten'der). I. vt. Offer; present 
for acceptance. II. n. 1. Offer or pro- 
posal, esp. of some service. 2. Thing 
offered.— Legal tender currency , curren- 
cy which cannot be lawfully refused 
in payment: In U S., all the gold 
coins not below a certain weight; the 
silver dollar of 412V£ grains; silver 
coins smaller in value than one dollar, 
up to ten dollars; nickels and pennies 
up to 25 cents in one payment.— 
tenderee',re. One to whom an offer is 
made.— tenderer, n. One who offers. 
[Fr. tendre — E. tender e, extend.] 

tender (ten'der). I. a. 1. Soft; delicate; 
easily impressed or injured; not 
hardy or hard; fragile; weak. 2. 
Easily moved to pity, love, etc. 3. 
Careful not to injure (followed by of); 
unwilling to cause pain. 4. Apt td 
cause pain; ticklish. 5. Expressive of 
the softer passions, as love and pity. 
II. n. Tender regard; affection.— ten- 
derly, adv.— ten'derness, n. [Fr. 
tendre— E. tener, thin.] 

tenderfoot (ten'der-fot), n. New-com- 
er, esp. in a mining district or pioneer 
region; novice; greenhorn. (Colloq.) 

tender-hearted (ten-der-har'ted), a. 
Having great susceptibility; full of 
feeling. 

tenderling (ten'der-ling),w. 1. Effemin- 
ate person. 2. One of the first horns 
of a deer. 

tender-loin (ten'der-loin), n. Part of 
the loin of beef, pork, etc., tenderer 
than the rest. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



tendinous 



599 



tenuiroster 



tendinous (ten'di-nus), a. 1. Having 
a tendon; full of tendons. 2. Of, or 
pertaining to, tendons; forming, or 
formed by, tendons. 

tendon (ten'dun), n. Strong band or 
cord of fibres by which a muscle is 
attached to a bone; sinew .—Tendon of 
Achilles, the tendon which connects 
the calf of the leg with the heel. [Pr. 
— L. tendo, stretch.] 

tendril (ten'dril). I. n. Slender, spiral 
shoot of a plant by which it attaches 
itself for support. II. a. Clasping; 
climbing. [From Fr. tendre, tender.] 

teudsome ( tend'sum ), a. Requiring 
much attendance._ 

tenebrae (ten'e-bre), n. pi. In the Bom. 
Cath. Gh. Name of the matins and 
lauds of the following day, usually 
sung on the afternoon or evening of 
Wednesday, Thurday and Friday of 
Holy Week, during which 14 or 15 
candles are extinguished, symbolizing 
Christ's passion, death and resurrec- 
tion. [L. = darkness.] 

tenebrific (ten-e-brif'ik), a. Produc- 
ing darkness. [gloomy. 

tenebrous (ten'e-brus), o. Dark; 

tenement (ten'e-ment), n. 1. Anything 
held or that may be held by a tenant. 
2. Dwelling or part of it, used by one 
family.— tenement'al, a. 

tenement-nouse (ten'e-ment-hows), 
n. House or block of buildings divided 
,into dwellings occupied by separate 
families. 

tenet (ten'et), n. Any opinion, prin- 
ciple or doctrine which a person, or 
sect, etc., maintains as true. [L.= he 
holds.] 

tenfold (ten'fold), a. and adv. Ten 
times folded; ten times as much or as 
many, [ten and fold.] 

tennis ( ten'ls ), n. Game in which a 
ball is kept in motion by rackets. 
Lawn tennis and ping-pong are mod- 
ifications of_ this game. 

tenology (te-nol'o-ji), n. The anatomy 
of tendons. [Gr. tenon, sinew.] 

tenon (ten'un). I. n. Projection at the 
end of a piece of wood inserted into 
a corresponding socket or mortise in 
another. II. vt. Fit with, or join by, 
tenons. [Fr. tenir, hold.] 

tenor (ten'ur) n. 1. Prevailing course; 
general purport. 2. True intent. 3. 
Higher of the two kinds of voices usu- 
ally belonging to adult males. 4. One 
who sings tenor. [It. tenor, holding 
on, — teneo, hold. 

tenotomy (te-not'c-mi), n. The sur- 
gical dividing of a tendon.— tenot'- 
omize,v£. Divide a tendon or the tend- 
ons of. [Gr. tenon, sinew, and temno,cut.] 




tenpenny nail (ten'pen-i-nal),n. Kind 
of nail, 1,000 of which weigh 10 
pounds. [Penny corr. from pound.] 

tenpins (ten'pinz), n. Game of bowl- 
ing played with ten wooded pins in a 
long alley. 

tenrec(ten'rek), 
n. Hedgehog of 
Madagascar. 

tense (ten s),n. 
Form of a verb 
indicating the 
time of the ac- 
tion. LO. Fr. Tenrec ' 

tens, (Fr. temps)— "L. tempus , time.] 

tense (tens), a. Strained to stiffness; 
rigid.— tensely, adv.— tenseness, 
n. [L. tensus, stretched. See tend.] 

tensile (ten'sil), a. 1. Of or pertaining 
to tension. 2. Capable of being 
stretched. 3. Producing tones by 
means of stretched strings. 

tension (ten'shun), n. 1. Act of stretch- 
ing. 2. State of being stretched or 
strained. 3. Strain; effort; stress; 
physical, mental, or mechanical. 4. In 
electr. Difference of potential. [L.] 

tensity (ten'si-ti), n. Tenseness. 

tensor (ten'siir), n. Muscle that tight- 
ens a part. 

tent (tent). I. n. Portable lodge or 
shelter, as of canvas, stretched on 
poles. II. vi. Pitch one's tent; live 
in a tent.— tent'bed, n. Bed with 
curtains hanging from a central point 
overhead. [Fr. tente—L,. tendo, stretch.] 

tent (tent). I. n. 1. Plug or roll of lint 
or the like, used to keep open a wound 
or other opening. 2. Probe. II. vt. 
Try; probe. [Doublet of tempt.] 

tentacle ( ten'ta-kl ), n. Threadlike 
organ of certain insects for feeling or 
motion; feeler. — tentacular, a. [Fr. 
tentacule—L,. tento, feel.] 

tentative (ten'ta-tiv), a. Trying; ex- 
perimental. TFr.— L. tento, handle. ] 

tented (ten'ted), a. Covered witb tents. 

tenter (ten'ter). I. n. 1. Machine or 
frame with hooks, for extending cloth. 
2. Tenter-hook. 3. One of the bristles 
on a fly's foot; tentacle. II. vt. Stretch 
on hooks. III. vi. Bear being stretched 
on hooks, as woolen cloth.— Be oil 
tenter-hooks, be in suspense or anxiety. 

tenth (tenth). I. a. Last of ten: next 
in order after the ninth. II. n. One of 
ten equal parts. [place. 

tenthly (tenth'li), adv. In the tenth 

tenuity (ten-u'i-ti), n. 1. Thinness; 
slenderness; rarity. 2. Poverty: 
plainness. [L. ienuitas — tenuis, thin.] 

tenuiroster (ten-u-i-ros'ter), n. Bird 
with a slender bill, as a humming- 
bird.— tenuiros'tral, a. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



tennis 



600 



terrace 



tenuis (ten'u-is), n. [pi. tenues.] In 
gram. One of the three surd mutes, 
k, p, t, or theirGreek equivalents. 

tenuous { ten'u-us ), a. Thin; small; 
rare; subtile.— ten'uousness, n. 

tenure (ten'ur), n. Manner or right of 
holding, esp. land or tenements. [Pr. 
tenure— Li. teneo, hold.] 

teonoma (te-on'o-ma), n. Large, bushy- 
tailed rat in the Rocky Mountains. 

tepee (te'pe),ra. Wig warn. [Am. Indian.] 

tepefy (tep'e-fi), vt. and vi. Make or be- 
come tepid.— tepefac'tion, n. [L. tep- 
efacio-tepeo, am warm, and/acio, make.] 

tepbrite (tef'rit), n. A volcanic rock 
of many varieties. [Gr. tephros, ash- 
colored.] 

tepid (tep'id), a. Lukewarm.— tepid' - 
ity, tep'idness, ns. [L. tepedus— 
tepeo, am warm.] 

terapbim (ter'a-fim), n. pi. Images or 
household gods, consulted as oracles 
by the ancient Jews. [Heb.] 

teratical (te-rat'i-kal), a. Marvelous; 
incredible; prodigious. [Gr. — teras, 
sign; wonder; monster.] 

teratology (ter-a-tol'o-ji), n. 1. Science 
of vegetable or animal monstrosities. 
2. Exaggerated description. 

terce (ters), n. Same as tierce. 

tercentenary (ter-sen'te-nar-i). I. a. 
Including, or pertaining to, a period 
of 300 years. II. n. 300th anniversary. 

terebic (te-reb'ik), a. Pertaining to, or 
obtained from, turpentine. 

terebinth ( ter'e-binth ), n. Turpen- 
tine-tree.— terebintb'ine, a. [Gr.] 

terebrate (ter'e-brat). I. vt. and vi. To 
perforate; bore; be a bore. II. a. Pro- 
vided with a borer. 

teredo (te-re'do), n. Ship-worm, very 
destructive by boring into wood and 
through the sheathing of submarine 
cables. See cut under shipworm. 
[Gr. teredon — teiro, wear away.] 

terete (te-ref), a. Slightly tapering or 
cylindrical, and slender. [L. teres.] 

tergiverse ( ter 'ji- vers), vi. To turn 
one's back; practice evasion.— ter- 
giversation, n. 1. Shuffling or 
shifting; subterfuge. 2. Fickleness 
of conduct or opinion. [L. tergum, the 
back, and versor, turn ] 

tergum (ter'gum), n. Back. [L.] 

term (term). I. n. 1. Limit. 2. Limited 
period, as a session of a court. 3. 
That by which a thought is ex- 
pressed; word; expression. 4. (gen, 
in pi.) Condition; arrangement. 5. 
In alg. Member of a compound quan- 
tity. II. vt. Apply a term to; name. 
[Fr. terme— L. terminus, boundary.] 

Syn. Expression; phrase; word; 
stipulation; condition; duration. 



termagant (ter'ma-gant), n. Boister- 
ous, bold woman; virago; scold.— 
ter'magancy, n, Turbulence. [Ter- 
magant, an imaginary Mohammedan 
god, represented in the old plays as 
of a most violent character.] 

terminable ( ter'mi-na-bl ), a. That 
may cease or be limited. 

terminal (ter'mi'nal). I. a. Pertain- 
ing to, or growing' at, the end or ex- 
tremity. II. n. 1. End; extremity. 2. 
Clamping-screw at each end of an 
electric battery, to which the circuit 
wire is connected. 3. Charge for hand- 
ling of freight at stations. [See term.] 

terminate (ter'mi-nat). I. vt. and vi. 
Set a limit to; finish; be limited; 
close; end. II. a. That may come to 
an end; limited. [See term.] 

termination (ter-mi-na'shun), n. 1. 
Act of terminating or ending. 2. 
Limit; end; result. 3. Ending of words 
as varied by their signification. 

ter minati ve (ter 'mi-na- tiv) , a. Tend ing 
to terminate or determine; absolute. 

terminology ( ter-min-ol'o-ji ), n. 1. 
Doctrine of terms. 2. Terms used in 
any art, science, etc. [L. terminus, and 
Gr. logos, discourse.] 

terminus (ter 'min-us),n. [pi. ter'mini.] 
1. End or extreme point. 2. One of 
the extreme points of a railway. [L] 

termite (ter'mit), n. Very destruct- 
ive white ant in tropical countries. 
[L. termes, termit-, ant.] 

tern (tern). I. n. A set of three. II. a. 
Arranged in threes.— ter'nal, a. Con- 
sisting of three; threefold. [Fr. terne 
— L. terni, three each.] 

tern ( tern ), n. Long-winged, aquatic 
fowl allied to the gull. [Dan. terne. 
Icel. therna.] 

ternary (ter'na-ri). 

1. a. Proceeding 
by, or consisting 
of, threes. II. n. 
Number three. [L. 
temarius — terni, 
three each, — tres, 
three.] 

ternate (ter'nat), a. Threefold; ar- 
ranged in threes. [See ternary.] 

terne-plate (tern'plat), n. An inferior 
kind of tin-plate, the tin of which is 
alloyed with lead. 

fernery ( ter'ner-i ), n. Place where 
terns breed or congregate. 

terrace (ter'as). I. n. 1. Raised level 
bank of earth; any raised flat place. 

2. Flat roof of a house. 3. Balcony; 
open gallery. 4. Short street or 
range of houses. II. vt. Form into, or 
furnish with, terraces. [Fr. terrasse— 
It. terazzo— L. terra, earth.] 




Tern. 



fate, fat, task, far fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, but, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



terra-cotta 



601 



testable 




Diamond-backed 
terrapin. 



terra-cotta ( ter-a-kot'a ), n. Compo- 
sition of clay and' sand used for stat- 
ues, pottery, building material, etc., 
hardened like bricks by fire. [It.— L. 
terra cocta, baked earth.] [L.] 

terra firma (ter-a-fer'ma). Dry land. 

terrage (ter'aj), n. The earth required 
for a plant in the house. 

terrain (ter-ran'), n. Tract of land ; dis- 
trict. [Fr.— It. terreno — L. terrenus, 
consisting of earth.] 

terra nean (ter-ra'ne-an), a. 1. Belong- 
ing to the earth. 2. Being in the earth. 

terrapin (ter'- 

a-pin),n. Name 
given to sever- 
al species of 
fresh- water 
and tide-water 
tortoises. [Am. 
Indian. 

terraqoeons 
(ter-ra'kwe-us), 
a. Consisting of 
land andwater. [Coined from L. terra, 
earth, and aqua, water.] 

terrarinm (ter-ra'ri-um), n. [pi. ter- 
rariums or terraria.] Place where 
land animals are kept for observation. 
[Modeled after aquarium, from L. 
terra, earth.] 

terreen (ter-ren'), n. See tureen. 

terrene (ter-ren'), «• Pertaining to the 
earth; earthy; earthly. [L. terrenus— 
terra, the earth.] 

terrestrial (ter-res'tri-al), a. 1. Per- 
taining to or existing on the earth. 2. 
Earthly; worldly. 3. Representing the 
earth. 4. Living on the ground. [L. 
terrestris— terra, the earth.] 

terrestrify (ter-res'tri-fi), vt. Reduce 
to earth or an earthly condition. 

terrible (ter'i-bl), a. Fitted to excite 
terror or awe; awful; dreadful.— 
terribly, adv.— ter'ribleness, n. 
[L. terribilis—terreo, frighten.] 

terricolous (ter-rik'o-lus), a. Inhabit- 
ing the ground; not aquatic or aerial. 
[— Li. terra, earth, and colere, dwell.] 

terridam (ter'i-dam), n. Kind of cotton 
cloth,first made in East India. [E.Ind.] 

terrier (ter'i-er), n. Small dog, remark- 
able for the sagacity and courage with 
whieh it pursues burrowing animals, 
rats, etc. [Fr. terrier— terre, the earth.] 

terrific (ter-rif'ik), a. Creating ter- 
ror: fitted to terrify; dreadful. 

terrify (ter'i-fi), vt. Cause terror in; 
frighten greatly; alarm. [L. terreo, 
and facio, make.] 

terrigenous ( ter-rij'e-nus ), a. Pro- 
duced by an earth, as aluminum, by 
clay. [ — L. terrigena— terra, earth, and 
-genus, born.] 



terrine ( ter-ren' ), n. 1. An earthen- 
ware jar, sold with its contents. 2. 
Tureen. [Fr.] 

territorial (ter-i-to'ri-al), a. 1. Per- 
taining to territory. 2". Limited to a 
district.— territorially, adv. 

territory (ter'i-to-ri), n. l. Extent of 
land around or belonging to a city or 
state; domain. 2. [T] In the United 
States, an organized portion of the 
country not yet admitted as a State 
in the Union, and still under a provi- 
sional government. [L. territorium — 
terra, earth, land.] 

terror ( ter'ur ), n. 1. Extreme fear. 
2. Object of fear or dread. [L. terror 
—terreo, frighten.] 

terrorism ( ter'ur-izm ), n. 1. State 
of terror. 2. State which impresses 
terror. 3. Organized system of intim- 
idation. 

terrorist (ter'ur-ist), n. One who fav- 
ors or practises terrorizing methods. 

terrorize (ter'ur-iz), vt. 1. Fill with 
terror. 2. Control by terror.— terror- 
iza'tion, n. 

terry (ter'i), n. Fabric like velvet, but 
with the loops uncut. 

terse ( ters ), a. Compact or concise, 
with smoothness or elegance; neat.— 
tersely, adv.— terse'ness, n. [L. 
tersus—terqeo, tersum, scour.] 

tertian ( ter'shi-an ). I. a. Occurring 
every third day. II. n. Ague or fever 
with paroxysms every third day. [L. 
tertianus—tertius, third — tres, three.] 

tertiary ( ter'shi-ar-i ). I. a. 1. Of the 
third degree, order, or formation. 2. 
Pertaining to the series of sedimen- 
tary rocks or strata lying above the 
chalk and other secondary strata, and 
abounding in organic remains. II. n. 
One who is third in order, esp. (T) in 
geol., the formation above the Meso- 
zoic. [L. tertiariuj—tertiu8.] 

tesselate (tes'el-at), vt. Form into 
squares or lay with checkered work. 
— tessela'tion, n. [L.—tessella— tes- 
sera, square piece,— Gr. tessara, four.] 

tessera (tes'e-ra), n. [pi. tesserae.] 
Small cubic piece of stoue used in 
making mosaics. [L.] 

test (test). I. n. 1. Formerly, pot in 
which metals were tried and refined. 
2. Any critical trial. 3. Means of 
trial. 4. In chem. Anything used to 
distinguish substances or detect their 
presence; reagent. 5. Standard; dis- 
tinction; proof. 6. Shell of an animal, 
as the elam or snail. II. vt. 1. Put 
to proof. 2. Examine critically. [O. 
Fr. test—1,. testa, earthen pot.] 

testable ( tes'ta-bl ), a. Capable of 
being given by will. [L. testabilis.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, mSve, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



testaceous 



602 



text 



testaceous (tes-ta'shus), a. Consist- 
ing of, or having, a hard shell. [L. 
testaceus— testa, baked clay.] 

testament (tes'ta-ment), n. 1. That 
which testifies, or in which an attes- 
tation is made. 2. Solemn declara- 
tion in writing of one's will; will. 3. 
One of the two great divisions of the 
Bible. [Li. testor, am a witness.] 

testamentary ( tes-ta-men'ta-ri ), a. 

1. Pertaining to a testament or will. 

2. Bequeathed or done by will. 
testate (tes'tat), a. Having made and 

left a will. [L. testatus.} 

testator (tes-ta/tur), n. One who makes 
or leaves a will.— testa'trix, fern. [L.] 

tester ( tes'ter ), n. 1. Flat canopy, esp. 
over the head of a bed. 2. Helmet. 
[O. Fr. teste (Fr. tite), head.] 

tester ( tes'ter ), n. English sixpence. 
|0. F. teston — teste ( Fr. tite ), head. 
From the head on the coin.] 

testes. See testis. 

testify (tes'ti-fi), vt. andfli. Bear wit- 
ness ; give testimony ; make a solemn 
declaration ; protest or declare a 
charge (with against ).— tes'tiffler, n. 
— testification, n. [iu. testiflcor — 
testis, witness, and facio, make.] 

testimonial(tes-ti-mo'ni-al). I. a. Con- 
taining testimony. II. %.' 1. Writing 
or certificate bearing testimony to 
one's character or abilities. 2. Gift 
presented as a token of respect. — 
testimonialize, vt. To present with 
a testimonial. 

testimony ( tes'ti-m5-ni), n. 1. Evi- 
dence; proof. 2. Declaration to prove 
some fact. [L. testimonium ] 

testis (tes'tis). n. [pi. testes (tes'tez).] 1. 
Testicle. 2. Anything likened to a 
testicle; as the testes of the brain. [L.] 

testy ( tes'ti), a. Easily irritated; fret- 
ful; peevish.— tes'tily, adv. — tes'ti- 
ness,?i.Irascibiiity; petulance. [From 
O. F. teste (Fr. tite), head.] 

Syn. Choleric ; cross ; captious ; was- 
pish; snappish; touchy; peppery. 

testudinal ( tes-tu'di-nal ), a. Of, or 
like, a tortoise. [L. testudo,_ tortoise.] 

testrodinarious (tes-tu-di-na'ri-us), a. 
Mottled in color like tortoise-shell. 

tetanus (tet'a-nus), n. A disease caused 
by a bacillus and characterized by a 
violent spasm of the voluntary mus- 
cles; lockjaw.— tetan'ic, a. Pertain- 
ing to or producing tetanus. — tet'- 
anize, vt. To affect with tetanic 
spasms. [Gr. tetanos, stretched.] 

tetany ( tet'a-ni ), n. A disease accom- 
panied by spasms of the muscles of 
^the arms. [See tetanus.] 

tete-a-tete ( tat'a-tat ). I. adv. Face to 
face in familiar conversation II. a. 



Confidential. III. n. 1. Private inter- 
view. 2. Sofa designed for two persons 
sitting face to face. [Fr. =head to head.] 

tether (teth'ev). I. n. Rope or chain for 
tying a beast to a stake. II. vt. Confine 
with a tether. [Low Ger. tider. Icel. 
tiodhr. Conn, with tie.] 

tetract (tet'rakt), a. Having four rays. 
[From Gr. tetra, four, and aktis, ray.] 

tetrad (tet'rad), n. 1. The number four. 
2. A group of four. 3. In chem. An 
element one atom of which is equival- 
ent, in saturating power, to four 
atoms of hydrogen. 

tetradactyl (tet-ra-dak'til), a. Having 
four fingers or toes. [From Gr. tetra, 
four, and daktylos, finger.] 

tetragenous (tet-raj'e-nus), a. Split- 
ting into four. [From Gr. tetra, four, 
and genesthai, be born.] 

tetrag-on ( tet'ra-gon ), n. Figure of 
four angles. — tetragonal, «• [Gr. 
tetra, four, and gonia, _a,ngle.] 

tetrahedral (tet-ra-he'dral), a. Having 
four sides ; bounded by four triangles. 

tetrahedron (tet-ra-he'dron), n. Solid 
figure inclosed by four triangles. 
[Gr. tetra, four, and hedra, seat, base.] 

tetrarch ( tet'rark or te'- ), n. Ruler of 
the fourth part of a Roman province. 
— tet'rarchate, tet'rarchy, ns. 
Office or dominion of a tetrarch. [Gr. 
—tetra, four, and arches, ruler.] 

tetrasyllable (tet-r a-sil-lab'ik), a. 
Consisting of four syllables. 

tetrasyllable (tet'ra-sil-a-bl), n. Word 
of four syllables. 

tetric (tet'rik), a. Peevish; crabbed. — 
tet'rical, tet'ricous, a. — tetri'- 
city, tet'ricalness, n. 

tetter (tet'er). I. n. Popular name for 
several eruptive diseases of the skin. 
II. vt. To affect with tetter, or as with 
tetter. [A. S. teter.] 

tetty (tet'i), a. Irritable; techy. 

Teuton (tu'ton), n. 1. One of an ancient 
German tribe. 2. One of the race com- 
prising the Germans, Dutch, English, 
Scandinavians, etc., distinguished 
from the Latin, Celtic or Slav race. 

Teutonic (tu-ton'ik), a. Belonging to 
the Teutons or their language. [L. 
Teuto— root of A. S. theod, people.] 

Teutonism (tu'ton-ism), n. 1. Teutonic 
or Germanic peculiarity, spirit, etc. 
2. German idiom. [on ; bustle. 

tew (tu), vt. and vi. Beat; haul; lead 

text (tekst), n. 1. Original words of 
an author. 2. That on which a com- 
ment is written, or a sermon preach- 
ed, etc. 3. Main body of matter in a 
book, as distinguished from the notes, 
illustrations, etc. 4. Kind of writing 
or type. [L. textus—texo, weave.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, but, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



text-book 



603 



theatric 



text-book (tekst'-bok), n. Schoolbook. 
[Orig. a book with wide spaces for 
comments on the text.] 

textile (teks'til). I. a. 1. Woven. 2. 
Capable of being woven. 3. Pertain- 
ing to weaving. II. n. 1. Woven fabric. 

2. Material for weaving. [L. textilis— 
texo, weave.] 

textual (teks'tu-al), a. 1. Pertaining 

to, or contained in, the text. 2. Serving 

for a text.— text'ually, adv. 
textualist (teks'tu-al-ist), n. 1. One 

ready in citing Scripture texts. 2. 

One who adheres to the text.— text'u- 

alism,%. Strict adherence to the text. 
texture (teks'tur). I. n. 1. Anything 

woven; web. 2. Manner of weaving 

or connecting; arrangement of inter- 
woven parts; structure. II. vt. To form 

a texture of or with. [L. textura— texo.] 
-th, suffix. 

Used to 

form: 1. 

Abstract 

nouns 

from ad- 

jective 

or verb 

stems , 

as filth 

from 

foul. 2. 

Ordinals 

from 

Cardinals, 

as sixth 

from six. 

3. Tbe 3d 
pers. sing, as doth. 

thalamus (ihal'a-mus), n. 1. Private 
room; chamber. 2. Place where a 
nerve emerges from the brain. [Gr.] 

thaiassography (thal-as-sog'ra-fi), n. 
Science of the phenomena of the ocean. 
[Gr. thalassa, sea, and grapho, write.] 

thallium (thal'i-um), n. A rare, bluish- 
white, very soft metal, used in making 
glass of great density and brilliancy. 

thallus (thal'us), n. A plant body not 
differentiated into root, stem or leaves. 

thaler ( ta'ler ), n. Former German 
monetary unit and silver coin worth 
about 73 cts. [Ger. See dollar.] 

than (than), conj. and adv. Compared 
with. [A. S. thonne, Ger. denn.] 

thanatopsis (than-a-top'sis), n. A con- 
templation of death. [From G. than- 
atos, death, and opsis, view.] 

thane (than), n. Dignitary under the 
Anglo-Saxons and Danes, of the rank 
of a baron.— thane'dom, n. [A. S. 
thegn, servant, nobleman. O. Ger. 
degen, soldier, servant, — root of A. S. 
th'ihan and Ger. (ge-) deihen, thrive. 




Prussian Thaler of 1868. 
Reverse. Actual size. 



thank ( thangk ). I. vt. Express grati- 
tude for a favor. II. n. [usually in pi. J 
Expression of gratitude for favor 
received. [A. S. thank,— root of think.] 

thankful (thangk'fol), a. Sensible of 
kindness received and ready to ack- 
nowledge it; grateful. -thankfully, 
adv.— thankfulness, n 

thankless ( thangk'les ), a. 1. Not 
expressing thanks for favors. 2. Not 
gaining thanks ; not deserving thanks. 

thank-offering (thangk-of'er-ing), n. 
Offering made to express thanks. 

thanksgiving ( thanks'giv-ing ), n. 1. 
Act of giving thanks. 2. Public ack- 
nowledgment of divine goodness. — 
Thanksgiving day, a. Day set 
apart for this. [Deserving thanks. 

thankworthy ( thangk'wur-^i ), a. 

that (th&t). I. pron. demons, and rel. As 
a demons, (pi. those) it points out a 
person or thing; the former or more 
distant thing; not this but the other. 
As a rel., who or which. II. conj. Used 
to introduce a clause; because; for; 
in order that. III. adv. So. [A. S. thaet, 
neuter of article the. Ger. daz, d&zs.] 

thatch (thach). I. vt. Cover, as a roof, 
with straw, reeds, etc. II. n. Straw 
etc. used to cover the roofs of build- 
ings and stacks.— thatch'er, n. — 
thatch'ing, n. 1. Act or art of cov- 
ering with thatch. 2. Material used 
for thatching. 

thaumaturgy '(tha'ma-tur-ji), n. Art 
of working wonders or miracles. — 
thaumaturge, n. Worker of mira- 
cles.— thaumatur'gical, a. [Gr. — 
thauma, wonder, and ergon, work.] 

thaw (tha). I. vt. andw. 1. Melt or grow 
liquid, as ice. 2. Become so warm as 
to melt ice. 3. Cause to melt. II. n. 

1. Melting of ice or sdow by heat. 2. 
Change of weather which causes it.— 
thaw'y,o. Thawing; inclined to thaw. 
[A. S. thawan.] 

the ( the or, when emphatic, the), defi- 
nite article, used to denote a particular 
person or thing; also to denote a 
species. [A. S.] 

the ( the ), adv. Used before compara- 
tives, as " the more the better." [A. 
S. thi, by that much, instrumental case 
of the, demons, pron.] 

theater, theatre (the'a-ter), n. 1. 
Place where public representations, 
chiefly dramatic or musical, are seeu. 

2. Any place rising by steps like the 
seats of a theater. 3. Scene of action. 
4. Drama; stage. [Gr. theatron—thea- 
omai, see.] 

theatric (the-at'rik), theat'rical, as. 
1. Relating or suitable to a theater or 
to actors. 2. Pompous; stilted. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



theatricals 



604 



theorize 



theatricals (the-at'ri-kalz), n. pi. Dra- 
matic performances. 
theca (the'ka), n. Box. [Gr. theke.] 
thee (the), pron. Objective of thou. 

[A. S. the, dative and accus. of thu.] 
theft (theft), n. 1. Act of stealing. 2. 

Thing stolen; loss by stealing. [A. S. 

theofth.]_ 
theic (the'ik), n. One who drinks tea 

to excess. [tea. [Fr.— the, tea.] 

theine (thein), n. Active principle of 
their (i/iar), poss. a. Of, or belonging 

to, them. [A. S. thara, gen. pi. of the 

definite article.] 
theirs (th&vz), poss. pron. Of, or belong- 



ing to, them. [From their.] 

theism (the'ism), n. Creed of a theist. 

theist (the'ist), n. One who believes in 
a God who rules the world and sus- 
tains a personal relation to man.— 
theist'ic, theist'ical, as. (Only the 
Mosaic, Christian and Mohammedan 
religions are theistic, all others are 
polytheistic or pantheistic.) 

them (them.), pron. Objective case of 
they. [A. S. tham, dative pi. of the 
definite article.] 

theme (them), n. 1. Subject or topic of 
discussion, or on which a person 
speaks or writes. 2. Essay. 3. Stem of 
a derivative word. {Wv. theme— L. thema 
— Gr. tithemi, set. See thesis.] 

Themis (the'mis), n. The Greek god- 
dess of justice and law, carrying 
scales in one hand and a horn of 
plenty in the other. 

themselves (ZAem-selvz), pron. PI. of 
himself, herself, and itself. 

then (then). I. adv. 1. At that time. 2. 
Afterward; immediately. 3. At an- 
other time; at the other time stated; 
again. 4. In that case; therefore. II. 
conj.. In that case. III. a. Being 
at that time. [A. S. From than.] 

thenar (thenar), a. Pertaining to the 
palm of the band, sole of the foot, or 
prominence on the palm at the base 
of the thumb. [Gr.] 

thence (thens), adv. 1. From tbat time 
or place. 2. For that reason. [M. E. 
thenne — A. S. thanon.\ 

thenceforth (taens'forth), adv. From 
that time forth or forward. 

thenceforward (taens-far'ward), adv. 
From that time forward or onward. 

theocracy (the-ok'ra-si), n. 1. Govern- 
ment in which the chiefs of the 
state are considered the immediate 
ministers of God or of the gods. 2. 
State thus governed. — the'ocrat, n. 
Ruler in a theocracy; member of 
a theocracy; believer in theocracy.— 
theocratic, theocrat'ical, as. [Gr. 
—theos, God, and krateo, rule.] 




theodicy (the-od'i-si), n. Justification 
of the physical and moral evils in this 
world, and of God's dealings with 
man. [Gr.- theos, God, and dike, justice.] 

theodolite (the- 
od'-o-lit),/i. Instru- 
ment used in land 
surveying for 
measuring angles. 
— theodolit'ic, 
a. Pertaining to, 
or made by means 
of, a theodolite. 
[ Corr. from the 

ALIDADE.] 

theogony (the- 
og'o-ni), n. Gene- 
alogy of the hea- 
then gods. [Gr.— 
theos, God, and 
gone, race.] 

theologian (the 6- 
lo'ji-an), n. One 
versed in theo- 
logy; professor of 
divinity _ Theodolite. 

theolog-ic (the-o- 
loj'-ik), theological, as. Pertaining 
to theology or divinity.— theolog- 
ically, adv. 

theologist ( the-ol'o-jist), n. Student 
of theology; theologian. 

theologize (the-ol'o-jiz). I. vt. Render 
theological. II. vi. Theorize or spec- 
ulate upon theological subjects. 

theology ( the-ol'o-ji), n. Science 
which treats of God, and of man's 
relation to Him; system of religious 
truths. [Gr. — theos, God, and logos, 
treatise.] 

theomachy (the-om'a-ki), n. A fight 
against or among the gods.— theom'- 
achist, n. One who fights against 
the gods or God. [Gr.— theos, God, and 
mache, fight.] 

theophany(the-of'a-ni), n. A personal 
manifestation of a god to man. [From 
Gr. theos, god, a,nd.phaino, show.] 

theorem (the'6-rem), n. A universal 
proposition that can be demonstrated. 
— theoremat'ic, a. [Gr. theorema, a 
principle observed, — theoreo, view.] 

theoretic (the-o-ret'ik), theoretic'al, 
as. 1. Pertaining to theory ; specula- 
tive, 2. Not practical.— theoretic- 
ally, adv. 

theoria (the-o'ri-a), n. 1. Philosophic 
reasoning. 2. Joyful, grateful reve- 
rence in perceiving beauty, [theory. 

theorist (the'o-rist), n. One given to 

theorize (the'o-riz), vi. Form a theory; 
form opinions solely by theories; 
speculate. — the'orizer, n. — the- 
orization (the-o-ri-za'shun), n. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then, 



theory 



605 



Thespian 



theory (the'o-ri), n 1. Mental contem- 
plation; hypothesis, 2. Exposition 
of the abstract principles of a science 
or art. 3. Speculation as opposed to 
practice. 4, In music, the science of 
composition, as distinguished from 
the art of playing. [L..— Gr. theoria. 
See theorem. ]_ 

theosophy (the-os'o-fi), n. Philosophy 
purporting to be based upon know- 
ledge obtained by direct intercourse 
with God. — theosoph'ical, a.— 
theos'ophist, n.' L [Gv. theos, God, and 
sophos, wise.] 

theofeehny (the'o-tek-ni), n. Method 
of introducing deities into an epic 
poem. 

therapeutic (ther-a-pu'tik), a. Per- 
taining to the healing art; curative. 
[Gr. therapeuo, take care of; serve.] 

therapeutics (ther-a pu'tiks), n. That 
part of medicine concerned with the 
composition, application and mode of 
operation of the remedies. 
therapy (ther'a-pi), n. The treatment 
of disease. 

there (th&r),adv. 1. In that place ; at that 
time; in that relation. 2. To or into 
that place. — thereabout' or 
-abouts', adv. About or near that 
place, number, quality, or degree. — 
thereafter, adv. After or according 
to that.— thereat', adv. 1. At that 
place or occurrence. 2. On that ac- 
count. — thereby', adv. By that 
means ; in consequence of that. — 
there'fore, adv. For that or this 
reason. — therefrom', adv. From that 
or this.— therein', adv. In that or 
this place, time, thing or respect.— 
thereof (th&r-oY), adv. Of that or 
this.— thereon', adv. On that or this. 
—thereto', thereunto', adv. To 
that or this. — thereupon', adv. 1. 
Thereon. 2. Upon, or in consequence 
of that or this. 3. Immediately. — 
therewith', adv. With that or this. 
—therewithal', adv. 1. With that. 
2. At the same time. 3. In addition 
to that. [A. S. thar or thcer, there.] 

theriacal ( tbe-ri'a-kal ), a. Medicinal. 
[From Gr. iAeria^os/antidote against 
bites of wild beast,— ther, wild beast.] 

thermal ( ther'mal ), a. Pertaining to 
heat; warm. [Gr. thermos, hot.] 

thermic ( ther'mik ), a. Of or pertain- 
ing to heat. 

thermodynamics (ther'mo-di-nam'- 
iks), n. Branch of physics which treats 
of heat as a mechanical agent. 

thermo-electricity (the r'm o-e-1 e k- 
t r i s'i-t i), n. Electricity developed by 
the unequal heating of two or more 
bars of dissimiiar metals. 




Thermometers. 

R= Reaumur. 

C = Celsius, centigrade. 

F = Fahrenheit. 



thermogenesis (ther-mo-jen'e-sis), n 
Production of heat, esp. in the human 
body by physiological processes 
[From Gr. therme, heat, and genesis, 
production.] 

thermograph «/R\^~i/SN^ri^i\-, 
(ther'mo-graf), 
n. Self - regis- 
tering ther- 
mometer. [Gr. 
ther me, heat, 
and gr'apho, 
write.] 

thermometer 
( ther-mom'e- 
ter), n. Instru- 
ment by which 
the tempera- 
tures of bodies 
are ascertain- 
ed. [Gr.— ther- 
mos, warm, and 
met r on, mea- 
sure.] 

thermometric 
(ther-mo-mef- 
rik), thermo- 
met'rical, as. 
Pertaining to, 
or made with, 
a thermome- 
ter.— thermo- 
met'rically, 
adv. 

thermometry 
(ther -mom' et- 
ri), n. The art 
of measuring heat. 

thermo-pile(ther'mo-pil), n. Thermo- 
electric batteiy used as a very delicate 
thermometer. [Gr. therme, heat, and 

PILE.] 

thermoscope (ther'mo-skop), n. 
Instrument indicating changes in 
temperature withoutmeasuring them. 

thermostat ( ther'mo-stat ), n. Self- 
acting apparatus for regulating tem- 
perature. 

thesaurus (the-sa'rus), n. Treasury or 
repository, esp. "of words; lexicon. 
[Gr. thesaurus — tithemi, place.] 

these (thez), pron. PL of this. 

thesis (the'sis), n. [pi. theses (the'sez).] 
1. Proposition; that which is set down 
for argument. 2. Subject for a school 
exercise. 3. Essay ; dissertation. 4. In 
prosody, that part of a foot which 
receives the ictus or metrical stress. 
5. (Incorrectly) Unaccented part of a 
foot. [Gr.— tithemi, set. See theme ] 

Thespian (thes'pi-an). I. a. Of. or rela- 
ting to, dramatic art; dramatic. II. n. 
Actnr. [From Thespis, a%reek dram- 
atist, B. c. 535.] 



Freezing 
point. 

R .. 

c o .. 

F 32 . 



Boiling 
point. 
... 80 
... 100 
. . 212 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



theurgic 



606 



third 



theurgic ( the-ur'jik ), theur'gical, 

as. Pertaining to theurgy or the power 
of performing supernatural things.— 
Theurgic hymns, songs of incantation. 

theurgy (the'ur-ji), n. Phenomena or 
working of divine or supernatural 
agency in human affairs. — theurgist 
(the'ur-jist), n. One who pretends to, 
or is addicted to, theurgy. [Gr. the- 
ourgia—theos, a god, and ergon, work.] 

thew (thu), n. Muscle; sinew. [From 
A. S. theaw, custom, hearing.] 

they (thai), pers. pron. PL of he, she, or 
it. [From A. S. tha, nom. pi. of the 
definite article.] 

thick, (thik). I. a. 1. Speaking of the 3rd 
dimension, other than long and wide; 
not thin. 2. Dense; imperfectly fluid. 
3. Not transparent or clear; misty; 
indistinct. 4. Dull. 5. Crowded; 
closely set; compact; abundant; fre- 
quent; in quick succession. II. adv. 
1. Closely; frequently; fast. 2. To a 
great depth. III. n. Part where, or 
time when, anything is thickest. — 
Through thick and thin, steadfastly 
through every difficulty.— thick'ly, 
adv. — thickness, n. [A. S. thicce, 
thick. Ger. dick.] 

thicken (thik'n), • vt. and vi. Make or 
become thick or close. [A. S. thiccian.] 

thicket (thik'et), n. Collection of 
trees or shrubs closely set; dense 
wood or copse. 

thickheaded (thik'hed-ed), a. Hav- 
ing a thick head or skull; stupid. 

thickssh (thik'ish), a. Somewhat thick. 

thick-set (thik'set). I. a. 1. Dense. 2. 
Abounding. 3. Short and stout. II. n. 
1. A thick hedge. 2. Dense underwood. 
3. A kind of fustian or cotton velvet. 

thief ( thef ), n. [pi. thieves (thevz).] 
One who steals or is guilty of theft. 
[A. S. theof, thef.} 

thieve (thev), vi. and vt. Practice theft; 
steal. [A. S. theoflan.] [thieving. 

thievery (the'ver-i), n. Practice of 

thievish ( the'vish ), a. Given to, or 
like, theft or stealing; acting by 
stealth; dishonest; furtive. — thie'- 
vishly, adv.— tbie'vishness, n. 

thig(thig), vt. [thig'ging; thigged.] Beg; 
ask supplies from neighbors.— 
thig'ger, n. [Icel. thiggja.] 

thigh (thi), n. Thick, fleshy part of the 
leg from the knee to the hip; femur. 
[A. S. theoh.] 

thill (thil), n. One of the pair of shafts 
of a cart, gig or other carriage. 

thill'er, thill-horse, n. Horse which 
goes between the shafts and supports 
them.— thill- jack, n. Tool for con- 
necting the thills to the clips of the 
axle— thill-thrag, n. Leathern loop, 



descending from the harness saddle 
and holding the shaft. [AS. thill. Cf. 
Ger. diele, plank.] 

thimble (thim'bl), n. 1. Metal protec- 
tion for the finger, used in sewing. 2. 
A sleeve, skein or tube, to fit over an- 
other. [A. S. thymal — thyma, thumb.] 

thimbleberry (thim'bl-ber-i), n. 
Raspberry. 

thimbleful (thim'bl-fol), n. As much 
as a thimble will hold ; very small 
quantity. 

thimble-rig (thim'bl-rig). I. n. 
Sleight-of-hand trick in which the 
performer conceals a pea or sma^ 
ball under one of three thimble-like 
cups. II. vi. Cheat by such means.— 
thim'bleriggcr, n. 

thin (thin). I. a. 1. Having little thick- 
ness; slim; lean. 2. Freely fluid; of 
little viscosity. 3. Not dense, close or 
crowded. 4. Not full; faint and shrill. 
5. Transparent; easily seen through. 
II. adv. Not thickly or closely; in a 
scattered state. III. vt. and vi. [thin'- 
ning; thinned.] Make or become thin- 
ner or thin, r— thin'Sy, adv. — thin'- 
ncss, n. [A. S. thyn.} 

thine (thm), poss. a. Belonging to thee. 
[A. S. thin; Ger. dein.] 

thing ( thing ),n. 1 . Inanimate object; 
any object of human thought. 2. An 
event. 3. In pi. Belongings, as clothes, 
etc.-the thing, tb e proper proceeding 
or result; what is required by custom 
or fashion. [A. S. thing, cause; council.] 

thingumbob (tliing'um-bob), thing'- 
ummy, n. Indefinite name for any 
person or tbing. 

think (thin gk). I. vt. [ think' ing; 
thought.] 1. Exercise the mind; re- 
volve ideas in the mind. 2. Judge; 
form or hold as an opinion. 3. Con- 
sider; purpose; design. II. vt. 1. Im- 
agine. 2. Believe. III. n. Thought.— 
thinh'able, a. Capable of being 
thought; conceivable. — think'er, n. 
[A. S. thencan, thyncan.] 

thinking ( think'ing ), n. 1. Mental 
performance of a person who thinks. 
2. Manner or substance of thought; 
opinion. 3. Mental faculty; mind. 

thinnish (thin'ish), a. Somewhat thin. 

thin-skinned (thin'skind), a. 1. Hav- 
ing a thin skin. 2. Easily offended; 
over-sensitive. 

thio-acid •( thi-o-as'id ), n. An acid in 
which sulphur has been substituted 
for oxygen. [From Gr. theion, sulphur.] 

third ( therd ). I. a. Last of three. II. 
n. 1. One of three equal parts. 2. In 
music. Interval containing three dis- 
tinct sounds. 3. Unit of time, equal to 
one sixtieth of a second. [A.S. thridda.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, but, burn ; oil, owl, then, 



thirdly 



607 



thorp 



thirdly (therd'li) ,adv. In the third place. 

third-rate (t her d'r at), a. 1. Of the 
third order. 2. Of a decidedly inferior 
rank or quality. 

thirst (t her st). I. n. 1. Uneasiness 
caused by want of drink; craving for 
drink. 2. Eager desire for anything. 
II. vi. 1. Feel thirst. 2. Desire vehe- 
mently.— thirsty (thers'ti), a. 1. Suf- 
fering from thirst. 2. Dry. — thirst'- 
ily, adv. — thirst'iiiess, n. [A. S. 
thurst,thyrst,— root of dry. Ger. durst.] 

thirteen (ther'ten), a. and n. Three and 
ten.— thir 'teener, n. The thirteenth 
one of any number of things, as of a 
suit of cards. [of thirteen, 

thirteenth (ther'tenth), a. and n. Last 

thirtieth (thir'ti-eth), a. and n. Last 
of thirty. [ten. [A. S. thritig.] 

thirty ( ther'ti ), a. and n. Three times 

thirty-two-mo (ther-ti-to'mo), n. The 
size of a book, when a sheet of paper 
is folded in thirty-two equal parts; 
32mo. 

this ( this), demons, pron. [pi. these 
(thez).] Denoting a person or thing 
near, just mentioned, or about to be 
mentioned. [A. S. this.] 

thistle (this'l), n. Common name of 
several prickly plants. — thistly 
(this'li), a. Overgrown with thistles. 
[A. S. thistel, Ger. distel.] 

thistle-finch ( this'l-finch ), n. One of 
several species of finches, which feed 
largely on the seeds of the thistle. 

thither (thith'er). I. adv. 1. To that 
place. 2. To that end or result. II. a. 
Further; opposite.— thitherto', adv. 
Up to that time or place; so far.— 
thitherward ( Wiita'er-ward ), adv. 
Toward that place. [A. S. thider.] 

thole (thol), n. Pin inserted into the 
gunwale of a boat to serve as a ful- 
crum for the oar in rowing— thole- 
pin (thSl'pin), n. Thole. [A. S. thol. 
Low Ger. dolle.] 

tholns (tho'lus), n. Around building; 
dome; cupola; rotunda. [Gr. tholos.] 

thong (thang). I. n. Strap of leather. 
II. vi. Strike as with a thong. [A. S. 
thwang. Akin to Ger. zwang, force.] 

thoracic (tho-ras'ik), a. 1. Pertaining 
to the thorax or breast. 2. Having a 
thorax. 3. Having the legs or ventral 
fins in a thoracic position. 

thoral (tho'ral), a. Nuptial. 

thorax (tho'raks), n. Part of the body 
between the neck and abdomen. [Gr.] 

thorium (tho'ri-um), n. A very heavy 
metal resembling nickel in color, and 
tin in properties. It burns with a 
bright flame, when heated in air. 

thorn (tharn), n. 1. Sharp, woody spine 
on the stem of a plant. 2. Plant hav- 




ing thorns. 3. Anything prickly or 
troublesome. 4. The Anglo-Saxon 
letter equivalent to th. [A. S.] 

thorn-apple (tharn'apl), n. 1. Haw 
tree or its fruit. 2. Ill-smelling poison- 
ous weed; jimson-weed. 

thornback (tharn'- 
bak), n. Voracious 
kind of skate or ray. 
about two feet long; 
thornback ray. 

thornbill (tharn'bil), 
n. Large, gorgeous 
humming-bird of 
Peru, with a beard- 
pendent and a short.sharp 
bill. <> 

thorntail ( tharn'tal ), n. 
Beautiful humming-bird 
of Peru and Colombia. 

thorny (tharn'i), a. Full " ' , 

of thorns ; prickly ; trouble- Thorn-back, 
some. 

thorough ( thur'o ). I. a. Passing 
through or to the end; complete; en- 
tire. II. n. Passage; channel.— thor'* 
ong-hly, adv.— thor'omg'hiaesg, n. 
[A. S. thurh.] 

thorough-bass (thur'o-bas), n. Bass 
part all through a piece, with figures 
to indicate the successive chords of 
the harmony. 

thorough-holt (thur'd-b51t), n. Bolt 
the screw-end of which projects and 
is secured by a nut. 

thorough-brace (t h u r' o-b r a s), n. 
Leather band hanging on a front and 
a rear C-spring, and supporting the 
body of a carriage. 

thoroughbred ( thur'6-bred ). I. a. 

1. Bred from the best blood,as a horse. 

2. Having the qualities produced by 
pure breeding ; graceful, n. n. Animal 
of pure descent. 

thoroughfare (thur'o-far), n. Public 

way or street; place of travel. 
thorough-going (thur'o-go-ing), a. 

1. Going through or to 

the end. 2. Going a 1 1 

lengths; out-and-out. 
thorough-paced (thur'- 

o-past), a. 1. Thorough- 
ly or perfectly paced or 

trained. 2. Complete; 

consummate. 
thorough-wort (thur'- 

6-wurt), n. Popular 

name of a composite 

plant of N. America, 

valued for its medical 

uses; boneset; Indian 




thorp, thorpe (tharp), n. Hamlet. 
[A. S. Cf. Ger. dor/1] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, m6ve, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



those 



threeply 



those {thoz), pron. PL of that. [A. S. 
thas, old pi. of thes, this. See this.] 

thou (thow), pron. Sec. per 8. sing. Per- 
son addressed. (Superseded by "you," 
except in poetry and in addressing the 
Deity.) [A. S. thu. Ger. du.\ 

though ( tho ). I. conj. Admitting or 
allowing that; even if. II. adv. Never- 
theless; however; for all that. [A. S. 
theah. Ger. doch.] 

fho u gh t (that), pa. t. 2,xxdpa.p. of think. 

thought (that), n. 1. Act of thinking; 
reasoning; deliberation. 2. That which 
one thinks; idea; fancy; considera- 
tion; opinion. 3. Care. 4. Small 
amount. [A. S. ge-thoht.] 

Syn. Reflection; cogitation; delib- 
eration; meditation; notion; design; 
conception ; solicitude ; concern ; trifle. 

thoughtful (that'fol), a. 1. Employed 
in meditation. "2. Attentive; consid- 
erate. — thought' f u 1 1 y , adv. — 
thought/fulness, n. [attentive. 
Syn. Contemplative; wary. See 

thoughtless (that'les), a. 1. Without 
thought or care ; careless; inattentive. 
2. Stupid; dull. — though t'lessly, 
adv. thoughtlessness, n. 

Syn. Heedless; remiss; negligent; 
regardless; inconsiderate; giddy. 

thought-wave (that'wav), n. An 
undulation of an assumed medium of 
thought - transference, supposed to 
explain the phenomena of telepathy. 

thousand ( thow'zand ). I. a. 1. Ten 
hundred. 2. Any large number. II. n. 
1. Number ten hundred. 2. Any large 
number. [A. S. thusend. Ger. tausend.] 

thousandfold ( thow'zand-fold ), a. 
Folded a thousand times; multiplied 
by a thousand. 

thousand-legs ( thow'zand-legz ), n. 
A worm with a large number of legs ; 
myriapod; milleped. 




Thousand-legs. 

thousandth (thow'zandth). I. a. Last 
of a thousand or of any great number. 
II. n. 1. One of a thousand or of any 
great number. 2. One of a thousand 
equal parts. 

thrack ( thrak ), vt. Load ; burden. 
[From A. S. thryccan, press, oppress.] 

thraldom, thralldom (thral'dum), 
n. Slavery; bondage. [See thrall.] 

thrall (thral). I. n. 1. Slave; serf. 2. 
Slavery; servitude. 3. Shelf for tubs 
or barrels. II. vt. Enslave; deprive 
of liberty. [A. S. Cf. Icel. thrcell, run- 
ner, attendant.] 



thrash (thrash), thresh (thresh). I. 
vt. 1. Beat out (grain from the straw). 
2. Beat soundly. II. vi. 1. Perform 
the act of thrashing. 2. Drudge; toil; 
beat about. [A. S. threscan, thrash.] 

thrasher (thrash'er), thresher 
(thresh'er), n. 1. One who or machine 
which thrashes grain. 2. Species of 
shark, so-called from its using its 
its long tail-fin as a weapon of attack. 
— Brown thrasher, American singing 
bird of the thrush family. 

thrashing (thrashing), n. 1. Act of 
beating out grain from the straw. 2. 
Sound beating or drubbing. 

thraw (thra), vt. and vi. Twist; distort; 
thwart; writhe; squirm. 

thread (thred). I. n. 1. Very thin line 
of any substance twisted and drawn 
out. 2. Anything resembling a com- 
pound cord. 3. Prominent spiral part 
of a screw. 4. Something continued 
in long course. 5. Main idea running 
through a discourse. II. vt. 1. Pass a 
thread through the eye of (as a needle). 
2. Pass or pierce through, as a narrow 
way. 3. Furnish with a thread, as a 
screw or bolt. [A. S. thraed—thrawan, 
wind. Cf. Ger. draht ] 

threadbare (thred'bar), a. 1. Worn 
to the naked thread; having the nap 
worn off. 2. Used till its novelty or 
interest is gone; hackneyed. 3. Wear- 
ing threadbare clothes ; shabby. 

thread-cell (thred'sel).w. In a jellyfish, 
one of the cavities containing a coiled 
elastic thread that springs out and 
stings, when the animal is irritated. 

thready (thred'i), a. 1. Like thread; 
slender. 2. Containing, or consisting 
of, thread. 

threat (thret), n. Declaration of an 
intention to inflict punishment or 
other evil upon another; menace. 
[A. S. threat, crowd; trouble. Akin to 
D. verdrieten, vex.] 

threaten (thret'n), vt. and vi. 1. De- 
clare the intention of inflicting harm 
upon. 2. Terrrfy by menaces. 3. Pre- 
sent the appearance of coming evil, or 
of something unpleasant. 4. Give 
ominous indication off portend. 5. 
Be a menace (to). 6. Hold out as a 
punishment. 

three (thre), a. and n. Two and one. 
[A. S. and Icel. thri. Ger. drei.] 

three«decfcer (thre'dek-er), n. 1. A 
vessel of war carrying guns on three 
decks. 2. Piece of furniture with three 
tiers. 

threef old(thre'fold),a. and adv. Folded 
or repeated thrice; consisting of three. 

threeply (thre'pli), a. Having three 
folds, three webs or three strands. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



threescore 



609 



through 



threescore (thre'skor), a. Three times 
a score; sixth. 

three-way (thre'wa), a. Having or 
controling three passages, as a stop- 
cock or valve. 

thremmatology (threi^-a-tol'o-ji), n. 
The methodical selection in breeding 
animals and plants. [From Gr. thr em- 
ma, nursling.] 

threnody (thren'6-di), n. S o n g or 
poem of lamentation ; dirge.-threno'- 
dial, a. Of or pertaining to a thre- 
nody ; elegiac. — thren'odist, n. 
"Writer of threnodies or dirges. [Gr. 
—threnos, lamentation, and ode, ode.] 

thresh (thresh). Same as thrash. 

threshold (thresh'old), n. Piece of 
wood or stone under the door of a 
house; doorsill; entrance. [A. S. 
threscaid. Of doubtful origin.] 

threw (thro), pa. t. of throw, [much. 

thrice (thris), adv. Three times; very 

thrift (thrift), n. 1. State of thriving. 

2. Frugality. 3. Prosperity; increase | 
of wealth: gain. 4. Plant of several 
species, as the sea pink, a garden 
plant. [See thrive.] 

Syn. Success; gain; industry; for- 
tune; economy; good husbandry. 

thrift-box (thrift'boks), n. Small box 
for keeping savings. 

thriftless (thrift'les), a. 1. Extrava- 
gant; without thrift. 2. Not thriving; 
unprofitable. — thriftlessly, adv. 
— thrift'lessness, n. 

thrifty (thrift!), a. l. Showing thrift 

k or economy. 2. Thriving by economy. 

— thriftily, adv.— thrift'iness, n. 

Syn. Economical; saving; sparing; 

frugal; careful; thriving; prosperous. 

thrill (thril). I. vt. and vi. 1. Pierce; 
bore. 2. Affect, or feel, strongly, with 
a tingling sensation. 3. Quiver; vi- 
brate; make quiver. II. n. Thrilling 
sensation; irresistible force. [A. S. 
thyrlian, bore a hole. Ger. drillen.] 

thrive (thriv), vi. [thri'ving; throve 
or thrived; thriven.] 1. Prosper; be 
successful. 2. Increase in goods; grow 
rich. 3. Grow vigorously. 4. Flour- 
ish. [Icel. thrifa, grasp.] 

thrivingly (thri'ving-li), adv. In a 
thriving manner; prosperously. 

thrivinguess (thri'ving-ness), n. Con- 
dition of one who thrives; prosperity. 

throat ( throt ), n. 1. Forepart of the 
neck, in which are the gullet and 
wind-pipe. 2. Passage from the mouth 
to the lungs and stomach; pharynx. 

3. Entrance; narrow passage. [A. S. 
throte. O. H. Ger. drozze.) 

throaty (thro'ti), a. 1. Uttered back in 
the throat; guttural. 2. Having a 
large throat; voracious. 




Throne 



throb (throb). I. vi. [throb'bing; 
throbbed.] Palpitate, as the heart or 
pulse, with more than usual force. II. 
n. Strong pulsation. [Ety. doubtful.] 

throe (thro). I. n. Suffering; pain; 
agony. II. vt. and vi. To put or be in 
agony. [A. S. threa, suffering. Cf. M. 
H. Ger. dro, threat.] 

thrombus (throm'bus), n. Small tu- 
mor, caused by escape of blood from 
a vein into cellular tissue. — throm- 
bo'sis, n. Coagulation of blood in 
the living body. [Gr. 
thrombos, clot.] 

throual (thro'nal), a. 
Of or pertaining to a 
throne. 

throne (thron). I. n. 1. 
Elevated and orna- 
mental chair of state 
used by a sovereign. 2. 
Sovereign power and 
dignity. H. vt. 1. En- 
throne. 2. Place as on 
a throne; exalt. III. 
vi. Sit on a throne; sit 
in state, as a king. [Gr. 
thronos, chair.] 

throneless (thron'les), a. Without a 
throne; deposed. 

throng (thrang). I. n. Large number 
of people crowded or moving to- 
gether. II. vt. and vi. Crowd into or 
upon ; come in multitudes. [A. S. thrang 
— thringan, press. Ger. gedraenge.] 

throstle (thros'l), n. 1. Song-thrush ; 
mavis. 2. Machine for spinning wool, 
cotton, etc. [A. S. Dim. of thrush. 
Cf. Dan. and Ger. drossel.) 

throttle (throt'l). I. n. 1. Throat; 
windpipe. 2. Throttle-valve. II. vt. 
and vi. 1. Stop the breath of by com- 
pressing the throat; strangle; choke; 
suffocate; breathe hard. 2. Obstruct 
by a throttle-valve, as a steam pipe. — 
throt'tler, n. One who or that which 
throttles. [Dim. of throat.] 

throttle-lever ( throt'l-le'ver ), n. 
Hand-lever by which the throttle- 
valve is worked. 

throttle-valve (throt'l- valv), n. Valve 
which regulates the supoly of steam 
to the cylinder of an engine. 

through (thro). I. prep. 1. From end to 
end of; from side to side of; between 
the sides of. 2. Among. 3. By way of. 
4. By means of; in consequence of. 
n. adv. 1. From one end or side to 
the other; from beginning to end. 2. 
To the end or purpose. III. a. 1. Un- 
obstructed. 2. That passes without 
interruption or change, as a train. 3. 
That entitles to transportation to the 
end. [A. S. thurh. Ger. durch.] 



fate, fat, task, f&r, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolj; 
mate, hot, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



through-lighted 



610 



thunderbolt 



through-lighted (thro'li-ted),a. Hav- 
ing windows on opposite sides. 

throughout ( thro-owt' ). I. prep. 
Through to the outside ; in every 
part of. II. adv. Everywhere. 

through-stone ( thro'ston ), n. A 
stone placed so as to show on both 
faces of the wall. 

throve (throv),i?a. t. of thrive. 

throw (thro). I. vt. and vi. [throwing; 
threw; thrown.] 1. Hurl; fling; pro- 
pel; send. 2. Wind or twist together, 
as silk threads, in a direction contrary 
to the twist of the singles. 3. Form 
on a wheel, as pottery. 4. Cast (dice). 
5. Put off. 6. Put on or spread care- 
lessly. 7. Cast down in wrestling. 8. 
Produce, as young, said of rabbits, 
etc. 9. Sell, as a race, by allowing 
another to win unnecessarily. II. n. 

1. Act of throwing; cast, esp. of dice. 

2. Distance to which anything is 
thrown; extent of motion of a part 
of a machine. 3. Implement for giv- 
ing a rapid, rotary motion, as to a 
potter's wheel.— Throw over, desert; 
abandon.— Throw up, give up; eject 
from the stomach. — thrower^ n. 
[A. S. thrawan, whirl.] 

throw-crank (thro-krangk), n. Crank 
which serves to convert rotary into 
reciprocating motion. 

th rowing-table ( thro'ing-ta-bl ), n. 
Potter's wheel, also called throwing- 
engine and throwing-mill. 

throwster (thro'ster), n. One who 
twists silk threads together. 

thrum (thrum). I. n. 1. End of weaver's 
thread. 2. Coarse yarn. II. vt. [thrum'- 
ming; thrummed.] 1. Furnish with 
thrums; fringe. 2. Insert short pieces 
of rope-yarn in (a mat or piece of can- 
vas). [Ger. trumm, stub.] 

thrum (thrum), vt. a*d vi. [thrum'- 
ming; thrummed.] Play rudely or 
monotonously with the fingers on an 
instrument, the table, etc. 

thrummy (thrum'i), a. Made of or 
like thrums; shaggy. 

thrush (thrush), n. 
1. Little European 
singing bird. 2. 
Warbler, or similar 
bird, of many spe- 
cies and countries. 
[See THROSTLE.] 

thrush ( thrush ), n. 
1. Inflammatory and suppurating 
affection in the feet of horses. 2. Dis- 
ease of the mouth and throat, occur- 
ring chiefly in early infancy. [Dan. 
troeske — root of thirst.] 

thrust (thrust). I. vt. and vi. Push; 
force; jam; urge; impel; intrude; stab. 




Song thrush. 



II. n. Forceful push or impulse; pres- 
sure: assault; stab.— Thrust upon, 
force or inflict upon. [Icel. thrysta, 
press.] [in. 

Syn. Drive; shove; pierce; squeeze 

thud (thud), n. 1. Sound, as that of a 
heavy stone striking the ground. 2. 
Blow causing a dull sound. [Imita- 
tive. Cf. A. S. thoden, noise.] 

thug (thug), n. 1. Member of a frater- 
nity of robbers and assassins formerly 
prevalent in India. 2. Ruffian; ban- 
dit. [Hind, thugna, deceive, rob.] 

thuggee (thug'e), n. Profession and 
practise of thugs. Also called thuggee- 
ism, thuggery, thuggism. 

Thule (thu'le), n. Name given by the 
ancients to the most northern coun- 
try with which they were acquainted. 
The Romans spoke of it as ultima 
Thule, the farthest Thule. 

thulite (thu'lit), n. A rare rock of a 
peach blossom color,f ound in Norway. 

thumb (thum). I. n. Short, thick first 
digit of the hand. II. vt. 1. Handle 
awkwardly. 2. Soil or wear off with 
the thumb or fingers. [A. S. thuma.] 

thumbed (thumd), a. 1. Having 
thumbs. 2. Marked with thumb- 
marks, as a book. 

thumb-piece (thum'pes), n. A pro- 
jection on any piece of mechanism, 
intended to be worked by the thumb. 

thumb-screw (thum'skro), n. 1. In- 
strument of torture 
for compressing the 
thumb. 2. Screw 
with a head easily 
turned by thumb and 
forefinger. 

thumb-stall (thum'- 
stal), n. A. case or pad 
to protect the thumb. 

thump (thump). I. n. 
Heavy blow. II. vt. 
Beat with something 
heavy. lll.vi. Give a dull, heavy sound. 
— thumper, n. [From the sound.] 

thunder (thun'der). I. n. 1. Noise 
made by a discharge of atmospheric 
electricity. 2. Any similar noise. 3. 
Startling announcement or awful 
threat. II. vi. 1. Make thunder. 2. 
Sound as thunder. 3. Make alarming 
denunciations, lll.vt. 1. Give out with 
noise and terror. 2. Utter as a threat 
or denunciation. — thun'derer, n.— 
thundery, thunderous, as. [A. 
S. thunor. Ger. donner. From the 
sound.] 

thunderbolt ( thun'der-bolt ), n. 1. 
Flash of lightning. 2. Dreadful threat 
of censure by some high authority. 
3. Tapering stone found in the ground, 




Thumb-screw. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, but, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



than der-clap 



611 



ticker 



and formerly supposed to have been 
the substance fallen from heaven with 
the flash of lightniug. 

thunder-clap ( thun'der-klap), n. A 
loud discharge of atmospheric elec- 
tricity. 

thunder-cloud (thun'der-klowd), n. 
A cloud that produces thunder and 
lightning, — generally a dense, dark 
cumulus, from 2000 to 12,000 feet 
high, moving from 1500 to 4000 feet 
above the ground. 

thunder-head (thun'der-hed ), n. A 
small, round cumulus of brilliant 
whiteness, which swells and turns 
black as it slowly rises from the 
horizon. 

thunderstruck ( thuu'der-struk), a. 

I. Struck or injured by lightning. 2. 
Astonished; struck dumb. 

thurible (thu'ri-bl), n. Metal censer 
for burning frankincense. [L. thuri- 
buium—thut, frankincense.] 

thurifer ( thu'ri-fer ), n. An acolyte 
who carries a censer. 

Thursday (thurz'da), n. Fifth day of 
the week, so called after Thor, the old 
Saxon god of thunder. [A. S. thunres 
daeg—thuner, thunder, and daeg, day.] 

thus (thus), adv. 1. In this or that man- 
ner. 2. To this degree or extent. 3. 
From this cause.— Thus far, to this 
point or degree.— Thus much, as much 
as this. [A. S. this.] 

thusness (thus'nes), n. The state of 
being thus. (Humorous). 

thwack (t h w a k). I. vt. Strike with 
something blunt and heavy; whack. 

II. n. Heavy blow.— thwnck'er, n. 
1. One that thwacks. 2. Wooden tool 
used for baa ting half -dried pan- tiles 
into shape. [Imitative.] 

thwart (thwart). I. a. Transverse; 
crosswise. II. vt. Cross; oppose; de- 
feat. III. n. Bench for rowers placed 
athwart the boat. — thwart ly. adv. 
Heel, thvert, across. A. S. thtveorh.] 

thy (thl), pron. Of, or pertaining to, 
thee. [Short, for thine.] 

thylacine (thil'a-sin), n. The zebra- 
wolf of Tasmania. 

thyme (tim), n. Aromatic kitchen herb. 
[L. thy?7ium—Gr. thymos, fragrant.] 

thymus (thi'mus), n. One of the two 
glands, seemingly useless, behind the 
breast-bone near the root of the neck 
(called sweet-bread in veal and lamb.) 
[Gr. thymos, from its fanciful resem- 
blance to a bunch of thyme.] 

thymy ( ti'mi ), n. Abounding with 
thyme; fragrant. 

thyroid (thi'roid), a. Shield-shaped.— 
Thyroid cartilage, the largest cartilage 
of the larynx, forming the so-called 




Adam's apple.— Thyro id gland, large, 
vascular body on the larynx and upper 
part, of trachea,— the seat of the dis- 
ease knows as goiter. [Gr.— thyra, door, 
and eidos, shape.] 

thyro tomy (thi- 
rot'o-mi), n. A cut- 
ting into the thy- 
roid cartilage. 

thyrsus (thur'sus), 
n. Staff tipped 
with a pine-cone. 
[Gr. thyrsos, stalk.] 

thyself (Mi-self), 
pron. Thou or thee, 
in person— used for 
emphasis. 

tiao(ti-a'o),ra. String 
of Chinese money. 

tiara (ti-it'ra), n. 1. 
High ornamental 
headdress of the 
ancient Persians. 

2. Phrygian con- Jubilee tiara of Pope 
ical cap, falling Leo xin. 
over the brow. 

3. Any similar head dress, especially 
the pope's triple crown. 3. The 
papal dignity.— tia'raed, a. Wear- 
ing a tiara. [Gr.J 

tibia (tib'i-a), n. 1. Large shin-bone. 2. 

Ancient kind of flute. 3. Fourth joint 

of leg of an insect.— tibial. I. a. Of 

or pertaining to the tibia. II. n. 1. A 

muscle or artery, etc., connected with 

the tibia. 2. Fifth joint of a spider's 

leg. [L.] 
tic ( tik ), n. Convulsive twitching of 

certain muscles, esp. of the face.— 

tic-douloureux (tik-do-16-ro'), n. 

Neuralgia of the face [Fr.] 
tick (tik) n. L arge 

mite infesting dogs, 

sheep, etc. [Dut. 

teetc] 
tick (tik), n. Case or 

cover in which 

feathers, etc., are 

put for bedding.— 

tick eu, ticking, 

ns. Cloth of which 

a tick is made. [Dut. 

tijk. Ger. zieche. All 

ftomGr. theke,c&se.] 
tick (tik). I. vi. Make 

a small, quick noise; beat, as a watch. 

II. vt. 1. Set a dot against; checkoff. 

2. Mark by regular clicking. III. n. 

1. Slight.sharp sound. 2. Slight mark; 

dot. [Imitative.] 
tick (tik). I. vi. Run upon score; get 

or give credit. II. n. Credit; trust. 

[From ticket.] [indicator. 

ticker (tik'er), n. 1. A watch. 2. Stock 




fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, but, burn ; oil, owl, (Aon. 



ticket 



612 



tilde 



ticket (tik'et). I. n. 1. Small piece of 
paper, card-board, or the like, with 
something written or printed on it, 
and serving as a notice, acknowledg- 
ment, etc.; label; certificate of right 
to enter or participate; list of candi- 
dates; ballot, etc.— The ticket, the right 
or correct thing. — Ticket-of -leave, con- 
ditional and partial freedom, granted 
to a convict. II. vt. 1. Put a ticket 
on. 2. Furnish with a ticket. [O. Fr. 
esticquette, Fr. Stiquette — root of stick.] 

tickle (tik'l), vt. 1. Touch lightly and 
cause to laugh. 2. Gratify.— tick'ler, 
n. [Of. Low G-er. ketteln.] 

ticklisk (tik'lish), a. 1. Easily tickled; 
easily affected. 2. Nice; dubious; 
difficult; critical.— tick'lisbness, n. 

tick-tack (tik'tak), n. 1. A pulsating 
sound, like that of a watch. 2. A 
device for tapping at a door or window 
from a distance, by pulling a string. 

tick-tock (tik'tok), n. The slow beat- 
ing of a tall clock. 

tidal (ti'dal), a. Pertaining to tides; 
flowing and ebbing periodically. — 
Tidal-air, the air which passes in and 
out of the human lungs in respiration, 
about 25 cubic in. at each breathing. 

tidbit (tid'bit), n. Delicate morsel. 

tide (tid). I. n. 1. Time; season. 2. 
Regular rising and falling of the sea. 
3. Course; current; stream. II. vt. 
Drive with the stream. III. vi. Work 
in or out of a river or harbor with 
the tide. — Tide over, carry through 
or over. [A. S., Ger. zeit, time.] 

tidegrange (tld'gaj), n. Instrument for 
registering the state of the tide con- 
tinuously. 

tide-gate (tld'gat), n. Gate used to re- 
tain the water when the ebb sets in. 

tideless (tid'les), a. Having no tides. 

tidemill (tid'mil), n. 1. Mill moved by 
tide water. 2. Mill for clearing lands 
of tide- water. 

tide-rode (tid'rod),a. Riding at anchor, 
with the head to tide, not to wind. 

tide-waiter (tid'wa-ter), n. Custom- 
house officer. [which the tide sets. 

tide-way (tld'wa),w. Way or channel in 

tidings (ti'dingz), n. pi. News. [Lit. 
'Things that betide'.-^[A. S. tidan, 
happen. Cf. Ger. zeitung.) [vice. 

Syrt. Intelligence; information; ad- 
tidy (ti'di). I. a. Neat; in good order. 
II. n. Cover for chairs; child's pina- 
fore, etc. III. vt. Make neat; put in 
order.— ti'dily, adv.— ti'diness 9 n. 
[Lit. 'Timely',— A. S. tid, time.] 

tie (ti). I. vt. 1. Bind; fastened with a 
cord; knot. 2. Unite. 3. Constrain. 4. 
{music) Unite notes with a tie. II. vi. 
Score equally. III. n. 1. Knot. 2. 



Bond. 3. Necktie. 4. Equality of 
numbers, as of votes, or of "points" 
in a game. 5. (music) Curved line 
drawn over two or more notes on the 
same degree of the stave, signifying 
that the second note is not to be 
sounded separately, but is to sustain 
the first. 6. Sleeper for supporting 
rails of a railroad. 7. Low shoe, fast- 
ened with lace. [A. S. tian, tegan, tie.] 

tie-beam (ti'bem) ^.Horizontal timber 
holding together two rafters to pre- 
vent over-pressure against the walls. 

tier (ter). I. n. Rank; one of several 
rows placed one above another. II. vt. 
To pile up or build in tiers. [A. S.] 

tierce (ters), n. 1. Cask containing one 
third of a pipe, that is 42 gallons. 2. 
Cask, as of sugar or .rice, intermedi- 
ate between a barrel and a hogshead. 
3. Sequence of three cards of the 
same color. 4. Third in music. 5. 
Thrust in fencing. [Fr.— L. tertia 
{pars), third (part).] [sawing brick. 

tier-saw (ter'sa), n. Stiff saw used for 

tiff (tif ). I. n. Fit of peevishness ; slight 
quarrel. II. vi. To be peevish; quarrel. 

tiffany (tif'a-ni) n.[pl. tiffanies] Gauze; 
thin silk. [Corrupted from theophany 
(=epiphany) in the sense of 'holiday'.] 

tiffin ( tif'in ), n. Luncheon. [Anglo- 
Indian]. 

tiger (ti'ger), 
n. 1. Fierce 
animal of the 
cat kind, near- 
ly as large as 
a lion. 2. [Col- 

&/a, 8 J »—"'«-■ 

three cheers. 3. Fierce, bloodthirsty 
person. 4. Swaggerer; bully. — ti'- 
gress, fern. — ti'ger-ish, ti'grish, 

as. Like a tiger in disposition.— Ameri- 
can tiger, -puma,; mountain lion; jag- 
uar. [L. figris.] 

tight (titi), a. 1. Close; compact. 2. 
Not leaky. 3. Fitting closely. 4. Not 
loose; taut. 5. Stringent; scant, as 
money. 6. Drunk.— tightly, adv.— 
tightness, n. [Akin to thick. Cf. 
Ger. dicht, close.] 

tighten (ti'tn), vt. and vi. Make or 
become tight or tighter. 

tight-rope (tit'rop), n. Rope tensely 
stretched, on which an acrobat per- 
forms, [ments, esp. for the legs. 

tights (tits), n. pi. Close-fitting gar- 

tigrine (ti'grin), a. Striped like a tiger. 

tilbnry (til'ber-i), n. Kind of gig. 

tilde (til'de), n. A diacritic mark (~) 
used variously: In this book to mark 
the mixed sound of e and u before r, 
in Spanish the n followed by y, etc. 




fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, more, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



tile 



613 



tin 



tile (til). I. n. 1. Piece of baked clay 
used for covering roofs, floors, etc. 2. 
Small fiat square of marble, etc., for 
flooring or the like. 3. (Collog.) Silk 
hat. II. vt. 1. Cover with tiles. 2. Bind 
to secrecy.— ti'ler, n.— tiling, n. [A. 
S. tigol—Ju. tegula — tego, cover.] 

tiling (tiling), n. 1. Roof of tiles. 2. 
Operation of putting on tiles. 

till (til), n. Money drawer in a desk or 
counter. [A. S. tilian, tell, count.] 

till(til). I. prep. To the time of. II. conj. 
1. To the time when. 2. To the degree 
that. [A. S. til; root of Ger. ziel, aim.] 

till (til), vt. Prepare (the ground) to 
receive the seed; cultivate. — tiller, 
n. [A. S. tilian, aim, strive.] 

tillable (til'a-bl), a. Fit for the plow. 

tillage ( til'aj ), n. 1. Act or practice of 
tilling; husbandry. 2. A place tilled. 
Syn. Agriculture; cultivation. 

tiller (til'er), a. 1. Lever for turning a 
rudder. 2. Money-drawer; till. 

tiller ( til'er ). I. n. A shoot from the 
root or the bottom of the stalk of a 
plant. II. vi. Put forth such shoots. 

tillet ( til'et ), n. Linden-tree. [L. tilia.] 

ti-lman (til'man), n. One who tills the 
earth. [sense. 

tilly-vally ( til'i-val'i ), interjec. Non- 

tilmns ( til'mus ), n. A picking at the 
bed clothes. 

tilt (tilt). I. n. Canvas covering of a 
boat. II. vt. Cover with an awning. 
[A. S. teld—teldan, cover. Ger. zelt.] 

tilt (tilt). I. vi. 1. Thrust or fight with a 
lance. 2. Fall into a sloping posture. 
II. vt. 1. Point or thrust with, as a 
lance. 2. Slant; raise one end of. III. 
n. 1. Thrust. 2. In the middle ages, an 
exercise in which combatants rode 
against each 
other with 
lances. 3. Incli- 
nation forward. 
—full tilt , 
straight and 
with full force. 
— tilt'er, n. [A. 
S. tealt, totter- 
ing.] 

tilth (tilth), n. 
Cultivation; 
cultivated land. 

t i It - hammer 
(tilt'ham-er ), n. 
Heavy hammer 
lifted by means 
of cogs on a 
wheel, used for 
light forging. 

timbal (tim'bal), 

timbale (tang-bal'). n. Pastry of vari- 
ous shapes, to be filled. 




n. Kettledrum. 



timber ( t ini' ber ). I. n. 1. Wood for 
building purposes. 2. Trunk of a tree. 
3. Standing trees; woods. II. vt. Fur- 
nish with timber or beams. [ A. S. 
timber, wood. Cf. Ger. zimmer.] 

timbre ( tim'ber ), n. Tone or character 
of a musical sound. fFr.J 

timbrel (tim'brel), n. Ancient musical 
instrument like a tambourine. 

time dim). I. n. 1. System of fixing an 
event by reference to an earlier, later 
or accompanying, other event. 2. Du- 
ration: period; era; age. 3. Space of 
time at one's disposal. 4. Season; pro- 
per time; particular point of time. 5. 
Musical measure. 6. Condition of the 
world"s affairs. 7. Recurrent instance ; 
repetition (as in many a time, or six 
times six).— At times, occasionally. — In 
time, time enough, in good season; suf- 
ficiently early. — Time being, present 
time. II. vt. 1. Do at the proper season. 
2. Regulate as to time. 3. (In music), 
measure. 4. Note the time of. [A. S. 
tima. Cf. Icel. timi, Celt, tim, and tide.] 

time-honored ( tlm'on-urd ), a. Ven- 
erable on account of antiquity. 

time-keeper (tim'ke-per), n. 1. Clock, 
watch, or the like for marking time. 
2. One who keeps the time of workmen. 

timely (tim'li). I. a. In good season. II. 
adv. Early; soon. — timeliness, n. 

timepiece (tim/pes), n. Watch; clock. 

time-server (trm'ser-ver), n. One who 
meanly suits his opinions to the 
wishes of those in power. 

time-table ( tim'ta-bl ), n. List show- 
ing the times at which trains arrive 
and depart, etc. [time. 

timeworn (tim' worn), a. Decayed by 

timid ( tim'id ), a. Wanting courage ; 
easily frightened.— timidly, adv.— 
tim'idness, timidity, ns. [L. tim- 
idus—timeo, fear.] 

Syn. Afraid ; cowardly ; faint-heart- 
ed; fearful; timorous; shrinking; shy. 

timist (ti'mist), n. Musical performer, 
considered as to his power to observe 
rhythm and meter. 

timoeracy ( ti-mok'ra-si), n. Form of 
government, in which a certain 
amount of property is required as a 
qualification for office. [Gr. timokra- 
tia,—time, honor, and kratein, rule.] 

timorous ( tim'ur-us ), a. 1. Timid. 2. 
Indicating fear.— timorously, adv. 
— tim'oronsness, n. [der grass. 

timothy (tim'o-thi), n. Valuable fod- 

tin ( tin ). I. n. 1. Silvery -white, non- 
elastic, easily fusible and malleable 
metal. 2. Can or pot made of tin or iron 
covered with tin. II. a. Made of tin. 
III. vt. [tin'ning; tinned (tind).] Cover 
or overlay with tin or tinfoil. [A. S.J 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



tinct 



614 



tire 




tinct (tingkt). I. n. Tincture. II. a. 
Tinged. [ing or producing color. 

tinctorial (tingk'to-ri-al), a. Impart- 

tincture (tingk'-tur). I. n. 1. Tinge 
or shade of color; 
tint. 2. Slight fla- 
vor or taste added 
to anything. 3. 
(med.) Solution of 
any substance in 
or by means of 
spirit of wine. 4. 
In heraldry, one of 
the devices used 
to represent col- 
ors, metal and 
furs. See cut. II. 
vt. Stain; tinge; 
flavor; impreg- 
nate. [L. tinctura 
—root of TINGE.] 

Heraldic tinctures. 

1. Purple. 2. Green. 3. Tawny. 4. Sable. 
5. Silver. 6. Gold. 7. Blue. 8. Red. 

tinder (tin'der), n. Anything used for 
kindling fire from a spark, esp. char- 
red linen.— tin'dery, a. Like tinder; 
easily inflamed. [ A. S. tender. Ger. 
zunder.] 

time (tin), n. Spike or prong of a fork 
or harrow, etc. — timed, a. Furnished 
with spikes. [Icel. tindr, tooth.] 

tinfoil (tin'f oil). I. n. Tin in thin leaves, 
used to keep drugs, candy, etc., from 
moisture or the air. II. vt. Wrap in 
tinfoil; fix tinfoil upon, as a look- 
ing-glass. 

ting-. Same as tinkle, n. 

tinge (tin 3). I. vt. 1. Tint or color. 2. 
Give in some degree the qualities of 
a substance to. II.j"w. Small amount of 
color or taste infused into another 
substance. [L. tingo, tinctum, dye.] 

tingle ( ting'] ). I. vi. 1. Feel a thrill- 
ing sensation or pain, as in hearing 
a shrill sound. 2. Tinkle; jingle. II. 
n. Same as tinkle. [Imitative.] 

tink (tingk). I. n. Sharp, shrill sound. 
II. vi. Produce or emit a sharp, jing- 
ling sound. [Imitative.] 

tinker (ting'kgr). I. n. Mender of ket- 
tles, etc. ; botcher. II. vt. and vi. Mend; 
be busy patching, occupy oneself; 
tamper. [From tink.] 

tinkle ( ting' kl ). I. vi. Make small, 
sharp sounds; clink; jingle. II. n. 
1. Sharp, clinking sound. 2. Jingling 
noise. [Imitative.] [in, tinware. 

tinman(tin'man), n. Maker of, or dealer 

tinned (tind), a. 1. Covered with tin. 2. 
Preserved in her metically sealed tins. 

tinner (tin'er), n. 1. .One who works in 
a tinshop or tin-mine. 2. Tinman. 



tinnitus (tin'i-tus), n. A ringing in the 
ears. [L.] [coated with tin. 

tin-plate ( t i n ' p 1 a t ), n. Sheet- iron 

tinsel (tin'sel). I. n. 1. Glittering, thin 
metal used as an ornament. 2. Any- 
thing showy but of little value. II. 
vt. Adorn with or as with tinsel. [Fr. 
etincelle, spark,— L. scintilla.] 

tint (tint). I. n. 1. Variety of a princi- 
pal color, esp. a more luminous, light- 
er one. 2. In engraving, a uniform, 
shading by means of parallel lines. 
II. vt. Give a slight coloring to. [From 

root Of TINGE.] 

tintamar ( tint-a-mar' ), n. Uproar; 

disturbance; confused noise. 
tinter (tin'ter), n. 1. Person who tints. 
2. Tool or device for tinting. 

tintinnabulation ( tiu-tin-ab-u-la'- 
shun), n. Tinkling sound, [li.tintin- 
nabulum, bell,— tintinnare. Imitative.] 

tiny (ti'ni), a. Very small. [Prob. from 
Ger. baby language tein, for klein, 
small.] 

tip (tip). I. n. Point; end; end-piece. 
II. vt. [tip'ping; tipped.] Form a point 
to; cover the end of. [Dut. tip. Ger. 
zipfel.] 

tip (tip). I. vt. and vi. 1.. Strike lightly; 
touch. 2. Lower one end; cant; lean; 
tilt. 3. Furnish with private infor- 
mation. 4. Give a gratuity to. II. n. 
1. Tap or light stroke. 2. Private 
hint or information. 3. Gratuity. 
[Ger. tippen.] 

tippet (tip'et), n. Cape or scarf. 

tipple (tip'l), vt. and vi. 1. Drink in 
small sips. 2. Drink strong liquors 
habitually. — tip'pler, n. [Norw. 
tipla.] 

tipstaff* (tip'staf), n. 1. Staff tipped 
with metal; a constable's badge. 2. 
Officer who carries it; constable. 

tipster ( tip'ster), n. One who fur- 
nishes tips. 

tipsy (tip'si), a. Partly intoxicated.— 
tip'sily, adv.— tip'simess, n. [From 
stem of tipple.] [point turned up. 

tip-tilted (tip'til-ted), a. Having the 

tiptoe (tip'to). I. n. End of the toe. II. 
vi. Walk on tiptoe. III. adv. On tiptoe. 

tip-top (tip'top), a. First rate. 

tirade (ti-rad'), n. Strain of censure or 
reproof; long declamation. [ Fr. — 
tirer, draw.] 

tia*e (tir), n. Hoop or band around a 
wheel.— Pneumatic tire, tire made of a 
rubber tube, inflated with compressed 
air. [From tie.] 

tire(trr). I. vt. 1. Harass; vex. 2. Ex- 
haust the strength of; weary. II. vi. 
Become weary. [A. S. teorian, be tired] 

tire (tir). I. n. Apparatus; dress. II. 
vi. To attire; prepare; equip. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



tired 



615 



toady 



tired(tird),a. Wearied.— tired n ess, «. 

tireless (tlr'les), a. Without a tire,' as 
a wheel. [unwearying ; untiring. 

tireless (tir'les), a. Not becoming tired; 

tiresome (tir'sum), a. That tires; 
fatiguing ; tedious. — tir e'somely , 
adv.— tiresomeness, n. 

tiro. See tyro. 

tissne (tish'o). I. n. 1. Distinct struc- 
ture of body cells and fibers. 2. Any 
textile fibers of which goods are com- 
posed. 3. Connected series. II. vt. 
Interweave; form as tissue. — Tissue 
paper, very thin, gauze-like paper. 
[So-called because placed between the 
foldsof the fine sil kfabr ice ailed <m«e.] 

tit (tit), n. Anything small; small 
horse; one of various small birds, 
flcel. tittr, twittering little bird.] 

Titan (ti'tan), Titanic (ti-tan'ik), a. 1. 
Relating to the Titans, giants of my- 
thology. 2. (1. c.) Enormous in size 
or strength. 

titanium (ti-ta'ni-um), n. A metal not 
found native, but present in many 
iron ores. 

titbit (tit'bit), n. Choice morsel; tidbit. 

tit for tat. Blow for blow. [Orig. tip 
for tap.] 

tithable (ti'^a-bl), a. Assessable for 
tithes, as property or persons. 

tithe {llth). I. n. Tenth part; the 1/10 
of the produce of land and stock, 
allotted to the clergy. II. vt. Tax to 
a 1/10. [A. S. teotha, tenth.] [tithes. 

tither (ti'thev), n. One who collects 

tithing- {xA' thing), n. Old Saxon dis- 
t r i c t containing ten householders, 
each responsible for the behavior of 
the rest. [See tithe.] 

tithonic (ti-thon'ik), a. Pertaining to 
those rays of light which produce 
chemical action; actinic. [From Gr. 
Tithonos, the consort of Aurora, the 
deity of the morning red.] 

titillate (tit'iljat), vt. Tickle.— titilla- 
tion (tit-il-la'shun), n. 1. Tickling. 
2. Pleasant feeling. 

titivate (tit'i-vat), vt. and vi. Dress 
up; spruce up. 

titlark (tit'lark), n. Singing bird with 
a greenish back and head, found in 
marshes. [E. tit and lark.] 

title (ti'tl). I. n. 1. Inscription set over 
or at the beginning of a thing. 2. Name 
of distinction. 3. That which gives a 
just right to possession. 4. Document 
that proves a right. 5. Panel on the 
back of a book with the name of the 
book. n. vt. Name. [O. Fr.— L. titulus.[ 

titled (ti'tld), a. Having a title. 

title-deed (ti'tl-ded), n. Document 
that proves a right to exclusive pos- 
session. 




Titmouse 
Longtailed. 



Crested. 



title-pag-e ( ti'tl-paj ), n. Page of a 
book giving its title and usually the 
author's name. 

titling (tit- 
ling), n. / 7 
Hedge- 
sparrow. 

titmonse 
(tit'mows), 
n. [pi. tit- 
mice (tif- 
m i s ), re.] 
Small, act- 
ive, perch- 
ing bird, feeding on insects; tomtit. 
[tit, and A. S. mase. Cf. Ger. meise, 
small bird.] 

titration (ti-tra'shun), n. A process of 
ascertaining the quantity of an ingre- 
dient present in a mass by fixing the 
quantity of a liquid necessary to bring 
about a change, generally of color. 

titter (tit'er). I. vi. Laugh with the 
tongue striking the teeth; giggle. II. 
n. Restrained laugh. [Imitative] 

tittle (tit'l), n. Small particle; iota. 
[Dim. of tit.] 

tittle-tattle (tit'l-tat'l), n. Idle talk. 

tittnp (tit'up). I. vi. Act restlessly; 
prance. H. n. A curveting ; gay action. 

titular (tit'u-lar). I. a. 1. Existing in 
name only. 2. Having the title with- 
out the duties of an office. II. n. 1. One 
who holds a title. 2. One whose name 
is used as a title; patron saint.— tit'n- 
larly, adv. _ 

titulary (tit'u-lar-i). I. a. Consisting in, 
or pertaining to, a title. II. n. One 
having the title of an office, whether 
he performs its duties or not. 

tmesis ( tme'sis), n. Separation of the 
parts of a compound word; diacope. 
[Gr.—temno, cut.] 

to (to). I. prep. 1. In the direction of; as 
far as ; for ; unto ; upon ; compared with ; 
against; in accordance with; in ac- 
companiment or connection with ; 
concerning. 2. To connects verbs with 
their indirect objects, and adjectives 
and nouns with limiting nouns or 
pronouns. II. conj. To connects two 
verbs. In this sense it is called the 
" sign " of the infinitive.— To and fro, 
backwards and forwards. [A. S.] 

toad (tod), n. Amphibious reptile, like 
the frog. See cut under tadpole. 
[A. S. tade.] [sycophant. 

toadeater (tod'e-ter), n. Fawning 

toadstool ( tod'stol ), n. Poisonous 
kind of mushroom. 

toady (to'di). I. n. Mean hanger-on and 
flatterer. H. vt. Fawn as a sycophaut 
upon.— toadyism, n. Practice of a 
toady. [Short for toadeater.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



to-and-iro 



tolerable 



to-and-fro (t5'and-fro). I. a. Forward 
and backward. II. n. 1. Motion alter- 
nating forward and backward. 2. Dis- 
cussion. 

toast (tost). I. vi. 1. Dry and scorch at 
the fire. 2. Warm thoroughly. II. n. 
Bread toasted. [O.Fr. toster,—h. tostus, 
roasted.] 

toast (tost). I. vt. Drink to the health 
of. II. n. 1. Person or thing named 
whose health is to be drunk. 2. Senti- 
ment spoken at such an occasion. 
[From the toast formerly put in 
liquor.] [which toasts. 

toaster (tost'er), n. One who or that 

toastniaster (tost'mas-ter), n. Presi- 
dent at a banquet who announces the 



tobacco (to-bak'o), n. Narcotic plant, 
a native of America, whose dried 
leaves are used for smoking, chew- 
ing, and in snuff.— tobacco- worm, 

n. Larva of a moth, which feeds on 
the leaves of the growing tobacco. 
[Sp. tabaco, from the Indian name for 
the pipe.] 

tobacconist (to-bak'o-nist), it. One 
who sells or manufactures tobacco. 

toboggan (to-bog'an). I. n. Kind of 
sled used for sliding down inclines 
covered with snow or ice. II. vi. Slide 
down-hill on a toboggan.— tobog'- 
ganing, n. Art or practice of sliding 
on toboggans. [From Indian odabagan, 
sled.] 

toby (to'bi), n. Mug in shape of a man 
with a three-cornered hat. [From the 
name Toby.] 

tocology, tokology (to-kol'o-ji), n. 
That part of medicine which treats of 
childbirth ; obstetrics. [Gr. — tokos, 
birth, and logos, knowledge.] 

tocsin (tok'sin), n. Alarm bell. [From 
O. F. toquer (Fr. toucher), touch, ring, 
and sein, sign, bell.] 

today, to-day (to-da'), n. The pres- 
ent day. II. adv. On this day. [To, 
prep., and day.] 

toddle (tod'l), vi. Walk with short, 
feeble steps, as a child.— toddling, 
a. [By-form of totter.] 

toddy (tod'i), n. 1. Fermented juice of 
various palms of the East Indies. 2. 
Mixture of whiskey, sugar, and hot 
water. — tod'dy-stick, n. Stick used 
in making toddy and similar drinks. 
[From Hindoo tari — Pers. tar, palm.] 

to-do (to-do'), n. Fuss; commotion. 

toe (to). 'I. n. 1. One of the small mem- 
bers at the point of the foot. 2. Front 
of a hoof, foot or shoe. 3. Toelike 
projection. II. vt. 1. Touch with the 
toes. 2. Furnish toes to; mend the 
toe of. III. vi. Place or move the toe. 




Toggle-joint. 



2.] 



—toed (tod), a. 1. Having toes. 2. 
Fastened by nails driven in obliquely, 
as the edge of a board to the surface 
of another board.— [A. S. ta. Ger. zehe.} 

toffee, tofte (tof'i), n. Taffy. 

tog (tog). I. n. Usually in pi. Garments. 
II. vt. Dress. [Fr. togue—lu. toga, robe.] 

toga ( to'ga ), n. Loose outer garment 
of the ancient Roman citizen. — 
to'gaed,a. Robed in a toga ; stately; 
classical. [L. — tego, cover.] 

together (t o - g e t h ' e r), adv. 1. In the 
same place, time, or company. 2. In 
or into union. 3. In concert. [A. S. 
togcedere—to, and gaderian, gather. 

toggery (tog'er-i), n. Garments; 
clothes. \Colloq.\ 

toggle (tog'l), ». 1. Small wooden pin 
tapering towards both ends. 2. Tog- 
gle-joint. 

toggle-iron ( tog'1-i-urn ), n. Movable 
blade near the point of a whaler's 
harpoon, serving instead of a fixed 
barb. 

toggle-joint 
(tog'l-joint), n. 
Elbow or knee- 
joint. 

tohu bohu ( to'- 
ho bo'ho), n. Cha- 
os. [ Fr. — the Heb. in Gen. i, 

toil (toil), n. Net; snare. [Fr. toile, web, 
— L. tela—texo, weave.] 

toil (toil). ,1. vi. Labor; work with 
fatigue. II. n. Fatiguing labor.— toil'- 
er, n. [O. Fr. toiler, entangle, — toile, 
web, snare.] 

Syn. Drudgery; exertion ; efforts ; 
travail; task; occupation; pains. 

toilet, toillette( toilet), n. 1. Dress- 
ing- table. 2. Mode or operation of 
dressing. 3. Dress and make-up. 4. 
Water closet. [ Fr. toilette, dim. of 
toile, cloth.] 

toilsome (toil'sum), a. Bringing fa- 
tigue; wearisome. — toil'somely, 
adv.— toil'someness, n. 

toise ( toiz ), n. Old French measure of 
length, = 6.39 English feet. 

toison ( toi'zun ), n. Fleece of a sheep. 
[F. — L. tonsus, shorn.] 

Tokay (to-ka'), n. Rich, aromatic wine 
produced at Tokay, Hungary. 

token ( to'kn ), n. 1. Something repre- 
senting a thing or event; sign. 2. Me- 
morial of friendship or love.— By the 
same token, which reminds me. [A. S. 
tacen, sign. Ger. zeichen.] 

tokology. See tocology. 

told (told), pa. t. and pa. p. of tell. 

tolerable ( tol'er-a-bl ), a. 1. That may 
be endured; bearable. 2. Moderately 
good ; passable; indifferent.— tol'era- 
bteness, n.— tolerably, adv. 



fate, fat, task, far, fgll, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, but, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



tolerance 



617 



tongned 



tolerance (tol'er-ans), n. The spirit of 
toleration for offensive persons or dif- 
ferent opinions. 

tolerant (t o 1 ' e r - a n t), a. Indulgent ; 
favoring toleration. 

tolerate ( tol'er-at ), vt. Endure; allow 

by not hindering. [ L. — tollo, bear. ] 

Syn. Abide; bear (with); put up 

wi th ; brook ; permit ; allow ; consent to. 

toleration (tol-er-a'shun), n. 1. Allow- 
ance of what is not approved. 2. 
Liberty given to a minority to hold 
and express their own political or 
religious opinions. 

toll (to i;), n. 1. Tax for the liberty of 
passing over a bridge, selling goods 
in a market, etc. 2. Portion of grain 
taken by a miller for grinding. [A. S., 
Ger. zoll. Akin to tell, count.] 

toll ( 1 5 1 ). I. vt. and vi. Sound slowly 

„ and with single strokes at intervals. 
II. n. Sound of a bell when tolling. 
[Imitative.] 

toll- bait (tol'bat), n. Chopped bait 
thrown overboard to attract fish. 

toll-oar (tol'bar), n. Beam or gate 
across a road, to prevent passage 
without payment of toll. 

tollbridge (tol'brij), n. Bridge where 
toll is taken. [is taken. 

tollgate (tol'gat), n. Gate where toll 

tolling (tol'ing), n. 1. The use of toll- 
bait to lure fish. 2. A method of de- 
coying ducks by having a dog run up 
and down the shore. 

toln (to'lu), n. Balsam obtained from a 
tree near Tolu, U. S. Colombia. 

torn (torn), n. Used in composition with 
the name of a small animal, a male, 
as in tom-c&t, tom-tuv'key. 




Tomahawk. 

tomahawk (tom'a-hak). I. n. Light 
war-hatchet of the N". American In- 
dians, either wielded or thrown. II. 
vt. Cut or kill with a tomahawk.— 
Bury the tomahawk, make peace. — Dig 
up the tomahawk, go to war. [The In- 
dian name sljghtly modified.] 

tomato (to-ma'to or to-ma'to), n. Plant 
of the nightshade family, native in S. 
America, cultivated for its fleshy 
fruit; love-apple. [Sp. from the native 
American.] 

tomb (torn), n. 1. Vault in the earth, 
in which a dead body is placed. 2. 
Mausoleum. [Fr. tombe,—Gv. tymbos, 
mound.] 

tombac (tom'bak), n. An alloy of copper 
and zinc. [Malay tambaga, copper.] 



tombola (tom'bo-la), n. Lottery in 

which fancy articles are the prizes. 

[It.— tombolare, to tumble, fall.] [girl. 

i tomboy (tom'boi), n. Wild, romping 

tombstone (tom'ston), n. Stone erect- 
ed over a tomb to preserve the mem- 
ory of the dead. 

tomcat (tom'kat), n. Male cat, esp. 
when full grown, [tom, a common 
male name, and cat.] 

tome (torn), n. Volume; part of a book. 
[Gr. tomos—temno, cut.] 

tomentose (to-men'tos), a. Covered 
with matted or downy, fine hairs. [L. 
tomenlum, stuffing for pillows.] 

tomfool (tom'fol), n. Trifling fellow. 
— tom'foolery, n. Foolish trifling; 
nonsense; absurd knicknacks. 

tomorrow, to-morrow (to-mor'6). 
I. n. The day after this. II. 'adv. On 
the morrow, [to, prep, and morrow.] 

tompion (tom'pi-un), n. 1. Lithog- 
rapher's inking-pad. 2. Tampion. 

tomtit (tom'tit), n. Titmouse; wren. 

tomtom (tom'tom). L n. 1 . Drum used 
by East Indians. 2. Gong. II. vi. 
Sound a drum. [Imitative.] 

ton (tun), n. Measure of weight = 20 
cwt. = 2,240 lbs. avoirdupois (long 
ton), or 2,000 lbs. (short ton). [A. 
S. tunne, cask.] [ton. [Fr.] 

ton (tang), n. Fashion; style. See bon 

toncio (ton'do), n. Plate with a rim 
very wide in proportion to the center. 
[It. rotondo, round.] 

tone (ton), I. n. 1. Character of a 
sound. 2. Musical sound. 3. Inflec- 
tion of the voice. 4. Harmony of the 
colors of a painting 5. Character; 
style. 6. State of mind; mood. 7. 
Healthy state of the body. II. vt. 1. 
Utter with an affected tone. 2. Give 
tone or quality to. — Tone down, 
weaken; soften.— Tone up, strengthen. 
[L— Gr. tonos, sound,— teino, stretch. 1 

tongs (tangz), n. pi. Instrument, con- 
sisting of two jointed pieces of metal, 
used for holding things, esp. hot 
metals or coals ; pair of tongs. [A. S. 
tange. Gr. zange, tongs.] 

tongne (tung). I. n. 1. Fleshy organ 
in the mouth, used in tasting, swal- 
lowing, and speech. 2. Power of 
speech. 3. Speech; discourse; lang- 
uage. 4. Anything like a tongue in 
shape, as the catch of a buckle, the 
pointer of a balance, a point of land. 
IP. vt. 1. Utter. 2. Chide. 3. Modu- 
late by using the tongue. 4. Unite by 
tongue and groove, as boards. III. vt. 
1. Talk. 2. Use the tongue in forming 
notes, as on the flute. [A. S. tunge. Ger. 
zunge. O. L. dingua. L. lingua.] 

tougue<l(tungd), a. Having a tongue. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mlt; note, not, move, wolf; 
jmjte, tut, burn ; oil, qwI, fftea, 



tongue-tied 



618 



toplofty 



tongue-tied (tung'-tid), a. 1. Having 
an impediment, as if the tongue were 
tied. 2. Unable to speek freely ; com- 
pelled to keep silence. 

tonic (ton'ik). I. a. 1. Relating to tones. 
2. Giving vigor to the system. II. n. 
Medicine which gives strength. 

tonicity (to-nis'i-ti), n. State of healthy 
tension (partial contraction), as in 
muscles while at rest. 

tonight, to-night (to-nit'). I. n. This 
night. II. adv. On this night. 

tonnage (tun'aj), n. 1. Weight in tons 
of goods in a' ship; cubical capacity 
of a ship. 2. Duty on ships, estimated 
per ton. 3. All the ships collectively. 

tonneau (ton-no'), n. 1. Body of an 
automobile. 2. Large touring car. 

tonons (to'nus), a. Abounding in tone. 

tonsil (ton'sil), n. One of the two 
almond-shaped glands at the root of 
the tongue.— tonsilitis (ton-sil-i'tis), 
n. Inflammation of the tonsils.— ton- 
silot'omy, n. Operation of removing 
the tonsils, entirely or partly. [L. ton- 
sillar stake, dim. of tonsa, oar.] 

tonsorial (ton-so'ri-al), a. Pertaining 
to a barber, or to shearing. * 

tonsure (ton'shor), n. 1. Act of clip- 
ping the hair, or of shaving the head. 
2. Bare place on the head, worn by 
priests. [L. tonsura.] 

tontine (ton-ten'), n. Life-annuity 
increasing as the subscribers die. 
[From Tonti of Naples, the inventor.] 

too (to), adv. 1. More than enough; 
over. 2. Likewise. [Same as to, prep.) 

took (tok), pa. t. and obs. pa. p. of 

TAKE. 

tool (tol). I. n. Instrument; implement. 

II. vt. Shape or finish with a tool. [A. 

S. tol, tool— root of do.] 
toot (tot), vt. and vi. Sound or blow, 

as a horn. [Imitative.] 




Teeth of Man, Left Upper Jaw. 

1, 2, Incisors. 3. Canine. 4, 5, B'icuspids. 

6, 7, 8, Molars. 

tooth (toth). I. n. \pl. teeth.] 1. One of 
the bony prominences in the jaws, 
used in biting and chewing. 2. Any- 
thing tooth-like; prong; cog. II. vt. 1. 
Furnish with teeth. 2. Cut into teeth ; 
indent. [A. S. toth.] 



toothache (toth'ak), n. Pain in a 
tooth. [tooth-like projections. 

toothed (totht), a. Having teeth or 

toothpick (toth'pik), n. Instrument 
for picking out anything between the 
teeth. [the taste. 

toothsome (toth' sum), a. Pleasant to 

top (top). I. n. 1. Highest part of any- 
thing. 2. Upper end or surface. 3. 
Highest rank; utmost degree. 4. 
Small platform at the bead of the 
lower mast. II. vi. [top'ping; topped.] 
Be eminent; tower; rise above all 
others. III. vt. 1. Cover on the top; 
tip. 2. Rise above; surpass; rise to 
the top of. 3. Take off the top of. [A. S. 
Ger. zopf.] 

top (top), n. 1. Child's pear-shaped toy, 
set whirling round on its point. 2. 
Ropemaker's conical implement, the 
groves in which guide the strands to 
be twisted. [O. Dut. top. Cf. Ger. topf.] 

topaz (to'paz), n. Precious stone, gen- 
erally yellowish. [Gr.J 

top-hoot (top'bot), n. Boot with a 
high leg, often appearing as if folded 
over at the top. 

topcoat (top'kot), n. Overcoat. 

top-dressing (top'dres-ing), n. Ma- 
nure laid on the surface of land. 

tope (top), vi. Drink liquor or beer 
frequently or to excess.— toper (to'- 
per), n. Drunkard. [From Fr. toper, 
cover a wager,— top, agreed.] 

topgallant (top'gal-ant), a. Applied 
to the mast and sail next above the 
topmast and topsail, and below the 
royal mast. 

top-heavy (top'-hev-i), a. Having the 
upper part too heavy for the lower. 

Topaet (to'fet), n. Place near Jerusa- 
lem, which as the site of the revolting 
Moloch worship, had been allowed to 
be used as a place of burning the 
refuse of the city, and from which a 
smoke was constantly rising. It was 
symbolical of the place of torment. 

topiary (to'pi-ar-i), a. Relating to trees 
and shrubbery cut into fantastic 
shapes. [L.— Gr. topos, place.] 

topic (top'ik), n. Subject of discourse 
or argument. [Gr. ta topika (the gen- 
eral principles of argument— topos, 
place), title of work by Aristotle.] 

topical (top'i-kal) a. 1. Pertaining to 
a place; local. 2. Relating to a topic 
or subject.— top'ically, adv. With 
reference to a particular place or 
topic. 

topknot (top'not), n. 1. Knot or crest 
worn or growing on the head. 2. 
Small fish of the turbot kind. 

toplofty (top'laf-ti), n. Pretentious; 
bombastic. [Cblloq. U. S.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, ittQve, wolf} 

mite, but, h«ra ; oil, pwl, Men. 



topmast 



619 



tortoise 



topmast (top'mast), n. Second mast, 
immediately above the lower mast. 

topmost (top'most), a. Highest. 

topography (to-pog'r a-f i), n. 1. De- 
tailed account of the superficial feat- 
ures of a tract of country. 2. Art of 
describing places. 3. The features of a 
locality. — topographer, n. One 
who describes a particular place. — 
topographical (top-o-graf'ikal), a. 
[Gr.—topos, place, andgrap/io, describe ] 

topology ( to-pol'o-ji ), n. Method of 
associating ideas with places, to assist 
the memory. [Gr. — topos, place, and 
logos, word.] 

toponomy (t 5 - p o n ' o - m i) , n. Local 
names in a district or country. [Gr.— 
topos, place, and onoma, name.] 

topophone (top'o-fon), n. Instrument 
for ascertaining the direction from 
which a sound proceeds. [Gr.— topos, 
place, and. phone, sound.] 

topping- (top'ing). I. n. 1. Act of one 
who tops. 2. Upper part. 3. Cut off 
top. II. a. 1. Overtopping; distin- 
guished. 2. Pretentious; arrogant. 

topple ( top'l ), vt. and vi. Fall, tumble 
or throw, down. [Oi'ig. Fall top fore- 
most. FromTOP.] 

topsail (top'sal), n. Sail across the top- 
mast, next above the lowest sail. 

tops-and-bottoms (top s'a n d-b o t'- 
ums), n.pl. Halves of rolls, browned in 
an oven; zwieback. 

topsyturvy I top-si-tur'vi ), adv. Bot- 
tom upwards; upside down. [Origin 
doubtful, probably, — top, and M. E. 
terved, upset. [toe, hat.] 

toque ( tok ), n. Cap; bonnet. [Wei. 

torah (to'ra), n. Book of law. [Heb, " 

toran (to'ran). n. 
Gateway to a Bud- 
dhist temple, con- 
sisting of two pil- 
lars and two or 
three cross pieces; 
torii. [Hind.] 

torch ( t a r c h ), n. 
Light formed of 
twisted tow dip- 
ped in pitch, wax 
or the like; flam- Toran. 

beau. [ Fr. torche 
— L. tortum, pa. p.' of torqueo, twist.] 

tore (tor), pa. t.oi tear. 

toreador (to-ra-a-dor'), n. Bullfighter. 
[Sp.— L. taurus, bull.] 

toreutic (to-ro'tik), a. Resembling, 
or pertainiug to, relief work, in 
ivory or metal; embossed. [Gr. tp- 
reuo, emboss.] 

torment (t ar' men t), n. 1. Torture; 
anguish. 2.' That which causes pain. 
[L. — torqueo, twist.] 




torment (tar-ment'),«f, 1. Torture; 
put to extreme pain, physical or men- 
tal. 2. Afflict. 3. Vex. 

tormentiugly ( tar-men' ting-li), adv 
In a tormenting manner. 

tormentor ( tar-men'tur ), n. One who 
or that which'torments. 

torn (torn), pa. p_. of tear. 

tornado ( tar-na'do ), n. Violent hurri- 
cane, frequent in tropical countries; 
small cyclone._ [Sp.- tornar, turn.] 

torpedo (tar-pe'do), n. 1. Species of eel 
having the power of giving an elec- 
tric stiock; cramp-fi^h. 2. Submarine 
apparatus for destroying shipping 
by explosion. 3. Any detonating cart- 
ridge or pellet.— torpedo-boat, n. 
High speed steam vessel designed for 
launching torpedoes. 

torpescent (tar-pes'ent), a. Becoming 
torpid or numb.— torpes'cence, n. 

torpid (tar'pid), a. 1. Having lost power 
of motion and feeling. 2. Sluggish.— 
tor'pidly, adv.— tor'pidness, tor- 
pid'ity,ns. [L. torpidus—torpeo, am 
stiff.] [Inactivity. 

torpor ( tar'pur ), n. 1. Numbness. 2. 

torque (tark), n. 1. Necklace of metal 
rings interlaced. 2. The extra power 
required in a dynamo to overcome the 
counterforce of the magnetism set up 
by the current in the revolving arma- 
ture. 3. The extra power similarly 
required in an electric motor. [ L. 
torques— torqueo, twist.] 

torrefy(t o r ' e - f i), vt. Scorch; parch. 
[L. torreo, dry, burn.] [L. torrens.] 

torrent ( tor'ent ), n. Rushing stream. 

Torricellian (to r-i-sel'i-an), a. Per- 
taining to Torricelli, who in 1643 
discovered the principle of the mer- 
cury barometer. 

torrid (tor'id), a. 1. Parching; violently 
hot. 2. Dried with heat. — Torrid zone, 
hot belt of the earth, included between 
the two tropics. 

torsion ( t a r ' s h u n ), n. 1. Twisting ; 
turning. 2. Force with which a thread 
or wire tends to return when twisted. 
[L. torsio— torqueo, twist.] 

torso (tar'so), n. \pl. tor'sos.] Trunk 
of a statue without head or limbs. 
[It.— L. thyrus, stalk.] 

tort(tart),w. Injury; civil wrong.— tor'- 
tious, a. [Fr.— L. tortum, crooked " 

tortile (tar'til), [a. 
Twisted ;" coiled. 
[L.] 

tortoise (tar'tis), 
n. Amphibious 
reptile encased 
between two 
strong shells. [O. 
tus, twisted.] 




Chicken tortoise. 

Fr. tortis — L. tor- 



f ate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



tortuous 



620 



tout 



tortuous (tav'tu-us), a. Twisted; wind- 
ing; deceitful.— tortuos'ity,tor'tu- 

ousness, ns. — tortuously, adv. 
[ Prom L. torqueo, tortum, twist.] 

torture (tar'tur). I. n. 1. A putting to 
the rack or severe pain, to extort a 
confession, or as a punishment. 2. 
Extreme pain; anguish of body or 
mind. II. vt. 1. Put to the rack. 2. Pain; 
vex.— torturer, n — torturous, a. 
Causing torture; suffering extremely. 
[Late Li. tortura — torqueo, twist.] 

torus (to'rus), n. 1. Semicircular mould- 
ing at the base of columns. 2. In a 
flower, receptacle on which the car- 
pels stand. [L.] 

Tory (to'ri), n. 1. A Conservative in 
English politics. 2. During the war 
of the Revolution, a supporter of the 
crown against the colonies.— To'ry- 
ism, n. [Prom Ir. toiridhe, pursuer.] 

toss (tos). I. vt. 1. Throw upward. 2. 
Cause to rise and fall; agitate. II. vi. 
Be tossed; tumble about. III. n. Act 
of throwing upward.— toss'er, n.— 
Toss up, throw a coin into the air and 
decide something by the side on which 
it falls. [Wei. tosiaw, jerk.] 

tot (tot), n. Small child. 

total (to-tal). I. a. "Whole; complete; 
undivided". II. n. Entire amount- 
totally, adv. [Prom L. totus, whole.] 

totality (to-tal'i-ti), n. 1. State of being 
total._ 2. Whole sum. [back. 

tote (tot),_tf£. Carry on the shoulders or 

totem (to'tem), n. Among the North 
American Indians, image, as of an 
animal, adopted as an emblem of a 
family. — to'temism, n. 1. System of 
distinguishing clans or families by 
totems. 2. The superstitions con- 
nected with totems. 

totter (tot'er), vi. Shake as if about to 
fall; stagger; sway. 

tottle (tot'l), vi. To walk unsteadily. 

toucan (to'- 
kan), n. So. 
A meric a n 
bird with a 
very large, 
light bill. 
[Pr. — Bra- 
zilian.] 

touch (touch). 
I. vt. 1. Come 
in contact 
with. 2. Per- 
ceive by feel- 
ing. 3. Reach. 
4. Relate to. 5. Handle or treat gently 
or slightly. 6. Influence. II. vi. 1. Be 
in contact. 2. (upon) Refer slightly. 
III. n. 1. Contact. 2. Movement on a 
musical instrument. 3. Sense of feel- 




Toucan. 



ing. 4. Affection; emotion. 5. Small 
quantity. 6. {music) Resistance of the 
keys of an instrument to the fingers. 
[ Fr. toucher (It. toccare), from Ger. 
zucken, move, draw.] 

touch-down (touch 'down), n. In foot- 
ball, touching the ball to the ground 
behind the opponents' goal line. 

touchhole (tuch'hol), n. Small hole 
of a cannon through which the fire is 
communicated to the charge. 

touching (tuch'ing). I. a. Affecting; 
pathetic. II. prep. Concerning — 
touch'ingly, adv. 

touchstone (tuch'ston), n. 1. Kind of 
basalt used for testing gold or silver 
by the streak left upon the stone when 
rubbed against the metal. 2. Any 
test or criterion. 

touchwood (tuch'wod), n. Decayed 
wood used as tinder. 

touchy (tuch'i), a. Irritable; peevish; 
apt to take fire; irascible; techy. 

tough (tuf). I. a. 1. Not easily broken, 
torn or separated. 2. Able to endure 
hardship. 3. Severe; difficult. 4. Vi- 
cious. II. n. Bully; rowdy.— tough - 
ly, adv.— toughness, n. [A. S. toh.] 

toughen (tuf'n), vt. and vt. Make or 
become tough or tougher. 

toupet (t5-pa'), toupee (to-pe'), ns. 
Small wig; tuft. [Pr.] 

tour (tor). I. n. 1. Turn; circle. 2. 
Going round ; journey in a circuit; pro- 
longed journey. II. vi. and vt. Make 
a journey (through). — tourist, n. 
One whomakes a journey for pleasure, 
stopping at many places for sight- 
seeing. 

tourmaline (tor'ma-lin), n. Beautiful 
mineral of many colors, used for 
jewelry. [Prom Tourmali in Ceylon.] 

tournament (tor'na-ment), tour- 
ney (tor'ni), n. 1. Mock fight ou horse- 
back. 2. Any series of contests or 
games of skill. [O. Pr. tourniement.} 

tourniquet (tor'ni-ket), n. Bandage 
tightened by turning a screw, to check 
a flow of blood, used chiefly in ampu- 
tations. [Pr.— tourner, turn.] 

tournure (tor-nur'), n. 1. Contour; 
shape. 2. Back drapery of a gown; 
bustle. [rumple. [Cf. Ger. zausen.) 

to use (towz), vt. Pull; tear; tease; 

tousle (tow'zl), vt. 1. Pull about rough- 
ly. 2. Put into disorder; dishevel; 
rumple. [Dim. of tottse.] 

tout (towt). I. vi. Look out for trade 
in an obtrusive way; spy. II. n. 1. 
One who goes about soliciting trade, 
as for an inn; touter. 2. One who 
secretly watches horses at trial-races 
and sells the information thus gained. 
tout'er, n.— [Prom toot.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, mSve, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



tout-ensemble 



121 



tractile 



tout-ensemble (to-tang-sang'bl), n. 
General effect. [Pr.=all together.] 

tow (to). I. vt. Pull a vessel through 
the water with a rope. II. n. 1. Tow- 
line. 2. Towing. 3. Vessel towed. [A. 
S. teohan, teon, draw.] 

tow (to), n. Coarse part of flax or hemp. 
[Icel. to, tuft of wool for spinning.] 

towage (to'aj), n. 1. Act of towing. 2. 
Pay for towing. 

toward (to'ard), towards (to'ardz). 

1. prep. 1. In the direction of. 2. With 
a tendency to. 3. Near. II. adv. 1. 
Nearly. 2. In a state of preparation. 
[A. S. toweard.] 

toward (to'ward), towardly (to'ward- 
li), a. 1. Coming near. 2. Ready to 
do or learn; apt; promising. 3. For- 
ward; bold. — to'wardness, to'- 
wardliness, ns. 

towboat (to'bot), n. Boat that is towed, 
or one towing other vessels, 

towel (tow'el), n. Cloth for wiping. [Fr. 
touaille — O. Ger. twehele, towel. Ger. 
quehle. Cf. A. S. thweal, bath.] [towels. 

towelling- (tow'el-ing), n. Cloth for 

tower (tow'er). I. n. 1. Lofty building, 
usually much higher than wide. 2. 
Fortress. II. vi. Rise into the air; be 
lofty.— tow'ered, a. Having towers. 
— tow'ering, a. 1. Very high. 2. Vio- 
lent. — tow'ery, a. Having towers; 
lofty.— [A. S. tur, tor. Ger. thurm. Fr. 
tour. All— L. turris, tower.] 

towline (to'lin),7i. Line used in towing. 

town ( town ), n. 1. Place larger than a 
village. 2. City. 3. Inhabitants of a 
town. 4. Township. [A. S. tun, fence. 
Cf. Ger. zaun, fence.] 

townclerk ( town'klerk ), n. One who 
keeps the records of a town. 

towncrier ( town'krier ), n. One who 
gives public notices in a town. 

townhall ( town'hal ), n. Public build- 
ing for the official business of a town. 

town-meeting- (town'me-ting), n. In 
New England and some other States, 
i primary meeting of the voters for 
the consideration of local matters. 

township ( town'ship ), n. 1. Territory 
or district of a town. 2. In American 
land measure, six miles square = 
thirty-six square miles or sections = 
23,040 acres. 

townsman ( townz'man ), n. 1. Inhab- 
itant or fellow-inhabitant of a town. 

2. In New England, selectman. 
towpath (to'path), 7i. Path for men 

and beasts towing boats. 
toxansemia, toxanemia (toks-a-ne'- 

mi-a), 7i. Anasmia caused by poison. 
toxic (toks'ik), a. 1. Poisonous. 2. Tox- 

icological. [Gr. toxicon, poison for the 

arrow, — toxon, bow.] 



toxicology (toks-i-kol'o-ji), n. Science 
of poisons and their antidotes, and of 
the effects of excessive doses of medi- 
cine.— toxicol'ogist, n. — toxico- 
log'ical, a. 

toxin, toxine (toks'in), n. Poisonous 
substance in animals, generated in 
the process of 'tissue transformation. 

toy ( toi). I. 7i. 1. Child's plaything. 2. 
Trifle; play; caress; fable: whim. II. 
vi. Trifle ; play.— toyman ( toi'man ), 
n. One who makes or sells toys. [Dut. 
tuig, material, speeltuig, plaything.] 

trace (tras). I. n. 1. Mark left; footprint. 

2. Minute quantity. 3. pi. Straps by 
which a vehicle is drawn. II. vt. 1. 
Follow by tracks or footsteps. 2. 
Sketch; draw; map out.— tra'cer, n. 
[Fr.— L. tractus, pa. p. of traho, draw.] 

Syn. Sign; token; vestige; foot- 
mark; traii ; remnant; remains. 

traceable ( tra'sa-bl ), a. That may be 
traced. — trace'ableness, n. — 
trace'ably, adv. 

tracery ( ira'ser-i ), n. Ornamental 
work in flowing outline. 

trachea (tra'ke-a), n. [pi. tra'cheas.] 
Wind pipe formed of rings of gristle.— 
tracheal, a. L.— Gr. trachys, rough.] 

tracheotomy (tra-ke-ot'o-mi), n. Op- 
eration of cutting into the trachea. 
[tbachea, and Gr. temno, cut.] 

trachyte (trak'it). n. A rough volcanic 
rock. [Fr. — Gr. trachytes, roughness.] 

tracing ( tra'sing ), n. 1. Act of one 
who traces. 2. Copy produced by 
means of tracing paper.— tracing- 
paper, n. Thin transparent paper 
for tracing drawings, engravings etc. 

track (trak). I. vt. 1. Follow by marks 
or footsteps. 2. Make tracks upon. 

3. Tow. II. n. 1. Mark left. 2. Foot- 
print. 3. Beaten path . 4. Two paral- 
lel lines of rails on railways.— traclt'- 
less, a. 1. Without a path. 2. Untrod- 
den. [From Dut. trekken, move.] 

trackage (trak'aj), n. 1. The total 
length of all the' tracks. 2. A towiug, 
as of a boat on a canal. 

tracker (trak'er), n. 1. One who tracks. 
2. One who tows a boat on a canal or 
river. 

track-scale (trak'skal),7i. Scale which 
weighs a section of a track with the 
load standing on it. 

tract (trakt), n. 1. Something drawn 
out or extended. 2. Region. 3. Short 
treatise. [L.— traho, draw.] 

tractable (trak'ta-bl), a. Easily drawn, 
managed or taught; docile.— tract'- 
ableness, tractabil'ity, ns. — 
tractably, adv. [L. tracto, freq. of 
traho, draw.] [drawn out; ductile. 

tractile (trak'til), a. That may be 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; not6, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



traction 



622 



training: 




traction ( trak'shun ), n. 1. Act of 
drawing or state of being drawn. 2. 
Moving heavy 
bodies along a 
track. — trac- 
tion-engine, 
steam engine 
which propels 
itself on com- 
mon roads. — 
tractio n- 

wheel, wheel , 

Whose friction faction engine, 

on the ground or rail is the direct 
agent of progression. 

tractive (trak'tiv), a. Drawing, [draws. 

tractor ( trak'tur ), n. That which 

trade (trad). I. n. 1. Buying and sell- 
ing; commerce. 2. Occupation. 3. 
Men engaged in the same occupation. 
II. vt. and vi. Buy and sell; barter.— 
tra'der, n. [A. S. trod, path.] 

Syn. Vocation; employment; pro- 
fession; calling^ dealing; traffic. 

trademark (trad'mark), n. Distinct- 
ive device warranting goods for sale 
as the production of a certain firm. 

tradesman (tradz'man), n. 1. Store- 
keeper. 2. Mechanic— trades' wom- 
an, n. fern. 

trade-union (trad'u-ni-un), n. Union 
among workmen of the same trade 
to maintain their rights and to bet- 
ter their condition. 

tradewinds ( trad'windz ), n. Winds 
in and near the torrid zone, blowing 
always in the same direction. 

tradition (tra-dish'un ), n. 1. Oral 
banding down of opinions or prac- 
tices to posterity. 2. Belief or custom 
as handed down. — tradi'tional, 
traditionary, as. Delivered by 
tradition.— traditionally , tradi- 

. tionarily, advs.— tradi'tionist, n. 
One who adheres to tradition. [L. tra- 
ditio, delivery, — trado — trans, over, 
and do, give.] 

tradnce ( tra'dus ), vt. Expose to con- 
tempt or disgrace.— tradnce'ment, 
n. Defamation. — tradu'cer, n. [L. 
traduco— trans and duco, lead.] 

Syn. Calumniate; defame; vilify; 
asperse; expose; misrepresent. 

tradncianism( tra du'shi-an-izm ), n. 
Doctrine that both body and soul of 
the individual are propagated; op- 
posed to creationism, according to 
which each soul is a new creation. 

traffic (t r a f ' i k). I. n. 1. Commerce; 
trade. 2. Business done on a railway, 
etc. II. vi. [trafficking; trafficked.] 
To carry on commerce; deal. III. vt. 
Exchange. — trafficker, n. [ Fr. 
traftc,— L. trans, and facer e, make.] 




tragacanth (trag'a-kanth), n. A gum 
much used in pharmacy . [Gr.] 

tragedian ( tra-je'di-an ), n. Actor of 
tragedy. [of tragedy. [Fr.] 

tragedienne (tra-je-di-en'), n. Actress 

tragedy (tr aj'e-di), n. 1. Drama in 
which the action and language are 
elevated, and the catastrophe sad. 
2. Any fatal or dreadful event. [Gr. 
tragodia.] 

tragic (traj'ik), tragical, a. Pertain- 
ing to tragedy; sorrowful; calami- 
tous.— tragically, adv. 

tragi-comedy 
(traj'i-kom'e-di), n. 
Dramatic piece in 
which grave and 
comic scenes are 
blended. — tragi- 
comic, tragi- 
comical, as. — 
trag'i-com'ically, 
adv. 

tragus (tra'gus), n. 
1. Lobe in front of 
the orifice of the 
human ear. 2. Cor- 
responding part in 
animals, in some Left Human Eae. 
cases serving as a 2 TraKUS 2 An 
valve. [Gr. tragos, titragus* '3. Lobe, 
goatee, so called be- 4. Helix. 5. Anti- 
cause Of the hair on helix. 6. Fossa of 
it.] the Antihelix. 7. 

trail (tral). I. Vt. 1. Concha. 
Drag along the 
ground. 2. Hunt by tracking. II. vi. 1. 
Be drawn out in length. 2. Follow. 
III. n. Track followed by the hunter ; 
road. [O. Fr. trailler,—L,. traho, draw.] 

train(tran). I. vt. 1. Draw along. 2. 
Educate; discipline; tame for use, as 
animals; cause to grow in certain 
shape, as the branches of a tree; pre- 
pare for athletic feats or a race. 3. 
Bring to bear; aim. II. vi. 1. Exercise; 
discipline; be drilled. 2. Consort (with). 
III. n. 1. That which is drawn along 
after someting else, as the part of a 
dress which trails on the ground, a 
retinue of attendants, cars drawn by 
an engine, etc. 2. Line of gunpowder 
to fire a charge. 3. Process ; course ; 
series; string; file. — train'er, n. 
[Fr. trainer, — L. traho, draw.] 

train-bearer (tra n'-b a r-er), n. One 
who holds upthe train of a robe. 

training (tra'ning), n. 1. Practical 
education in an art or trade or the 
like. 2. The condition of one so edu- 
cated. 3 The process of causing 
trees to grow in a desired shape.— 
train'ing-snip, n. A ship for train- 
ing boys to be seamen. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



train-oil 



623 



transept 



train-oil (tran'oil), n. Whale oil ex- 
tracted from the blubber by boiling. 
[Ger. tran, fish-oil.] 

trainway (tran'wa), n. Platform 
hinged to a wharf and forming a 
bridge to a boat. 

trait (trat), n. 1. Touch. 2. Distin- 
guishing feature. [Fr.— L. tractum, 
pa. p. of traho, draw.] 

traitor (tra'tur), n. One who betrays 
a trust, esp. one who aids the enemy 
of his country ; one guilty of treason. 
— trait'ress, n. fern. [Fr. tratire — L. 
traditor — trado, give up.] 

traitorous (tra'tur-us), a. 1. Like a 
traitor ; guilty of treason. 2. Im- 
plying, or characterized by, treason. 
— trai'torously, adv. 

Syn. Treacherous; faithless; per- 
fidious; unfaithful; treasonable. 

traject (tra-jekf), vt. Throw across or 
through.— traject'ory, n. Curve de- 
scribed by a flying body, as a planet 
or a projectile. [From L. trajicio,— 
trans and jacio, throw.] [ference. 

traject (traj'ekt), n. 1. Ferry. 2. Trans- 

tra'latition (tral-a-tisk'un), n. A de- 
parture from the literal meaning of 
words; metaphor.— tralati'tions, a. 

tram (tram), n. 1. Rail of a tramway. 
2. Small car running on rails. — 
tram'road, tramway, ns. Street 
railroad. [Icel. tramn, beam.] 

trammel (tram'el). I. n. 1. Net used 
in fowling or fishing. 2. Anything 
that confines or impedes. 3. Imple- 
ment in a fireplace on which to hang 
a pot. 4. A grooved cross and beam 
compass for drawing ellipses. II. vt. 1. 
Shackle; confine. 2. Train slavishly. 
[Fr. tramail, net,— Low L. tremaculum 
— L. tres, three, and macula, mesh.] 

tramontane (tra-mon'tan), a. Lying 
beyond the mountains (the Alps), 
from Rome; outlandish; barbarous. 
[L. — trans and mons, mountain.] 

tramp (tramp). I. vt. Tread; stamp. 
II. vi. Walk; go on foot. III. n. 1. 
Foot journey. 2. Act of tramping; 
tread. 3. Homeless vagabond. 4. 
Freight vessel that does not sail in 
any regular line. [Imitative.] 

trample (tram 'pi), vt. Tread under 
foot.— tramp'ler, n. [From tramp.] 

tramway (tram'wa), n. 1. Originally, 
a track made of trams of wood or 
flat stones. 2. Railroad. 

tram- wheel (tram'hwel), n. Flanged, 
metallic wheel, as used on railroads. 

trance (trans). I. n. State in which 
the soul is said to be absent from the 
body, or wrapt in visions. II. vt. En- 
trance; enchant. [Fr. transe—transir, 
be chilled,— L. transire, go across ; die.] 



trangram (trang'ram), n. Gimcrack. 

tranquil (trang'kwil), a. Quiet; undis- 
turbed. — tran'quilly, adv. — tran- 
quillity ( trang-kwil'i-ti ), tran- 
quilness, ns. [L. tranguillus.] 

Sy?i. Calm; peaceful; still; placid; 
serene; composed; collected. 

tranquilizer tranquillize (trang'- 

kwil-iz), vt. Make tranquil. [soothe. 

Syn. Appease; calm; pacify; still; 

trans-, prefix. Beyond; across. [L.]. 

transact (trans-akf). I. vt. Perform; 
carry through; manage. II. vi. Deal; 
negotiate. — transact'or, n. [ L. — 
trans and ago, carry on. See ACT.] 

transaction ( trans-ak'shun ), n. 1. 
Act of transacting. 2. Management. 
3. Affair; business or thing done. 4. 
pi. Reports of learned societies. 

transalpine (trans-al'pin), a. Beyond 
the Alps (in regard to Rome). [L. 
transalpinus.] 

transandine (trans-an'din), a. To or 
on the other side of the Andes. 

transatlantic ( trans-at-lan'tik ), a. 
Situated beyond, or plying across, 
the Atlantic Ocean. 

transcalent ( trans-ka'lent ), a. Per- 
mitting the passage of heat. 

transcend (tran-send'), vt. Rise above; 
surpass ; exceed. [ L. — trans and 
scando, climb.] 

transcendent(tran-sen'dent),a. 1. Su- 
perior in excellence. 2. Lying beyond 
human experience. — transcend - 
ently, adv. — transcendence, n. 

transcendental (tran-sen-den'tal). I. 

0. 1. Surpassing others. 2. Concerned 
with what is independent of experi- 
ence; metaphysical. 3. Extravagant; 
vague. I. n. A transcendent concep- 
tion, as one, thing, something, good, 
true. — transcendent'ally, adv. — 
transcendent'alism, n. 1. Inves- 
tigation of what is a priori in human 
knowledge, or independent of exper- 
ience. 2. That which is vague and 
illusive in philosophy.— transcend- 
ent'alist, n. Follower of a transcen- 
dental philosopher. 

transcribe (tran-skrib')i vt. Write over 

from one book into another; copy. — 

transcriber, n. [copy. 

transcript (tran'skript), n. Written 

transcription ( tran-skrip'shun ), n. 

1. Act of copying. 2. Copy. 3. Arrange- 
ment of a musical composition for an 
instrument or voice for which it was 
not originally intended. 

transept (tran'sept), n. 1. Cross-aisle 
of a church, at right angles to the 
nave. 2. Either half, north or south, 
of this cross-aisle. [L. — trans and sep- 
tum, inclosure.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



transfer 



624 



transmittal 



transfer (trans-fer'), vt. [transferring; 
transferred'.] 1. Convey to another 
place; carry. 2. Make over the posses- 
sion of; give. 3. Convey by means of 
transfer paper, as a design to the 
lithographic stone. 4. Cut out (as 
lace) and sew on a new piece of fabric, 
— transferrer, n. [ L. trans and 
fero, carry.] 

Syn. Transport; remove; sell; give. 

transfer (trans'fer), 74. 1. Conveyance. 
2. That which is transferred. 3. 
Ticket giving transportation on a 
connecting line. — transference, 74. 

transferable (trans-fer'a-bl), a. That 
may be transferred from one place or 
person to another.— transferabil- 
ity, n. 

transferee (trans-fer-e'), n. Person to 
whom a thing is transferred. 

transfiguration ( t r a n s-fi g-u-r a'- 
sbun), n. 1. Change of form. 2. (cap) 
Supernatural change in the appear- 
ance of Christ, described in Matt. 
xvii., and commemorated on Aug. 6. 

transfigure (trans-fig'ur), vt. Change 
the form of; elevate and glorify. 

transfission (t r a n s-fi s h'u n), 74. A 
cleaving; transverse fission. 

transfix (trans-fiks'), vt. 1. Pierce; im- 
pale. 2. Fasten by something sharp 
thrust through.— transfix'ion, n. 1. 
A piercing or being pierced. 2. Method 
of amputating by piercing the limb 
with a knife and cutting outward. 
[L. trans and Fix.] 

transform (trans-farm'). I. vt. 
Change the shape, substance, or dis- 
position of. II. vi. Be changed.— 
transformation, n. 1. Change in 
form, nature or condition. 2. In math. 
Change to an expression of different 
form, but of the same value. 

Syn. Convert; transmute; meta- 
morphose. 

transfuse ( trans -fuz' ), vt. 1. Pour 
into another vessel. 2. Cause to pass 
(blood) from the arteries of one person 
to those of another. 3. Cause to be 
imbibed.— transfu'sion,74.— trans- 
fn'sionist, n. One who is skilled, or 
believes, in transfusion. [L. trans and 
fundo,fusum, pour.] 

transgress (trans-gres'). I. vt. 1. Pass- 
beyond (a limit). 2. Break, as a law. 
II. m. Sin.— transgres'sion,?4. Viola- 
tion of a law; trespass; offense.— 
transgressor, n. [L. trans and 
gradior, gressus, step.] 

tranship, trans-ship (trans-ship'), 
vt. Transfer to another ship.— trans- 
shipment, 74. 

transient (tran'shent). I. a. 1. Pass- 
ing; of short duration. 2. Hasty. II. 



74. 1. One who or that which is tempo- 
rary. 2. Temporary guest.— tran- 
siently, adv.— tran'sientness, 74. 

[L. transiens— trans and eo, go.] 

transisthmian ( trans-ist'mi-an ), a. 
Extending across an isthmus, as that 
of Panama or of Suez. 

transit (tran'sit). I. 74. 1. Passing over 
or through. 2. Conveyance. 3. Pass- 
age of a heavenly body over the meri- 
dian of a place, or over the sun's disk. 
4. Surveyors' instrument for measur- 
ing horizontal angles. II. vt. Pass 
over the disk of. 

transition (tran-sizh'un), n. Passage 
from one place or state to another; 
change.— transitional, a. Contain- 
ing or denoting transition. 

transitive (tran'si-tiv), a. 1. Passing 
over. 2. Denoting a verb which has 
an object. — tran'sitively, adv. — 
tran'sitiveness, n. [See tbansient.] 

transitory (tran'si-t5-ri), a. Lasting 
for a short time; speedily vanishing; 
short-lived ; transient.— tran'sitori- 
ly, adv.— tran'sitoriness, 74. Short 
duration ; evanescence. 

translatable (trans-la'ta-bl), a. That 
may be rendered into another lan- 
guage, or expressed in other words. 

translate (trans-laf), vt. 1. Remove 
to another place. 2. Render into an- 
other language; explain. 3. Convey 
to heaven alive; put intoecstacy. 4. 
Retransmit (a telegraphic message) 
over another line.— translation, 74. 
— translator, 74. [L. trans and. fero, 
latum, carry.] 

transliterate (t r a n s-1 i t'e r-a t), vt. 
Transcribe in a different alphabet. 

translucent (trans-16'sent), a. Allow- 
ing light to pass, but not transpar- 
ent.— transln'cently, a^.-trans- 
lu'cence, translu'eency, ns. [L. 
trans and luceo, shine, — lux, light.] 

translnnar (trans-16'nar), a. Being 
beyond the moon. Opposed to sublunar. 

transmarine (trans-ma-ren'), a. Be- 
yond the sea. 

transmigrate (trans'mi-grat), vi. 1. 
Migrate to another country. 2. Pass 
into another body or state. — trans- 
migration, 74.— trans'migrator, 
74. — transmi'gratory, a. 

transmissible (trans-mis'i-bl), a. 1. 
That may be passed from one to an- 
other; mailable. 2. Capable of being 
transmitted through any body or sub- 
stance.— transmissibil'ity, 74. 

transmission (t r a n s-m i s h'u n) , 74. 
1 Transference. 2. Heredity. 3. Power 
of a bodv to let light, etc., pass through. 

transmittal (trans-mit'al), 74. Act of 
transmitting. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



transmit 



625 



trap 



transmit (trans-mif), vt. [transmit' - 
ting; transmit'ted. J Allow to pass 
through.— transmitter, n. One who 
or that which transmits, e^p. the 
sending instrument in the telegraph 
and telephone. [L. trans and mitto, 
send.] 

transmogrify ( trans-mog'ri-fi ), vt. 
Transform. ( Humorous for modify. ) 

transmntable ( t r a n s-m u't a-b 1 ), a. 
That may he changed into a different 
form, nature, or substance, -trans- 
mutably, adv. — transmu'table- 
ness, transmutabil'ity, ns. 

transmute (trans-muf), vt. Change to 
another form or substance.— trans- 
mnta'tion, n. Transformation. — 
transmuta'tionist, n. 1. Formerly, 
one who believed that a base metal 
could be changed into a precious one. 
2. One who believes that a species of 
animal or plant can be gradually mo- 
dified. [L. trans and muto, change.] 

transoceanic (trans-o-she-an'ik), a. 1. 
Being on the other side of the ocean. 
2. Crossing the ocean, as in flight. 

transom ( t r a n' - 
sum), 72-. 1. Cross 
beam, esp. the hor- 
izontal mullion or 
cross-bar of a win- 
dow. 2. Lintel over 
a door. 3. Tran- 
som-window. 4. In 
ships, one of the 
beams across the 
sternpost,strength- 
ening the afterpart. — transom- 
window, n. 1. Window divided into 
two parts by a transom. 2. Window 
over the lintel of a door. [L. trans 
and sumo, take.] 

transpadane (trans-pa-dan'), a. Situ- 
ated beyond the river Po, in Italy. 
[From trans, across, and Padus, Po.] 

transpanamic(tr an's-pan-am'ik) ,a. Si- 
tuated beyond the isthmus of Panama. 

transparency ( trans-par'en-si ), n. 1. 
Quality of being transparent. 2. That 
which is transparent. 3. Picture on 
semi-transparent material seen by 
means of light shining through. 

transparent (trans-par'ent), a. 1. 
Transmitting light. 2. Easily intelli- 
gible. — transparently, adv. — 
transpar'entness, n. [L. trans and 
pareo, appear.] [translucent; clear. 
Syn. Diaphanous; lucid; pellucid; 

transpierce ( trans-pers' ), vt. Pierce 
through; permeate. 

transpire ( tran-spir' ). I. vt. Breathe 
or pass through the pores of the skin. 
II. vi. 1. Exhale. 2. Become public. 3. 
(erroneously for) Occur. — transpi- 




Transom-window. 



ra'tion, n. 1. Exhalation through 
the skin. 2. Passing of a gas through 
fine orifices. [ L. trans and spiro, 
breathe.] 

transplace (trans-plas'), vt. 1. Re- 
move; put into a new place. 2. Cause 
to exchange places. 

transplant (trans-plant'), vt. Remove 
and plant in another place.— trans- 
planter, n. 1. A hinged, double 
garden trowel for moving small 
plants with a ball of earth. 2. A 
machine for moving trees. — trans- 
planta'tion,ra. Act of transplanting 
a living plant, or of removing living 
tissue to another part of the body. 

transport ( trans-port' ), vt. 1. Carry 
from one place to another. 2. Carry 
beyond the sea; banish. 3. Carry away 
by violence of passion or pleasure.— 
transpor fable, a.— transporta- 
tion, n. [L. trans, and porto, carry.] 

transport (trans'port), n. 1. Carriage 
from one place to another. 2. Vessel 
for conveyance. 3. Conveyance of 
troops and their necessaries by land 
or sea. 4. Ecstasy; rapture. 

transposal (trans-pS'zal), n. Change 
of place or order. 

transpose (trans-poz'), vt. 1. Put one 
in the place of the other. 2. Change, 
as the order of words, or the key in 
music.-transposi'tion, n. 1. Change 
in the order or position of two things. 
2. Inalg. The bringing over of any 
term or terms from one side of an 
equation to the other. — transposi- 
tional, transpos'itive, a. Con- 
sisting in, or made by, transposition. 
[L. trans and Fr. poser^ (see pose, n.)] 

transshape (trans-shap'), vt. Change 
into another form. 

trans-ship. See tranship. 

transubstantiate (tran-sub-stan'shi- 
at), vt. To change from one substance 
to another. — transubstantia'tion, 
n. Change into another substance, esp. 
of the bread and wine into Christ's 
body and blood. [From L. trans, over, 
and substantia, substance.] 

transude ( tran-sud' ), vi. To ooze 
through, as through pores. — tran- 

jT suda'tion,w.[FromL. trans, through, 
and sudare, sweat.] 

transverse (trans-vers'), trans- 
ver'sal, a. Lying across, —trans- 
versely, adv. [L. trans, and verto, 
turn.[ 

trap (trap), n. Volcanic rock lying in 
steps or terraces. [Sw. trappa, stairs.] 

trap (trap). I. vt. [trap'ping; trapped.] 
Drape gaily; adorn. II. n. (mostly in 
pi.) Horse-cloth; belongings. [Fr. 
drap— Low L. drappus, cloth.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, mo*ve, 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



roll; 



trap 



626 



tread-mill 




Traps in Waste- 
• pipes. 

1. Slattern. 2. 
To gad about. 
1. Swinging bar 



trap ( trap ). I. n. 1. Instrument for 
snaring animals. 2. Ambush; strata- 
gem. 3. Device for 
tossing into the air 
objects to be shot 
at. 4. Contrivance 
for hindering the 
passage of foul air 
from a waste-pipe, 
etc. II. vt. [ trap' 
ping; trapped.] 1. 
Catch in a trap; in. 
snare. 2. Furnish 
With a trap.— trap'- 
per, n. [A. S. trappe 
—root of TRAMP.] 

trap-door(trap'dor), 
n. Door in a floor. 

trapes ( traps). I. n 
Long tramp. IL vi. 

trapeze (tra-pez'), n. 
for gymnastic exercises. 2. Trapezium. 

trapezium (tra-pe'zi-um), n. 1. Plane 
figure having four unequal sides, no 
two of which are parallel. 2. A bone 
of the wrist. [Gr. trapezion, dim. of 
trapeza,ta,ble,—tetra-peza, four-legged.] 

trapezoid (trap'e-zoid), n. 1. Plane 
four-sided figure, having two opposite 
sides parallel. 2. A bone of the wrist. 

trapping's ( trap'ingz ), n. pi. Gay 
clothes; ornaments, esp. those put on 
horses. [See trap, adorn.] 

Trappist (trap'ist), n. One of a R. C. 
monastic order with extremely aus- 
tere rules, among which almost per- 
petual silence is the most notable. 

trash (trash). l.vt. Crop; strip of 
leaves or branches. II. n. Refuse; 
matter unfit for food. — trasn'y, a. 
Worthless. [Icel. tros, broken t twigs.] 

trass (tras), n. Volcanic earth used as 
a hydraulic cement. (A form of ter- 
race, prob. through the Dutch.] 

trauma ( tra'ma ), n. 1. Accidental 
wound. 2. Condition of the body 
caused by violence, as a wound. 3. 
Violence causing bodily injury. — 
traumatica. Pertaining to wounds. 
— traumatism, n. Morbid condi- 
tion caused by wounds or bruises. 
[Gr. trauma, wound.] 

travail (trav'al). I.n. Excessive labor ; 
toil; labor in childbirth. II. vi. .La- 
bor. [Pr.] [It.trave— L. £ra&s, beam.] 

trave (trav), n. Cross beam in a ceiling. 

travel ( trav'el ). I. vi. 1. Walk. 2. 
Journey ; pass ; move. II. vt. Journey 
over. III. n. 1. Act of passing from 
place to place; journey. 2. Length of 
stroke. 3. (pi.) Account of a journey. 
—traveler trav'el-er), n. 1. One who 
travels. 2. Ring that slides along a 
rope or spar. [Prom travail.] 



traversable (tr a v'er-sa-bl), a. That 
may be traversed or denied. 

traverse (trav'ers). I. a. Lying across. 
II. n. 1. Anything laid or built across. 
2. Something that crosses or ob- 
structs. 3. A gallery connecting two 
sides, as in a church. 4. Inlaw. Plea 
containing a denial of some fact 
alleged by an opponent. III. vt. 1. 
Cross. 2. Thwart. 3. Survey. 4. In 
law. Deny what an opponent has 
alleged. IV. vi. 1. In fencing. Oppose 
a movement. 2. Direct a gun to the 
right or left; swivel.— trav'erser, n. 
[L. trans, and verto, turn.] 

travertin (trav'er-tin), n. Rock formed 
by calcareous deposit from spring- 
water, in Italy, much used for build- 
ing. 

travesty (trav'es-ti). I. n. Burlesque 
imitation. II. vt. [ trav'estied. ] Turn 
into burlesque. [ Pr. travestir, dis- 
guise,— L. trans and vestio, clothe.] 

trawl ( t r a 1 ). I. vi. Pish with a trawl. 

II. n. 1. Bag-net with wide mouth, 
dragged along the bottom after a 
boat. 2. Buoyed fishing line with 
many hooks. [A form of trail.] 

trawler (tral'er), n. 1. One who trawls. 
2. Small fishing vessel with a trawl 
net. [sel ; salver. [A form of trough.] 

tray (tra), n. Shallow, trough-like ves- 

treacmeroras(trech'er-us),a. 1. Betray- 
ing a trust. 2. Marked by perfidy. 3. 
Deceptive.— treacherously, adv.— 
treach'erousness, n. 
Syn. Faithless; perfidious; false. 

treachery ( trech'er-i ), n. Faithless- 
ness. [O. Fr. trecherie, trickery.] 

treacle ( tre'kl ), n, i. Formerly, anti- 
dote to the poison of a snake. 2. Mo- 
lasses obtained in refining sugar. 3. 
Syrup, as of inspissated birch-sap. 
[O. Fr. triacle — Gr. theriaka, antidote 
against bites, — therion, wild beast.] 

tread (tred). I. vi. [treading; trod; trod 
or trod'den.] 1. Set the foot. 2. Walk; 
go. II. vt. 1. Walk on; press with the 
foot. 2. Trample in contempt; subdue. 

III. n. 1. Pressure with the foot; step. 
2. Manner of stepping. 3. One of the 
horizontal parts of a stairs. 4. Part 
(of the wheel) bearing on the rail. 5. 
Part (of the rail) on which the wheel 
bears.— tread'er, n. [A. S. tredan.] 

treadle (tred'l). I. n. Part of machine 
which the foot treads on and moves, 
as on a sewing-machine. II. vi. To 
operate a treadle or treadles. 

tread-mill ( tred'mil ), n. Mill worked 
by stepping from one to the other of 
the steps of a cylindrical wheel, used 
chiefly as an instrument of prison 
discipline. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, nut; n5te, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



tread-wheel 



627 



trend 



tread-wheel ( tred'hwel ), n. Wheel 
kept in motion by the weight of a 
walking animal, as a dog, and used 
for mechanical purposes. 

treason (tre'zu), n. 1. Betraying of the 
government, or an attempt to over- 
throw it. 2. Treachery; disloyalty. 
[O. Fr. traison, ( Fr. irahison ) — L. 
trado, give up, betray.] 

treasonable (tre'zn-a-bl), a. Pertain- 
ing to, consisting of, or involving, 
treason.— treasonably, adv. 

treasure (trezh'or). I. n. 1. "Wealth 
stored up. 2. Abundance. 3. Thing 
much valued. II. vt. 1. Hoard up. 2. 
Value greatly. [Fv .tresor-Gv.thesauros.] 

treasurer (trezh'6r-er), n. 1. One who 
has the care of a treasury or of col- 
lected funds. 2. Officer of the Treasury 
Department, who receives the money 
of the United States, and disburses it 
only upon warrants from the Secre- 
tary of the Treasury.— treasurer- 
ship, n.— treasure-trove (trezh'- 
or-trov), n. Treasure or money found 
in the earth, owner being unknown. 
[treasure and O. Fr. trove, found.] 

treasury (trezh'6r-i), n. 1. Place for 
depositing treasure or funds. 2. De- 
partment of a government which has 
charge o_f the finances. 

treat (tret). I. vt. 1. Handle; use. 2. 
Discourse on. 3. Entertain, as with 
food or drink, etc. 4. Manage, as a 
disease or patient. II. vi. 1. Argue. 2. 
Negotiate. 3. Pay for the drinks, etc. 
III. n. 1. Entertainment. 2. Pleasure. 
3. Something paid for in compliment 
to another. 4. Turn to treat. — To 
stand treat (to),to pay for the entertain- 
ment of (another). [Fr. traiter—L. 
tractare, handle.] 

treatable (tre'ta-bl), a. 1. Tractable. 
2. Moderate.— treat'ably, adv. 

treatise (tre'tis), n. Written composi- 
tion ; essay. 

treatment (tret'ment), n. Manner of 
managing or using; behavior. 

treaty (tre'ti), n. Formal agreement 
between independent states. 

treble (treb'l). I. a. 1. Triple; threefold. 
2. In music. High in pitch; soprano. 
II. n. Soprano. III. vt. and vi. In- 
crease to three times as much. — 
treb'ly, adv. [O. Fr. Form of triple.] 

treble-tree (treb'1-tre), n. Triple 
whiffletree, for three horses abreast. 

tree (tre) I. n. 1. Plant having a single 
trunk, woody, branched, and of a 
large size. 2. Anything like a tree. 
\\.vt:\. Drive into a tree; corner. 2. 
Shape on a wooden model or tree. III. 
vi. 1. Take refuge in a tree. 2. Take the 
form of a tree. [A. S. treow,tvee', wood.] 



tree-frog (tre'frog), n. A frog that 
lives in trees; tree-toad. 

treenail (tre'nal), n. Long wooden pin 
(of locust, oak or teak) to fasten the 
planks of a ship to the timbers. 

trefoil ( tre'foil ), n. 1. Three-leaved 
plant, as clover. 2. In arch. Orna- 
ment like a trefoil. [From O. Fr. trifoil 
— L. tri and folium, leaf.] 




Trefoils. 

trehala (tre-ha'la), ». Edible cocoon 
of an insect in Persia; Turkish manna. 

trek (trek). I. vi. 1. Draw a wagon. 2. 
Travel ; migrate. II. n. 1. A drawing; 
traction. 2. Journey; migration. [S. 
African Dutch.J [D ] 

trekschuit (irek'skoit), n. Canal boat. 

trellis (trel'is), n. Lattice work for 
supporting plants, etc.— trel'lised, 
a. Having or formed as a trellis. [Fr. 
treillis—'L. trichila, arbor.] 

tremble (trem'bl). I. vi. 1. Shake, as 
from fear, cold, or weakness. 2. 
Waver, as sound. II. n. State of 
trembling.— trembler, n. — trem- 
blingly, adv. [Fr. trembler— L. 
tremulus, trembling,— tremo, shake.] 
Syn. Quake; quiver ; shudder; totter. 

tremendous (tre-men'dus), a. That 
astonishes or terrifies by its force 
or greatness; dreadful. — tremen'- 
dously, adv. [L. tremendus.] 

Syn. Awful; frightful; terrible; for- 
midable; terrific; horrible. 

tremolo (trem'o-lo), n. Tremulous or 
fluttering effect in music. [It.] 

trcaior (trem'ur or tre'rnur), n. Trem- 
bling; shaking; quivering. [L.] 

tremulous (trem'u-lus), a. 1. Affected 
with fear; quivering. 2. Lacking 
resolution ; wavering. — trem'ulous- 
ly, adv. — trem'ulousness, n. 

trench (trench). I. vt. Cut or dig (a 
ditch); dig deeply with the spade or 
plow. II. vi. Encroach. III. n. Ditch. 
[O. Fr. trencher (Fr. trancher), cut.] 

trenchant (trench'ant), a. Cutting; 
sharp; severe; biting. 

trencher (trench'er), n. 1. Large 
wooden plate. 2. Slice of bread, used 
for a plate. 3. Food; pleasure of the 
table. — trencher-friend, n. Par- 
asite; sponger. [Fr. tranchoir.] 

trend (trend). I. vi. Tend; run; go in a 
particular direction. II. n. Tendency. 
[Prob. from tend.] 



fftte, fat, t4sk, far, f$ll, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note., pot, m9ye, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, ftea. 



trepan 



628 



tricentenary 



trepan (tre-pan'). I. n. 1. Small cy- 
lindrical saw used in perforating the 
skull. 2. Bpring tool for sinking 
wells. II. vt. [trepan'ning; trepanned'] 
Remove (a circular piece of the skull) 
with a trepan, in order to relieve the 
brain from pressure or irritation. 
— trepana'tion, n. [Gr. trypanon, 
auger.] 

trepang (tre-pang'), n. Sea cucumber 
or sea slug, eaten by the Chinese; 
beche de mer. [Malay tr-ipang.] 

trepbine (tre-fm'). I. n. Improved 
form of trepan. II. vt. Perforate with 
the trephine. [Dim. of tpepan.J 

trepM (trep'id), a. Trembling from 
terror. — trepidation, n. 1. State 
of confused hurry. 2. Involuntary 
trembling. [L.— trepido, am excited.] 

trespass (tres'pas). I. vi. 1. Pass over 
a limit. 2. Enter unlawfully upon 
another's land. 3. Cause inconve- 
nience by importunity; intrude; sin. 
II. n. Act of trespassing; injury; 
offense; sin. — tres'passer, n. [O. Fr. 
trespasser — L. trans and passus, step.] 
Syn. Encroach; infringe; obtrude; 
trench; transgress; exceed; break. 

tress (tres). I. n. Curl or braid of hair. 
II. vt. Adorn with tresses; arrange in 
tresses. [Fr. tresse — Gr. treis, three.] 

trestle (tres'l),n. 1. Movable scaffold or 
support. 2. In bridges, frame- work 
supporting string-pieces, etc. 3. pi. 
Props of a ship under construction.— 
trest'leworlc, n. Series of trestles 
and connecting frames, serving as a 
viaduct. [O. Fr. trestel — lt. transtrum, 
beam.] 

tret (tret), n. Allowance, formerly made 
to purchasers, of 4 lbs. on every 104 
lbs., for waste. [Fr. trait— O. Fr. traire 
— L. trahere, draw.] 

trevat (trev'at), n. Instrument for cut- 
ting the pile threads of velvet. 

tri-. prefix. Three; treble. [Gr. and L.] 

triable (tri'a-bl), a. 1. Capable of being 
tried or tested. 2. Subject to legal trial. 

triad (tri'ad), n. Union of three. [Gr.] 

trial (trl'al), n. 1. Act of trying ; exam- 
ination by a test. 2. State of being 
tried; suffering; application; temp- 
tation. 3. Judicial examination. 
Syn. Experiment; essay; attempt. 

trialogue (tri'a-log), n. Discourse by 
three speakers. [— Gr. treis, three, and 
logos, discourse.] 

triangle ( trl'ang-l ), n. 1. Plane fig- 
ure with three angles and three sides. 
2. In music. Instrument of steel 
in the form of a triangle. — tri'- 
angled, triang'nlar, as. Having 
three angles. — triang'ularly, adv. 
[L.—tri, and angulus, angle.] 



triangulate ( tri-ang'u-lat ), vt. 1. 
Make triangular. 2. Survey by means 
of triangles.— triangula'tion, n. 

triapsidal ( tri-ap'si-dal ), a. Having 
three apses, as most Greek churches. 

Triassic (tri-as'ik), a. and n. The lower 
of the three great geological divisions 
of fossiliferous rocks which consti- 
tute the Mesozoic series ( Triassic, 
Jurassic, Cretaceous). 

tribasic ( tri-ba'sik), a. Having three 
hydrogen atoms replaceable by equiv- 
alents of a base. 

tribble (trib'l), n. Frame with hori- 
zontal wires on which sheets of paper 
are hung to dry. 

tribe (trib), n. 1. Race or family from 
the same ancestor. 2. Class; group. 
— tribal, a. Pertaining to, or char- 
acteristic of, a tribe. [Li. tribus, third 
part, division.] 

triblet (trib'let), n. Mandrel used in 
making pipe, nuts, etc. — trib'let- 
tubes, n. pi. Thin brass tubes, sli- 
ding on each other. 

tribrach (tri'brak), n. Foot of three 
short syllables. [Gr. tri, and brachys, 
short.] 

tribulation (trib-u-la'shun), n. 1. Se- 
vere affliction. 2. Cause of suffering. 
[L. tribulatio, — tribulum, sledge for 
rubbing out grain,— tero, grind.] 

tribunal ( tri-bu'nal ), n. 1. Judge's 
bench. 2. Court of justice. [L.] 

tribune (trib'un), n. 1. Magistrate 
elected by the Roman plebeians to de- 
fend their rights; champion of the 
people. 2. Raised platform from which 
speeches were delivered.— trib'une- 
ship,?i.— tribuni'tious, tribuni'- 
,tian,tribuni'tial, appertaining to, 
or characteristic of, a tribune. [Ii, 
tribunus, representative of a tribe.], 

tributary (trib'u-tar-i). I. a. 1. Pay- 
ing tribute. 2. Yielding supplies. 3. 
Paid in tribute. II. n. 1. One who pays 
tribute. 2. Stream flowing into an- 
other. 

tribute (trib'ut), n. 1. Fixed amount 
paid at certain intervals by one nation 
to another for peace or protection. 2. 
Personal contribution, as of money, 
homage, etc. [L.— tribuo, assign.give.j 

trice (tris), n. Instant. [S-p.tris, noise 
of breaking glass.] 

trice (tris), vt. Naut. Raise or lash with 
a rope. [Low Ger. trissen, wind up.] 

tricenniai (tri-sen'yal), <t. 1. Pertain- 
ing to thirty years. 2. Occurring every 
thirty years. [D. tricennium, thirty 
years.] 

tricentenary (tri-sen'te n-ar-i), n. 
Space of three hundred years. [L. 
trecenti, three hundred.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; ngte, n6t. m8ve, wolf; 
mute, but, b5n» ; pil, owl, then< 



triceps 



629 



trigonometry 




triceps ( tri'seps ). I. a. Having three 

heads. II. n. Three-headed muscle. 
trichina ( tri-ki'na ), n. [pi. trichi'nae.] 

Parasitic worm, 

which in its mature 

state infests the in- 
testinal canal, and 

in its larval state 

the muscular tissue 

of man and certain 

animals, esp. the 

hog. — tricbi nons 

(trik'i-nus), tricbi* 

nosed (trik'i-n5zd), 

a. Affected with 

trichinosis. [Gr. tri- 

chinos, small like a Trichina Spiralis. 

hair— trix, hair.] (Highly magnified) 

1. Female ready to give birth to thousands of 
embryos. 2. Cyst in which a larva remains 
coiled until it enters another body. 

• trichiniasis ( trik-i-ni'a-sis), trichi- 
nosis (trik-i-no'sis), n. Disease caused 
bythe presence of trichinae in the body. 

trichogen ( trik'o-jen ), n. Substance 
which promotes the growth of hair. 

trichogenous ( tri-koj ' en- us), a. 
Promoting the growth of hair. 

trieholog-y (tri-kol'o-ji), n. Science of 
the anatomy, diseases, etc., of the 
hair. [From Gr. thrix, hair, and logos, 
discourse.] 

trichopathy (tri-kop'a-thi), n. Treat- 
ment of the diseases of the hair. [From 
Gr. thrix, hair, and pathos, suffering.] 

trichromatic ( tri-kro-mat'ik ), a. 1. 
Characterized by three colors. 2. Hav- 
ing the three fundamental color-sen- 
sations (red, green and purple), [tree] 

trick (trik), vt. Dress ; decorate. [Celt. 

triels (trik). I. n. 1. Fraud; stratagem. 
2. Clever contrivance to puzzle or 
amuse. 3. Particular habit or manner. 
4. Cards falling to a winner at one 
turn. II. vt. Deceive; cheat.— trick'- 
er, trickster, ns. [ O. Fr. trecher, 
beguile. Dut. trekken, draw.] 

trickery ( trik'er-i ), n. 1. Practice of 
playing tricks. 2. Artifice. [tricks. 

trickish ( trik'ish ), a. Addicted to 

trickle ( trik'l ). I. vi. Flow in drops. 
II. vt. Pour in a small, slow stream. 
[Scot, trinkle.] 

trick-track ( trik'trak ), n. A game 
similar to backgammon. 

tricky (trik'i), a. Given to tricks; art- 
ful; deceptive; knavish. 

tricolor (tri'kul-ur). La. Of three 
colors. II. n. National flag of France, 
of three colors, red, white, and blue, 
in vertical stripes. [Fr. tricolore.] 

tricot (tre-ko'), n. Woven fabric, 
resembling knitted work. [Fr.] 



tricuspid (tri-kus'pid), a. Having three 
cusps or points, as the valve in the 
right ventricle of the heart. 

tricycle ( tri'sik-1 ), n. Velocipede with 
three wheels. 

trident (tri'dent), n. 1. Three-pronged 
fish-spear ; scepter of Neptune, the 
sea-god. 2. Any three-pronged instru- 
ment. [Fr. — tri-, and L. dens, tooth.] 

tridentate (t r i- d e n't at), a. Three- 
pronged; tridental. [See trident.] 

Tridt li tine (tri-den'tin). I. a. Pertain- 
ing or conforming to the Council of 
Trent (in Tyrol, 1545-63). II. n. A 
Roman Catholic. 

tridimensional (tri-di-men'shun-al), 
a. Having three dimensions, length, 
width and thickness. 

triennial (tri-en'yal), a. 1. Containing 
three years. 2. Happening every thiid 
year.— trien'nially, adv. [Tri, and 
L. annus, year.] 

trifid(tri'fid),a. Dividedintothreeparts. 
[From L. tres, three, Aiidfindere, cleave.] 

trifle (tri'fl). I.vt. and vi. 1. Act or talk 
lightly; indulge in silly amusements. 
2. Waste; spend idly. II. n. Anything 
of little value.— tri'fler, n. [O. Fr. 
trufle, jest.J • 

trifliug(tri'fling), a. Of small import- 
ance; trivial.— trrjttingly, adv. 

trifoliate (tri-fo'li-at), a. Three-leaved. 
[Tri, and Li.folium, leaf.] [forms. 

triform (tri'farm), a. Having three 

trifurcate (tri-fu.r'kat),a. Having three 
prongs. [L. -furca, fork.] 

trig (trig). I. a. Spruce; trim; neat. 
II. vt. Dress. [A doublet of true.] 

trig (trig), Mi [trig'ging; trigged.] Ob- 
struct; check; stop, as a wheel. [Wei. 
trigo, stay.] 

trigamy (trig'a-mi), a. State or offense 
of having three wives at the same 
time. [From Gr. trigamia,—treis, three, 
and gamos, marriage.] 

trigger (trig'er), n. 1. Catch which re- 
leases the hammer of a gun in firing. 
2. Catch to hold a wheel on an in- 
cline. [Dut. trekker— trekken, pull.] 

triglot (tri'glot), a. Composed in three 
languages. 

triglyph (tri'glif), n. Three-groved 
tablet at equal distances along the 
frieze in Doiic architecture. [Gr. tri, 
and glypho, hollow out.] 

trigon ( tri'gon ), n. 1. Triangle. 2. 
Combination of t hree.— trigonal 
(trig'o-nal), a. Triangular. 

trigonometry ( trig-o-uom'e-tri), n, 
Branch of mathematics which treats 
of the relations between the sides and 
angels of triangles.— trigonomet- 
rical) a. [Gr. — trigonon, triangle, and 
metron, measure.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, tften. 



trig ©nil in 



630 



trip 




trig-on si m (tri-go'num), n. Triangular 
space. [Gr.] 

trig-rap li (tri'graf), n. Three letters 
representing one single sound. [Gr. 
—tri, and grapho, write.] [equal sides. 

trihedral (tri-hejdral), a. Having three 

trihedron (tri-he'di-'on), n. Figure hav- 
ing three equal bases or sides. [Gr. 
tri, and hedra, seat, base.] 

trilabe (tri'lab), n. Three-pronged in- 
strument for seizing small bodies in 
a cavity. [From Gr. treis, three, and 
lab-, take.] 

trilateral ( tri-lat'er-al ), a. Having 
three sides.— trilat'erally, adv. [L. 
tri, and latus, side.] 

triliteral(tri-lit'er-al), a. 1. Consisting 
of three letters. "2. Having three 
consonants in each root, as the Semit- 
ic languages. 

trilith (tri'- 
lith), n. Mon- 
ument con- 
sisting of 2 
large rough 
stone pillars 
and a lintel. 
[Gr. tri, and 
lithos, stone. 

trill (tril). I 
v t . and v i . 

I. Utter or 
sound with 
a tremulous 
vibration. 2. 
n. Quaver; tremulous vibration. 
[Imitative.] 

trilling (tril'ing), n. One of three chil- 
dren, born at the same birth. 

trillion (tril'yun), n. In the U. S., a 
thousand billions, or a million mil- 
lions ;in England, a million of mil- 
lions of millions. See numeration. 

trilobate ( tri-lo'bat or tri'16-bat ), a. 
Having three lobes. [See trilobite.] 

trilobite(tri'lo-bit), n. One of an order 
of fossil crustacea. [Gr. tri, and 
lobos, lobe.] 

trilogy (t r i 1' o - j i), n. Series of three 
dramas or narratives, related as parts 
of one great historical piece. [ Gr. 
tri, and logos, speech.] 

trim (trim). I. a. In good order ; nice. 

II. vt. [trim'ming; trimmed.] 1. Put 
in due order; dress; decorate. 2. Clip; 
reduce to proper form. 3. Arrange for 
sailing; adjust (a cargo) as to distri- 
bution of weight. IH. vi. Fluctuate 
between opposing parties so as to 
please both. IV. n. 1. Dress; orna- 
ments. 2. State of a ship as to sailing 
qualities. 3. Condition; preparation. 
— trim'ly, adv.— trim'ness, n. [A. 
S. trum, firm.] 



Trilith, 
near Stonehenge, Eng. 



trimester (tri-mes'ter),». Term of 
three months. — trimes'tral, tri- 
mes'trial, a. Quarterly. [ L. tri, 
three, and mensis, month.] 

trimeter (trim'e-ter), n. Verse consist- 
ing of three measures. -trimet'rical, 
a. [ Gr. — tri, and metron, measure. ] 

trimmer ( trim'er ), n. One who trims. 

trimming (trim'ing), n. 1. That which 
ornaments or perfects. 2. Act of one 
who trims. 3. A sharp scolding or 
thrashing. 

trinal(tri'nal), a. Threefold. [L. trinus.\ 

tr indie ( trih'dl ),n. 1. Long thin wax 
taper rolled in a coil. 2. Bookbinder's 
tool for flattening the back of a book 
before cutting. [Variety of trundle.] 

trine (trin). I. a. Same as trinal. II. 
n. Aspect of planets 120 c apart. 

tringle ( tring'l ), n. 1. Curtain-rod on 
which rings may slide. 2. Strip of wood. 

Trinitarian (trin-i-ta'ri-an). I. a. Per- 
taining to the Trinity, or to the doc-* 
trine of the Trinity. II. n. One who 
holds the doctrine of the Trinity. — 
Trinita'rianism, n. The tenets of 
Trinitarians. 

Trinity (trin'i-ti), n. 1. The three per- 
sons of the Godhead. 2. (1. c.) Union of 
three in one. [L. trinitas.] 

Trinity-Sunday ( trin'i-ti-sun'da), n. 
Sunday next after Whitsunday. 

trinket (tring'ket). I. n. 1. Small orna- 
ment for the person. 2. Small fancy 
article. II. vi. To intrigue; traffic. 
[O. Fr. trenquet, small knife.] 

tr inkle ( tring'kl), vi. Trickle; flow. 

trinodal (tri-no'dal ), a. Having three 
joints, as the fingers. [D. tri-, three, 
and nodus, knot.] 

trinomial (tri-no'mi-al). I. a. 1. In 
math. Consisting of three terms con- 
nected by the sign + or — . 2. In zool., 
etc. Consisting of three words, as a 
technical name. II. n. 1. Trinomial 
quantity. 2. Technical name consist- 
ing of three words. [Tri, and L. nomen, 
name.] 

trio(tri'o. It. tre'6), n. 1. Set of three. 
2. Composition for three performers. 

triolet (t r e ' o - 1 e t), n. Poem of eight 
short lines on two rimes, and a pecu- 
liar construction. 

trip (trip). I. vi. [trip'ping; tripped.] 
1. Move with short, light steps. 2. 
Stumble and fall; err. II. vt. 1. Cause 
to stumble by striking one's feet from 
under him; overthrow by taking 
away support. 2. Free; release, as an 
anchor from the bottom. III. n. 1. 
Light, short step. 2. Short or quick 
journey. 3. False step; mistake. 4. 
Catch by which an antagonist is 
thrown. [Imitative. Cf. Ger. trippeln.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute l hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



tripartite 



631 



trochaic 



tripartite ( trip'ar-tit ), a. 1. Having 
three parts or parties. 2. Made in 
three copies.— triparti'tion,ft. Di- 
vision into three. 

tripe (trip), n. Large part of the stom- 
ach of ruminating animals, prepared 
for food.— Plain tripe, of the first stom- 
ach.— Honeycomb tripe, of the second 
stomach. [Fr.] 

tripedal (trip'e-dal), a. Having three 
feet. [Tri, and Ti.pes, foot.] 

triphammer. Same as tilthammeb. 

triphthong' (trif'thang or trip'thang), 
n. Three vowels forming one sound, 
as eau in beau, eye, and ieu in adieu. [Tri, 
and Gr. phthongos, sound.] 

triple (trip'l). I. a. 1. Threefold. 2. 
Three times repeated. II. vt. and vi. 
Make or become threefold or thrice 
as large.— triply, adv. [L. triplus.} 

triplet (triplet), a. 1. Three of a kind 
united; as three lines rhyming to- 
gether; group of three notes occupy- 
ing the time of two. 2. One of three 
children ho in at one birth. 

triplicate (trip'li-kat). I. a. Threefold ; 
made thrice as much. II. n. Third 
copy or thing corresponding to two 
others of the same kind.— triplica'- 
tion, n. [Tri, and L. plico, fold.] 

tripodi (tri'pod), n. Anything on three 
feet or legs, as a stool, stand, vase, 
caldron, etc.— trip'odal, a. Having 
or forming three feet.— trip'ody, n. 
In prosody, group of three feet. [Gr. 
tripous.] 

tripoli (trip'o-li), n. Mineral used as 
polishing-powder; rottenstone. [From 
the city of Tripoli in Africa.] 

tripper (trip'er), n. 1. One who trips. 
2. Excursionist; tourist. 3. Driver 
or conductor paid by the trip. 

trippingly (trip'ing-li), adv. With a 
light, quick step; nimbly. 

tripsis (trip'sis), n. 1. Act of pulveriz- 
ing. 2. Process of shampooing. [Gr.= 
rubbing.] 

triptych (trip'tik), n. 1. A picture in 
three parts side by side. 2. Three 
writing tablets, hinged together. [Gr. 
tri, three, and ptyche, fold.] 

trireme (tri'r em), n, Ancient Greek 
warship with three rows of oars on a 
side. [L. triremis—tri, and remus, oar.] 

trisect (tri-sekf), vi. Cut into three 
(equal) parts. — trisec'tion, n. [L. 
tri, and seco, sectum, cut.] 

trisyllabic ( tris-il-lab'ik ), trisyl- 
lal> ical, a. Consisting of three syl- 
lables. [Word of three syllables. 

trisyllable ( tris-il'a-bl or tri- ), n. 

trite (tnt), a. Worn out by use; hack- 
neyed. — tritely, adv.— triteness, 
n. [L. tritus, pa. p. of tero, rub.] 




Triton. 



Triton (tri'ton). n. 1. In myth. Marine 
demi-god, one of the trumpeters of 
Neptune. 2. 
Genus of mol- 
luscs with a 
wreathed uni- 
valve shell. 
[Gr. Triton.} 

tr itura b 1 e 
(tri t'u-ra-bl), 
a. That may be 
reduced to a 
fine powder. 

triturate (trif- 
u-rat). I. vt. Grind to a powder; chew 
to a pulp. II. n. Medicine consisting 
of some active substance rubbed up 
with sugar of milk.— trituration, 
n. [Late L. trituro, — L. tero, rub.] 

triturium(trl-tu'ri-um), n. [pi. tbitu'- 
bia.] Vessel for separating liquors of 
different densities. [L.—tritura, a 
threshing.] 

trinmph (tri'umf). I. n. 1. In ancient 
Rome, a solemn procession in honor 
of a victorious general. 2. Joy over 
success. 3. Victory, n. vi. 1. Cele- 
brate a victory with pomp. 2. Rejoice 
over a victory. 3. Obtain victory; 
succeed. — trinmph'al, trinmph'* 
ant, as. 1. Rejoicing over a victory. 
2. Victorious. — triumph'antly, 
adv. [L. triumphus. Origin unknown.] 

triumvir [tri-um'ver), n. [pi. trium'- 
viri (vi-ri), or trium'virs.] In ancient 
Rome, one of three men in the same 
public office. — trium'virate, n. 1. 
Association of three men in office. 2. 
Government by three persons. [L.] 

triune (tri'un), a. Being three in one. 
[L. tri and unus, one.] 

trivalent (tri'va-lent or triv'a-lent), a. 
Equivalent (in' combining or displa- 
cing power) to three monad atoms.— 
triv'alence, n. 

trivalve (tn'valv), tri'valTed, tri- 
val'vular, a. Having three valves. 

trivet (triv'et), n. Stool or other thing 
supported on three feet. — Right as a 
trivet, standing firm; perfectly right. 
[L. tripes.] 

trivial (triv'i-al, a. Common; of little 
importance. — trivially, adv.— tri- 
viality, trivlalness, n. [L,. — tri- 
vium, place where three ways meet.] 

Syn. Triflling; childish; frivolous; 
insignificant; ridiculous; shallow. 

triweelily (tri-wek'li), a. 1. Occur- 
ring once in three weeks. 2. Less 
correctly, occurring three times a 
week. 

trochaic (tro-ka'ik), I. a. Consisting 
of trochees. II. n. Trochaic verse. — 
troc'ha ical. a. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



trochal 



632 



troubadour 



trochal (tro'kal), a. Wheel-shaped; 
round; encircling; revolving. [From 
Gr. trochos, wheel.] 

troche (tro'ke, troch or trok), n. Medi- 
cated lozenge or tablet. [Gr. trochos, 
wheel, disc] 

trochee (tro'ke), n. Metrical foot of 
one long and one short syllable. [Gr. 
— trochos, running.] 

trochilus (trok'i-lus), n. 1. A plover- 
like Egyptian bird. 2. One of several 
species of humming-bird. [Gr:] 

trochlear (trok'le-ar). I. a. Pulley-like; 
forming a loop or slide. II. n. A troch- 
lear muscle or nerve. 

trochoid (tro'koid), a. Top-shaped; 
revolving. [tread. 

trod, trodden, pa, t. and pa. p. of 

troglodyte ( trog'lo-dit ), n. Cave- 
dweller.— troglodyt'ic, a. [Gr. tro- 
gle, cave, and dyo, enter.] 

Trojan (tro'jau). I. a. Pertaining to 
ancient Troy. II. n. 1. Inhabitant 
of ancient Troy. 2. One who fights 
or works with determination. 

troll (trol). I. vt. 1. Move circularly. 
2. Sing the parts in succession, as of 
a catch or round. II. vi. l. Roll; move 
or run about. 2. Sing a catch. 3. Fish, 
esp. for pike, by working the bait up 
and down. 4. Fish by trailing a 
line along the surface, behind a boat. 
III. n. 1. A going round ; repetition. 2. 
Fishing-reel. 3. Artificial bait. 4. 
Song, the parts of which are sung in 
succession; round. — troll'er, n. 
fPerh. — Fr. trdler, lead about,— Celt, 
root seen in Wei. trolis, twist, roll.] 

trolley (trol'i), n. Truck or pulley run- 
ning on an overhead wire, and serv- 
ing as a connection to transmit an 
electric current to the motor of a 
street car, etc. 

trollop (trol'up), n. 1. Loose, hanging 
rag. 2. Slovenly woman.— trol'lo- 
ping, trol'Iopish, a. Slovenly. 

trombone (trom'bon), n. Deep-toned 
brass musical wind instrument of the 
trumpet kind. [It. tromba, trumpet.] 




trompe(tromp), n. Apparatus in which 
falling water creates an air blast. [Fr.J 

troop (trop). I. n. 1. Collection of 
people. 2. (In pi.) Soldiers. 3. Small 
body of cavalry corresponding to a 
company of infantry. II. vi. 1. Col- 
lect in numbers. 2. March in a com- 



pany, or in haste. [ Fr. troupe, prob. 
— L. turba, crowd.] 

trooper (tro'per), n. Cavalry soldier. 

trope (trop), n. Figure' of speech, as 
calling a shrewd man a fox. (Meta- 
phor, metonymy, synecdoche and 
irony.) [Gr. tropos— trepo, turn.] 

trophi (tro'fi), n. pi. Mouth-parts, as 
in insects.— tropbesy (trof'e-si), n. 
[pi. trophesies.] Morbid state result- 
ing from defective nerve-force nutri- 
tion.— trophic(trof'ik), a. Pertaining 
to nutrition. [From Gr. trophe, nour- 
ishment] [trophies. 

trophied (tro'fid), a. Adorned with 

trophy (tro'fi), n. I. Memorial of a 
victory, erected on or near the field 
of battle. 2. Anything taken from 
an enemy and preserved as ©, memo- 
rial of victory. 3. Architectural orna- 
ment showing a group of weapons; 
anything commemorating a victory. 
[Pr. trophte — Gr. tropaion— trepo, turn 
to flight.] 

tropic (trop'ik). I. n. 1. One of the 
two circles on the celestial sphere, 
23° 28' distant on each side from the 
equator, where the sun seems to turn, 
after reaching its greatest declina- 
tion north or south. 2. One of two 
circles ( tropic of Cancer on the 
north, tropic of Capricorn on the 
south) on the terrestrial globe, cor- 
responding to these. 3. pi. Region 
lying between the tropics. II. a. Trop- 
ical. — trop'ical, a. 1. Pertaining 
to, or being within the tropics. 2. 
(See trope) Figurative.— tropical- 
ly, adv. [Gr. tropikos, 
relating to a turning.] 

tropic-bird (trop'ik- 
berd), n. Beautiful na- 
tatorial bird of the 
tropic regions. 

trot (trot). I. vi. [trof- 
ting; trot'ted]. 1. Go 
faster than a walk and 
slower than a run. 2. 
Run, as a horse, lifting 
one fore-foot and the hind-foot of the 
opposite side at the same time. II. 
vt. 1. Ride at a trot. 2. Use a "pony" 
for (a lesson). III. «-. Pace of a horse 
or other quadruped when trotting. — 
trotter, n. 1. One who or which 
trots. 2. Foot. [Pr. trotter.] 

troth (trath, troth, or troth), n. I. 
Faith; fidelity; veracity. 2. Betroth- 
al. [See truth.] 

trottoir (troc-war'), n. Sidewalk. [Fr.J 

troubadour (tro'ba-dor), n. One of a 
class of minstrels from the 11th to 
13th century, chiefly in Provence, 
France. [Fr.— root of trope.] 




Tropic 
Bird. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, w<jlt; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, fften. 



trouble 



633 



truism 



trouble (trub'l). I. vt. 1. Put into a con- 
fused state. 2. Put to some incon- 
venience or exertion. II. vi. 1. Be- 
come turbid. 2. Take trouble. III. 
n. 1. Disturbance; affliction; uneasi- 
ness. 2. That which disturbs or afflicts. 
— tronb'ler, n. [F. troubler. O. Fr. 
tourbler—turba, crowd tumult.] 

Syn. Agitate; disturb; annoy; dis- 
tress; molest; afflict; harass; grieve; 
inconvenience; embarrass; vex. 

trouble-mirth (trub'l-merth), n. One 
who spoils other people's enjoyment. 

tronblesome(trub'lsum), troublous 
(trub'lus), a. Causing inconvenience; 
vexatious.— troub'lesoineness, n. 

trough (traf), n. 1. Long, hollow vessel 
for water," etc. ; long tray. 2. Long 
narrow channel. [A. S. trog.] 

trounce ( trowns ), vt. Beat severely. 
fO. Fr. tr 'oncer, cut.] 

troupe ( t r 6 p ), n. A company, esp. of 
performers. [Fr.] J making trousers. 

trousering (trow'zer-ing),?i. Cloth for 

trousers (tro w'zjerz), n. pi. Long 
breeches ; pantaloons. [ O. Fr. trous- 
ses. See truss.] 

trousse (tros), n. Tools in a case, esp. 
a surgeon's. [Fr. = bundle.] 

trousseau ( tro-so' ), n. Bride's outfit 
in dresses and other garment. [Fr.— 
trousse, bundle.] 

trout (trowt), 
n. Common 
name for nu- 
merous varie- 
ties of fresh- 
water fish of 
the salmon 
family. [Fr. truite. A.S. truht-lt.tructa.] 

trover (tro' ver),n. 1. The gaining pos- 
session of goods. 2. Action at law for 
wrongful taking or detention of 
goods. [O. Fr. trover, find.] 

trow (tro), vt. and vi. Hold as true; 
believe. [A. S. treowian. Ger. trauen.) 

trowel (trow'el), n. Tool used in spread- 
ing mortar and in gardening. [Fr. 
truelle — L. trulla, ladle. ] 

troy, troy-weight (troi'-wat), n. 
System of weight used for gold, silver 
and precious stones. The troy pound 
has 12 ounces, the ounce 20 penny- 
weights, and the pennyweight 24 
grains. The avoirdupois, or pound 
of commerce, equals 7000 grains troy. 

truant (tro'ant).I'. n. 1. Idler. %. Child 
who without excuse stays away from 
school. II. «. Wandering from duty; 
idle.-^tru'ancy, tru antship, ns. 
[ O. Fr. truand, vagabond. ] 

truce (tros), n. Temporary suspension 
of hostilities. [ M. E. trewes, pi. of 
trewe, faith. See true. ] 




Brook trout. 



truck (truk). I. vt. Exchange; barter; 
swap; peddle. II. vi. Traffic by ex- 
change. III. n. 1. Exchange of goods; 
barter. 2. Small commodities, esp. 
garden produce. 3. Rubbish.— truck- 
system, n. Practice of paying work- 
men in goods instead of money. [Fr. 
troquer, barter. ] 

truck (truk), n. 1. Wheel. 2. Platform 
on wheels, conveying heavy articles. 

„ 3. Wooden cap on top of a mast or 
flagstaff. [ Gr. trochoe, wheel. ] 

truckage ( truk'aj ), n. 1. Practice or 
exchanging goods. 2. Charge for car- 
rying articles on a truck. 

trucker (truk'er), truckster (truk'- 
ster), n. 1. One who trafflcks by ex- 
change of goods. 2. One who raises 
and peddles garden vegetables. 

truckle (truk'l). I. vi. 1. Sleep in a 
truckle-bed. 2. Yield meanly to the 
demands of another. II. vt. Move on 
rollers; trundle. — truck'ler, n. — 
truckling, n. [ From truck. ] 

truckle (truk'l), n. 1. Small wheel. 2. 
Trundle-bed. —truckle-bed, n. 
Trundle-bed. [Dim. of truck.] 

truckman (truk'man), n. 1. Driver of 
a truck. 2. Dea]er'in truck. 

truculent (truk'u-lent or tro'-), a. Very 
fierce; barbarous; cruel. — trucu- 
lently, adv.— truc'ulence, n. [L. 
truculentus — trux, fierce.] 

trudge (truj). I. vi. Walk with effort; 
travel laboriously on foot. II. n. Tire- 
some walk. [Orig. doubtful.] 

true(trS). 1. a. 1. Agreeing with fact; 
conformable to nature, reason, rule 
or law. 2. Faithfully adhering to 
friends, to a promise, etc. 3. Genu- 
ine; real; rightful. 4. Sure; uner- 
ring. II. vt Make true; adjust; make 
exactly square, level, etc. — true'- 
ness, n. [A. S. treowe. Ger. treu.] 

Syn. Correct; exact; certain; trust- 
worthy; straight; trusty; reliable; 
unwavering; loyal; pure; actual. 

true-blue (tro'blo), n. One faithful to 
the principles of a body. 

truffle (truf'l), 



n. Fungus 
growing un- 
der ground 
and used in 
fine cookery- 

— truffled,- 
a. Cooked 
with truffles. 
[O. Fr. truffle 

— L. tuber.] 
truism ( tro'- 

izm), n. Self- 
evident or undenied truth. 
Syn. Axiom; maxim; aphorism 




Truffle, and a small piece 
iu cross section. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, abore; me, met, hSr; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
/ — =He, hut, bSrn ; oil, owl, then. 



trull 



634 truth 



trull (trul), n. 1. Vagrant woman of 
loose habits. 2. Girl; lass. 

truly (tro'li), adv. According to truth; 
in fact; honestly, [trompe, trumpet.] 

trump (trump), n. Trumpet. [O. Fr. 

tramp (trump), n. 1. One of the suit 
of cards which takes any other. 2. 
One upon whom one may depend; 
good fellow. 3. Trumpet. II. vi. and vt. 
Play a trump card (upon).— Trump up, 
manufacture ; forge. [From triumph.] 

trumpery (trum'per-i). I. n. 1. False- 
hood ; boastful or empty talk. 2. 
Showy, worthless things. II. a.Worth- 
less. [Fr. tromperie—tromper, deceive.] 

trumpet 




Trumpet 



tone, used chiefly in war and in mili- 
tary music. II. vt. Publish by trum- 
pet; proclaim; sound the praises of. 
III. vi. Sound a trumpet; emit a 
trumpet-like cry. — trumpet-call, 
%. 1. Call by the sound of a trumpet. 
2. Any loud, commanding summons. 

trumpet-creeper (trum'pet-kre'per), 
n. A hardy, woody climbing vine with 
long, tubular flowers; ism mpet- vine. 

trumpet-tong-ued (trum'pet-tungd), 
a. Having a loud voice. 

truncate (trung'kat). I. vt. Cut off: 
lop. II. a. Truncated. — trunca'- 
tion, n. 1. Truncating. 2. Truncated 
part; replacement of an edge by a 
crystalline face. [L. trunco, maim.] 

truncheon (trun'shun). I. n. 1. Trunk; 
shaft. 2. Club; staff of authority. II. 
vt. Beat with a club. [Fr. tronchon.] 

trundle (trun'dl). I. n. 1. 
Anything round; wheel. 
2. Truck. 3. Trundling. 
II. vt. and vi. Roll, as on 
wheels. — trun'dle-be<3, 
n. Liow bed on wheels, that 
may be pushed under a 
common bed, for the use 
of attendants or children. 
[A. S. trendel. Low Ger. 
Iruenneln. ] 

trunk (trungk), n. 1. Main 
stock of a tree. 2. Body of 
an animal apart from the 
limbs. 3. Ma in body of any- Trunk-hose, 
thing. 4. Proboscis of an 
elephant. 5. Chest for clothes. — 
trnnked, a. Having a trunk. — 
trunk-hose, n. Short, wide 
breeches, gathered in above or just 
below the knees. — trunk-line, n. 




Main line of a railway from which 
branch-lines diverge. [ Fr. tronc — L. 
truncus, maimed.] 

trunnion ( trun'yun ), n. One of the 
knobs on each side of a gun by which 
it rests on the carriage. [Fr. trognon 
— tronc, stump.] 

truss (trus). I. n. 1. Bundle, 2. Timbers, 
iron- work, etc., fastened together for 
supporting a roof, bridge, etc. 3. 
Bandage used in ruptures. II. vt. 1. 
Bind up; pack close; skewer. 2. Fur- 
nish with a truss. [Fr. trousse—O. Fr. 
trosser—Lt. torsus, twisted.] 

truss-beam ( trus'bem ), n. Wooden 
beam reinforced, as by a tie-rod. 

trust (trust). I. n. 1. Confidence in 
the truth of anything. 2. Resting on 
the integrity, friendship, etc., of 
another. 3. Credit, esp. sale on 
promise to pay. 4. He or that which 
i3 the ground of confidence. 5. That 
which is given or received in confi- 
dence; charge; office. 6. Estate man- 
aged for another. 7. Combination of 
several corporations for the. purpose 
of economizing expenses, regulating 
production, controlling prices, and 
defeating competition. II. vt. and vi. 
1. Place trust in; believe. 2. Give 
credit to; sell upon credit. 3. Com- 
mit to one's care. — trust'er* n. 
[ Icel. traust, trust. Cf. Ger. trost, con- 
solation. From root of true.] 

trustee (trus-te'), n. One to whom any- 
thing is intrusted, esp. the manage- 
ment of a property for the benefit of 
others.— trustee'ship, n. 

trustful (trust'fol), a. 1. Trusting. 2. 
Worthy of trust.— trust'fully, adv. 
— trust'fulness, n. 

trustworthy (trust'wur-£/ii), a. 
Worthy of confidence; trusty. -trus t'- 
worttiiness, n. 

Syn. Faithful; honest; loyal; up- 
right; reliable; true; accurate. 

trusty (trus'ti). I. a. 1. Deserving con- 
fidence; reliable. 2. Trusting. 3. In- 
volving responsibility. II. n. [pi. 
trusties.] One deserving confidence, 
esp. a convict given partial freedom 
because of good conduct, —trusti- 
ness, n. — trust'ily, adv. 

truth (troth), n. 1. Harmony between 
thought and fact; freedom from false- 
hood or error. 2. That which is ac- 
cording to facts; true state of things, 
or facts. 3. Practice of speaking, or 
disposition to speak, the truth. 4. 
True statement ; established principle. 
—Of a truth, truly. [A. S. treowth. See 

TRUE.] 

Syn. Verity; actuality; exactness; 
correctness; faithfulness; veracity. 



£%te ? fat, task, far ? fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move., wolf; 
mute ? hut, bun* j gl\, owl, Wei*, 



truthful 



635 



Tuesday 



truthful (troth'fol), a. According, or 
adhering, to truth. — truthfully , 
adv.— truthfulness, n. 

try (tri). I. vt. 1. Test by use; prove 
by experiment. 2. Examine judicial- 
ly. 3. Experience. 4. Attempt. 5. 
Use as means. 6. Put to severe trial; 
cause suffering to. II. vi. Make an 
effort.— Try back, try to find one's way 
back. — Try out, separate grease from 
the greaves by frying.— tri'er, n. [Fr. 
trier, pick out ; cull,— L. tritare, tritur- 
ate.] [2. Searching; severe. 

trying- (tri'ing), a. 1. Adapted to try. 

trypot (tri'pot), n. Kettle in which 
whalers try out blubber. 

trysail (tri'sal), n. 1. Reduced sail 
used by small craft, instead of their 
mainsail, in a storm. 2. Small fore- 
and-aft sail set with a boom and gaff. 

tryst (trist or trist), n. Appointment to 
meet; appointed meeting or place of 
meeting. — Bide tryst, wait as ap- 
pointed to meet one. [ From trust.] 

tsar (tsar), n. Czar. 

tsetse (tset'se), n. South African fly, 
whose bite is fatal to cattle. 

tnh (tub). I. n. 1. Open wooden vessel 
with two handles, made of staves, 
hoops and a bottom. 2. Quantity a 
tub holds. 3. Sponge-bath taken stand- 
ing in the bath-tub. II. vt. and vi. 1. 
Plant in a tub. 2. Bathe in a tub.— 
Throw a tub to a whale, create a diver- 
sion to escape from a danger. [Low 
Ger. tubbe. Ger. zuber.) 

tuba (tu'ba), n. Base wind 
instrument of very low 
pitch. [L. = trumpet.] 

tubage(tu'baj),ra. 1. 
The insertion of a 
tube, as in the 
larynx. 2. 
The lining 
of a heavy 
gun with a 
tube of steel 
or bronze. 

tubbing 
(tub'ing), n. 
1. Art of 
m a k in g 
tubs. 2. Ma- 
te r i a 1 for 
tubs. 3. 
Water-tight Tuba- 

lining of shafts in mines. 4. Bathing; 
bath. 5. Racing in tubs. 

tubbish (tub'ish), tubby, a. Like a 
tub or barrel; round and fat. 

tube (tub). I. n. 1. Long, hollow cyl- 
inder.esp. for the conveyance of fluids, 
etc. 2. Telescope. II. vt. Furnish 
with a tube. [Fr.— L. tubus.] 




tuber ( tu'ber ), n. Rounded, fleshy, 
underground stem, as in the potato. 
[L. tumeo, swell.] 

tubercle ( tu'ber-kl ), n. 1. Small 
swelling; pimple. 2. Small knob on 
leaves. 2. Minute granular tumor in 
the substance of an organ, due to the 
presence" of a bacillus.— tu'bercled, 
a. Having tubercles. [L. tuberculum, 
dim. of tuber.] 

tubercular(tu-ber'ku-lar),tuber'cu- 
lous, a. 1. Formed like a tubercle. 2. 
Affected with or caused by tubercles. 

tuberculosis ( tu-ber-ku-lo'sis ), n. 
Disease characterized by formation 
of tubercles and by tubercle-bacilli 
present in the diseased tissue.— Pul- 
monary tuberculosis, consumption. 
— Acute miliary tuberculosis, quick 
consumption. 

tuberose (tu'be-ros), n. A bulbous 
plant with creamy-white, extremely 
fragrant flowers. 

tuberous (tu'ber r us), a. Having or 
consisting of tubers or projections; 
knobbed. — tuberosity, n. 

tubieen (tu'bi^sen), n. Trumpeter. [L. j 

tubicolous (tu-bik'o-lus), a. Living in 
a tube as some_spiders and sea worms. 

tubilingnal(tu-bi-llng'wal), a. Having 
a tubular tongue for sucking honey, 
as some birds. 

tubing (tu'bing), n. 1. Length of tube. 
2. Tubes collectively. 3. Materials for 
tubes. 4. Act of making or providing 
with tubes. [of a tube or tubes. 

tubular (tu'biijlar), o. Having the form 

tubulated (tu'bu-Ia-ted), tubulous 
(tu'bu-lus), a. 1. Having the form of 
a small tube. 2. Having a small tube. 

tubule (tu'bul), n. Small tube. [L. tu- 
bulu8,dxm. of tubus.] 

tuck (tuk). I. vt. 1. Draw or press in 
or together; fold under; gather up. 
2. Inclose by pressing clothes closely 
around. II. n. Horizontal fold in a 
garment. [Low Gex.tucken. Ger.zucken, 
draw in, shrug.] 

tukahoe ( tuk'a-ho ), n. 1. Aquatic 
plant with edible rootstock, used as 
food by the Indians of Virginia. 2. 
Large, underground fungus of the 
southern United States. 

tucker (tuk'er). I. n. 1. One who or 
that which tucks. 2. Piece of cloth 
tucked or drawn over the bosom, 
worn by women and children. 3. 
State of being tuckered out. II. vt. 
(mostly with out). "Weary; exhaust. 

-tude, suffix. Forms abstract nouns, 
as gratitude. [L. -tudo.] 

Tuesday (tuz'da), n. Third day of th8 
week. [A. S. Tiwes dceg, day of Tiw, 
the god of war. Cf. Gr. Zeus.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf ; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



tufa 



636 



toner 




tufa (tu'fa), tuff(tuf), n. Rock formed 
by the ash from a volcano, or by cal- 
careous deposits from springs. [It. 
tufo. Fr. tuf—~L. tofus.] 

tuft (tuft). I. n. Cluster of small, slen- 
der things. II. vt. 1. Separate into 
tufts. 2. Adorn with tufts. — tuft'ed, 
tuft'y, as. [From root of top.] 

tuft-n unites* ( tuft'hun-ter ), n. Mean 
hanger-on of the great. [From the tuft 
or tassel in the cap worn by noblemen 
at English universities.] 

tugr (tug). I. vt. and vi. [tug'ging; tug- 
ged.] 1. Pull with effort; struggle. 2. 
Drag along. 3. Tow by means of a 
steam-tug. II. n. 1. Strong pull. 2. 
Contest; supreme effort. 3. Small, 
strong, low-built steam- vessel for tow- 
ing ships; tug-boat. [From root of 

TACK. 

tuition (tu-ish'u'n),w. 
1. Protection; care, 
esp. over a young 
person. 2. Teaching. 
3. Charge for in- 
struction. — tni'» 
tional 9 tui'tion- 
ary, a. [L. tuitio— 
tueor, look to.] 

tnlsi-w orb ( to'la- 
wuVk),n. Enameling 
on silver, in an alloy 
Of Silver, copper and Leaves and flower 
lead. of tulip tree. 

tulip (tulip), n. Bulb- 
ous garden-plant with showy, lilia- 
ceous flowers. [Fr. tulipe — Turk, tul- 
bend, turbanj 

tulip-tree (tu'lip-tre), n. Large Amer- 
ican shade tree bearing flowers re- 
sembling the tulip. 

tulle ( tol ), n. Delicate kind of silk net. 
[Fr.— Tulle, town of France.] 

tulwar (tul'war), w. Saber of the Sikhs 
of Northern India. 

tumble (tum'bl). I. vi. 1. Fall; come 
down suddenly and violently. 2. Roll. 
3. Twist the body, as an acrobat. II. 
vt. 1. Throw headlong; turnover. 2. 
Throw about while examining; rum- 
ple. III. n. Act of tumbling. — Take 
a tumble to one's self, consider one's 
own conduct. — tum'bler, n. One who 
tumbles. 2. Large drinking glass. 3. 
Variety of domestic pigeon, so called 
from its tumbling on the wing. 4. 
Spring-latch that engages a bolt. [A. S. 
tumbian, dance. Cf. Ger. taumeln, reel.] 

tumble-bug^ (tum'bl-bug), n. Beetle 
that lays eggs in hollow balls of dung. 

tumble- weed (tum'bl-wed), n. Weed 
whose globular top of branches is de- 
tached by the wind in the fall and rolled 
over the ground, scattering its seed. 



tumbling-box ( tum'bling-boks ), n. 
Cylindrical box, in which small cast- 
ings, etc., are rolled with emery pow- 
der, to polish them. 

tumbrel (tum'brel), n. 1. Cart with 
two wheels for conveying the tools of 
pioneers, artillery stores, etc. 2. Care 
of any kind. [O. Fr. tomberel, dump- 
cart,— tomber, fall.] 

tumefaction (tu-me-fak'shun), n. 1. 
Act of tumefying. 2. Tumor; swelling. 

tumefy (tu'me-fi), vt. and vi. Cause to 
swell; swell. [From L. tumeo, swell, 
and facio, make.] 

tumescent (tu-mes'ent), a. Swelling; 
forming into a tumor. 

tumid(tu'mid),a. 1. Swollen; enlarged. 
2. Inflated ; falsely sublime ; bom- 
bastic. — tu'jnidly, adv. — tu'mid- 
ness, tumid'ity, n. [L. tumidus — 
tumeo, swell.] 

tumor (tu'mur), n. Morbid swelling.-— 
tn'mor ©us, a. Swelling; vainly 
pompous; fustian. [L. tumeo, swell.] 

tump (tump). l.n. Small hill ; clump. 
II. vt. Build a small hill around. [W. 
tump — L. tumulus, hillock.] 

tum-tum (tum'tum), n. West Indian 
dish of mashed boiled potatoes. 

tumular (tu'mu-lar), a. Formed in a 
heap. [See tumulus.] 

tuinnlous (tu'mu-lus), a. Full of hil- 
locks or mounds. [From tumulus.] 

tumult (tu'mult), n. Uproar of a mul- 
titude; violent agitation with con- 
fused sounds. —tumultuary (tu- 
mul'tii-ar-i), tumultuous, a. — tu- 
mult'uously , adv.— tumult'uous- 
ness, n. [L. tumultus.1 

Syn. Brawl; bustle; disorder; dis- 
turbance; hurlyburly; hubbub; tur- 
bulence; turmoil; racket; riot. 

tumulus (tu'mu-lus), n. [pi. tumuli 
(tu'mu-li).] Mound of earth over a 
grave; barrow. [L.=heap.] 

tun (tun), n. 1. Large cask. 2. Measure 
of capacity for liquids = 2 pipes, = 4 
hogsheads, = 252 gallons. [A. S.j 

tunable (tii'na-bl), a. Capable of being 
made harmonious or tuneful. 

tundisn (tun'dish), n. Funnel, [plain. 

tundra (ton'dra), n. Rolling, marshy 

tune (tun). I. ri. 1. Melodious succes- 
sion of notes in a particular key; mel- 
ody; air. 2. State of giving the proper 
sound; harmony. II. vt. Cause to 
produce the proper sounds. [Variation 

of TONE.] 
tuneful (tiin'fol), a. Melodious; mu- 
sical.— tune'fiilly, adv. 

tuneless (tiin'les), a. 1. Without tune; 

unmusical. 2. Silent. 
tuner (tu'nSr), n. One who adjusts 

the sounds of musical instruments. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; n3te, not, move, wolfj 
mute, but, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



t iing-state 



637 



turkey 



timgstate (tung'stat), n. A salt of 
tungstic acid. 

tungsten (tung'sten), n. Very heavy, 
grayish metal, nearly as hard as steel. 
[Sw. tung, heavy, and sten, stone.] 

tungstic (tung'stik), a. Pertaining to, 
or obtained from, tungsten. 

tunic (tu'nik), n. 1. Loose undergar- 
ment; garment. 2. Vestment of Ro- 
man Catholic sub-deaconsandbishops. 
3. Membrane that covers some organ, 
as the eye. 4. Covering, as of a seed.— 
tunicate, tu'nicated, as. Covered 
with a tunic or with layers. [Fr. 
tunique — L. tunica.] 

tunicle (tu'ni-kl), n. Little tunic. [L. 
tunicula, dim. of tunica.] 

tuning-fork (tu'ntng-fark), n. Two- 
pronged steel instrument, which 
when set in vibration gives a musical 
sound of a certain pitch. 

tunnel (tun'el). L n. 1. Passage cut 

\ through a hill or under a river. 2. 
Any long, narrow passage, as a chim- 
ney-flue, funnel, etc. II. vt. Make a 
passage through; hollow out. [Fr. 
tonnelle, dim. of tonne, tun.] 

tunny (tun'i), n. Large food-fish (up to 
1,000 lbs.) of the mackerel family, 
found chiefly on the Mediterranean 
coasts; horse mackerel. [G-r. thynos 
—thyno, dart along.] 

tup (tup). I. n. 1. Ram. 2. Striking 
part of a tilt or steam-hammer. II. 
vt. and vi. Butt, as a ram. 

tupelo (tu'pe-lo), n. Large swamp tree 
with light, soft wood, which does not 
split; pepperidge; sour gum; black 
gum. [American Indian.] 

turban (tur'ban), n. 1. Head-covering 
worn by eastern nations, consisting 
of a cap with a sash wound around it. 

2. Circular head-dress worn by ladies. 

3. Whole whorl of a shell.— tur- 
baned (tur'band), a. Wearing a tur- 
ban. [Pers. diilbend. Cf. tulip.] 

turbary (tur'ba-ri), 1. Right of digging 
peat. 2. Peat moor. [LowL. turba,turf .] 

turbid (tfir'bid), a. 1. Having the sedi- 
ment disturbed; muddy; 2. Confused. 
— tur'bidly, adv.— tur'bidness, n. 
[L. turbidus— turba, confusion.] 

turbinate (tur'bin-at), a. Shaped like 
a top or inverted cone. — Turbinate 
bone. One of three bones (inferior, 
middle and superior), bet. mouth and 
nose. See cut under nose. [L. turbi- 
nate— turbo, spinning-top.] 

turbine ( tur'bin), n. Horizontally 
rotating water-wheel. — Steam turbine, 
turbine impelled by steam instead of 
water.— Turbine engine, engine driven 
by a steam turbine, [spirally coiled. 

turbinoid(tur'bi-noid), a. Top-shaped ; 




turbit (tur'bit), n. Breed of domestic 
pigeons with white body and colored 
wings. 

turbot (tur'but), n. 
Large, flat fish, 
esteemed a deli- 
cacy. [Fr.— L. tur- 
bo, spinning-top.] 

tnrbulent ( tur'- 
bu-lent), a. 1. 
Disturbed; in 
violent commo- luroot. 

tion. 2. Disposed to disorder.— tur'- 
bulenee, tur'bulency, us.— tur- 
bulently,adv. [L. turbulentus— turba, 
crowd.] 

Syn. Disorderly; boisterous; agi- 
tated; restless; refractory; irregular; 
noisy; lawless; riotous; seditious. 

turdoid ( tur'doid ), a. Thrush-like. 
[L. turdus, thrush, andGr. eidos, form.] 

tureen (tu-ren'). n. Deep, covered table- 
dish for holding souo.— tureen'ful, 
n. [Fr. terrine — L,. terra, earth.] 

turf (turf). I. n. 1. Surface of land 
matted with the roots of grass, etc. 
earth covered with short grass. 2. 
Cake of turf cut off; sod. 3. Peat. 
4. Race-ground; horse racing. II. vt. 
Cover with turf or sod.— turf y, a. 
Abounding or covered with turf.— 
turf iness, n. [A. S. Ger. tor/.] 

turgent(tur'jent),a.l. Swelling; rising 
into a tumor. 2. Inflated; bombastic. 
— tur'gently, adv. [L.—turgeo, swell.J 

turgesceni (tur-jes'ent), a. Swelling. 
— turges'cenee, turges'ceney, ns. 
[L. — turgesco — turgeo, swell.] 

turgid (tdr'jid), a. 1. Swollen; un- 
naturally distended. 2. Bombastic— 
turgidly, ady.— tur'gidness,tur- 
g-id'ity, ns. [L. turgidus.] 

Syn. Bloated; tumid; puffed up; 
pompous; stilted; grandiloquent. 

Turk (turk), n. 1. One of the race 
dominant in Turkey. 2. A Moham- 
medan.— Turk'ess, n. fern. 

tnrkey (turk'i), 
n. Large galli- 
naceous bird, a 
native of Ameri- 
ca, so called be- 
cause erroneous- 
ly supposed to 
have come from 
Turkey.-turk'- 
ey-gob'bler , 
n. Male of the 
Turkey; turkey- 
coc k.-Tnrk- 
ey-hen, n. Fe- 
male of the Tur- 
key. — turkey-bnzzard, n. Ameri- 
can vulture resembling a turkey. 




Wild turkey. 



f&te, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



Turkey-red 



638 



turquoise 



Turkey-red (turk'i-red), n. 1. Fine 
durable red dye, obtained originally 
from madder in Turkey. 2. Cotton 
cloth dyed of this color. 

Turkey-stone (turk'i-stota), n. 1. Kind 
of oilstone brought from Asia Minor, 
and used for hones. 2. Turquoise. 

Turkish (turk'ish). I. a. Of, pertain- 
ing to, or derived from Turkey. II. n. 
The language of the Turks.— Turk- 
ish-bath (turk'ish-bath), n. Hot-air 
bath after which the patient is rubbed 
down and gradually cooled. . 

Turk's-head (tiirks'hed), n. 1. Knot 
made by laying turns of cord around 
a rope. 2. Long broom with round 
head. 3. Cake-pan with a hollow cone 
in the center, admitting the heat to 
the middle parts of the cake. 

turmeric (tur'me-rik), n. Root of an E. 
Indian plant of the ginger family used 
as a yellow dye, in curry-powder, and 
as a chemical test for the presence of 
alkalies. [Ety. unknown.] 

turmoil (tur'moil). I. n. Distracting 
confusion; bustle; uproar. II. vt. Dis- 
turb; agitate. III. vi. Be in trouble; 
worry. [From Fr. tremouille, hopper 
of a mill.J 

turn (turn). I. vi. 1. Whirl round. 2. 
Hinge; depend. 3. Issue; result. 4. 
Take a different direction. 5. Become 
by a change. 6. Be turned to a lathe. 
7. Sour. 8. Become giddy. 9. Be nau- 
seated. 10. Change from ebb to flow, 
or from flow to ebb. II. vt. 1. Cause 
to revolve. 2. Reverse; change the 
position or the direction of. 3. Make 
to nauseate ; make giddy. 4. Revolve 
in the mind. 5. Infatuate or make mad. 
6. Cause to return with profit, as a 
penny. 7. Transfer; convert. 8. Form 
in a lathe; shape. III. n. 1. Act of turn- 
ing; revolution. 2. New direction; 
change. 3. Winding ; bend. 4. Form of 
expression; manner. 5. Opportunity; 
time. 6. Purpose; convenience. 7. 
Act of kindness or malice.— turn'er, 
n. 1. One who turns, esp. with a lathe. 
2. (T) Gymnast ; athlete.— By turns, one 
after another ; alternately. [ A. ' S. 
tyrnan. Gev.turnen. Fv.toumer. All— 
Ti.tomare, turn 
in a lathe.] 

turn-buckle 
( turn-buk'l ), n. 

Metallic loop the Turn-buckle, 

turning of which 

brings two rods closer together end- 
wise, [dons his principles or party. 

turncoat (turn'kot), n. One who aban- 

turnery (tur'ner-i), n. 1. Art of turn- 
ing or of shaping by a lathe. 2. Things 
made by a turner. 



turning (tiir'ning), n. 1. Winding; 
deviation from a course. 2. Turnery. 
3. pi. Chips. 

turning-point (tur'ning-point), n. 1. 
Point on which a question turns, and 
which decides the case. 2. Point at 
which motion changes direction. 3. 
Grave and critical period. 

turnip (tur'nip), ?i. 1. Plant of many 
varieties, whose bulbous root is used 
as food. 2. Its edible root. — tur'nip- 
fly, n. One of several insects inju- 
rious to turnips. — tur'nipy, a. 
Turnip-like. [A.S. ncepe.] 

turnkey (turn'ke), n. 1. One who has 
charge of the keys in a prison ; warden. 
2. Old-time tool for drawing teeth. 

turnout (turn'owt), n. 1. Turning 
out; attendance. 2. Carriage with the 
horses. 3. Strike or striker. 4. Short 
side-track in a railway. 5. Production. 

turnover (turn'o-ver).-I. n. 1. Semicir- 
cular pie having the crust doubled 
over on it. 2. Amount of money taken in 
a retail shop during a specified time. 
II. a. That turns over or reverses. 

turnpike (tiirn'pik), n. 1. Tollgate; 
turnstile. 2. Turnpike-road. [Orig. 
two cross-bars armed with pikes, and 
turning on a post.] 

turnsole, turnsol (tum'sol), n. 1. 
Plant so called because its flowers 
turn towards the sun, as the helio- 
thrope or sunflower. 2. Poisonous 
plant of the Mediterranean. [ Fr. 
toumesol— tourner, turn, and sol (for 
soleii) — L. sol, sun.] 

turnspit (turn'spit), n. 1. One who 
turns a spit. 2. Person engaged in 
some menial occupation. 

turnstile (turn'stil), n. 1. Revolving 
frame in a footpath which prevents 
■ the passage of cattle. 2. Similar de- 
vice to bar the passage of more than 

■ one person at a time. 

turnstone(turn'ston), n. Small bird, 
allied to plovers, which turns over 
pebbles in search of food. 

turn- table(turn'ta-bl), n. Turning plat- 
form for shifting cars to another track. 

turn verein(t.6rn'fer-in),w. Association 
for the practice of gymnastics. [Ger.] 

turpentine (tur'pen-tm), n. Resinous 
sap of the terebinth and other trees. — 
Spirit of turpentine, oil separated 
from the rosin contained in the crude 
turpentine. [Fr. terebenthine.] 

turpitude (tiir'pi-tud), n. Vileness of 
principles or actions; inherent de- 
pravity. [L. turpitudo — turpis, base.] 

turquoise (tiir'koiz), n. Bluish-green, 
opaque mineral from Persia, valued 
as a gem. [Fr. = Turkish, so called 
because first brought from Turkey.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



turret 



639 



twibili 



turret (tfir'et), re. 1. Small tower. 2. 
Rotating tower, as on a warship.— 
3. Raised middle part of a railroad 
car roof, used for admitting air and 
light.— tur'ret-gun, re. Gun for use 
in a revolving turret.— turret-ship, 
re. Armored ship of war, with guns 
placed in one or more revolving tur- 
rets. [O. Fr. touret (Fr. tourelle), dim. 
of tour, tower. See tower.] 

tnrreted (tur'et-ed), a. 1. Furnished 
with turrets. 2. Formed like a tower. 

turtle (tur'tl), turtle-dove, re. Spe- 
cies of pigeon of a very tender and 
affectionate disposition. [A. S. — L. 
turtur, imitation of the bird's note.] 

turtle (tur'tl), re. Tortoise.— turt'liug, 
re, Act or method of catching turtles, 
— Green turtle, large deep-water turtle 
whose flesh is highly esteemed for 
food. — Turn turtle, capsize. [A cor- 
ruption of TORTOISE.] 

Tuscan (tus'kan), a. Of or belonging 
to Tuscany in Italy; denoting an old, 
simple order of architecture. [L.] 

tush ( tush ), interj. Be silent I an ex- 
clamation of scorn or impatience. 

tusk (tusk). I. re. Long, pointed tooth on 
either side of the mouth of certain ra- 
pacious ani- 
mals. II. vt. 

1. Gore with 
the tusks. 

2. Thrust or 
move with 
the tusks.— 
tusked 
(tuskt), a. 
H a v i n g 

tusks. [A. S. Tusk of pre-historic tiger. 
tusc] 

tusser (tus'er), re. Silk produced by 
various worms, other than the silk- 
worm, [tousle.] 

tussle (tus'l), re. Scuffle; conflict. [From 

tussock (tus'ok), re. Tuft of growing 
grass or twigs.— tus'soch-grass, re. 
Highly nutritious food-grass, found 
in peat bogs of the Falkland Islands 
and in Patagonia.— tussock-moth, 
re. Moth whose destructive larva is 
tufted. [of cheeking or rebuke. 

tut (tut), interj. Silent! an exclamation 

tutelage (tu'tel-aj), re. 1. Guardian- 
ship. 2. State of being under a guar- 
dian. [L.tutela — tutor, guard.] 

tutelar (tu'te-lar), tu'telary, a. Hav- 
ing the charge of a person or place. 
[L.=tutelaris. See tutelage.] 

tutor (tu'tur), I. re. One who has charge 
of the education of another; teacher. 
— tutoress, fern. II. vt. 1. Instruct. 
2. Have the care or guardianship of. 
— tutorage, re. 1. Office or authority 




of a tutor. 2. Education, as by a 
tutor.— tutorial (tu-to'ri-al), a. Be- 
longing to, or exercised by, a tutor.— 
tutorship, re. [L.=guardian,— tueor, 
guard.] [L.j 

tutrix (tu'triks), re. Female guardian. 

tutti (tot'i), a. and re. All the voices or 
instruments together. [It. J 

tutti-frutti (tot'i-frot-i),re. Confection, 
esp. ice-cream, flavored with, or con- 
taining, several kinds of fruit. 

tu-whit tu-whoo (to-hwif to-hwo'). 

I. re. Word imitating the cry" of an 
owl. II. vi. Cry like an owl. 

twaddle (twod'l). I. vi. Talk in a silly 
manner. II. re. Silly talk.— twad- 
dler, re. [Imitative.] 

twagger (twag'er), re. Fat lamb. 

twain (twan), n. Two. [A. S. twegen.] 

twang (twang). I. re. 1. Sharp, quick 
sound, as of a tight string when pul- 
led and let go. 2. Nasal tone of voice. 
IE. vi. 1. Sound as a tight string pul- 
led and let go. 2. Sound with a quick, 
sharp noise. 3. Make music by pluck- 
ing strings. III. vt. Make to sound 
with a twang. [Imitative.] 

tweak (twek). I. vt. Pinch and pull. 

II. re. Sharp pinch. [A. S. twiccian. 
Gr. zwicken. See twitch.] 

tweed (twed), re. Woolen, twilled cloth, 
generally of two-colored yarn, used 
for men's suits. [Corr. from twill.] 

tweedle (twe'dl). I. vt. 1. Trifle or 
fiddle with. 2. Wheedle. II. re. Sound 
like that of a violin.— tweedledee and 
tweedledum, phrase denoting an al- 
most imperceptible difference. 

tweezers (twe'zerz), re. Small pincers 
for pulling out hairs, etc. [From Fr. 
etuis, instrument cases.] 

twelfth (twelfth). I. a. Last of twelve. 
II. re. One of twelve equal parts. 
[A. S. iwelfta.\ 

Twelfth-day (twelfth'da), Twelfth- 
tide (-tid), re. Twelfth day after 
Christmas; Epiphany. 

twelve (twelv). I. a. Ten and two. II. 
re. 1. Number next after eleven. 2. 
The figures representing twelve. [A. 
S. tioelf.] 

twelvemo (twelv'mo), re. and a. Duo- 
decimo; 12mo.; XII mo. 

twelvemonth (twelv'munth), re. Year. 

twentieth (twen'ti-eth). I. a. Last of 
twenty. II. re. One of twenty equal 
parts. 

twenty (twen'ti). I. a. Twice ten; 
nineteen and one. II. re. 1. Number 
next after nineteen. 2. Figures rep- 
resenting twenty. [A. S. twentig.] 

'twere (twer). Contraction of it were. 

twi-. Anglo-Saxon prefix, = two. 

twibili (twi'bil), re. Double-bladed ax. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hat, barn ; oil, owl, then. 



twice 



640 



twoness 



twice (twis), adv. Two times; once and 
again; doubly. [O. E. twies.] 

twiddle (twid'l). I. vi. Twirl idly; play 
with. II. vi. Revolve; twirl; toy. 

twig (twig), n. 1. Small shoot or branch 
of a tree. 2. Divining-rod. [A. S. twig. 
Ger. ziveig. Akin to two.] 

twig- (twig), vt. and vi. Understand; 
detect; observe; catch on. [Colloq.] 
— twig'-worer, n. One of many small 
beetles which infest trees and vines. 

— twig'-girdler, n. Beetle which 
girdles twigs of tree, producing a con- 
dition of the wood which fits it as 
food for the beetle's larvee.— -twig'- 
inseet, n. Walking-stick. 

twigged (twigd), a. Having twigs or 
small shoots. 

twig-gen (twig'n), a. Made of, or cov- 
ered with, wickerwork. [like, twigs. 

twiggy (twig'i), a. Consisting of, or 

twiligiit (twi'lit). I. n. 1. Faint light 
after sunset and before sunrise. 2. 
Uncertain view. II. a. 1. Of twilight. 
2. Faintly illuminated; obscure. — 
Twilight curve, boundary of the earth's 
shadow which, at times sharply de- 
fined, rises iu the east at sunset and 
arrives in the west at the end of twi- 
light. [From 'tween light'.] 

twill (twil), tweel (twel). I. n. 1. Dia- 
gonal rib in cloth. 2. Fabric with a 
twill. II. vt. Weave with a twill. 
[Scotch tweel. Ger. zwillich.] 

twin (twin). I. n. 1. One of two born at 
a birth. 2. One very like another. II. 
a. 1. Being one of two born at a birth 
or growing in pairs. 2. Very like an- 
other. — The twins, the constellation 
Gemini.— twin'-foorn, a. Born at the 
same birth; born along with another. 

— twin-screw, n. Steamer with two 
propellers on separate shafts, one 
under each quarter, and revolving in 
opposite senses to avoid lateral vibra- 
tion. — twin'-flower, n. Trailing, 
evergreen plant with delicate stalks 
bearing two nodding, fragrant,f unnel- 
formed flowers. [A. S. twinn, double.] 

twine (twin). I. n. 1. Cord composed of 
two or more threads twisted together. 
2. Act of twining. II. vt. 1. Wind, as 
two threads, together; twist together. 
2. Wind about. III. vi. 1. Unite closely. 
2. Bend. 3. Ascend spirally round a 
support. [A. S. twin, double-thread.] 

twinge (twinj). I. n. Twitch; pinch; 
sudden, sharp pain. II. vi. Have or 
suffer a sudden, sharp pain, like a 
twitch. III. vt. Affect with a sharp, 
sudden pain. [A. S. twingan. Cf. Ger. 
zwingen, compel.] 

twinkle (twing'kl). I. vi. and vt. 1. 
Shine*with an intermittent, sparkling 



light. 2. Open and shut the eyes 
rapidly; wink. II. n. 1. Quick motion 
of the eye; short gleam. 2. Time oc- 
cupied by a winis; instant.— twink- 
les', n.~ twinlt'ling, n. 1. A quick 
movement, as of the eye. 2. Scintilla- 
tion Of the fixed stars. 3. Time required 
for one wink of the eye; very short 
time. [A. S. twinclian.] 
twire(twlr). I. vi. Peer; twinkle. II, 
n. Sly glance; leer. [From root of 

TBWARtf.] 

Syn. Flash; sparkle; scintillate. 

twirl (twerl). I. vt. and vi. Turn around 
rapidly. II. n. Whirl; rapid circular 
motion. [A. S. thwiril. Cf. Ger. quirl, 
stirring-spoon.] 

twist (twist). I. vt. and vi. 1. Twine; 
unite or form by winding together. 2. 
Encircle; wreathe; wind spirally. 3. 
Turn from the true form or meaning. 
II. n. 1 . That which is twisted ; cord. 
2. Twisting; contortion. 3. Spiral or 
rotary motion, as of a billiard ball. 4. 
Distortion; perversion.— twist'er, n, 
[A. S. twist — root of two.] 

twit (twit). I. vt. [twit'ting; twit'ted.] 
Remind of some fault; taunt. II. n. 
Gibing reminder; taunt.— twit'ter, 
n— twit'tingly, adv. In a twitting 
manner. [A. S. czt-witan, reproach — 
out, against, and witan (Scot. wyte. Ger. 
ver-weisen), blame.] 

Syn. Reproach; revile; flout; mock; 
tease; jeer; deride. 

twiteSi (twich). I. vt. Pull with a 
jerk; pluck; snatch. II. vi. Move 
spasmodically; make flings; carp. III. 
n. 1. Sudden, quick pull. 2. Spas- 
modic contraction of a muscle. 3. 
Noose twisted around a horse's upper 
lip to hold it under command when 
shoeing.— twitcla'ei*, n. [A. S . Uviccian.] 

twittes s (twit'er). I. n. 1. Series of trem- 
ulous, broken sounds. 2. Flutter of 
excitement. II. vi. 1. Make a succes- 
sion of small, tremulous noises. 2. 
Quiver; palpitate. [Imitative.] 

twitter-foone (twit'er-bon),^. Excres- 
cence on a horse's hoof. 

twittingly (twitlng-li), adv. In a twit- 
ting manner; with taunts. 

tw©(to). I. a. One and one. ll.n. 1. Sum 
of one and one. 2. Figure representing 
two. — In two, in pieces, asunder. 
[A. S. twa.] [edges. 

two-edged (to'ejjd), a. Having two 

two-faced (to'fast), a. 1. With two 
faces like Janus, the Roman deity. 2. 
Double-dealing; false. 

twofold (to'fold). I. a. Multiplied by 
two; double. II. adv. Doubly. 

twoness (to'nes), n. State of being two 
or double; duplicity. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, W9lf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



two-pence 



641 



typesetter 



two-pence (to'pens or tup'ens), n. 
English coin, worth four cents, U. S. 

two-penny (to'pen-i or tup'en-i), n. 
Of the value of twopence ; mean. 

two-ply (to'pli), a. Consisting of two 
cords, webs or thicknesses. 

twosome ( to'sum). a. 1. Being a pair; 
double, a. Performed by two persons. 

twyer (twi'er), n. Pipe through which 
air enters into a blast furnace. [Fr. 
tuyere, nozzle.] 

-ty, suffix. Terminating abstract nouns 
from the Latin; denoting being or 
quality, as society, honesty. [Fr.-££ 
— L. -tas, -tatis.] [sixty. [A. S. tig.\ 

-ty, suffix. Denoting the tenfold, as 

Tycne (ti'ke), n. Greek goddess of for- 
tune. [Gr.] 

Tychonic (ti-kon'ik), a. Pertaining to 
the Danish Astronomer Tycho Brahe, 
who flourished 1546-ltSOl. 

tycoon (tl-kon'), n. Title by which 
formerly the shogun of Japan was 
known to foreigners, meaning great 
prince. 

tye (ti), n. The part of a topsail-halyard, 
that passes through a block at the 
masthead. 

tyinbal (tim'bal), n. Small kind of 
kettledrum. [Sp. timbal.] 

tynip ( timp ), n. In a blast-furnace, 
the crown of the opening in front of 
the hearth. 

tympan (tim'pan), n. 1. Tympanum. 
2. Device to equalize and soften the 
pressure of a printing-press, inter- 
posed between the platen and the 
paper. [From tympanum.] 

tympanal (tim'pa-nal), a. Tympanic. 

tympanic (tim-pan'ik). I. a. 1. Like a 
drum. 2. Pertaining to the tympanum. 
II. n. Bone of the ear, forming the 
exterior auditory passage. 

tympanism (tim'pa- 
nism), n. Distention 
by gas. 

tympanitis (tim-pa- 
ni'tis), n. Inflamma- 
tion of the ear-drum. 

tympanum ( t i m ' - 
pa-num) , n. 1 . Mem- 
brane which sepa- 
rates the external 
from the internal 
ear; drum of the ear. 
2. Triangular space 
between sloping and 
horizontal cornices, . 
or in the corners or ^ane. 2. stapes. 6, 
sides of an arch. 3. ^Ueus. ±- Incus. 
Panel of a door. 4. "Water-raising 
wheel, formerly drum-shaped. [L. — 
Gr. tympanon, typanon, kettle-drum, 
— typo, strike.] 




Tympany of 

human ear. 

1. Tympanic mem- 



type (tip), n. 1. Mark or figure struck or 
stamped upon something. 2. That 
which combines best the characteris- 
tics of a group; style; model. 3. Em- 
blem of something to come which is 
called the antitype, as the paschal 
lamb, the type of Christ, its antitype; 
prefigurement. 4. Raised letter, etc., 
in metal or wood, used in printing; 
whole types used in printing. — ty- 
pal, a. [Fr.— Gr. typos— typto, strike.] 

DIFFERENT STYLES OF TYPE. 

Gothic Condensed TTu&or Uext 

Gothic De Vinne 

Old Style O. S. Italic 

Aldine Lcav Italic 

Clarendon Boldface 

DIFFERENT SI2E3 OF TYPE. 

1 Webster's New Standard Dictionary is the best. Webster's New 

2 Webster's New Standard Dictionary is tbe best. Webst 

3 Webster's New Standard Dictionary is the best 

4 Webster's New Standard Dictionary is t 

5 Webster's Kew Standard Dictionary 

6 Webster's New Standard Diction 

7 Webster's New Standard Diet 

8 Webster's New Standard D 

9 Webster's STew Standar 

10 Webster's New Stand 
n Webster's New Stan 

12 "Webster's New S 

13 Webster's New 

1. Brilliant (3J£ points). 2. Diamond 
(4J£ p.). 3. Pearl (5 p.)- 4. Agate (0Y2 P-)- 
5. Nonpareil (6 p.). 6. Minion (7 p.)- 7. 
Brevier (8 p.). 8- Bourgeois (9 p.)- 9. Long 
Primer (10 p.). 10. Small Pica (11 p.) 11. 
Pica (12 p.). 12. English (14 p.). 13. Great 
Primer (18 p.). 

type-dressing (tlp'dres-ing), n. Pro- 
cess of cutting off tbe superfluous 
metal on newly cast type. 

typefounder (tip'fown-der), n. One 
who founds or casts printer's type. 

type-metal (tlp'met-al), n. Compound 
of lead and antimony,' used for making 
types. [a machine which, sets type. 

typesetter (tip'set-er), n. One who, or 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wotf; 
mute, but, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



typewriter 



642 



Ubiquitarian 



typewriter (tip'ri-ter), n. 1. Machine 
for writing by the impression of type 
letters. 2. One who writes with this 
machine. 

type-writing- (tip'rl-ting), n. 1. Act 
of writing with a type-writer. 2. 
Writing produced by this process. 

typhoid (ti'foid) fever. Contagious 
disease due to bacilli. [See_ typhus.] 

typhomalarial (ti-f o-ma-la'ri-al ), a. 
Having both typhoid and malarial 
symptoms. 

typhon (ti'fon),w. Typhoon.-typhon'- 
ie, a. Pertaining to or like a typhoon. 

typhoon (ti-fon'), n. Violent hurri- 
cane in the Chinese seas. [Chin, tei-fun, 
hot wind.] 

typhous (ti'fus), a. Relating to typhus. 

typhus (ti'fus), n. Contagious, con- 
tinued fever accompanied by great 
prostration, delirium and eruption; 
jail-fever. .[Gr. typhos, smoke; delir- 
ium or stupor from a fever.] 

typie (tip'ik), typ'ical, a. Pertaining 

to or constituting a type; combining 

the characteristic of a group.— typ'- 

ieally, adv. [Gr. typikos,— typos, type.] 

Syn. Emblematic; figurative. 

typify (tip'i-fi), vt. Be a type of; rep- 
resent by an image or resemblence; 
exemplify; prefigure. — typ'ifier, n. 
— typifica'tion, n. [L. typus, type, 
and faciq, make.] [typewriter. 

typist (ti'pist), n. One who uses a 

typo (ti'po), n. Compositor. [Collog.] 

typography (ti-pog'ra-fi), n. 1. Art of 
printing. 2. General character of 
printed matter.— typog'rapher, n. 
Printer.— t ypograph'ie, typo- 



graphical. 



Pertaining to print 
[Gr. 



ing. — typographically, adv 

typos, type, and grapho, write.] 
ty polite (tip'6-lit), n. Rock with form 
of a plant or animal impressed on it. 
[— Gr. typos, impression, lithos, stone.] 
typology (ti-pol'o-ji), n. Doctrine of 
types, especially those of the scrip- 
tures, [in northern mythology. 
Tir (tir), n. God of war, son of Odin, 



tyrannic ( tl-ran'ik ), tyran'nical, 

tyrannous (tir'an-us), a. Pertaining 
to or suiting a tyrant ; unj ustly severe. 
— tyran'nically, tyr'annously, 

adv. [L.— Gr. tyrannisA 

Syn. Despotic; arbitrary; imperi- 
ous; oppressive; autocratic; cruel. 

tyrannicide(ti-ran'i-sid),w. I. One who 
kills a tyrant. 2. A ct of killing a tyrant. 

tyrannize (tir'an-iz). I. vi. Act as a 
tyrant; rule with oppressive severity. 
II. vt. Treat tyrannically ; make 
tyrannically oppressive. 

tyranny ( tir'an-i ), n. 1. Government 
or authority of a tyrant. 2. Oppres- 
sion; cruelty. [Gr. tyrannis.] 

Syn. Autocracy; despotism; perse- 
cution; despotocracy; absolutism. 

tyrant (ti'rant), n. 1. In ancient Greece, 
an irresponsible chief with unlimited 
powers; absolute monarch. 2. One 
who uses his power oppressively. 3. 
Tyrant-flycatcher. [O. Fr. tirant—Gv. 
tyrannos, Doric for koiranos, master.] 

tyremesis (ti-rem'e-sis), n. Vomiting 
of curdy or cheesy matter.— [Gr. twos, 
cheese, and emesis, vomiting.] 

Tyrian (tir'i-an), a. Of a deep purple 
color, like the dye formerly prepared 
at Tyre, from moilusks. 

tyro(ti'ro), n. [pi. ty'ros.] One learning 
an art; novice. [L. tiro, raw recruit.] 

tyrociny (ti-ros'i-ni), n. 1. State of 
being a tyro. 2. Unskilled effort. 

Tyrolienne ( ti-ro-li-en' ), n. Polka 
danced to mazurka music. 

tyrotoxicon (ti-ro-toks'i-kun), n. Poi- 
sonous alkaloid body (ptomain) found 
in spoiled ice-cream, milk or cheese. 
[Gr. turos, cheese,_aud toocikon, poison.] 

Tyrrhenian (ti-re'ni-an), a. Etruscan; 
of the sea between' Italy and the 
islands of Sardinia and Corsica. 

Tyrtean (tur-te'an), a. Pertaining to 
Tyrtasus, a Greek writer of national 
songs in the seventh century B. C. 

tzar, tzarina, etc. See czar, etc. 

Tzigany (tsig'a-ni), n. Hungarian 
gipsy. [Hung.] 



1 



u (ii), n. Twenty-first letter in 
the English alphabet. It has 
five distinct sounds, as in use, 
rude, push, cup, curl. The 6- 
sound (as in rude) is becoming 
more and more prevalent after ft, bl, cl, 
and even after I (as influent, blue, clue, 
lucid), but is still considered inelegant 
after t, d, s and n, (as in tune, during, 
sue, nude.) In many words, like guide, 
plague, the u serves only to indicate 
the hard sound of g, in others, as 



anguish, suave, quite, it represents the 

semivowels; in still others it is silent 

after q, a,s_in guay, unique. 
uberous (u'ber-us), a. Fruitful.—- 

ct'berty, n. Fertility. [From L. uber, 

fertile.]_ 
ubiety (u-bl'e-ti), n. 1. State of being 

in a definite place; whereness. 2. 

Ubiquity. [From "L. ubi, where.] 
Ubiquitarian (u-bik-wi-ta'ri-au), n. 

One who believes in the ubiquity of 

the body of Christ. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



ubiquity 



643 



umbra 



ubiquity (u-bik'wi-ti), n. Existence 
everywhere at the same time; onmi- 
presence.-ubiq'uitous, a. Apparent- 
ly omnipresent. — ubiquitously, 
adv. — ubiq'uitousness, n. [Fr. 
ubiquit£,—Li. ubique, everywhere.] 

udder (ud'er), n. Glandular organ of an 
animal, as a cow, in which the milk 
is secreted. [A. S. uder, Ger. enter.] 

udometer (u-dom'e-ter),w. Rain-gauge. 
[L. udus, moist, and meter.] 

ug-b (o), inter j. Usually accompanied 
by a shudder. Expresses aversion. 

ug-ly (ug'li), a. 1. Offensive to the eye; 
deformed. 2. Hateful; ill-natured. 3. 

I Dangerous ; bad. — ug'liness, n. 
[Icel. uggligr, frightful, — uggr, fear.] 
Syn. 1. Unsightly; homely; hide- 
ous ; ill-favored. 2. Ill-tempered ; 
cross; sulky; cantankerous; perverse. 

Ugrian (6'gri-an), a. Pertaining to 
the Pinno-Huhgarian group of lan- 
guages. [After a Finnish tribe.] 

uhlan (u'lan), n. One of a kind of light 
cavalry, carrying a lance. [Polish 
ulan, — Turk, oghlan, young man.] 

ukase (u-kas'), n. Russian imperial 
decree having the force of law. 

ulcer (ul'faer), n. Sore which discharges 
matter.— ulcerous, a. 1. Of the na- 
ture of an ulcer. .2. Affected with 
ulcers. [Pr. ulcere— L. ulcus, ulceris.] 

ulcerate (ul'ser-at). I. vi. Be formed 
into an ulcer; form ulcers. II. vt. 
Affect with an ulcer or ulcers.— ui- 
cera'tion, n. 1. Process of forming 
into an ulcer. 2. Ulcei\ 

»ule, sufix. Diminutive termination in 
words of Latin origin, as iu capsw^j 
glohwte, etc. [Pr.— L. -ulus.] 

ulmic (ul'mik), a. Noting an acid found 
in earth-mold, 
peat, etc. 

ulna (ul-na), n. 
Larger of the Uin*. 

two bones of the 
forearm.— ulnar, a. [L. ulna, elbow.] 

ulster (ul'ster), n. Long loose overcoat, 
originally made of frieze in Ulster. 

ulterior (ul-te'ri-ur), a. On the further 
side ; remote; kept in the back ground ; 
beyond what is seen or advanced. [L. 
comp. of ulter, beyond.] 

ultimate (ul'ti-mat), a. Furthest; last; 
incapable of further division ; beyond 
what no cause etc., can be traced.— 
ultimately, adv. [L. ultimus, last, 
superl. of ulter.] 

ultimatum ( ul-ti-ma'tum ), n. [pi. 
ultima'ta]. Last or final proposition. 
Between nations its rejection usually 
leads to a declaration of war. [Low 
L, from L. ultimus, last.] [L.] 

ultimo (ul'ti-mo), ad. In the last month. 



ultra-, prefix. Beyond; excessively. [L.] 
ultramarine(ul-tra-ma-ren'), n. Beau- 
tiful, durable, sky-blue color, so called 
from the lapis lazuli, from which it 
is made, being brought from Asia, 
beyond the sea. 
ultramontane (ul-tra-mon'tan), a. 1. 
Being beyond the mountains (the 
Alps). Orig. used in Italy of the 
French, Germans, etc.; afterwards 
applied by the northern nations to 
the Italians. 2. Holding extreme views 
as to the Pope's rights and supremacy. 

— ultramon'tanism, n. Extreme 
views as to the Pope's rights.— ultra- 
mon'tanist, n. [L. ultra, beyond, and 
mons, mountain.] 

ultramundane 
( ul-tra-mun'dan ), 
a. Being beyond 
the world or be- 
yond the limits of 
the solar system. 

ululate (ul'u-lat), 
vi. 1. Howl, as a 
wolf. 2. Hoot, as 
an owl.-ul'ulant, 
a. Ululating.— 
ulula'tion, n. 

umbel (um'bl), n. Form of flower in 
which a number of stalks, each bear- 
ing a flower, radiate from one center. 

— umbelliferous, a. Bearing um- 
bels. [L. umbella, dim. of wm6ra,shade. 
Doublet UMBRELLA.] 

umber (um'ber), n. 1. Shade. 2. A fish, 
the grayling. [L. umbra, shade.] 

umber (um'ber). I. n. Brown clay pig- 
ment. II. vt. To color with, or as with, 
umber; darken. — um'bered, a. 
Tinged with umber. [Orig. obtained 
from Umbria, Italy.] 

umbilic (um-bil'ik), umbilical, a. 1. 
Pertaining to the navel. 2. Formed 
or placed like a navel. [L] 

umbilicus (um-bi-li'kus), n. [pi. urn- 
bili'ci.] 1. Navel. 2. Navel-like depres- 
sion or elevation. [L.— Gr. omphalos, 
navel.] 

umbo (um'bo), n. Boss; knob. [L.] 




Umbel. 





Umbra. 
S, sun. E, earth. U, umbra. P, penumbra. 
umbra (um'bra), n. Conical shade of 
a planet within which the sun is not 
visible.— um'bral, a. [ L. ] 



fl&te. fat, tasfe, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, opt, move, wol?j 
ffiUte, Jjut, Ijijrn ; oil, owl, thm, 



umbrage 



644 



uncertain 



umbrage (um'braj), n. 1. Shade; ob- 
scurity ; shadow.' 2. Feeling of being 
overshadowed; suspicion of injury; 
offense.— umbrage© us (um-bra'jus), 
a. Shady; shaded, -umbrageous* 
ly, adv. — umbra'geousness, n. 
[O. Pr. wmbraige (Fr. ombrage) — L. 
umbra, shadow.] 

umbrella ( um-breVa ), n. Covered 
frame carried in the band, as a screen 
from rain or sunshine. [It. ombrella, 
L.. umbella — umbra, shade.] 

umiak (om'yak), n. Large Eskimo'boat 
made of seal skins on a wooden frame. 

umlaut (om'lowt), n. Modification of a 
root vowel in declension, conjugation, 
etc., as geese from goose. [Ger. um, 
denoting a change, and laul, sound.] 

umpire (um'pir). I, n. 1. Third person 
called in to decide a dispute; arbitra- 
tor. 2. Judge in the game of baseball, 
cricket, etc. II. vt. and vi. Enforce 
rules and decide disputes at (a game); 
act as umpire. [O. Fr. nomper, not 
even. Cf. L. impar.\ 

umpress (um'pres),rc. Female umpire. 

un-, prefix. Signifying not before nouns 
or adjectives, and the reversal of the 
action, or its undoing, before verbs. 
Most of the words formed with this 
prefix are self-explaining. [A. S. an— 
and, back, against.] 

unabridged (un-a,-bri jd'), a. Not 
shortened; complete. 

unaccountable (un-ak-kown'ta-bl), a. 
1. Not responsible. 2. Inexplicable. 

unaccusafoly ( un-ak-kii'za-bli ), adv. 
So as to be beyond accusation. 

unaccustomed (un-ak-kus'tumd), a. 
1. Not having become used. 2. Not 
according to custom; unwonted. 

nnadvjsed(un-ad-vizd'), a. Iliad vised; 
imprudent; rash. -— unadvisedly, 
adv.— unadvi'sedness, n>. 

unaffected (un-af-fek'ted), a. 1. Not 
influenced; not easily affected. 2. Free 
from affectation; natural; simple. — 
unaffectedly, adv. — uraaffeet'ed- 
ness, n. [or allied. 

unaffied (un-af-fid'), a. Not affianced 

unaided (un-a'ded), a. Not assisted. 

unalterable (un-al'ter-a-bl), a. Un- 
changeable; immutable. — unalter- 
abil'ity, unal'terableness, n. 

unancestried (un-an'ses-trid), a. 
Without a distinguished ancestry. 

unancbor ( un-ang'kur ), vt. and vi. 
Make or become loose from anchorage. 

unanealed, iinaneled (un-a-neld'), 
a. Without the extreme unction. 

unanimous (u-nan'i-mus), a. 1. Con- 
sented to by all. 2. Being of one mind. 
— unanimously, adv. — nnau'i< 
mousuess, unanim'ity, n. 



un appareled (un-ap-par'eld), a. Not 
wearing clothes. 

unarm (un-arm'), vt. and vi. Disarm; 
make harmless.— unarmed', a. Not 
equipped with weapons, or scales, 
prickles, etc. [accustomedness. 

uhassuetude (un-as'we-tud), n. Un- 

unassuming (un-as-su'ming), a. Not 
forward; modest. 

unattacbed (un-at-tachf), a. 1. Not 
attached; free. 2. Not assigned to 
any troop, as an officer waiting orders. 

unau (u'na), n. South American two- 
toed sloth. 

unavailable ( un-a-va'la-bl ), a. Not 
capable of being used advantageously ; 
useless; vain. 

unavailing (un-a-va'ling), a. Useless. 
Syn. Ineffectual; fruitless; vain. 

unaware ( un-a-war' ), unawares', 
adv. 1. Without being prepared; sud- 
denly. 2. Inadvertently. 

unbag (un-bag'), vt. Let out of a bag; 
take from a bag. 

unbalance (un-bal'ans), vt. To throw 
out of balance; derange. [open. 

unbar (uu-baf), vt. Remove a bar from ; 

unbeknown(un-be-non'), a. Unknown. 

unbelief (un-be-lef), n. The withhold- 
ing of belief, esp. of divine revelation. 

unbend (un-bend'). I. vt. 1. Free from 
a bent state ; make straight. 2. Free 
from strain; set at ease. II. vi. Be- 
come relaxed.^unbend'ing, o. Not 
bending; unyielding; resolute.— un- 
bend'ingiy, adv. 

unbiased ( un-bi'ast ), a. Free from 
prejudice: impartial. 

unblamed (un-blamd'), a. Free from 
censure; innocent. 

unbless (u n-bles') , vt. Render unhappy ; 
neglect to make happy. 

unblown (un-blon'J, a. 1. Not affected 
by the wind. 2. Not sounded, as a 
wind instrument. 3. Not developed, 
as a bud. 

unblusbing (un-blush'ing), a. Not 
blushing; without shame; impudent. 

unbosom (un-boz'um), vt. Disclose 
what is in the mind; confess. 

unbounded ( un-bown'ded ), a. Un- 
limited; boundless; unrestrained. 

unbridled (un-bri'dld), a. U n r e - 
strained; licentious. 

unburden (un-bur'dn), unfeurthLen 
(un-bur'tfto), vt. Take a burden off. 

unbutton (un-but'n), vt. To open or 
unfasten, by taking the buttons out 
of the buttonholes. 

uncalled-for (un-kald'far), a. Unnec- 
essary; wanton. [some. 

uncanny (un-kan'i), a. Weird;' grue- 

uneertain (un-ser'tin), a. 1. Not cer- 
tain; doubtful. 2. Not reliable. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; mS, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf} 
mQte, hut, burn j oil, owl, then. 



unchain 



646 



underplot 



unchain (un-chan'), vt. Free from 
chains or slavery. 

unchancy (un-chan'si), a. 1. Unlucky; 
uncanuy: dangerous. 2. Inconvenient. 

unchurch (un-church'), vt. Deprive 
of the rights of a church. 

uncial (tm'shal), a. Applied to large 
round characters used in ancieut 
manuscripts. [L. uncia, twelfth part. 
See inch.] [L. uncus, hook.] 

unciform(un'si-farm),a. Hook-shaped. 

uncivilized (un-siv l-llzd), a. Rude; 
barbarous. [clasp of. 

unclasp ( un-klasp' ), vt. Loose the 

uncle (ung'kl), n. Brother of one's 
father or mother. [O. Fr. (Fr. oncle) 
— L. avunculus, extension of avus, 
grandfather.] 

mn close (nn-kl5z'), vt. Open; disclose. 

tin compromising ( un-kom' pro-mi- 
zing), a. Making no concessions ; 
exacting. [ference. 

unconcern (un-kon-sern'), n. Indif- 

unconditional (un-kou-dish'un-al), a. 
Without conditions; unreserved! 

unconscionable ( un-kon'shun-a-bl ), 
a. Not conformable to conscience; un- 
reasonable, [loose. 

uncouple (un kup'l),-^. Disjoin; set 

uncous (ung'kus), a. Hook-like. 

uncouth (un-koth'), a. Awkward; un- 
graceful. -*• uncoutb'ly, adv. — un- 
couth'uess, n. [A. S. uncudh, un- 
kuowu, outlandish, — cunnan, know.] 

uncover ( un-kuv'er ). I. vt. Remove 
the cover of. Il.vi. Take off the hat. 

uncreate (un-kre-at'), vt. Annihilate. 

unction (ungk'shun), n. 1. Act of 
anointing. 2. Ointment. 3. That qual- 
ity in speech which show?? or excites 
fervor and devotion, esp. religious. 4. 
Hypocritical religious warmth.— Ex- 
treme Unction (in the R. G. church, 
sacrament of anointing persons with 
consecrated oil in their last hours. 
[Li. unctio— ungo, anoint.] 

unctuous (ungk'tu-us), a. 1. Fervid; 
insincerely fervid. 2. Oily; greasy.— 
unctuos'ity, n. [L. unctus. greased.] 

undated (un'dated), a. Rising and 
falling in waves, [ed; bold; intrepid. 

undaunted (un-dant'ed),«. Not daunt- 

undeceive (un-de-seV), vt. Free from 
deception or error; open the eyes of. 

undecided ( un-de-si'ded ), a. 1. Not 
settled. 2. Irresolute. 

undeify (un-de'i-fi), vt. Deprive of the 
character of a god. 

undeniable (un-de-ni'a-bl), a. 1. In- 
disputable. 2. Decidedly good. 

under (un'der). L prep. 1. In a lower 
position than; below. 2. Less than. 

3. In subjection or su-bordinauon to. 

4. During the reign of. II. adv. In 



a lower position, degree or condition. 
III. a. Lower in position, rank or 
degree.— Under way, moving; having 
commenced a voyage. [A. S.] 

underbid fun-der-bid')^. Ask a lower 
price than (another). 

underbill (un-der-bil'), vt. To bill at 
less than the actua 1 weigh t or measure. 

under bitten (un'der-bit-n), a. Not 
sufficiently etched to print well. 

underbred ( un'der-bred ), a. Of infe- 
rior breeding or manners. 

underbrush (un'der-brush), n. Bushes 
and small trees growing between 
large trees. 

undercurrent ( un'der-kur-ent ), n. 
Current under the surface. 

underdo ( un-der-do' ). I. vi. To do 
less than one might, or less than is 
required. II. vt. 1. To put under; 
subject. 2. To do (esp. cook) less than 
is required. [ciently cooked. 

underdone ( un-der-dun' ), a. Insuffl- 

underg-o (uu-der-go'), vt. [underwent'; 
undergone'.] Endure; be subjected to. 

undergraduate (un-der-grad'u-at), n. 
Student who has not taken his first 
degree. 

underground (un'der-grownd), a. and 
adv. Under the surface ofthe ground. 

undergrowth (un'der-groth), n. Un- 
derbrush. 

underhand (un'der-hand), a. and adv. 
Secret; by secret means; by fraud. 

underhung (un-der-hung'), a. 1. Pro- 
jecting beyond the upper jaw. 2. 
Having a projecting underjaw. 

underlay (un-der-1 a'), vt. Lay under; 
support by something laid under. 

underlet (un-der-lef), vt. Sublet. 

underlie (un-d.ex-ll'),_vt. Lie beneath. 

underline ( un-der-lm' ), vt. Under- 
score, [nate. 

uuderling (un'der-ling), n. Subordi- 

undermeal (un'der-mel), n. 1. Chief 
meal of the day, eaten at undern. 2. 
After dinner sleep. [A. S. — undern, 
orig. morning, later afternoon, and 
mael, meal.] 

undermine (un-der-min'), vt. 1. Form 
mines under, in order to destroy. 2. 
Destroy secretly the foundation or 
support of. (in place or condition. 

undermost (un'der-mqst), a. Lowest 

underneath (uu-der-neth'), prep, and 
adv. Beneath; below. [A. S. veothan. 
beueath. See nether.] [sufficiently. 

underpay (un-der-pa'), vt. To pay in- 
underpinning (un-der-pin'ing), n. 1. 
Act of introducing a support under- 
neath. 2. Foundation; support. 

underplot (un'der-plot), n. 1. Plot sub- 
ordinate to the main plot in a play or 
tale. 2. Secret scheme. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



underproof 



646 



unearth 




Undershot wheel. 



nnclerproof (un-der-prof), a. Of a 
greater specific gravity than 0.91984, 
said of alcoholic liquors. (A liquor is 
said to be " 10 underproof," if it takes 
10 volumes of pure spirit (of the 
specific gravity of 0.825) to reduce 
it to "proof.") 

underprop (un-der-prop'), vt. Prop 
from beneath; support. 

underrate (un-der-raf), vt. Rate un- 
der the value. [line. 

underscore (un-der-skor'), vt. Under- 

uaadersell (un-der-sel'). I. vt. Sell 
cheaper than. II. vi. Defeat fair 
trade, by selling for too small a price. 

undershot (un'der- 
shot), a. Moved by 
water passing un- 
der the wheel. 

unc!ersign(un-der- 
sin'),^. Write one's 
name under or at 
the end of. 

understand ( un- 
der-stand'). I. vt. 
1. Comprehend ; 

have correct ideas of. 2. Learn; be 
informed. 3. Suppose to mean. 4. 
Mean without expressing; imply. II. 
vi. 1. Have the use of the intellectual 
faculties. 2. Know; be informed. [A. 
S. under standan, stand among.] 

understanding (un-der-stan'ding), n. 

1. Act of comprehending. 2. Faculty 
of the mind by which it understands. 
3. Exact comprehension; agreement. 

understate (un-der-stat'), vt. Repre- 
sent under or below the truth. 

understood (un-der-stod'), a. 1. Com- 
prehended. 2. Implied; assumed. 

understudy (u n'd e r-s t u d-i). I. n. 
Actor or actress prepared to take the 
place of another at a moment's notice. 
II. vt. Memorize (a part) as an under- 
study. 

undertake (un-der-tak'), vt. and vi. 
Take under one's management; take 
upon one's self; attempt; promise; 
contract. 

undertaker (un-der-ta'ker), n. 1. One 
who undertakes any performance. 2. 
One who manages funerals. 

undertaking' (un-der-ta'king), n. 1. 
Business or project engaged in. 2. 
Management of funerals. 

undertone (un'der-ton),ra.l. Low tone. 

2. Low physical condition. 3. Slight 
coloring seen through another color. 

undertow(un'der-to), n. Current below 
the surface, carrying off the water 
thrown on a beach by the waves. 

undervaluation ( un-der-val-u-a'- 
shun), n. Undervaluing; rate below 
the worth. 



undervalue (un-der-val'u). I. vt. Value 
under the worth; esteem lightly. Ii. 
n. Value or price under the r,eal worth. 

underwent. Pa. t. of undergo. 

underwood (un'der-wod), n. Under- 
brush; coppice. 

underworld ( un'der- wurld ), n. 1. 
World below the skies. 2. Degraded 
part of mankind. 3. Opposite side of 
the globe. 4. Abode of departed souls; 
Hades. 

underwrite (un-der-rif). I. vt. 1. Write 
under something; subscribe. 2. Sub- 
scribe one's name to, for insurance, 
becoming responsible for loss. II. vi. 
Practice insuring.— un'derwriter, 
n. One who guarantees against loss 
by fire, shipwreck, etc. 

undeserved (u n-d e-z e r v d'), a. Not 
merited.— undeservedly, adv. 

undesigned (un-de-slnd'), a. Not 
intended.— undesignedly, adv. 

undine (un-den'), n. Female water- 
spirit. — undinal (un-de'nal), a. 

undiscerning (u n-d i-z e r'n i n g), a. 
Laking judgment or discrimination. 

undisciplined (un-dis'i-plind), a. Not 
duly exercised, taught or trained. 

undisguised (un-dis-gizd'), a. Not 
covered with a false appearance. 

undissembled ( un-dis-sem'bld ), a. 
Not feigned; genuine; open. 

undivided (un-di-vi'ded), a. Not divi- 
ded or separated; unbroken; whole. 

undo (un-do'), vt. 1. Reverse what has 
been done; bring to naught. 2. Loose: 
open; unravel. 3. Impoverish; ruin; 
baffle. — undo'ing, n. Reversal of 
what has been done; ruin. 

undose (un'dos), a. Wavy; undulated. 

undoubted (un-dowt'ed), a. Not called 
in question junsuspected.-undoubt'- 
edly, adv. Without doubt. 

undress (ua-dres'), vt. and vi. Take off 
the clothes or dressing (of). 

undress (un'dres), n. 1. Loose dress. 
2. Plain dress worn by soldiers when 
off duty. 

undue (un-du'), «• 1. Not yet demand - 
able by right. 2. Not lawful; improp- 
er. 3. Excessive. 

undulate (un'du-lat), vt. and vi. Move 
like waves; vibrate.— undulation, 
n.— un'dulatory, a. Moving in the 
manner of waves.— Undulatory theory, 
in optics, theory which regards light 
as a mode of motion generated by 
molecular vibrations in the luminous 
source, propagated by undulations in 
the ether, presumed to fill all space. 

unduly (un-du'li), adv. Not according 
to duty or propriety; excessively. 

unearth (iun-erth'), vt. Take out of, 
or drive from the earth, as a fox. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



nnencnmber 



647 



unhumaiiize 



nnencnmber (un-en-cum'ber), vt. To 
free from encumbrance. 

un-English (un-ing'I is h), a. 1. Not 
characteristic of Englishmen. 2. Not 
according to the usages of the English 
language. 

unequal (un-e'kwal), a. 1. Not of the 
same size, quality, strength, talent, 
station or the like. 2. Inferior; inade- 
quate. 3. Disproportioned ; unfair. 4. 
Irregular. 

unessential (un-es-sen'shal), a. 1. Not 
absolutely required. 2. Void of being, 
either apparent or real. 

uneven (un-e'vn), a. 1. Not regular or 
level. 2. Not balanced or fair. 

unexampled (un-egz-am'pld), a. Un- 
precedented; unparalleled. 

unexceptionable (un-ek-sep'shun-a- 
bl), a. Unobjectionable. 

unexpected (un-eks-pek'ted), a. Com- 
ing without warning or notice; 
strange and unforeseen. 

unfailing (un-fa'ling), a. 1. Inexhaus- 
tible. 2. Always coming up to expec- 
tation, [esty, partiality or prejudice. 

unfair (un-far'), a. Marked by dishon- 

unfatboniable ( un-f ath'om-a-bl ), a. 
Too deep for measurement or com- 
prehension. 

unfeigned (un-fand'). a. Genuine. 

unfit (un-fif). I. a. Unsuitable. II. vt. 
Disqualify. [ing strength or spirit. 

unflagging (un-flag'ing), a. Maintain- 

unflated (un-na'ted), a. Not inflated 
or distended. 

unfledged ( un-flejd' ), a. Not yet 
fledged, as a young bird ; immature. 

unflesb(un-flesh'), vt. Emaciate.— un- 
fleshed', a. Not having shed blood, 
as a sword. 

unflinching (un-flinch'ing), a. Acting 
or suffering without shrinking ; stead- 
fast. — unflinchingly, adv. — un- 
flinch'ingness, n. 

unfold (un-fold'), vt. 1. Open the folds 
of; spread out. 2. Release from a pen. 
3. Tell; disclose; explain. 

unformed (un-farmd'), a. 1. Devoid of 
shape; structureless. 2. Not fully 
developed; immature.- Unformed star, 
star not within the limits of any con- 
stellation. 

unfortunate (un-far'tu-nat). I. a. 1. 
Having bad fortune ; unsuccessful. 2. 
Attended with bad fortune; disas- 
trous. II. n. One who is unfortunate. 
— unfor'tunately, adv. — unfor'- 
tunateness, n. [hostile. 

unfriendly (un-frend'li), a. Not kind; 

unfrock (un-frok'), vt. To deprive of 
ecclesiastical authority, as a penalty 
for a dishonorable act. 

unfurl (un-fuiT), vt. Unfold; spread. 



ungainly (un-gan'li), a. Awkward' 
clumsy; uncouth. — ungain'liness, 

n. [M. E. un-geinliche, inconvenient, — 
Icel. gegn, (A. S. gegn, Scot, gane), 
directed towards, against, ready.] 

ungod (un-god'), vt. 1. To deprive of 
divine character. 2. To render godless 
or atheistic. 

ungodly (un-god'li), a. 1. Not godlike. 
2. Having no reverence for God; 
impious. 3. Not approved by God; 
unholy; wicked. — ungod'lily, adv. 
— ungodliness, n. 

ungovernable (un-guv'ern-a-bl), a. 
Wild; unbridled; uncontrollable. 

ungracious (un-gra'shus), a. 1. Un- 
mannerly; slightly rude. 2. Not pleas- 
ing; offeusive. 

ungrateful (un-grat'fol), a. 1. Show- 
ing a lack of gratitude. 2. Repugnant; 
disagreeable. 3. Not rewarding ; thank- 

ungual (ung'wal), a. Pertaining to, 
resembling, or having, a claw or nail. 

ungnent (ung'went), n. Ointment. [L. 
uuguentum. Cf. ttnction.] 

unguis (ung'wis), n. [pi. ung'ues.] 1. 
Nail; claw; hoof. 2. Structure or 
part resembling: a nail or claw. 

ungula (ung'u-la), n. 1. Hoof, as of a 
horse. 2. Part cut off from a cylinder 
or cone, etc., by an. inclined plane. [L.] 

ungulate (ung'u-1 at), a. 1. Having 
hoofs, as a horse. 2. Hoof-shaped. 

unhallowed (un-hal'od), a. 1. Not con- 
secrated. 2. Profane; very wicked. 

unhand (un-hand'), vt. Take the hands 
off; let go. 

unhandy (un-han'di), a. Awkward. 

unhappy (un-hap'i), a. 1. Not happy; 
miserable; sad. 2. Unfortunate; un- 
lucky. 3. Evil. 

nn harness (un-har'nes), vt. and vi. 1. 
Take the harness off. 2. Take off the 
armor or military dress of. 

unheard (un-herd'), a. 1. Not perceived 
by the ear. 2. Not admitted to a heav- 
ing. 3. Not known to fame.— Unheard- 
of, unprecedented. 

un heaven (un-hev'n), vt. Deprive of, 
or remove from, a heaven. _ 

unhesitating (un-hez'-i-ta-ting), a. 
Done or acting without hesitation. 

unhinge (un-hinj')i vt. 1. Take from 
the hinges. 2_. Render unstable. 

unholy (un-ho'li), a. 1. Not sacred: 
not hallowed. 2. Impure; wicked. 

unhorse (un-hars'), vt. 1. Throw from 
a horse. 2. Rob of horses. 

nnhonse (un-howz'), vt. Deprive of a 
house or shelter. 

unhumanize (un-hu'ma-niz), vt. 1. 
Divest of human character. 2. Elim- 
inate the humane studies from. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owi, then. 



unhush 



64S 



universal 




nnhnsk (un-husk'), vt. 1. Strip the 
husk or husks from. 2. Force to di- 
vulge one's thoughts or purpose. 

nni*, prefix, meaning one. [L.] 

uiiiaxal (u-ni-aks'al), uniaxial, a. 
1. Having only a single axis. 2. Sym- 
metrical to one axis only, as the crys- 
tal called Iceland spar, which doubly 
refracts light transmitted through it. 

unicameral(u-ni-kam'e-ral),a.Having 
only one chamber. 

unicorn (u'ni-karn), 
n. Fabulous ani- 
mal with one horn. 
[L. units, one , and cor- 
nu, horn.J 

unideaed ( un-i-de'- 
ad), a. Having no 
ideas ;unintelligent; 
thoughtless. 

uniform (u'ni-farm). 

1. a. Having the 
same form, manner 
or character. 2. Unicorn. 
Agreeing with an- 
other. II. n. Dress or livery of the same 
kind for persons who belong to the 
same body.— uniform'ity, n. Agree- 
ment with a pattern or rule ; sameness ; 
likeness between the parts of a whole. 

unify (u'ni-fi),^. Make into one-uni- 
fication, n. [L. unus, one, and facio, 
make.] 

unilateral (u-ni-lat'er-al), a._ Onesided. 

unimpeachable (un-im-pech'a-bl), a. 
Not to be called in question as to 
honesty; faultless; blameless. 

unimproved (un-im-provd'), «• 1. Not 
advantaged, bettered, or cultivated. 

2. Not used or rendered available. 
unintentional (un-in-ten'shun-al), a. 

Done or occurring without intention. 
— unintentionally, adv. [sel. 

unio (u'ni-o), n. A bivalve; river-mus- 

union (u'ni-un), n. 1. Uniting; com- 
bination. 2. That which is united or 
made one; bQdy formed by the com- 
bination of parts; league. 3. Concord; 
harmony; agreement between parts. 
4. Emblem of union, as the stars in 
in the U. S.flag. 5. (U) Large polit- 
ical, ecclesiastic or social body, as the 
United States. 

Syn. Unison; unity; alliance; con- 
federation ; coalition ; connection; 
concord; harmony; junction.— 
unionist (u'ni-un-ist), n. One who 
favors union and opposes secession. 

nniparous (u-nip'a-rus), a. Bearing 
only one at a time. 

uniplanar ( u-ni-pla'nar ), a. Lying 
or taking place in one plane. 

unipolar (u-ni-p5'lar), a. Having one 
pole or only one kind of polarity. 



unique (u-nek'), a. Without a like or 
equal. [Fr.— L. unicus—unus, one.] 

unison (u'ni-sun), n. Oneness; agree- 
ment. [L. unus, one, and sonus, sound.] 
Syn. See union. 

unis.onant (u-nis'o-nant), unison- 
ous (u-nis'o-nus), a._ Being in unison. 
— unisonance (u-nis'o-nans), n. 
State of being unisonant; identity 
in musical pitch. [L. — unus, one, and 
sono, sound.] 

unit (u'nit), n. 1. One; single thing or 
person; least whole number. 2. Any- 
thing taken as one, or as standard of 
measure. [L. unitum — unio, unite, — 
unus, one.] _ [union. 

unitable (u-ni'ta-bl), a. Capable of 

Unitarian ( u-ni-'ta'ri-an ). I. n. One 
who asserts the unity of the Godhead 
as opposed to the Trinity. II. a. Per- 
taining to Unitarians or their doc- 
trine.— Unita'rianism, n. Doctrine 
of a Unitarian. [From L. unitas, unity, 
— unus, one.] 

unitary (u'ni-tar-i), a. 1. Pertaining 
or tending to unity. 2. Pertaining to, 
or having the nature of, a unit. 

unite (u-nif). I. vt. 1. Make one; bring 

•together; join. 2. Make to agree or 

adhere; harmonize. II. vi. 1. Become 

one. 2. Act together. — uni'tedly, 

adv. In union; together. 

unitism (u'ni-tizm), n. Monism. 

unitive (u'ni-tiv), a. Harmonizing. 

unitize (u'ni-tiz), vt. Bring into unity 
or harmony. 

unity (u'ni-ti), n. 1. Oneness. 2. Agree- 
ment; harmony. 3. In math. Any 
quantity taken as one.— The Unities 
(of place, time, and action), the three 
requirements of the classical drama: 
that the scenes should be at the same 
place; that all the events should be 
such as might happen within a single 
day; and that nothing should be ad- 
mitted not directly relevant to the de- 
velopment of the plot. [Fr. uniti— L. 
unitas— unus.] 

univalve (u'ni- 
valv). I. a. Hav- 
ing one valve 
or shell only. 
II. n. Mollusc 
whose shell is 
composed of a 
single piece. 

universal (u-ni-ver'sal), a. 1. Compre- 
hending or affecting the whole; hav- 
ing no exception; unlimited; general. 

2. Common to all members of a group. 

3. Suited to all or many purposes, as 
a machine.— universality, n. Un- 
limited application.— univer'sally, 
adv.— Universal joint, device allowing 




Univalve. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



Universalis**! 



649 



unpractised 



one shaft to rotate another at an 
angle. [See universe.} 

Universalism ( u-ni-ver'sal-izm ), n. 
Doctrine or belief of the ultimate sal- 
vation of all mankind. — Univer- 
salis t, n. Believer in imiversalism. 

n ni verse (ii'ni- vers), n. 1. AU created 
things viewed as one whole; whole 
world. 2. Mankind. [JL. universum, 
turned into one whole,— unus, one, and 
verto, ve?'sum,_tnm.] 

university (u-ni-ver'si~ti), n. Institu- 
tion for scientific research, for teach- 
ing the higher branches of learning:, 
(science, literature, etc.,) and having 
power to confer degrees in philosophy, 
medicine, law and theology. [L. uni- 
versitas, corporation,— umvem^s. ] 

uni vocal (u-niv'o-kal), a. Having but 
one proper meaning, opposed to equi- 
vocal. 

unjust (un-jusf), a. Contrary to what 
is just; wrongful; unrighteous. 

unkempt (un-kemf), a. Uncombed; 
unpolished. [A. S. cemban, comb.] 

unknowable (un-no'a-bl), a. 1. That 
cannot be known; being beyond hu- 
man knowledge. 2. Unexplainable. 

unlaid (un-lad'), a. 1. Not laid, fixed, 
or quieted. 2. Not having parallel 
water-marked lines, as paper. 

unland (un-land'), vt. Deprive of land. 

unlawful (un-la'fol), a. Contrary to 
law. 

unlearn (un-lern'), vt. Forget, or learn 
the opposite of what has been learned. 

unlearned (un-ler'ned), a. 1. Ignorant. 
2. Not displaying learning. 

unleave (un-leV), vt. and vi. Deprive 
of leaves; lose leaves. 

unless (un-les')f conj. If not; suppos- 
ing that not; except. 

unlicked (un-likf), a. Not licked into 
shape, as a bear-cub; uncouth. 

unlike (un-lik'), a. Different; dissimi- 
lar.— unlikely. I. a. Improbable; 
not promising. II. adv. Improbably. 

uulimber (un-lim'ber), vt. Remove 
the limbers from, as a gun. 

nnlime (un-lim'), vt. Deprive of lime, 
as skins. 

unlimited (un-lim'it-ed), a. 1. Having 
no limits as to space, time or number. 
2. Not restricted or qualified. 

unline (un-lin') vt. Remove the lining 
or contents from ; empty. 

unlive (un-liv'), vt. Undo (a past) by 
leading a different life. 

unload (un-lod'), vt. Take the load 
from; discharge; disburden. 

unlock (un-iok'), vt. Unfasten what 
is locked ; open. 

unlooked (un-lokf), a. (Usually with 
for.) Unexpected; unhoped. 



unloose (un-16s'), vt. and vi. Make or 
become loose or free. 

unlorded (un-lar'ded), a. 1. Not ele- 
vated to the peerage. 2. Not ruled 
by a lord. 

unmade (un-mad')» a>- 1- Not yet made 
or constructed. 2. Taken to pieces; 
disunited. 

unmake (un-mak'), vt. 1. Destroy the 
characteristic features of; spoil. 2. 
Depose; dethrone. 

unman (un-man'), vt. 1. Deprive of the 
powers of a man, as courage, etc.; 
emasculate. 2. Deprive of men. 

unmask (un-mask'), vt. and vi. Take 
a mask or disguise off; expose. 

nnmeet (un-mef), a. Not suitable. 

unmember (un-mem'ber), vt. Deprive 
of church membership. 

unmentionables ( un- men's hun-a- 
blz), n. pi. Trousers; inexpressibles. 

unmitigated (un-mit'i-ga-ted), a. 1. 
Not lightened in effect; unabated. 2. 
Extremely wicked. 

unmoor (un-mor'), vt. and vi. Release 
from moorings; weigh anchor. 

unmoved (un-movd'), a. Not changed 
in position, purpose or feelings. 

unnatural (un-nat'u-ral), a. 1. Not 
according to the laws of nature. 2. 
Destitute of natural feelings or in- 
stincts. 3. Contrary to the common 
laws of morality. 4. Untrue to life; 
artificial. [nerve or vigor ; weaken. 

nnnerve (un-nerv'), vt. Deprive of 

unnimbed (un-nimd'), a. Not having 
a nimbus. [bility. 

unnoble (un-no'bl), vt. Deprive of no- 
unpack (un-pak'), vt. Take out of a 
pack; open. [out parallel or equal. 

unparalleled (un-par'al-eld), a. With- 

uuparliamentary ( un-par-li-men'- 
ta-ri), a. Contrary to the rules of pro- 
ceeding in a legislative body. 

unpeerable (un-per'a-bl), a. Incom- 
parable; unapproachable. 

unpeered (un-perd'), a. Unrivaled. 

unpen (un-pen'), vt. Free from cap- 
tivity, [people. 

unpeople (un-pe'pl), vt. Deprive of 

un perch (un-perch'), vt. Drive from a 
perch. [plaited.) 

unplait (un-plaf), vt. Undo (something 

unpleasant (un-plez'ant), a. Giving 
displeasure. — unpleas'ance* n. — 
unpleasantness, n. 1. Quality of 
being unpleasant. 2. Trifling quarrel. 

unpointed ( un-point'ed ), a. 1. Not 
sharp. 2. Purposeless. 8. Having no 
diacritical marks. 4. Having the joints 
not cemented, as a wall. 

unpractised (un-prak'tist ), a. 1. Not 
experienced or trained. 2. Not yet car- 
ried out in practice ; not used or tried. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, but, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



unprecedented 



650 



unstring 



unprecedented ( un-pres'e-dent-ed), 
a. Never before done or heard of. 

unprejudiced (un-prej'o-dist), a. 1. 
Free from bias; impartial. 2. Not 
injured. 

unpremeditated ( un-pre-med'i-ta- 
ted), a. Not planned or considered 
beforehand. 

unpretending ( un-pre-tend'ing ), a. 
Not making pretense; modest. 

unprincipled (un-prin'si-pld), a. Be- 
ing withoutmoral principles; wicked; 
unscrupulous. 

unprofessional ( un-pro-.f esh'un-al ) , 
a. 1. Having no profession. 2. Lying 
outside of one's profession. 3. Viola- 
ting the ethics of a profession. 

unpronounceable ( un-pro-nown'sa- 
bl), a. 1. Hard to pronounce. 2. Un- 
mentionable. 

unqualified (un-kwol'i-fid), a. 1. In- 
competent. 2. Not having qualified, 
as by passing an examination. 3. Un- 
restricted; absolute. 

unquenchable ( un-kwench'a-bl ), a. 
That cannot be quenched or extin- 
guished. 

unquestioned (un-kwes'chund),«. 1; 
Not called in question. 2. Indisput- 
able; absolute. 3. Not molested with 
questions. 

unravel (un-rav'l). I. vt. 1. Take out 
of a raveled state; disentangle; 2. 
Unfold; explain. lL\vi. Be disen- 
tangled. 

unread (un-red'), a. 1. Not informed 
by reading; ignorant. 2. Not yet read. 

unready (un-red'i), a. 1. Not quick to 
see or appreciate. 2. Unprepared. 

unreal (un-re'al), a. Not real or sub- 
stantial; fanciful. 

unreality (un-re-al'i-ti), n. 1. A being 
unreal; absence of substance. 2. A 
being impractical or visionary. 

unreason (un-re'zn). I. n. Lack of 
reason,' folly; nonsense. II. vt. Prove 
to be unreasonable. 

un regenerate (un-re-jen'er-at), a. 1. 
Not reconciled to God . 2. Wicked. 

unremitting- (un-re-mit'ing), a. Per- 
severing; incessant. 

unreserve (un-re-zerv')t n. Freedom 
in manner or style. 

unrest (un-resf), n. Want of rest; dis- 
quiet of mind or body. 

unriddle (un-rid'l), vt. Solve. 

unrig (un-rig'), vt. Strip of rigging. 

unrivaled (un-ri'vald), a. Matchless. 

unroll (un-rol'), vt. and vi. Open out 
with a rolling motion; unfold; de- 
velop; reveal. 

unroof (un-rof), vt. Strip the roof off. 

unruffled (un-ruf'ld), a. Not disturbed 
or excited; calm. 



unruly (un-ro'li), a. Regardless of re- 
straint or law; refractory; turbulent. 
— unru'liness, n. 

unsaddle (un-sad'l), vt. 1. Take the 
saddle off. 2. Throw from the saddle. 

unsavory (un-sa'vur-i), a. 1. Having a 
bad taste or odor. 2. Associated with 
misconduct, as a reputation. 

unsay (uh-sa'), vt. Take back what has 
been said; retract. 

unscathe«l(un-ska£M'),a. Not harmed. 

unscrew (un-skro'), vt. Loose from 
screws; unfasten; screw out. 

unseal (un-sel'), vt. Remove the seal 
of: open (what is sealed). 

unseat (un-sef), vt. Throw from, or 
deprive of, a seat. 

unseemly (un-sem'li), a. Unbecoming. 

unself (un-self), vt. To rid of self or 
selfishness. [dominion of sense. 

unsense (un-sens'), vt. To rid of the 

unsettle (un-set'l). I. vt. Displace; put 
in disorder or confusion; make un- 
certain. II. vi. Become unfixed. 

unsex (un-seks'), vt. Make unmanly or 
unwomanly. [shackles; set free. 

unshackle (un-shak'l),itf. Loose from 

unsheathe (un-she2A')» vt. Draw out of 
the scabbard. 

unship (un-ship'). I. vt. 1. Unload from 
a ship; throw overboard. 2. Remove 
(an oar or tiller) from its place. II. vi. 
Become unfastened, as a rudder. 

unsightly (un-sit'li), a. Not pleasing 
to the eye; ugly. 

unsin (un-sin'), vt. Render sinless. 

unsistered (un-sis'terd), a. Having 
no sister. 

unskilled (un-skild'), a. 1. Without 
dexterity, esp. in artisan's work; able 
to do common labor only. 2. Done or 
produced without skill. 

unsold er (un-sod'er),^. Disunite (some- 
thing soldered). 

unsophisticated (un-so-fis'ti-ka-ted), 
a. 1. Natural; artless; genuine. 2. 
Not corrupted or perverted. 

unsparing (un-spar'i n g), a. 1. Not 
saving; lavish; prodigal. 2. Not for- 
bearing; cruel. 

unspeakable (un-spe'ka-bl), a. That 
cannot be properly described; unut- 
terable; untidy. [enchantment. 

unspell (un-spel'), vt. Deliver from 

unsiate (un-staf), vt. 1. Divest of state- 
hood ; overthrow. 2. Deprive of office. 

unstock (un-stok'), vt. 1. Deplete of 
stock, as a warehouse. 2. Remove the 
stock of, as a gun. 3. Take from the 
stocks, as a ship. 

unstop (un-stop'), vt. 1. Free from a 
stopper. 2. Free from hindrance. 

unstring (un-string'), vt. 1. Take the 
strings off. 2. Relax; loosen. 



fftte, tat, t&Sfc, fSr, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, »ot. move, wo\t\ 
IBUte, hut, hurii 5 oil, owl, tten. 



unstudied 



651 



upper 



unstudied (un-stud'id), a. 1. Not plan- 
ned beforehand. 2. Natural, 3. Not 
having studied; uu versed. 4. Not 
devoted to study, [mind concerning. 

unthinli(un-think'), vt. Change one's 

unthinking- (un-think'ing), a. 1. Not 
capable of thinking. 2. Acting or done 
without proper thought. 

unthread (un-thred'), vt. 1. Draw out a 
thread from. 2. Loose the threads of. 

unthrifty (un-thrif ti), a. 1. Not grow- 
ing or prospering. 2. Not conducive 
to thrift; harmful. 3. Not possessing 
thrift; wasteful. [derly; dirty. 

untidy (un-ti'di), a. Not neat; disor- 

untie (un-ti'), vt. and vi. Loose from 
being tied; unbind; loosen. 

until (un-til'). I. prep. Till; to; as far 
as. II. adv. Till; up to the time tha,t. 
[A. S.] [inopportuue. 

untimely (un-tim'li), a. Premature; 

untiring* (un-ti'ring), a. Not tiring or 
becoming tired. [and to. 

unto (un'to), prep. To. [A. S. on, in, 

untold (un-told'), a. 1. Not disclosed. 
2. Not counted; innumerable. 

untoward (un-to'ard), a. Perverse; 
awkward ; inconvenient. — unto - 
wardly, adv. — unto'wardness, n. 

untraveled (un-trav'ld), a. 1. Not hav- 
ing learned by traveling. 2. Never 
passed over by man. 

untrue (un-tro'), a. 1. Not correspond- 
ing with fact. 2. Not conforming to 
rule. 3. Not adhering to truth or 
faith; disloyal. 

untruth (un-trothO, n. Falsehood ; lie. 

untutored (un-tu't ur d), a. Unedu- 
cated; uninstructed; raw. 

untwine (un-twm'), vt. Open or sepa- 
rate what is twined together. 

untwist (un-twisf), vt. Open what is 
twisted. [an urn; unburied. 

unurned (un-urnd'), a. Not placed in 

unused (un-uzd'), a. 1. Not employed ; 
never used. 2. Not accustomed. 

unutterable (un-ut'er-a-bl), a. That 
cannot be spoken; too great or deep 
for expression. 

unvarnished ( un-var'nisht ), a. 1. 
Having no coating of varnish. 2. Plain ; 
simple. [of vessels. 

unvascular_(un-vas'ku-lar), a. Devoid 

unveil (un-val'). I. vt. Remove the veil 
or concealing drapery from, esp. a 
statue, with ceremony of dedication ; 
disclose. II. vi. Remove one's veil. 

unwarrantable (un-wor'au-ta-bl), a. 
That cannot be defended or justified. 

unwearied (un-we'rid), a. Not tiring ; 
indefatigable.— unwea'riedly, adv. 

unwept (un-wept'), a. Not mourned. 

unwieldy (un-wel'di), a. Not easily 
moved or handled. 



unwittingly (un-wit'ing-li), adv. With- 
out knowledge ; ignorantly. 

unwonted (un-wunt'ed), a. Unaccus- 
tomed; uuusual. 

unworthy(un-wur'Mi), a. Not worthy; 
worthless; unbecoming. 

unwrap (un-rap'), vt. Opan what is 
wrapped or folded. 

up (up). I. adv. 1. Toward, or in, a 
higher place or position. 2. In a con- 
dition of elevation, advance, excite- 
ment, etc. 3. To or at an end. II. prep. 
To a higher place on or along. [A. S. 
up, uppe. Ger. auf.] 

upas (u'pas), upas-tree (u'pas-tre), 
n. 1. Tree of Java, etc., which" yields 
poisonous secretions. 2. Poisonous 
sap of the tree. [Malay=poison.] 

upbear (up-bar'), vt. Bear up; raise 
aloft; sustain. 

upbraid (up-brad'), vt. 1. Reproach 

for something wrong or disgraceful ; 

chide. 2. Be a reproach to. [A. S. 

upgebredan. Icel. bregda, charge.] 

Syn. Blame; censure; condemn. 

upcast(up'kast),?i. 1. A casting upward. 
2. That which is cast up. 3. Shaft for 
upward passage of air in a mine. 

upheave (up-heV), vt. Heave or lift 
up— upheaval, n. Raising of sur- 
face formations by the action of in- 
ternal forces. 

uphill (up'hil). I. adv. Upwards on an 
incline. II. a. Ascending: difficult. 

uphold (up-hold'), vt. 1. Holdup; sus- 
tain. 2. Countenance; defend; aid. 
— upholder, n. 

upholster (up-hol'ster), vt. 1. Furn- 
ish with hangings, furniture, etc. 2. 
Furnish with springs, cushions, and 
trimmings.— upholsterer, n. One 
who supplies furniture, beds, etc.— 
upbol'stery, n. Wares or business 
of upholsterers. [Formerly upholder, 
trader.] 

upland (up'land). I. n. High land, as 
opposed to meadows, river-sides, etc. 
II. a. 1. High in situation. 2. Per- 
taining to uplands. [aloft. 

uplift (up-liff), vt. Lift up or raise 

uplying (up'li-ing), a. Lying at an 
elevation: upland. [at the top. 

upmost (up'most), a. Highest; being 

upon (up-on'), prep. On; on top of. 

upper ( up'er ). I. a. (comp. of up). 
Further up; higher in position, dig- 
nity, etc.; superior. II. n. 1. Upper 
portion of a shoe or boot; vamp and 
quarters. 2. pi. Gaiters that button 
over the ankle above the shoe. — Upper 
ten, the aristocracy or upper classes. 
(Short for upper ten thousand, first 
used of the aristocracy of New York 
City.) 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



Upper-hand 



652 



urinary 



upperhand (up'er-hand), n. Superior- 
ity; advantage. 

uppermost ( up'er-most ), a. Highest 
in place, power, or authority; pre- 
dominant, [assertive. [Collog.] 

uppish (up'ish), a. Arrogant; self- 
upright (up'rit). I. a. 1. In an erect 
position. 2. Adhering to rectitude; 
honest; just. II. n. Something in a 
vertical position, as a timber, engine, 
or piano. — up'rightly, adv. — up'- 
rightness, n. 

uprising (up-ri'zing), n. 1. Act of ris- 
ing. 2. Popular revolt; insurrection. 

uproar |up'ror),ft. Noise ; tumult; 
bustle; clamor.— up roar'ious, a. 
Making, or accompanied by, great up- 
roar. — uproariously , adv. [Dut. 
oproere, stir. Cf. Ger. aufruhr, uproar.J 

uproot (up-rof), vt. Tear up by the 
roots; remove utterly; extirpate. 

upset (up-set'). I. vt. 1. Turn upside 
down; overthrow. 2. Disturb; be- 
wilder; make sick. 3. Shorten and 
thicken (metal) by hammering or 
pressure ; swage. II. n. Overturn; over- 
throw. III. a. Setup; required as the 
lowest selling price. [From scot.] 

upshot (up'shot), n. Final issue; end. 

upside (up'sid), n. Upper side. — up- 
side-down, adv. 1. With the upper- 
part undermost. 2. In complete con- 
fusion. 

upstairs (up-starz'). I. a. Pertaining 
to an upper story or flat. II. adv. To 
a story above; up the stairs. III. n. 
Upper story. 

upstart (up'start). I. n. One who has 
suddenly risen from low life to wealth, 
etc. II. a. Suddenly raised to prom- 
inence or wealth ; pretentious, [ward. 

upstream (up-strem'), vi. Flow up- 

uptake (up'tak), n. 1. A taking up. 
2. Part of flue, where the combustion 
gases unite and turn toward the 
smoke-stack. 

upthrow (up'thro), n. 1. A throwing 
upward. 2. In geol. Upward displace- 
ment of the rock on one side of a fault. 

npthrust (up'thrust), n. 1. An up- 
ward thrust. 2. In geol, Violent up- 
heaval of rocks. 

upturn (up-turn'), vt. 1. Turn upward. 
2. Turn oven throw into confusion. 

upupoid (u'pu-poid), a. Belonging to 
the family of Upupidae or hoopoes. 
[From L. upupa, hoopoe.] 

upward (up'ward), a. and adv. Directed 
to a higher place. -upwards, adv. 

uraemia, uremia (u-re'mi-a), n. Dis- 
ease caused by retention in the blood 
of waste products, that are normally 
eliminated by the kidneys; acute 
Bright's disease. [From urea.] 



uraemic, uremic (u-re'mik), a. Re' 
lating to urasmia. 

uraeum (u-re'um), n. Posterior half 
of a bird. Opposed to stethiaeum. [From 
Gr. oura, tail.] 

urai (u'rai), n. Preparation of ure- 
thane and chloral-hydrate, used to 
induce sleep. _ 

ural-altaic (u'ral-al-ta'ik), a. 1. Per- 
taining to the Ural and Altaic moun- 
tain ranges or the neighboring coun- 
try. 2. Pertaining to a family of 
languages comprising the Finnic, 
Samoyed and Turkic (northern divis- 
ion), and the Manchu and Mongolian 
(southern divison). 

uranium (u-ra'ni-um), n. Rare metal 
of a color like that of nickel or iron, 
and never found native. Its com- 
pounds are highly radioactive. 

uranography (u-ra-nog'ra-fi), n. De- 
scriptive astronomy; urahology. [Gr. 
ouranos, heaven.] 

Uranus (u'ra-nus) , w. 1. In myth. Greek 
deity, the father of Chronos (Time). 
2. Planet, discovered by Herschel, 
31,000 miles in diameter; 14.7 times 
larger than the earth. Has four satel- 
lites or moons. 1800 millions of miles 
distant from the sun, around which 
it revolves once in 84 years. [Gr. 
Ouranos, vault of the heavens.] 

urban (ur'ban), a. Of or belonging to 
a city. [L. urbanus—\irbs, city.] 

urbane (ur-ban'), a. Pertaining to, or 
customary in, a city; civilized; re- 
fined; courteous. — urbanity ( u r - 
bau'i-ti), n. Politeness. [See urban.] 

urchin (ur'chin), n. 1. Hedgehog. 2. 
Child; mischievous boy. 3. Sea-urchin. 
[M. E urchon, O. Fr. ericon, Fr. heris- 
son, — L. ericius, hedgehog.] 

urea ( u're-a ), n. A very soluble, color- 
less, crystalline compound found in 
the fluids of animal bodies, esp. in the 
urine. This was the first organic 
compound ever artificially prepared 
(by Woehler in 1828), a process con- 
sidered impossible until then. 

nremkii See uraemia. 

ureter (u-re'ter), n. A duct from each 
kidney tothe bladder. 

urethra (u-i e'thra), n. Tube from the 
bladder to the exterior. [Gr.[ 

urge (urj), vt. Press; drive. [L. urgeo.] 
Syn. Importune; spur; push; accel- 
erate; actuate; promote; stimulate; 
encourage; instigate; prompt. 

urgent (ur'jent), a. 1. Pressing with 
importunity. 2. Calling for imme- 
diate*attention. — ur'gently, adv. — 
ur'gency, n. [L. urgens.] 

urinary (u'ri-nar-i). I. a. Pertaining 
to or like urine. II. n. Urinal. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



urinate 



653 



utmost 




Grecian urns. 



urinate (u'ri-nat), vi. To void uriue.— 
urination, n.— urinative, a. In- 
ducing a flow of urine. 

urine (u'rin), n. Fluid which is sep- 
arated from the blood by the kidneys. 
[L.. urina.] 

urn (urn). I. n. 
Vase; vessel. 
II. vt. Place in 
an urn. [L. ur- 
na, v ess el of 
burnt clay,— 
uro, burn. J 

uropyg-ium 
(u-ro-pij'i-um), 
n. P a r t of a 
bird's body 
supporting the tail-feathers. — uro- 
pygial gland, gland at the seat of 
the tail, which secretes the oil used in 
presening the feathers. [Gr. — orrlios 
rump, and pyge, seat.] 

urosis (u-ro'sis), n. Any disease of the 
urinary organs. 

Ursa (iir'sa), n. Bear, name of two con- 
stellations: U. Major, and U. Minor, 
Great and Little Bear. [L.=she-bear.j 

ursine (ur'sin), a. Of or resembling a 
bear. [Lt. ursuj, bear.} 

Ursuline (ur'su-lin), n. One of an order 
of Roman Catholic women, for the 
nursing of the sick and the teaching 
of young girls. [as with nettles. 

urticate (ur'ti-kat), vt. and vi. Sting, 

urus ( u'rus ), n. Extinct European 
wild ox. [A. S.] 

us (us), pron. Objective case of we. 

usable (u'za-bi), a. That may be used. 

usage (u'zaj), n. 1. Act or mode of 
using; treatment. 2. Practice; cus- 
tom. [Fr. — L. usus.] 

use (uz). I. vt. 1. Put to some purpose. 
2. Avail one's self of. 3. Habituate. 
4. Treat or behave toward. II. vi. 
Be accustomed. [Fr. user—L,. utor, 
usus, use.] fsess; have; hold; keep. 
Syn. Employ; occupy; engage; pos- 

use (us), n. 1. Act of using or putting 
to a purpose. 2. Convenience; ser- 
viceableness; advantage. 3. Occasion 
to employ; necessity. 4. Practice; 
custom._ [L. usus^utor, use.] 

useful (us'fol), a. Full of use or ad- 
vantage; able to do good; service- 
able; beneficial ; helpful; salutary; 
expedient ; convenient ; suitable. — 
use'fully, adv. — use'fulness, n. 

useless (us'lesKa. Not answering any 
good purpose or the end proposed. — 
uselessly, adv. — use'lessness, n. 
Syn. Fruitless; ineffectual; unprof- 
itable; bootless; vain; futile; abor- 
tive; nugatory; unavailing; value- 
less; worthless. 



usber ( ush'er ). I. n. 1. One whose 
business it is to introduce strangers 
into a ball, or to walk before a person 
< of rank. 2. One who escorts persons 
to their seats in a church, theater, etc. 
3. Under-teacher. II. vt. Act as an 
usher; introduce; forerun.— usta'er- 
ship, n. [O. Fr. ussier, Fr. huissier — 
L. ostiarius— ostium, door.] 

usitative ( u'zi-ta-tiv ), a. Denoting 
customary action. 

ustion (ust'yun), n. A burning; cau- 
terization by burning. [L. ustio.] 

usual (u'zho-al), a. Occurring in or- 
dinary use; common.— u'suaily,adt'. 
[Li. usualis. _See use.] 

usufruct ( u'zu-frukt ), n. Use and 
profit, but not the property, of a 
thing; life-rent. [L.] [tises usury. 

usurer (u'zho-rer), n. One who prac- 

nsurp(u-zurp'), vt. Take possession of, 
by force or without right.— usurpa- 
tion, n. — nsurp'er, n. [L. usurpo.] 
Syn. Appropriate; arrogate; claim; 
assume; affect; presume; pretend. 

usnry (u'zho-ri), n. The taking of moro 
than legal interest on a loan. — usu- 
rious, a. [L. usura, interest.] 

ut (ut), n. First syllable in the musical 
scale. It has been generally super- 
seded, except in France, by do. 

-ute, suffix. Used to form (1) adjectives, 
as dissolute, minute, (2) verbs, as insti- 
tute, persecute, and (3) allied nouns, as 
minute, institute. [L.-utus, pa. p. suffix.] 

utensil (u-teu'sil), n. Instrument or 
vessel used iu common life. [Fr. us- 
tensile— L. utensilis, fit for use.] 

uterine (u'ter-in), a. Pertaining to the 
womb. — Uterine brother or sister, one 
born of the same mother. 

uterus (u'ter-_us), n._The womb. [L.] 

utilitarian (u-til-i-ta'ri-an). I. a. Con- 
sisting in or pertaining to utility, or 
to utilitarianism. II. n. One who 
advocates utilitarianism. — utilita- 
rianism, n. 1. Doctrine that the 
standard of morality is general utilit y , 
the happiness of mankind. 2. Doctrine 
that the greatest happiness of the 
greatest number should be the only 
guide for all civic and political action. 

utility (u-til'i-ti), n. Usefulness. [Fr. 
— L. utilis, useful,— utor, use.] 

Syn. Advantageousness; avail; bene- 
fit; fitness; expediency; profit. 

utilize (u'til-iz), vt. Put to profitable 
use; make useful; improve.— utili- 
zation, n. [Fr. utilise?^— L. utor.] 

utmost (ut'most). I. a. 1. Outmost; 
furthest out; most distant; last. 2. 
Greatest; highest. II. n. 1. The great- 
est that can be. 2. Extreme limit. 
[A. S. utemest.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



Utopian 



654 



v ago us 



Utopian (u-to'pi-an), a. Imaginary; 
fanciful; chimerical. [From Utopia, 
(= nowhere — Gr. ou, not, and topos, 
place), an imaginary island, repre- 
sented by Sir T. More as enjoying 
perfection in politics, laws, etc.] 

utricle (u'tri-kl), n. 1. Animal or vege- 
table cell. 2. Small cavity in the laby- 
rinth of the internal ear. 

utriculus(u-trik'u-lus), n. Small pear- 
shaped sac. [ Li. diminutive of uter, 
leather-bag.] 

utter (ut'er). I. a. Furthest out; ex- 
treme; total; perfect; absolute. II. 
vt. 1. Circulate. 2. Publish; speak; 
express; emit, or give out, as sound. — 
ut'terafole, a. That maybe expressed. 
— utterance,?*. 1. Act of uttering. 2. 



Manner of speaking; pronunciation. 
3. Expression.— ut'terer,/i.— ut'ter- 
ly, adv. [A. S. utor, outer, — ut, out.] 
Syn. Pass; pronounce; issue; dis- 
close; speak; give vent to; emit. 

uttermost (ut'er-most). I. a. Furthest 
out; utmost. II. n. Greatest degree. 

uvula (u'vu-la), n. Fleshy conical body 
suspended from the palate over the 
back part of the tongue.— uvular, a. 
[From L. uva, bunch of grapes.] 

uxoricide (uks-ar'i-sid), n. 1. Wife- 
murder. 2. Wife-murderer. [L.— uxor, 
wife, and caedo, kill.] 

uxorious (uks-5'ri-us, a. Excessively 
fond of or too submissive to a wife.— 
uxo'riously, adv. — uso'rious- 
ness, n. [L. uxor ius— uxor, wife.] 



Hv (ve), n. 1. Twenty-second letter 
in the English alphabet. It has 
but one sound, heard in vine, 
over, etc. 2. (V) V-shaped piece 
or angle. 3. Colloq. 5-dollar bill. 

vacancy (va'kan-si), n. 1. Emptiness. 
2. That which is vacant or unoccu- 
pied, as a void or gap between bodies; 
situation unoccupied. 

vacant (va'kant), a. 1. Empty; not 
occupied by an incumbent or posses- 
sor. 2. Not occupied with study, 
business, etc. 3. Thoughtless. — va- 
cantly, adv. [L. See vacate.] 

Syn. Blank; unemployed; unfilled; 
vacuous; waste; void; inane. 

vacate (va'kat), vt. 1. Leave empty ; 
quit possession of. 2. Make void; 
annul. [L. vaco, -atum, to be empty.] 

vacation (va-ka'shun), n. 1. Vacating; 
making void or invalid. 2. Freedom 
from duty, etc.; recess; break in the 
sittings of law-courts ; school and 
college holidays. [L.] 

vaccinate (vak'si-nat), vt. Inoculate 
with the cowpox as a preventative 
against smallpox. — vaccina'tion, n. 
[From L. vaccinus — vacca, cow.] 

vaccine (vak'sin). I. a. Pertaining to, 
or derived from, cows. II. n. Virus 
of cowpox. [L. vaccinus — vacca, cow.] 

vaccinia (vak-sin'i-a), n. 1. Cowpox. 
2. Disease resulting from vaccina- 
tion, intended to avert the smallpox. 
[See vaccine.] 

vacillate (vas'il-at), vi. 1. Sway to and 
fro. 2. Waver; be unsteady.— vacil- 
lation, n. [Li. vacillo, -atum.] 
Syn. Stagger. See fluctuate. 

vacuity (va-ku'i-ti), n. 1. Emptiness. 
2. Space unoccupied. [L. vacuitas.] 

vacuole (vak'u-ol), n. Minute cavity 
in a protoplasm containing a fluid. 




Vacuum (X-ray) 
tube. 



vacuous (vak'u-us), a. 1. Empty 
Lacking intelli- 
gence or expres- 
sion. — vac'uous- 

ness, n. Vacuity. 

vacuum ( vak'ii- 

um), n. [pi. vac'ua] 

1. Empty space; 
space empty or de- 
void of all matter. 

2. Closed vessel ex- 
hausted to a high 
degree of air.— Vac- 
uum tube, hermet- 
ically sealed glass 
tube or bulb, ex- 
hausted of air, gas, 
etc., and used in X- 
ray apparatus. [L " 

vade mecum (va'- 
de-me'kum), n. 
Pocket companion ; 
manual. _[L. = go with me], 

vadose (va'dos), a. Extending only a 
short distance vertically, as water- 
under ground. [Sp. vadoso— L. vadum, 
ford.] 

vagabond (vag'a-bond). I. a. Wander- 
ing; having no settled home. II. n. 
One who wanders without any set- 
tled habitation; tramp. III. vi. Wan- 
der idly. — vagabondage, n. — [L. 
vagor, wander.] 

vagary (va-ga'ri), n. Wandering of the 
thoughts; freak; whim. 

vagina (va-ji'na), n. [pi. vaginas.] 1 
Sheath. 2." Passage from the uterus to 
the external orifice.— vaginal (vaj' 
i-nal), a. 1. Like a sheath. 2. Pertain 
ing to the vagina. 

vagous ( va'gus ), a. 1. Wandering 
strolling; unsettled. 2. Med. Wander 
ing, as a nerve. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, m5ve, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



vagrancy 



655 



valve 



vagrancy (va'gran-si)T, n. 1. State of 
being a vagrant. 2. Life and habits 
of a vagrant. 

vagrant (va'grant). I. a. 1. Wander- 
ing without any settled dwelling. 2. 
Erratic. II. n. 1. One who has no 
settled home; vagabond; beggar. [L. 
vagans, wandering, with r intruded.] 

vague (vag), a. Unsettled; indefinite; 
uncertain.— vague'ly,a<2?;.— vague'- 
ness, n. [Fr.— L. vagus, wandering.] 
Syn. Ambiguous; dim; doubtful; 
dreamy; ill-defined ; indeterminate; 
indistinct; hazy; lax; loose; obscure. 

vail (val). Same as veil. 

vail (val), vt. 1. Let fall; drop. 2. Yield. 
[M. E. availen—O. Fr. avaler,— L. ad 
vallem,_d.own a valley.] 

vails (valz), n. pi. Money given to ser- 
vants; tip. [Prom avail, profit.] 

vain (van), a. 1. Unsatisfying; fruit- 
less. 2. Proud of petty attainments 
or possessions; conceited. 3. Showy; 
ostentatious. 4. Empty; worthless. 
— vainly, adv.— In vain, ineffectual- 
ly; to no purpose. [Fr. —vanus, empty.] 

vainglory (van-glo'ri), n. Empty 
glory in one's own performances.— 
vainglo'rious, a. Boastful; con- 
ceited.— vainglo'rioasly, adv. 

valance (val'ans), n. 1. Hanging 
drapery for a bed, hammock, etc. 2. 
vt. Decorate with or as with valance. 
[Prom Fr. avalant, slipping down.] 

vale (val), n. Low ground, between 
hills; valley. [Pr. val— L. vallis, vale.] 

valediction (val-e-dik'shun), n. Pare- 
well. [L. vale, farewell, and dico, say.] 

valedictory (val-e-dik'to-ri). I. a. Say- 
ing farewell. II. n. Farewell oration 
spoken at graduation. 

valence (va'lens), valency (val'en- 
si), n. The property of chemical ele- 
ments which determines the number 
of atoms with which a single atom 
will form a new chemical combina- 
tion. According as the elements com- 
bine with 1, 2, 3, 4, etc. atoms, they 
are called monads (as hydrogen), 
dyads (as oxygen), triads (as bismuth), 
tetrads (as carbon), etc. [L.L. valentia, 
strength.] 

valentine (val'en-tin), n. 1. Lover or 
sweetheart chosen on St. Valentine's 
day, Feb. 14th. 2. Token of affection, 
or a caricature, sent on that day. 

valerian ( va-le'ri-an ), n. Plant of 
several species, the aromatic root of 
which is used in medicine. 

valeric (va-ler'ic), a. Of, pertaining 
to, or derived from i valerian. 

valet (val'et or val'a), n. Man-servant, 
esp. one who attends on a gentleman's 
person. [See varlet.] 



valetudinarian (val-e-tu-di-na'ri-an), 
valetn'dinary. I. a. Sickly; weak. 
II. n. Person of weak health; invalid; 
one seeking to recover his health. — 
valetudinarianism, n. Weak 
health. [L. valetudo. state of health.] 

Valhalla (val-hal'a), n. In Scandina- 
vian myth. Palace for the souls of 
heroes slain in battle. [Icel. valholl.] 

vali(va'li), n. Turkish governor of a 
vilayet or province. [Turk.] 

valiant (val'yant), a. 1. Strong. 2. 
Brave; intrepid in danger. 3. Done 
with valor; heroic— val'iantly, adv. 
— val'iantness, n. [Fr. vaillant—lu. 
valens, strong.] 

valid (valid), a. 1. Having sufficient 
strength or force; true; sound. 2. 
Executed with the proper formalities ; 
not to be rightfully overthrown or set 
aside.— validly, adv.— validity, n. 
[L. validus—valeo, be strong.] 

Syn. Cogent; conclusive; efficacious; 
good; incontestable; just; powerful; 
logical; substantial; strong; undeni- 
able; weighty. 

valise (va-les'), n. Traveling bag, gen- 
erally of leather. [Fr., of unknown 
origin. ] 

valley (val'i), n. Lowland between hills 
or mountains. [Fr. vallee. See vale.] 

valor (val'ur), n. That which enables 
one to encounter danger fearlessly. — 
val'orous, a. Courageous. — val'- 
orously, adv. [L.] 

Syn. Intrepidity; courage; bravery; 
boldness; daring; fearlessness; forti- 
tude; gallantry; hardihood; metal; 
pluck; spirit. 

valuable (val'u-a-bl). I. a. 1. Having 
worth; costly. 2. Capable of being 
estimated. 3. Deservrug esteem. II. n. 
Article of value.— val'uableness, n. 

valuate ( val'u-at ), vt. Estimate the 
value of. — valua'tion, n. 1. Act of 
valuing; appraisement. 2. Value set 
upon a thing ; estimated worth. — 
valuator, n. Appraiser. 

value (val'u). I. n. 1. Amount of useful- 
ness; worth. 2. Market price; precise 
signification. 3. Importance. II. vt. 1. 
Estimate the worth of ; rate at a price. 
2. Esteem; prize. [O. Fr. — L. valeo 
be strong.] 

Syn. Excellency; utility; cost; efrl- 
casy; esteem; regard; meaning. 

valve (valv), n. 1. One of the leaves of 
a folding-door. 2. Cover to an aper- 
ture regulating the flow of a liquid or 
gas through it. 3. One of the pieces or 
divisions which form a shell. — val'- 
vate, a. 1. Serving as a valve ; like a 
valve. 2. Having a valve or valves. 3. 
Touching by contiguous edges, but 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wail; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



valved 



656 



vaporer 




South American 
blood-sucking vampire. 



not overlapping.— valv'ular, a. Per- 
taining to a valve. [Fr. — L. valvce, 
folding-door.] [of, valves. 

valved (valvd), a. Having, or composed 

vamp (vamp). I. n. Upper leather of 
a boot or shoe. II. vt. 1. Repair with a 
new vamp. 2. Patch old with new. 3. 
Give anew face to (with wp).— vamp'- 
er, n. Cobbler. [Corr. of Fr. avant- 
pied, forepart of the foot.] 

vamose (va-mos'), vi. Depart quickly. 
[Western slang— Sp. vamos, let us go.] 

vampire (vam'« 
pir), n. 1. In the 
superstition of 
Eastern Eu- 
rope, a ghost 
which sucks 
the blood of its 
sleeping vic- 
tim. 2. One who 
lives upon 
others ; blood 
sucker. 3. Large 
blood-sucking 
bat in S. Ameri- 
ca.— vampirie (vam-pir'ik), a. Re- 
lating to or like a vampire. — vam- 
pirism (vam'pi-rizm), n. The belief 
in vampires. [Pol. wampir.] 

van (van), n. Front of an army or a 
fleet. [Fr. avant—l*. ab, from, by, and 
ante, before.] [L. vannus. See fan.] 

van (van), n. Fan for grain, etc. [Fr.— 

van ( van ), n. 1. Large covered wagon 
for goods, etc. 2. In England, the rear 
car of a freight train, reserved for the 
use of trainmen. [Short for caravan.] 

vanadium (va-na'di-um), n. Silver- 
white, rare metallic element, the salts 
of which furnish deep black colors.— 
vanad'ic, van'adous, as. 

Vandal (van'dal), n. 1. One of a fierce 
Teutonic race said to have sacked 
Rome in 455. 2. (1. c.) Any one hostile 
to arts or literature; barbarian. — 
van'dal, vandal'ic, as. Barbarous; 
rude. — van'dalism, n. Hostility to 
arts or literature; spirit or act of 
willful destructiveness. 

vane (van), n. 1. Slip of wood or metal 
at the top of a spire, etc., to show 
which way the wind blows ; weather- 
cock. 2. Thin web of a feather. 3. 
Blade of a windmill. 4. Target on a 
surveyor's leveling staff.— vaned, a. 
Furnished with vanes. [Older form 
fane — A. S. fana, cloth. Ger. fahne.] 

vang (vang), n. One of two guy-ropes 
running from the end of a gaff to the 
dock. 

vangee (van'je), n. Device for opera- 
ting the pumps of a ship, with a bar- 
rel and crank brakes. 




Vanilla branch and pod. 



vanguard (van'gard), n. Part of an 
army preceding the main body. 

vanilla (va-nil'- 
a), n. Aromatic 
pod or fruit of 
a tropical or- 
chid. [Sp. vai- 
nilla-'L. vagina, 
sheath.] 

vanish (van'- 
ish). I. vi. Pass 
away; disap- 
pear; be anni- 
hilated or lost. 
II. n. Closing 
sound of a prin- 
cipal vowel 
sound, as u in 
no, and i in 
fate, repre- 
sented by writ- 
ers on phone- 
tics by a small letter raised above the 
line, o u a 1 . [L. vanesco, pass away, — 
vanus, empty.] 

vanity (van'i-ti), n. 1. Quality of being 
vain; unrealness; empty pride; idle 
show. 2. That which is vain; vain 
pursuit ; empty pleasure ; fruitless 
desire. [L. vanitas.] 

Syn.-— Falsity ; worthlessness; emp- 
tiness; levity; conceit; ostentation; 
egotism; pride; arrogance; presump- 
tion; insolence; self-confidence. 

vanmost (van'most), a. Placed in the 
front of the van. [fine ore in water. 

vanner (van'er), n. Machine for sifting 

vanquish ( vang'kwish ), vt. Defeat; 

confute ; silence. — vanquisher, n. 

— van'quishment, n. [Fr. vaincre 

(pa. t. vainquis) — L. vincere, conquer.] 

Syn. Rout; crush. See conquer. 

vantage (van'taj), n. Superior posi- 
tion.— Vantage ground, favorable posi- 
tion. [See ADVANTAGE.] 

vapid (vap'id), a. Having the spirit or 
flavor evaporated; insipid. — vap'- 
irfly, adv. — va'pidness, vapid- 
ity, ns._ [L. vapidus. See vapor.] 

vapor (va'pur). I. n. 1. Condition of a 
liquid or solid, when it becomes gas 
by heat. 2. Water or other substance, 
visibly diffused in the atmosphere. 3. 
Anything vain or transitory. 4. pi. 
Melancholy. II. vi. 1. Pass off in 
vapor; evaporate. 2. Boast; brag.— 
(Vapor is said to be saturated, when 
it will pass partly into the liquid state 
on the least increase of pressure or 
the least decrease of temperature.)— 
Vapor motor, motor driven by an elas- 
tic fluid, as hot air, steam, vapor of 
alcohol, gasoline, etc. [L.} [boaster. 

vaporer(va'pur-er),w. One who vapors ; 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, mSve, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



vaporize 



657 



vast 



vaporize (va/pur-iz). I. vt. Convert 
into vapor. II. vi. Pass off in vapor.— 
vapor iza'tion, n. 

vaporous (va'piir-us), a. 1. Pull of or 

like vapor. 2. Vain; unreal. 
vapory (va'pur-i), a. 1. Full of vapor. 

2. Affected with the vapors; peevish. 
vaquerillo (va-ker-eTyo), n. Boy who 

attends cows.JSp.] [—vaca, cow.] 

vaquero(va-ka-'ro), n. Herdsman. [Sp. 

vara (va'ra), n. Spanish-Am. measure 
of length, equaling a yard. 

Varangian (va-ran'ji-an), n. Norwe- 
gian pirate of the 9th to the 12th 
century, flcel. Vaeringi—varar, troth.] 

vareni (va-re'm), n. pi. Painful peri- 
odical swellings in various parts ; 
wandering gout. 

variable (va'ri-a-bl). I. a. Changeable; 
liable to change. II. n. In math. 
Quantity subject to continual in- 
crease or decrease; quantity which 
may have an infinite number of 
values in the same expression.— va- 
riably, adv.— variableness, n.— 
variability, n. 1. Variableness. 2. 
Tendency to change in organic struc- 
ture or function in new surroundings. 
[Fr. — L. variabilis. See vabt.] 

variance (va'ri-ans), n. 1. State of 
being varied ; change of condition. 2. 
Difference that arises from, or pro- 
duces, dispute. 3. In law. Discrep- 
ancy. — At variance, in disagreement. 

variant (va'ri-ant). I. a. Different; 
varying. II. ri. The same thing in a 
different form; variety. 

variation (va-ri-a'shun), n. 1. Change; 
deviation. 2. Extent to which a thing 
varies. 3. In gram. Change of termi- 
nation. 4. In mus. Singing or playing 
the same air with various changes in 
time, rhythm, or key. [Fr.— L. vari- 
atio. See vary.] 

variator (va'ri-a'tiir), n. Joint used in 
electric subways, which compensates 
for changes in temperature. 

varicated (va'ri-ka-ted), a. Ridged by 
varices, as some shells. 

varicose (var'i-koz), a. Permanently 
dilated or enlarged, as a vein. [L. 
varicoeu$,—varix,— varus, bent.] 

varied (va'rid), a. 1. Consisting of 
diverse varieties. 2. Differing from 
one another. 3. Variegated in color ; 
varicolored. 

variegate (va'ri-e-gat), vt. Mark with 
different colors. — varieg-a'tion, n. 
[L.—varius, various, and ago, make.] 

variety (va-ri'e-ti), n. 1. Quality of 
being various. 2. Varied collection. 

3. One of a number of things nearly 
allied to each other; subspecies. [L. 
varietas.] 



varioloid (va'ri-o-loid), a. Resembling 
smallpox. [PromL. varius, spotted.] 

variorum (va-ri-o'rum), a. Term ap- 
plied to an edition of some work in 
which the notes of various commen- 
tators are inserted. [Prom the Latin 
" editio cum notis variorum."] 

various (va'ri-us), a. 1. Varied; differ- 
ent; several. 2. Changeable; uncer- 
tain. 3. Variegated. — variously , 
adv. [L. varius/\ 

varix (va'riks), n. [pi. va'rices.] 1. 
Permanently dilated vein. 2. Ridge 
across the whorls of a univalve shell, 
indicating a former position of the 
aperture. [L.] 

varlet (var'let), n. Low fellow; scoun- 
drel. [See vassal and valet.] 

varmint (var'mint), varmin, n. Ver- 
min. [Vulgar.] 

varnisb (var'nish). I. n. 1. A sticky 
liquid which dries forming a hard, 
lustrous coating. 2. Glossy appear- 
ance; palliation. H. vt. 1. Cover with 
varnish. 2. Gloss over. [Fr. vernis, 
polished, glazed.] 

vary (va'ri), vt. and vi. 1. Make or be- 
come different. 2. Make of different 
kinds. 3. Change in succession; alter- 
nate. 4. Deviate. 5. Disagree. 6. In 
math. To increase or decrease contin- 
ually and according to some law. Two 
quantities vary directly, when both 
increase or decrease, they vary in- 
versely, when one increases and the 
other decreases.JFr. varier— L,.variare.[ 

vascular (vas'ku-lar), a. 1. Of or re- 
lating to the vessels of animal and 
vegetable bodies. 2. "Well provided 
with small blnod-vessels. — vascu- 
larity, n. [Fr. vasculaire— L. vascu- 
lum, dim. of vas, vessel.] 

vasculum (vas'ku-lum), n. Botanist's 
tin collecting case. [L. dim. of vas, 
vessel.J 

vase (vas or vaz), n. Ornamental hol- 
low vessel. [Fr.— L. vascum or vas.] 

vaseline (vas'e-lin or vas'e-len ), n. 
Viscous substance, obtained from 
coal tar. 

vassal (vas'al), n. One who holds lands 
from, and renders homage to, a supe- 
rior. — vassalage, n. 1. State of 
being a vassal; dependence. 2. Lands 
held by feudal tenure. 3. All the vas- 
sals, taken as a class. 4. Feudal 
system. [Low L. vassalis— Wei. gwas, 
youth, servant.] 

vast(vast), a. Of great extent or amount. 
— vast'ly, adv. — vast'ness, n. [L. 
vastus, empty.] 

Syn. Mighty; boundless; immense; 
colossal; enormous; abundant; am- 
ple; capacious; gigantic; huge. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, \v9lf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



vat 



658 



veil 



vat (vat), n. Large vessel or tank, esp. 
one for holding liquors, as beer in 
brewing, lye, etc. [A. S.fcet. Gev.fass 
—fassen, hold.] 

Vatican ( vat'i-kan), n. Vast assem- 
blage of splendid buildings on the 
Vatican hill, in Rome, including the 
pope's palace. 

vaticide (vat'i-sid), n. 1. The killing 
of a prophet. 2. Slayer of a prophet. 

vaticinate (vat-is'i-nat), vt. Prophesy. 
— vaticination, n. Prediction; 
prophecy. [L. vaticinor — vates, seer.] 

vaudeville (vod'vil), n. 1. Lively, 
satirical song. 2. Dramatic enter- 
tainment interspersed with :such. 
fOrig. Vaudevire — vau de Vire, Vire 
valley, in Normandy, where the poet 
Basselin lived in the 15th century.] 

vault (valt). I. n. 1. Arched ceiling. 
2. Chamber with an arched roof, esp. 
one under- 
ground; cel- 
lar. - 3. Any- 
thing vault- 
like, as the 
cano|py of 
heaven. 4. 
Bound of a 
horsejjump. 
II. vt. Shape 
as a vault; 
roof with an 
arch. III. vi. 

1. Curvet or 
! leap, as a 

horse. 2. Exhibit feats of leaping 
tumbling.— vault'ed, a. 1. Formed 
like a vault. 2. Provided with a 
vault. [O. Fr. volte (Fr. voute), from 
L. volutum, pa. p. of volvo, roll, turn.] 

vaunt (vant or vant). I. vi. and vt. 
Boast; brag of. II. n. Vain display; 
boast. — vaunt'er, n. [Fr. vanter — 
Low L. vanitare — L. vamtas, vanity,— 
vanus, vain.] 

vaza (va'za),w. A parrot of Madagascar. 

veal (vel), n. Flesh of a calf.— bob veal, 
flesh of a newly born calf, unfit for 
food.— veal'y, a. 1. Resembling veal. 

2. Not sufficiently developed.— veal- 
skin, n. A skin disease producing 
white, shining tubercles, esp on face 
and neck. [O. Fr. vedel, veel—L,.vitellus, 
dim. of vitulus, calf. Cf . vellum.] 

vector (vek'tur), n. In math. Any di- 
rective quantity, as a straight line in 
space, determined by two numbers 
giving its direction and a third giving 
its magnitude. — Radius vector [pi. 
radii vectores], varying length of the 
line connecting a moving point (as a 
planet), to a fixed origin or center, 
(as the sun). [L.=carrier.] 




or 



Veda (ve'da or va'da), n. 1. Divine un- 
written knowledge issued from the 
"self -existent" or Brahman. 2. Name 
given to the four oldest sacred books 
of the Hindus. — vedaic (ve-da'ik), a. 
Pertaining to, or derived from, the 
Veda. [Sans, veda, knowledge,— mtf, 
know.] 

vedette (ve-def). I. n. Mounted sentry 
at the outposts of an army. II. vi. 
Place a vedette or vedettes. [Fr.— L. 
video, see.] 

Vedic (va'dik). I. a. Pertaining to the 
Vedas. II. n. Dialect of the Vedas, 
an early form of Sanskrit. 

veer (ver), vi. and vt. Change direction, 
as the wind; turn. [Fr. virer,— L. 
virice, bracelets.] 

vega (va'ga), n. Low, flat, moist land; 
tobacco farm. [Sp.] 

vegetable (vej'e-ta-bl). I. n. 1. Plant. 
2. Plant for the table. II. a. Belong- 
ing to, consisting of, or like plants.— 
Vegetable ivory, the product of a spe- 
cies of palm, resembling ivory.— Vege- 
table oyster, salsify; oyster-plant.— 
Saltwater vegetables, oysters and 
clams. [L. vegetabilis. See vegetate.] 

vegetablize (vej'e-ta-bliz), vt. Cause 
to resemble a vegetable substance. 

vegetal (vej'e-tal), a. 1. Of the nature 
of a vegetable. 2. Pertaining to the 
vital functions of plants and animals, 
as growth, reproduction, etc. 

vegetarian (vej-e-ta'ri-an). I. n. One 
who believes that vegetables are the 
only proper food for man. II. a. Per- 
taining to vegetarianism.;— vegeta'- 
rianism, n. 

vegetate (vej'e-tat), vi. 1. Grow by 
roots and leaves. 2. Sprout; grow 
profusely. 3. Lead an idle, unthink- 
ing life.— vegeta'tion, n. 1. Process 
of growing as a plant. 2. Vegetable 
growth. 3. Plants in general.— veg'- 
«tative, a. 1. Growing, as plants. 2. 
Producing growth in plants. [L. vegeto, 
-atum, quicken,— vegeo, be lively.] 

vehemence (ve'he-mens), n. Quality 
of being vehement; violence. 

vehement (ve'he-ment), a. 1. Passion- 
ate; furious; eager. 2. Violent.— ve'« 
hemently, adv. [L. vehemens, prob- 
ably — vehq, carry, and mens, mind.] 

vehicle (ve'hi-ki), n. 1. Any kind of 
carriage or conveyance. 2. In med. 
Substance in which a medicine is 
taken.— vehicular (ve-hik'u-lar), a. 
Pertaining to, or serving as, a vehicle. 
[L. vehiculum—veho, carry.] 

veil (val). I. n. 1. Anything that hides 
an object; curtain. 2. Piece of muslin 
or thin cloth worn by ladies to shade 
or hide the face. II. vt. 1. Cover with 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



vein 



659 



venison 



a veil. 2. Conceal.— Take the veil, be- 
come a nun (the veil symbolizing the 
union with ChristJ. [O. Fr. veile — L. 
velum,j,2A\.\ 

vein (van). I. n. 1. One of the vessels or 
tubes which convey the blood back to 
the heart. 2. One of the small branch- 
ing ribs in a leaf or an insect's wing. 
3. Seam of a different mineral through 
a rock. 4. Fissure or cavity. 5. Streak 
in wood or stone. 6. Train of thought; 
turn of mind. II. vt. Form veins or the 
appearance of veins in. — veined, a. 
Having veins. — vein'ing, n. 1. Net- 
work of veins. 2. Veined surface. 3. 
Stripe in cloth where there is no 
warp. [Fr. veine— L. vena.] 

vela men (ve-la'men), n. Enveloping 
membrane; skin. [L.] 

velic (ve'lik), a. Pertaining to a ship's 
sail.— velic point, the center of effort of 
a ship's sails. [From L. velum, sail.] 

vellicate(vel'i-kat), vi. Twitch. 

vellum (vel'um), n. 1. Fine parchment 
prepared formerly mostly from the 
skin of calves. 2. Manuscript written 
on fine parchment. [Fr. vilin —Low 
L. vitulina— L. vitulu$,_c&\l.\ 

velocipede (ve-los'i-ped), n. 1. Light 
vehicle, with two or three wheels, for 
one person, orig. moved by striking 
the toes on the road. 2. Child's tricy- 
cle. [Fr.— L. velox, swift and pes, foot.] 

velocity (ve-los'i-ti), n. 1. Speed. 2. 
Rate of motion. [L. velocitas.) 

velours (ve-16r'), velure (vel'yor), n. 
Fabric resembling velvet. [Fr.] 

velutinous (ve-16'ti-nus), a. Velvety. 
[ See velvet. ] 

velvet (vel'vet). I. n. 1. Cloth made 
from silk, with a close, short pile. 2. 
Similar cloth made of cotton. II. a. 1. 
Made of velvet. 2. Soft like velvet.— 
vel'vety, a. [Fr. vein, shaggy,— Low 
L. villutus—~L. villus, shaggy hair.] 

velveteen (vel-ve-ten'), n. Imitation of 
velvet. [cloth. 2. The pile of velvet. 

velveting* (vel've-ting), n. 1. pi. Velvet 

venal (ve'nal), a. That may be sold or 
got for a price; purchasable; merce- 
nary.— venal'ity, n.— ve'nally, adv. 
[Fr.— L. venalis—venus, sale.] 

venation ( ve-na'shun ), n. "Way in 
which the veins in leaves of plants, or 
wings of insects, are arranged. [L.— 
vena, vein.] 

venatorial (ven-a-to'ri-al), a. Pertain- 
ing to hunting. \Lt.—vehor, hunt.] 

vend (vend), vt. Offer for sale ; sell. — 
vend'er, n. One who sells ; hawker. 
— vendor, n. One who vends.— ven- 
dee', n. One to whom something, esp 
land, is sold. [Fr. vendre— L. vender e- 
venum, sale, and do, give.] 



vendetta (ven-det'a), n. Practice in 
Corsica of taking a private vengeance 
on one who slays a relation ; blood 
feud. [It. = feud.] 

vendible (vend'i-bl), a. That may be 
sold; marketable.— vend'ibly, adv. 
— vend'ibleness, n. 

vending- (vend'ing), n. Art of selling. 
— Vending machine, device in which a 
coin dropped into a slot controls a 
mechanism delivering a small arti- 
cle; slot machine. 

vendue (vend'u), n. Public sale at 
auction. [O u Fr. See vend.] 

veneer (ve-ner'). I. vt. Overlay or face 
with a thin layer of another wood. 
II. n. Thin leaf of a valuable wood 
for overlaying an inferior. [From 
Fr. fournir, furnish.] 

venenate (ven'e-nat), a. Poisoned. [L. 
venenatus, — venenum, poieon.] [son. 

venenous (ven'e-nous), a. Full of poi- 

venerable (ven'er-a-bl), a. 1. Worthy 
of veneration. 2. Hallowed by reli- 
gious or other associations.— ven'- 
erably, adv. — ven'erableness, n. 

venerate (ven'er-at), vt. Regard with 
respect and awe. [L. veneror— root of 
Venus, love. Allied to win.] 

veneration (ven-er-a'shun), n. 1. Ven- 
erating. 2. Being venerated. 3. Re- 
spect mingled with awe. 
Syn. Reverence; dread; adoration. 

venereal(ve-ne're-al),a. Pertaining to, 
or arising from, sexual intercourse. 

venesection (ve-ne-sek'shun), n. Cut- 
ting open of a vein for letting blood. 

Venetian (ve-ne'shan). I. a. Of or be- 
longing to Venice, Italy. II. n. Native 
or inhabitant of Venice. — Venetian 
blind, blind for windows, formed of 
thin slats, turnable, so as to either 
admit or exclude the light. 

veneur ( ven'ur ), n. Master of the 
hounds. [Fr.] 

vengeance (venj'ans), n. Infliction of 
harm upon another, in return for an 
injury or offense; retribution. [Fr. 
venger — L. vindico, avenge.] 

vengeful (venj'fol), a. Eager for re- 
venge. — venge'fully, adv. [dictive. 
Syn. Retributive; revengeful; vin- 

venial (ve'ni-al), a. Pardonable, esp. 
in Rom. Cath. theology; not mortal, 
as a sin.— ve'nially, adv.— ve'nial- 
ness, venial'ity, ns. [L. venialis — 
venia, favor.] 
Syn. Excusable; slight; trivial. 

venire facias (ve-ni're fa'shi-as).Writ 
issued to sheriff or coroner for sum- 
moning a jury. [L. = make come.] 

venison (ven'i-zn or ven'zn), n. Flesh 
of animals taken in hunting, esp. the 
deer. [Fr. venaison — L. venatio, chase.] 



fate, i at, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolfj 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl. Men, 



venite 



660 



verbatim 



venite ( ve-ne'te or ve-ni'te ), n. 95th 
Psalm ia Latin used as a canticle. 
[Prom the first words: "Venite, exul- 
temus Domino" = "Come let us praise 
the Lord."} 
venom (ven'um), n. 1. Poison, secreted 
by certain animals as a means of 
offense and defense. 2. Spite ; malice. 
—ven onions, a. — ven'oinously, 
adv. [ Pr. venin (It. veneno) — L. vene- 
rium, poison ] 
venose (ve'nos), a. Having numerous 
veins; venous.— venos'ity, n. 1. Ex- 
cess of veins or venous blood in a 
part. 2. Insufficient seration of blood 
in the lungs, causing entrance of 
venous blood in the arteries. 
venous (ve'nus), a. 1. Pertaining to, 
or contained in, veins. 2. Veined. [L. 
venosus — vena, vein.] 
vent (vent). I. n. 1. Small opening to 
let air, etc., escape. 2. Any other 
small aperture, as the touchhole of a 
gun. 3. Outlet; escape; expression; 
utterance. II. vt. Let out at a vent; 
pour forth. III. vi. 1. Take breath. 2. 
Draw, as a chimney. [Pr. fente, slit.] 
ventilate (ven'ti-lat), vt. 1. Open to 
the free passage of air. 2. Expose to 
examination and discussion. -ven- 
tilation, n — ventilator, n. [L. 
—ventulus, dim. of ventus, wind.] 
ventose (ven'tos), a. Pull of wind. [L. 

ventosus — ventus, wind.] 
ven trad (ven'trad), adv. Toward the 
abdomen. [Prom L. venter, abdomen, 
and ad, toward.] 
ventral ( v e n't r a 1 ), a. Belonging to 
the abdomen.— ven'tr ally, adv. [L. 
ventr alls— venter, abdomen.] 
ventriele (ven'tri-kl), n. Cavity within 
an organ, as in the heart or brain.— 
ventricular, a. [L. ventriculus, 
dim. of venter, abdomen.] 
vcntricose (ven'tri-kos), a. Having a 

protruding abdomen. 
ventricnlns ( ven-trik'u-lus ), n. [pi. 
ventriculi.] 1. Ventriele. 2. True 
stomach, as of an insect or bird. [L.] 
ventriloquism (ven-tril'o-kwizm), 
ventril'oquy, n. Art of speaking 
so that the voice seems to come from 
a distance or from some other person. 
— ventriloquize ( ven-tril'o-kwiz ), 
vi. Practice ventriloquism.— ven« 
tril'oqnist, n. One who practices 
ventriloquism. [L.— venter t abdomen, 
and loquor, speak.] 
venture (ven'tur). I. n. 1. Hazardous 
undertaking; risk. 2. Chance; luck. 
3. That which is put to hazard (esp. 
goods sent by sea at the sender's 
risk). II. vt. Send on a venture; ex- 
pose to hazard ; risk. III. vi. Run a 



risk; dare.— veut'urous, venture* 
some, as. — venturously, adv. — 
vent'urousness, n. [Short for 

ADVENTtTREj 

venue (ven'u), n. In law, the place 
where something has happened or 
where an action is laid.— change of 
venue, change of the place of trial to 
another county. [Pr. ; literally the 
place to which the j ury are summoned 
to come. See venire facias.] 




Telescopic view of Venus. 

Venus (ve'nus), n. 1. Roman goddess 
of beauty and love. 2. Most brilliant 
of the planets, second from the sun.— 
Venus' flytrap, herb, native in North 
and South Carolina, whose leaves 
close instantly upon insects lighting 
upon them. 

veracious (ve-ra'shus), a. Habitually 
disposed to speak the truth; truthful; 
true.— vera'ciously, adv. 

veracity ( ve-ras'i-ti ), n. Habitual 
truthfulness; truth. [L. verax.] 

Syn. Candor; honesty; frankness; 
ingenuity; sincerity; verity. 

veranda, verandah (ve-ran'da), n. 
Balcony or open portico, with a roof; 
porch. [O. Port, varanda, railing:.] 

veratrine ( ve-ra'trin ), n. A strong 
poison obtained from revadilla seeds. 
[Prom L. veratrum, hellebore.] 

verb (verb), n. In gram. Part of speech 
which affirms what a thing is or does 
or suffers. [L. verbum, word.] 

verbal (ver'bal). I. a. 1. Relating to, 
or consisting in, words; spoken; oral. 
2. Exact in words; attending to 
words only. 3. Word for word. 4. 
Derived from a verb. II. n. Noun 
derived from a verb. -*- verb'ally , 
adv. [L. verbalis] . 

verbalism (ver'bal-izm), ». 1. Some- 
thing expressed in words or orally; .2. 
Meaningless or empty group of words. 

verbalist (ver'bal-ist), n. One who at- 
tends to words merely. 

verbalize (v§r'bal-iz). I. vt. Turn into 
a verb. II. vi. Make many words. 

verbarium (ver-ba'ri-um), n. Game 
of forming words from letters; dic- 
tionary, [word. [L.J 

verbatim (v©r-ba'tim), adv. Word for 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mifce, mit; note, not, mSve, wglt; 
route, but, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



verbena 



661 



vernicose 



verbena (ver-be'na), n. One of many 
plants cultivated for their fragrance 
or beauty; vervain. [L. verbena, twigs 
and leaves used in sacred rites. J 

verbiage (ver'bi-aj), n. Abundance of 
words; wordiness; verbosity. 

verbose (ver-bos'), a. Containing or em- 
ploying more words than necessary. 
— verbose'ness, verbosity, ns. 

Syn. Wordy; prolix; diffuse; gar- 
rulous; loquacious; talkative. 

verdant (ver'dant), a. 1. Green with 
grass or foliage; fresh. 2. Inexperien- 
ced; ignorant; rustic— verdantly, 
a^.-verdancy, n. [Pr. verdoyant— 
L. viridens, green.] 

verd-antique ( verd-an-tek' ), n. 1. 
Ornamental stone, mostly green. 2. 
Green coating on ancient bronzes, 
caused by the action of the air. [O. Fr.j 

verdict(ver'dikt),w.l. Finding of a jury. 
2. Decision; opinion pronounced. [L. 
vere, truly, and dictum, said.] 

verdigris (ver'di gris), n. 1. Rust of 
copper, brass, or bronze. 2. Bluish- 
green paint obtained from copper- 
plates by the action of dilute acetic 
acid. [O. Fr. verderis—luow L. viride 
o&ris, the green of brass. Intrusive g, 
suggested by grease.] 

verdure ( ver'dur ), n. 1. Greenness; 
freshness of plants. 2. Green vegeta- 
tion. 3. Green hangings, representing 
landscapes. 

verge (vgrj), n. Staff or mace, used as 
an emblem of authority.— verger, n. 
Beadle of a cathedral church; pew- 
opener. [L. virga, rod.] 

verge (verj). I. vi. 1. Incline. 2. Border 

(upon). II. vt. Form the edge of. II. n. 

Edge.— ver'gency,?i. [L. vergo, bend.] 

Syn. Boundary; brink. See border. 

veridical (ve-rid'i-kal), a. Truthful; 
true. [L. verus, true, and dico, speak.] 

verifiable (ver'i-fl-a-bl), a. That may 
be verified or confirmed. 

verify (ver'i-fl), vt. 1. Show to be true. 
2. Ascertain to be correct. 3. Authen- 
ticate, as by an affidavit.— verifica- 
tion, n.— verifier, n. [L. verus, true, 
and/aa'o, make] 

verily (ver'i-li), adv. Truly; certainly. 

verisimilar (ver-i-sim'i-lar), a. Like- 
ly; probable.— verisimilitude, n. 
Resemblance of truth; probability. 
[L. veri similis, similar to the truth.] 

veritable (ver'i-ta-bl), a. According 
to fact; real.— ver'itably, adv. 

verity (ver'i-ti), n. 1. Quality of being 
true or real; truth. 2. True asser- 
tion; tenet. [L. Veritas.] 

verj nice ( ver 'j 6s), n. 1. Juice of unripe 
fruit, esp. grapes. 2. Acidity. [Fr. 

( ver jus— vert, green, and jus, juice.] 



vermeil (ver'mil), n. 1. Silver or bronze 
gilt. 2. An orange-colored garnet. 
3. A varnish for gilt surfaces. [From 
O. F. vermilion. See vermilion.] 

vermes (ver'mez), n. pi. Worms, espe- 
cially parasitic. [L. pi. of vermis.) 

vermicelli ( ver-mi-sel'i or ver-mi- 
chel'i), n. Dough of fine wheat flour 
made into worm-like or thread-like 
rolls. [It. pi. of vermicello, little worm.] 

vermicular ( ver-mik'u-lar ), a. Per- 
taining to or like a worm (esp. in its 
motion). [From L. vermiculus, dim. 
of vermis, worm.] 

vermiculate(ver-mik'u-lat). I. a. Ver- 
micular. II. vt. Adorn with tracery 
resembling the motion or track of 
worms. III. vi. Become worm-eaten. 
— vermicular'tion, n. 

vermiform (Vgr'mi-farm), a. Having 
the form of a worm. — Vermiform ap- 
pendix, small blind portion of the in- 
testine, of about the size of a goose 
quill, located on the right side of the 
abdomen. Its inflammation is called 
appendicitis. [L, vermis, worm.] 

vermifuge (ver'mi-fuj), n. Substance 
that expells intestinal worms from 
animal bodies, —vermifugal, a. 
[From L. vermis, undfugo, expel.] 

vermilion (ver-mil'yun). I. n. 1. Red 
coloring substance obtained from 
sulphate of mercury. 2. Any brilliant 
red color. II. vt. Dye vermilion. [O. 
Fr. vermillion, kermes insect, bright 
red,— L. vermiculus, little worm.] 

vermin (ver 'min), n. sing, and pi. Name 
for all noxious or mischievous ani- 
mals or insects, esp. such as are 
small. — ver'minous, a. Infested 
with vermin or intestinal worms. 
[Fr. vermine — L. vermis, worm.] 

vermiparous (ver-mip'a-rus), a. 
Breeding worms. [ing on worms. 

vermivorons(ver-miv'ur-us), a. Feed- 
vermuth (ver'muth), n. Wine flavored 
with aromatic herbs. [Ger. wermuth, 
wormwood.] 

vernacular (ver-nak'u-lar). I. a. 1. Na- 
tive ; belonging to the country of one's 
birth. 2. Local. II. n. 1. One's mother 
tongue. 2. Language of a particular 
calling or district. — vernac'ularly, 
adv. [L. vernaculus — verna, a slave 
born in his master's house.] 

vernal (ver'nal), a. 1. Belonging to, 
or appearing in, spring. 2. Belonging 
to youth. [L. vernalis—ver, spring.] 

vernation (ver-na'shun), n. Arrange- 
ment of leaves (folding, coiling, etc.) 
in the bud. [L. vematio, renewal, shed- 
ding of ston,— ver, spring.] 

vernicose (ver'ni-kos), a. Appearing 
as if varnished. [N. L. vernix, varnish.J 



Jbe, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



662 



vespine 



vernier (ver'ni-er), n. Contrivance for 
measuring very small intervals, con- 
sisting of a short scale made to slide 
upon a longer one, graded differently. 
[After its inventor.] 



"— 1 — 
2 


1 1 

4 


'el 'si ' io| ' 12I 


I— 

14 




1 2 


3 


- 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 






15 











Vernier. 

veronica (ver-on'i-ka), w. 1. Ornamen- 
tal flower of many "species. 2. Cloth 
having on it a representation of the 
Savior's face. [ From Gr. Berenice — 
phero, bear, and nike , victory.] 

verrncose (ver'o-kos), a. Warty; full 
of warts. [ L. verrucosus — verruca, 
wart.] [II. n. General slope. 

versant (ver'sant). I. a. Conversant. 

versatile (ver'za-til), a. 1. Liable to 
be turned; changeable; unsteady. 2. 
Turning easily from one thing to an- 
other; many-sided.— versatility, n. 
[L. versatilis— verto, turn.] 

verse (vers), n. 1. Line of poetry. 2. 
Metrical arrangement and language; 
poetry. 3. Stanza. 4. Short division 
of a composition, esp. of the chapters 
of the Bible.— Blank verse, verse with- 
out rime, usually of 5 or 6 feet. [L. 
versus^verto, turn.] 

versed (verst), a. 1. Thoroughly ac- 
quainted, skilled. 2. Reversed, as a 
sine. [Fr. versS— L. versatus, pa. p. of 
versor, turn around.] 

versicle (ver'si-kl), n. Little verse; 
short responsive line in liturgy. 

versify (vers'i-fi). I. vi. Make verses. 
II. vt. 1. Relate in verse. 2. Turn into 
verses. — versifi' cation, n. — ver'si- 
fier, n. [L. versiflco — versus, verse, 
and/aao, make.] 

version (ver'shun), n. 1. Act of trans- 
lating from one language into an- 
other. 2. That which is translated. 3. 
Account; description; view. — ver'- 
sionist, n. Translator. — ver'sion- 
ize, vt. Translate; modify. 

verst (verst), n. Russian mile, 3,500 
feet in length. [Russ.] 

versus ( ver'- 
sus ), prep. 
Against. [L.] 

vert (vert), n. 
1. Anything 
green in a 
forest. 2. In 
heraldry, the human Vertebra. 




tincture A _ From above . 
green. 
ve rtebva 

( ver'te-bra ), 



the side. 
n. [pi. vertebrae (ver' 



te-bre).] One of the small bones com- 
posing the spine. (Man has 7 cervi- 
cal, 12 dorsal, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral ver- 
tebras, and the coccyx, formed of 4 
bones usually firmly united.)— vert'- 
ebral, a. [L. = joint,— -verto, turn.] 

vertebrate (ver'te-brat), veri'e- 
b rated, as. Furnished with joints; 
having a backbone. 

vertex (ver'teks), n. \pl. vertices.] 1. 
Top; summit. 2. Point of a cone, 
pyramid or angle. [L. — verto, turn. 
Cf. VORTEX.] 

vertical (ver'ti-kal). I. a. 1. Pertaining 
to the vertex; placed in the zenith. 
2. Perpendicular to the plane of the 
horizon. II. n. Vertical line.— vert'- 
ically, adv. — vert'icalness, n. — 
vertical saw,mean practical joke. [Fr. 
— L. vertex,— verto, turn.] 

verticil (ver'ti-sil), n. Whorl, as of 
leaves or tentacles. — vertic'illate, 
a. Arranged in a whorl. [L.verticillus.] 

vertiginous (ver-tij'i-nus), a. 1. Dizzy. 
2. Causing dizziness. 3. Whirling. 

vertigo (ver'ti-go), n. Sensation of 
giddiness; dizzjness. (L. verto, turn.] 

vervain (ver'van), n. Plant of the 
genus Verbena. [Fr. verveine — L. ver- 
bena, sacred bough.] [Fr.] 

verve ( verv ), n. Animation; spirit. 

very (ver'i). I. a. True; real; actual. 
II. adv. In a great degree. [ Older 
form veray—O. Fr. verai (Fr. vrai)— L. 
ver ax, speaking truly.] 

vesania (ve-sa'ni-a), n. Insanity. [L. 
ve, not, and sanus, sane.] 

vesical (ves'i-kal), a. Pertaining to the 
bladder. [L. vesica, bladder.] 

vesicant (ves'i-kant). I. a. Producing 
blisters. II. n. Blister-plaster. 

vesicate (ves'i-kat), vt. Raise blisters 
on.— vesication, n— ves'icatory, 
a. Capable of raising blisters. 

vesicle (ves'i-kl), n. 1. Small bladder 
or blister. 2. Small cavity in an ani- 
mal body. 3. In hot. Bladder-like cell. 
—vesicular (ve-sik'u-lar), vesicu- 
lous, a. Pertaining to or full of 
vesicles. — vesic'uliform, a. — vesicu- 
lar murmur, sound produced by the air 
passing through the pulmonary air- 
cells. [Lt.vesicula Aim. ol vesica, bladder 

vesine (ve-sen'), n. Valley wind in a 
mountain region. [Fr.] 

vesper (ves'per), n. 1. The evening 
star, Venus, visible after sunset; eve- 
ning. 2. pi. In R. Cath. Church, the 
evening service. 3. In the Church of 
England, the sixth canonical hour; 
even-song. [L. ; Gr. hesperos.] 

vespiary (ves'pi-ar-i), n. Wasp's nest. 

vespine (ves'pin), a. Pertaining to a 
wasp or wasps. [From L. vespa, wasp.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



vessel 



663 



vibrant 



vessel (ves'el),n. 1. Utensil for holding 
something. 2. Hollow structure made 
to float on water, used for convey- 
ance, etc. 3. Tube holding a fluid, 
as blood, sap, etc.; duct. 4. Person 
fit to receive, as God's wrath or mercy.J 
[O. Fr.— L. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase. 
Cf. VASE.] 

vest (vest). I. n. 1. Garment. 2. Waist- 
coat. II. vt. 1. Clothe. 2. (with) In- 
vest; endow. 3. (in) Commit to; con- 
fer on. III. vi. Devolve; take effect. 
[L. vestis.] 

Vesta (ves'ta), n. 1. Among the Ro- 
mans, the chaste goddess that pre- 
sided over the hearth and the family. 
2. (1. c.) Wax-match. [Prom the root 
vas, burn.] 

vestal (ves'tal). I. a. Pertaining or con- 
secrated to the service of Vesta; 
chaste; pure. II. n. 1. Priestess of 
Vesta. 2. Chaste woman; virgin. 

vestibule (ves'ti-bul), n. 1. Open court 
or porch before a house. 2. Hall next 
the entrance to a house. 3. In anat. 
Small bony cavity forming part of the 
ear.— Vestibule train, railroad passen- 
ger train, with enclosed platforms 
connected by flexible walls and roof 
between cars. [L. vestibulum.] 

vestige (ves'tij), n. Trace or remains 
of something— vestigial, a. Having 
become small, usually by disuse, as 
the musctes of the ear. [L. vestigium, 
footprint.] 
Syn. Mark; token; sign; track. 

vestment (vestment), n. Garment; 
long outer robe; robe of state or 
office; chasuble. [L. vestimentum.] 

vestry (ves'tri), n. 1. Room adjoining 
a church, in which the vestments are 
kept and parochial meetings held; 
sacristy. 2. In the Episcopal church, 
assembly of the managers of paro- 
chial affairs.— ves'tryman, n. Mem- 
ber of a vestry. 
[ L. vestiarium — 
vestis, garment.] 

vesture (ves'ttir), 
n. Clothing; cov- 
ering. [Low L. 
vestitura — L. ves- 
tio.] 

Vesuvian (ve-siV- 
vi-anj, a. Pertain- 
ing to the volca- 
no V esuvius; 
volcanic. 

vetch (vech), n. 
Variety of plants, 
mostly climbing, 
some of which 
are cultivated for fodder. [ O. Fr, 




Vetch. 



veche (Fr. vesce) — L. vicia, vetch.] 



veteran (vet'er-an). I. a. Experienced; 
long exercised," esp. in military life. 
II. n. One long exercised in service; 
old man who fought in a war when 
young. [L. veteranus — vetus, old.] 

veteranize (vet'er-an-iz). I. vt. Render 
veteran. II. vi. Reenlist. _ 

veterinarian ( vet-er-in-a'ri-an ), n. 
One skilled in the treatment of dis- 
eases of domestic animals. 

veterinary (vet'er-in-ar-i), a. Pertain- 
ing to the art of treating the diseases 
of domestic animals. [L. veterinarius.] 

veto (ve'to). I. n. 1. {pi. ve'toes.] Au- 
thoritative prohibition. 2. Power of 
rejecting or forbidding. II. vt. Reject 
by a veto; withhold assent to. [L. = I 
forbid.] 

vex (veks), vt. 1. Harass. 2. Irritate 
by small provocations. 3. Make a 
subject of dispute, as in a vexed ques- 
tion.— vexa'tion, n. Vexing; being 
vexed; trouble; teasing annoyance; 
uneasiness. — vexations, a. Causing 
vexation; full of trouble; intended to 
annoy.— vexa'tionsly, adv.— vexa'- 
tionsness, n. [L. vexo, jolt in carry- 
ing] 

Syn. Annoy; disturb; disquiet; dis- 
tress; harass; tease; irritate. 

via (vi'a), prep. By way of. [L.] 

viable (vi'a-bl), a. Capable of living.— 
viability, n. Capability of living. 



am, 



MTS 






Viaduct. 

viaduct (vi'a-dukt), n. Road carried 
by a structure over a valley, river, 
etc. [Li. via, way, and duco, ductum, 
lead, bring.] [phial. 

vial (vi'al), n. Small glass bottle. See 

viand (viand), n. Usually in pi. Food; 
article of food. [Fr. viande, meat,— 
L. vivenda, victuals ] 

viatic (vi-at'ik), a. Pertaining to trav- 
elling. [Li. viaticus — via, way.] 

viaticum (vi-at'i-kum), n. 1. Provis- 
ions for the way. 2. In R. C. Church, 
communion given to the dying. [L.J 

viator (vi-a'tur), m Traveller, [l,.] 

vibex (vi'beks), n. [pi. vibices (vi-bi'- 
sez).J Mark on the skin like a wale, 
characteristic of certain fevers. [L.] 

vibracnlum (vi-brak'u-lum), n. Fila- 
mentous appendage at the mouth of 
certain marine plant-animals. [L. 
—vibro, vibrate.] 

vibrant (vi'brant), a. 1. Vibrating. 2. 
Showing or due to vibration ; resonant. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



vibrate 



664 



vicuna 



vibrate (vi'brat). I. vi. Move back- 
wards and forwards; swing; tremble. 
II. vt. 1. Move to and fro. 2. Measure 
by moving to and fro. 3. Affect with 
vibratory motion.— vibra'tion, n.— 
vi'bratory* «• Consisting in or 
causing vibrations. [L. vibro.] 

vibrissa ( vi-bris'a ), n. Bristle, as 
around the mouth of a cat. [L.] 

vicar (vik'ar), n. 1. Substitute in an 
office. 2. Perpetual curate.— vic'- 
arship, n. [L. vicarius—vix, change, 
alternation. J 

vicarage (v i k'a r-a j), n. Benefice or 
residence of a vicar. [a vicar. 

vicarial (vl-ka'ri-al), a. Pertaining to 

vicariate (vi ka'ri-at). I. a. Having 
vicarious or delegated power. II. n. 
Delegated power. 

vicarious (vi-ka'ri-us), a. 1. Filling the 
place of another. 2. Performed or 
suffered in place of, or for the sake 
of, another.— vica'riously, adv. 

vice (vis), n. Screwpress. See vise. 

vice (vis), n. 1. Blemish; fault. 2. Im- 
moral conduct; depravity. [Fr.— L. 
vitium, defect.] 
Syn. Iniquity; sin. See crime. 

vice (vi'se), prep. In the place of. [L. 
ablative case of vix, turn.] 

vice ( vis ), n. Substitute. Used as 
hyphenated prefix. [See vice, prep.] 

vice-admiral (vis-ad'mi-ral), n. One 
acting in the place of, or second in 
command to, an admiral. 2. In Eng- 
land, civil officer who exercises Ad- 
miralty jurisdiction. — vice-admi- 
ralty, n. 

vice-chancellor (vis-chan'sel-fir), n. 
One acting for the chancellor. 

vicegerent (vis-je'rent). I. a. Acting 
in place of another; having delegated 
authority. II. n. One acting in place 
of a superior. — vicege'rency, n. 
Office or power of a vicegerent. 

vicennial (vi-sen'yal), a. 1. Lasting 
twenty years. 2. Occurring once in 
twenty years. [ L. — vicies, twenty 
times, and annus, year.] 

viceregal (vis-re'gal), a. Pertaining to 
a viceroy or viceroy alty. 

viceroy (vis'roi), n. One representing 
the royal authority in a dependency 
or province, —viceroy' alty, vice'- 
roysbip, ns. [Fr. roi, king.] 

vice versa (vi'se ver'sa). In reversed 
order, that is, exchanging the posi- 
tion of antecedent and consequent. 

Vicny(vish'i). I. n. Pertaining to Vichy, 
a town in France, or its mineral 
spring. II. n. Vichy water. 

vicinage (vis'in-aj), n. Neighborhood. 
[O. Fr. veisinage — veisin, — L. vicinus, 
neighboring.] 



lity (vi-sin'i-ti), n. 1. Neighbor* 
2. Nearness. [L. vicinitas.] 




VICll 

hood. 

vicious (vish'us), a. 1. Having a "vice 
or defect; corrupt in principles or 
conduct; depraved. 2. Impure, as 
language or air. 3. Given to bad 
tricks, as a horse. 4. Pernicious; ma- 
licious.-vi'ciously, adv.— vicious'- 
ness, n. — Vicious circle, false argu- 
ment, in which the conclusion is vir- 
tually assumed to prove the premise, 
and then the premise is used to prove 
the conclusion. [See vice] 

vicissitude (vi-sis'i-tiid), a. Change, 
esp. an irregular one. [L. vicissitudo 
—vix, turn.] 

victim (vik'tim), a. 1. Living being 
offered as a sacrifice. 2. Some thing 
or'person destroyed in the pursuit of 
an object. 3. Person suffering injury; 
dupe. [L. victima.] [tim of; cheat.] 

victimize (vik'tim-iz), vt. Make a vic- 

vietor (vik'tfir), n. One who conquers, 
defeats in 
battle, or 
win s.— fem. 
victress, 
[L. vinco, vic- 
£um,conquer.] 

Victoria (vik- 
to'ri-a), n. 1. 
S. American 
water-lily 
with enorm- 
ous leaves. 2. (l.c)Lo>w4-wheeled car- 
riage with two seats and buggy»top. 

victOrine (vik-to-ren'), n. 1. Fur tippet 
with long tabs. 2. Variety of peach. 

victorious (vik-to'ri-us), a. Relating 
to victory; superior in contest; tri- 
umphant.— victoriously, adv. 

victory (vik'tiir-i), n. 1. Overcoming 

of an antagonist. 2. Battle gained. 

[L. Victoria.] [acy; triumph. 

Syn. Conquest; mastery; suprem 

victual (vit'D, 
vt. Supply 
with provi- 
sions.— vict- 
ualer (vit'l- 
er), n. One 
who furnishes 
victuals; inn- 
keeper. 

victuals (vif- 
lz), n. Food 
for human 
beings. [Low 
L. victualia — 
L. victualis — 
vivo, victum, live.l 

vicuna (ve-kon'ya), n. So. American 
animal resembling the llama, having 
very fine and valuable wool. 



Victoria water-lily. 




Vicuna. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



vide 



665 



vindicate 



vide(vi'de), vt. See. [L.J 

videlicet (videl'i-set), adv. To wit; 
namely; abbr. viz. [D.=you may see j 

vidette. Same vedette. 

vidimus ( vid'i-mus ), n. Inspection, 
as of accounts. [L.=wehave seen. J 

vicinage (vid'u-aj), n. 1. Widowhood. 
2. All the widows, collectively. 

vidnate (vid'u-at), n. 1. Order of 
widows. 2. One of Its members. [L. 
viduus, bereft.] 

vie (vi), vi. [vy'ing; vied.] Strive for 
superiority; sho w r ivalry; contend. 
[Prob. corr. of envy.] 

view (vu). I. n. 1. Seeing; sight. 2. 
Reach of the sight. 3. That which is 
seen. 4. Picture of a scene. 5. Mental 
survey. 6. Mode of looking at. 7. 
Intention. II. vt. 1. See ; look at at- 
tentively. 2. Examine intellectually. 
— viewer, n.— viewy, a. 1. Vision- 
ary. 2. Appearing good at first sight. 
[Fr. vue—vu, pa. p. of voir, see.] 

Syn. Beholding; look; prospect; 
scene; sketch; conception; opinion; 
apprehension; object; purpose. 

vigil (vij'il),n. 1. Watching. 2. Keep- 
ing awake for religious exercise. 3. 
The eve before a feast or fast day, 
orig. kept by watching through the 
night. [Li. vigilia— vigil, watchful.] 

vigilance ( vij'il-ans ), n. Watchful- 
ness; circumspection.— Vigilance com- 
mittee, organization of citizens for the 
infliction of summary punishment 
for outrageous crimes. 

vigilant (vij'il-ant), a. On the lookout 
for danger.— vigilantly, adv. 

Syn. Attentive; cautious; alert; cir- 
cumspect; wary; watchful; careful. 

vigilante (vij-i-lan'ta), n. Member of 
a vigilance committee. 

vignette (vin-yef). I. n. 1. Small orna- 
mental engraving not inclosed by a 
definite border. 2. Orig. Ornamental 
flourish of vine leaves and tendrils. 3. 
Picture with a background or border 
gradually shaded of. II. vt. 1. Deco- 
rate with vignettes. 2. Make with a 
fading background or border, as a 
photograph or other picture. — [Fr.— 
vigne— L. vinea, vine.] 

vigor (vig'ur), n. 1. Aetive strength; 
physical force. 2. Vital strength in 
animals or plants. 3. Strength of 
mind.— vig'orous, a. —vigorous- 
ly, adv.— vig'oronsness, n. [L.] 



vigorite (vig'ur-It), n. Powerful ex 

plosive made of nitroglycerine. 
viking (vTking), n. One of the Scan 



dinavian pirates who in the 9th and 
lOih centuries ravaged the coasts of 
Western Europe. [Icel. vikingr—vic, 
creek, bay.] 



vilayet ( vil'a-yet ), n. Name of the 
provinces Into which the Ottoman 
empire is divided. [Ar. xoilaya, gov- 
ernment] 

vile (vil), a. 1. Mean; low. 2. Morally 
impure; wicked. 3. Objectionable ; dis- 
agreeable.— vilely, atfv.-vile'ness, 
n. [Fr.— L. vilis, cheap. Cf. Ger. fell, 
vendible.] 

Syn. Base; contemptible; depraved; 
villainous; shameful; scurvy; shab- 
by; beggarly; pitiful; groveling; foul; 
knavish. See bad and mean. 

vilify (vil'i-fi), vt. Represent as vile; 
attempt to degrade by slander; de- 
fame —vilification, rc.— villfier,n. 
Syn. Calumniate; abuse; asperse; 
revile. See slander. 

villa (vil'a), n. Country residence; sub- 
urban mansion. [L.— vicula, country- 
house, dim. of vicus, village.] 

village (vil'aj), n. Small assemblage 
of houses, less than a town. — vil'- 
lager, n. Inhabitant of a village. [Fr.] 

villain (vil'in), n. Deliberate scoun- 
drel.— villainous, a.— villainous- 
ly, adv. — villainy, n. 1. Extreme 
depravity. 2. Atrocious crime. [Orig. 
serf attached to a villa or farm. O. 
Fr. villain— Low L. villanns—L,. villa.] 

villeggiatnre (vil-ej-a-to'ra), n. A stay 
in the country. [It.] 

villi (vill), n. pi. 1. Minute vascular 
projections from a membrane. 2. Fine 
hairs on plants.— villous (virus), a. 
Covered with soft short hairs. — vil- 
loslty, n. 1. State of being villous. 
2. Collection of villi. [L. villus, shaggy 
hair.] [From L. accus. of vis.] 

vim (vim),n. Strength; energy. [Slang. 

vlna (ve'na), n. East-Indian musical 
instrument with metal strings. 

vinaceons (vi- or vi-na'shus), a. Per- 
taining to, or colored like, wine. 

vinaigrette ( vin - a-gret' ), n. Small 
vial of silver or gold for holding aro- 
matic vinegar, used as a smelling 
bottle. [Fr.—vinaigre. See vinegar 1 

vincible (vin'si-bl), a. That may be 
conquered. — vincibil'ity, n. [Li.vin 
cibilis—vinco, conquer.] 

vinculum (ving'ku-lum), n. 1. Band t 
bond. 2. In math. Horizontal line 
placed over several quantities to show 
that they are to be treated as one. [L. 
—vincio, bind.] 

vindicate (vin'di-kat), vt. 1. Defend ; 
justify. 2. Maintain by force.— vin v 
dicator, n. — vindication, n. — 
vindicative, vindicatory, as. 1. 
Tending to vindicate. 2. Inflicting 
punishment. [L. vindico—vim, power 
and dico, assert.] [ See assert, 

Syn. Affirm; pronounce ; protest 



tftte, fat, tisk, fttr, fan, fare, above; me, met, h§r; mJte, mit) n5t«, not, mo"ve, w^ifj 
mule, but, bars ; oil, owl, ttoa, 



vindictive 



666 



virile 



vindictive (vin-dik'tiv), a. Revenge- 
ful.— vindictively, adv.— vindic'- 
tiveness, n. 

vine (vln), n. 1. Woody climbing plant 
producing grapes. 2. Any climbing or 
trailing plant. [O. Fv.—Ij.vinea, vine.] 

vinegar (vin'e-gar), n. Acid liquor 
obtained from fermented and vinous 
liquors. — viii'egarish, vin'egary, 
as. Resembling vinegar; sour; acid; 
crabbed. [Fr. vinaigre—vin, wine, and 
aigre—Lt. acer, sour.] 

vinery (vl'ner-i), n. Hothouse for rear- 
ing grapes; viueyard. 

vinette (vi-nef), n. Barberry wine, 
used in making some kinds of leather. 

vineyard (vin'yard), n. Inclosure for 
rearing grape-vines. " [A. S. wingeard.] 

vingt-un ( vangt-ung' ), n. Game of 
chance, played with cards. [Fr.=21.J 

vinic (vi'nik), a. Pertaining to, or 
derived from, wine. 

vinous (vl'nus), a. Relating to, or like, 
wine.— vinos'ity, n. [L. vinosus.] 

vintage (vin'taj), n. 1. Produce of 
grapes in one year. 2. Time of grape- 
gatnering. [Fr. vendaqe—Li. vindemia 
—vinum, and demo, pluck.] 

vintner (vint'ner), n. Wine-seller. [O. 
Fr. vinetier.] 

viol (vi'ul), n. 1. Old musical instru- 
ment like the violin, with six strings. 
2. Any stringed instrument of this 
class, as the violin, violoncello and 
double-bass viola. [Fr. viole, It. viola 
— Low Li. vidula— L. vitulari, skip like 
a calf.] 

viola (vi- or vi-o'la), n. 1. Viol. 2. 
Musical instrument a little larger 
than a violin, pathetic in tone. [It.] 

violable (vi'o-la-bl), a. That may be 
injured or broken. 

violaceous (vi-o-la'she-us), a. 1. Hued 
like a violet. 2. Pertaining to the 
violet family._ 

violate (vi'o-lat), vt. 1. Injure; abuse. 
2. Profane; break forcibly. 3. Disturb. 
4. Ravish; do violence to. — viola'- 
tion, n. — vi'olator, n. [L.violo, 
-atum — vis, force.] 

Syn. Outrage; interrupt; desecrate; 
debauch; defile; deflower; hurt; pol- 
lute; profane; dishonor; transgress; 
infringe. 

violence (vi'o-lens), n. State of being 
violent; force, physical or moral; out- 
rage; profanation; injury; rage. 

Syn. Intensity; vehemence; eager- 
ness; impetuosity; infringement; at- 
tack; hurt; assault. [See injury.] 

violent (vx'o-lent), a. 1. Acting with 
physical force or strength. 2. Moved 
by strong feeling; passionate; vehe- 
ment. 3. Characterized by unjust 



force; outrageous. 4. Produced by 
force; unnatural.— violently, adv. 
[Fr.— L. violentus—vis, force.] 

Syn. Impetuous; fierce; rough; un- 
authorized; extreme; acute; compul- 
sory. [See FURIOUS Und TURBULENT.] 

violet (vi'o-let). I. n. 1. Plant of many 
species, with a flower generally of 
some shade of blue. 2. Color of the 
violet. II. a. Of the color of the violet. 
[Fr. violette—Li. viola.] 

violin (vl-o-lin'), n. Musical instrument 
of four strings played with a bow; 
fiddle. [Fr. violon. See viol.] 

violist (vi'ol-ist), n. One who plays the 
viol or the viola. [violin. 

violinist (vl-o-lin'ist), n. Player on the 

violoncello (ve-6-lon-sel'o or -chel'6), 
n. Large stringed musical instrument, 
between the violin and the double- 
bass, held between the knees in play- 
ing. — violoncellist, n. Player on 
the violoncello. [It. dim. of violone, 
bass violin.] 

viper (vi'per), n. 1. Poisonous reptile 
of the order of snakes. 2. Base, mali- 
cious person. — viperous, a. [L. 
vipera (contr. of vivipera)— vivus, liv- 
ing, and pario, bvmg forth.] 

virago (vi-ra'go or vi), n. 1. Man-like 
woman. 2. Termagant. [L.J 

vireo (vir'a-o), n. Insectivorous singing 
bird of many species. 

virgin (ver'jin). I. n. Chaste maiden 
II. a. 1. Maidenly; pure. 2. Un- 
touched; fresh; new; first. — vir'- 
ginal, a. Maidenly; fresh; pure.— 
virginity (ver-jin'i-ti, n. [L. virgo.] 

virginal (ver'jin-al), n. Small spinet, 
used in the sixteenth and seventeenth 
centuries. 

Virgo (ver'go), n. 
Sign in the zodiac; 
Virgin. 

virgule (ver'gul), n. 
1. Small rod. 2. 
Comma. [L. virgula, 
dim. of virga, rod.] 

virial (vir'i-al), n. 
Product of the at- 
traction between 
two particles by 
half their distance. 
[From L. vis, viris, 
force.] 

viridescent (vir'i- 
des'ent), a. Green- 
ish ; turning slight- 
ly green. 

viridity (vi-rid'i-ti), n. Verdue; green- 
ness. [L. viriditas.] 

virile (vir'il or vi'ril), a. Masculine; 
manly; capable of procreation.— vir- 
ility (vir-il'i-ti), n. [L. virilis.] 




fate, fat, task, fSr, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, mo've, yrqlt; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



virose 



667 



vitalism 



virose (vl'ros), virous (vi'rus), a. 
Poisonous. [L. virosus. See virus.] 

virtu (ver'to), n. Fine workmanship; 
artistic excellence. [It.] 

virtual (ver'tu-al), a. Being in effect 
though not in fact. — vir'tually, adv. 

virtue (ver'tu), n. 1. Moral excellence; 
practice of duty. 2. Excellence in a 
particular moral quality. 3. Force; 
power. 4. Chastity. [O. Fr.— L.. vir- 
tus, manliness, excellence — vir, man.] 
Syn. Integrity; probity; rectitude; 
worth ; uprigh tness ; morality ; purity ; 
faculty; merit; efficacy; potency. 

virtuoso (vir-to-o'so), n. [pi. virtuo'- 
si (-se).] 1. One skilled in the fine arts, 
in antiquities, curiosities, and the 
like. 2. Master performer on a musical 
instrument. [It J 

virtuous (ver'tu-us), a. 1. Having 
moral goodness ; practicing duty. 2. 
Baiug according to the moral law. 3. 
Chaste.— vir' tuously, adv. 

virulent (vir'u-lent), 1. a. Full of poi- 
son. 2. Very active in injury; malig- 
nant. — vir'ulently, adv. — vir'u- 
lence, n. 1. Extreme poisonousness. 
2. Extreme bitterness. [From virus.] 

virus ( vi'rus ), n. Poisonous matter 
which is the medium for communi- 
cating infection. [L.=slime; stench.] 

vis (vis), n. Force. — Vis inertice, resist- 
ance in a body to change, as from 
rest to motion, and vice versa. [L.] 

visage (viz'aj), n. Face; look. — vis'- 
ag-ed, a. Having a face of some in- 
dicated character. [Fr.— Li.visus, seen.] 

vis-a-vis (ve-za-ve'). I. adv. Face to 
face. II. n. Person or place opposite. 

viscacha (vis-kach'a), a. Large So. 
American burrowing animal, resem- 
bling the chinchilla. 

viscera (vis'er-a), n. pi. Inner parts of 
the animal body; entrails.— visceral 
(vis'er-al), a. [L. pi. of viscus.] 

viscerate (vis'er-at), vt. Deprive of 
the entrails; disembowel. 

viscid (vis'id), a. Sticky; tenacious. 
— viscid'ity, n. [L. viscidus — viscus, 
mistletoe; birdlime made from the 
berries of the mistletoe.] 

viscount (vi'kownt), n. 1. Orig. Offi- 
cer in England who supplied the place 
of the count or earl. 2. Title of no- 
bility next below an earl. — fern, vis- 
countess. [O. Fr. viscomte (Fr. vi- 
comte). Low L. vicecomes. See count.] 

viscous (vis'kus), a. Sticky; tenacious 



-viscosity, 



1. Thickness of a 



fluid; gumminess. 2. Internal fric- 
tion of gases and fluids, resisting an 
instantaneous change of the arrange- 
ment of their parts, and producing 
heat. [L. viscosus. See viscid.] 



vise (ve-za'), n. Approval endorsed on 
a passport. [Fr. = seen.] 

vise, vice (vis). I. n. Screwpress, fixed 
to the edge of a workboard for holding 
anything tightly while being filed, etc. 
H. Grasp or hold in, or as in, a vise. 
[O. Fr. vis, screw.— L. vitis, vine.] 

visible (viz'i-bl), a. That may be seen; 
obvious. — vis'ibly, adv. — vis'ible- 
ness, visibility, ns. [See vision.] 

vision (vizh'un), n. 1. Act or sense of 
seeing; sight. 2. Anything seen. 3. 
Anything imagined to be seen; appa- 
rition; creation of the imagination.— 
— vi'sional, a. Pertaining to sight 
or to an apparition. [Fr. — L. visio, 
— video, visum, see.] 

visionary (vizh'un-ar-i). I. a. 1. Exist- 
ing in imagination only; not real. 2. 
Apt to have visions, or to act on mere 
fancies. II. n. One who forms im- 
practicable schemes. 

Syn. Fantastic; fanciful; Utopian; 
capricious; wild; whimsical; unreal; 
imaginary; chimerical. 

visionist (vizh'un-ist), a. Dreamer; 
adherer of fanciful theories. 

visit (viz'it). 1. vt. 1. Go to see; come 
to see. 2. Inspect; attend. 3. Reward 
or punish. II. vi. Be In the habit of 
calling upon each other. III. n. Act 
of going to see. [Fr. visiter — L. visit o, 
freq. of viso, visit,— video, see.] 

visitant (viz'i-tant),_w. One who visits. 

visitation ( viz-i-ta'shun ), n. 1. Act 
of visiting. 2. Examination by auth- 
ority. 3. Divine reward or punish- 
ment; retribution. 

visitor (viz'i-tur), n. One who visits or 
inspects. — visitorial (viz-i-to'ri-al), 
a. Belonging to a judicial visitor. 

visor (viz'ur), n. 1. Part of a helmet 
covering the face, movable and per- 
forated to see through. 2. Piece on a 
cap, protecting the eyes. 3. Mask. 
[Fr. visQre — L. video.} 

vista (vis'ta), n. 1. Prospect as between 
the trees along an avenue. 2. Mental 
view of a number of events, past, 
present or future. [It.] 

visual (vizh'o-al), a. 1. Belonging to 
vision or sight'; used in seeing; optic. 
2. Visible. — visualize (vizh'6-al-iz), 
vt. andvi. Make a mental image (of). 

vital (vital), a. 1. Belonging or con- 
tributing to life. 2. Containing, or 
necessary to, life. 3. Important as 
life; essential. 4. Affecting life ; fatal, 
as a vital error.— vi' tally, adv. [L. 
vitalis—vita_, life.l 

vitalism (vi'tal-izm), n. Doctrine that 
"life" has its origin and support out- 
side of matter. — vi'talist, n. One 
who believes in vitalism. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, W9lf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, them. 



vitality 



668 



vociferate 



vitality ( vi-tal'i-ti), n. 1. Quality of 
being vital. 2. Principle or power of 
life; vitalforce. 

vitalize (vi'tal-Iz), vt. Give life to. 

vitals (vi'talz), n. pi. Organs essential 
to life, esp. the heart, lungs, etc. 

vitative (vi'ta-tiv), a. Pertaining to 
the preservation or love of life. 

vitellus (vi-tel'us), n. The part of the 
egg, that nourishes the developing 
embryo.— vitel'line, a. [L.=yolk.] 

vitiate (vish'i-at), vt. 1. Render faulty 
or less pure. 2. Destroy.— vitiation, 
n. [L. vitis—vitium, blemish.] 

viticulture (vit-i-kul'tur), n. Art of 
growing grapes. [From L. vitis, vine.] 

vitreous (vit're-us), a. Glassy; per- 
taining to, or obtained from, glass.— 
vitreos'ity, vit'reousuess, ns. [L. 
vitreus— vitrum, glass,— vid-, see.J 

vitrescent (vi-tres'ent), a. That may 
be formed into glass; tending to be- 
come glass.— vitres'cence, n. 

vitreum (vit're-um), n. [pi. vit'rea.] 1. 
Transparent jelly in the ball of the 
eye. 2. pi. Ancient glassware. 

vitric (vit'rik), a. Glasslike. 

vitrifaction (vit-ri-fak'shun), n. Act 
or process of converting into glass, or 
of making glass. 

vitrify (vit'ri-fl). I. vt. Make into, or 
coat with, glass. II. vi. Become glass. 
[L. vitrum, glass, and facio, make.] 

vitrine (vit'rin), n. Glass showcase. 

vitriol (vit'ri-ul), n. 1. Sulphuric acid; 
oil of vitriol. 2. Soluble sulphate of 
a metal: green vitriol = sulphate of 
iron, blue vitriol = sulphate of copper, 
white vitriol = sulphate of zinc— 
vitriol'ic, a. 1. Derived from a 
vitriol. 2. Corrosive; caustic. [Fr.— 
It. vitriuolo — L. vitrum, glass. From 
its glassy appearance.] 

vitrotype (vit'ro-tip),n. Picture photo- 
graphed on glass or earthenware and 
burned in. 

vitta (vit'a), n. [pi. vit'tae.] 1. Head- 
land; fillet. 2. Oil-tube in fruits of 
some plants. 

vitelline (vit'u-lin), a. Pertaining to, 
or like, a calf. See veal. 

vituperable ( vi-tu'per-a-bl), a. De- 
serving of censure. 

vituperate (vi-tu'per-S,t), vt. Censure; 
scold. — vitupera'tion, n. — vitu'- 
perative, a. [L. vilupero — vitium, 
fault, _aud paro, set out.] 

viva(ve'va), interj._ Long live ! [It.] 

vivacious (vi-va'shus), a. Lively; 
active; sportive. — viva'ciously, 
adv. — viva'clotisness, v i v aci ty , 
(vi-vas'i-ti), ns_ [L. vivax—vivo, live.] 

vivandiere (ve-vang-dyar') n. Female 
suttler. [Fr.] 



vivarium (vi-va'ri-um), n. Place where 
living animals are kept. 

vivat (vi'vat), inter j. Long live! [L.J 

viva voce (vi'va vo'se). By word of 
mouth. [L. = by the living voice.] 

vive (vev), interj. Longlivel [Fr.] 

viverrine (vi-ver'in), n. A carnivorous 
animal of many species, including the 
weasel, genet, etc. [L. viverra, ferret.] 

vives(vivs) n. 1. Parotid gland of the 
horse. 2. Morbid swelling of that 
gland. [O. Fr.— Sp. avivas—Ar. addiba 
— al dhiba, she wolf.] 

vivid (viv'id), a. Life-like; animated; 
forming brilliant images in the mind. 
— vividly, adv.— viv'idness, n. [L. 
vividus—vivo, live.] 

Syn. Active; intense; sprightly; 
clear; lucid; strong. See lively. 

vivify (viv'i-fi), vt. Make alive; indue 
with life. [Fr. vivifler—Li. vivus, alive, 
and facio, make.] 

viviparous ( vi-vip'a-rus ), a. Produ- 
cing young alive, hot by hatching 
from eggs. [L. vivus, alive, andpaHo, 
produce.] [tion of a living animal. 

vivisection (viv-i-sek'shun), n. Dissec- 

vixen (viks'en), n. 1. She fox. 2. Ill- 
tempered woman. [A. S.flxen, she fox.] 

viz .(viz), adv. Videlicet. [Orig. vi&, vi 
for vide, and & for licet.] 

vizier (vi-zer'), n. Turkish minister or 
councillor of state. [Ar. wazir, burden- 
bearer.] 

vizor (viz'ur). I. n. Projecting piece 
on a cap or helmet, shielding the 
eyes; visor. II. vt. Cover with, or as 
with, a vizor; mask. [See visor.] 

vocable (vo'ka-bl), n. 1. Word. 2. Mu- 
sical note. [L. vocabulum — voco, call.] 

vocabulary (vo-kab'u-lar-i), n. List 
of words explained in alphabetical 
order; dictionary; any list of words. 
[Low Lt._vocabulariwn.\ 

vocal (vo'kal), a. 1. Pertaining to, or 
having, a voice. 2. Uttered or changed 
by the voice.— vo'cally, adv. [L. vo- 
calis— vox, voice. J 

vocalist (vo'kal-ist), n. Singer. 

vocalize (vo'kal-iz), vt. Make vocal; 
form into voice. — vocaliza'tion, n. 

vocation (vo-ka'shun), n. 1. Calling; 
occupation. 2. Fitness for, or spirit- 
ual call to, a religious career. [L. 
vocatio—voco, call.] 

vocative (vok'a-tiv). La. Used in 
calling. II, n. Case of a word used 
in addressing or calling. 

vociferate ( v5-sif 'er-at ), vt. and vi. 
Cry with a loud voice. — vocifera'- 
tion, n— vociferous, a. Shouting 
vehemently; clamorous; noisy.— vo- 
ciferously, adv. [L.— vox, voice, 
and fero, carry.] 






fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, abo,ve; me, met, h§r; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



vodka 



6G9 



volunteer 



votlka (vod'ka), n. Rye whiskey. [Russ.J 
vosae (vog),'w. Temporary fashion. 

[Fr. voguer, roll as a wave.] 
voice (vois). I. n. 1. Sound from the 
mouth. 2. Sound given out by any- 
thing. 3. Sound produced by vibra- 
tion of the vocal cords, not mere 
breath. 4. Language; expression; ex- 
pressed opinion; vote. 5. Speaker; 
mouth. 6. In gram. Mode of inflecting 
verbs, as being active or passive. II. vt. 

1. Utter. 2. Regulate; tune. 3. Utter 
with voice. [O. Fr. (Fr. voix) — L. vox, 
vocis.] 

voiced (voist), a. 1. Having a voice; 
expressed by a voice. 2. Uttered with 
voice, not only with breath (sonant), 
as b, p, d, and th in thine, in distinction 
from voiceless or surd/, and thin think. 

void (void). I. a. 1. Unoccupied; empty. 

2. Having no binding force. 3. Want- 
ing. 4. Vain. II. n. Empty space. III. 
vt. 1. Make vacant. 2. Send out; dis- 
charge. 3. Renderof no effect.— void'- 
able, a. — void'ance, n. [O. Fr, void 
— L. viduus, widowed.] 

Syn. Vacant; unfilled; unengaged; 
destitute; devoid; lacking; ineffect- 
ual; useless; null. 

volant (vo'lant), a. Flying; nimble. 

Volapuk (vb-la-pok'), n. Artificial uni- 
versal language, constructed by J. M. 
Schleyer, of Constance, Baden, about 
1879. It consists of Latin, G-erman 
and English ingredients. [Volapiik,= 
world language.] 

volatile (vol'a-til), a. 1. Apt to evap- 
orate. 2. Flighty; apt to change. — 
vol'atileness, volatility, ns. [L. 
— volo,fty.] 

volatilize (vol'a-til-iz), vt. and vi. Make 
or become volatile; evaporate.— vol- 
ntilixa'tioii,_n. 

volcano (vol-ka'no), n. Mountain emit- 
ting smoke, fire, lava, etc.— volcanic 
(vol-kan'ik), a. Produced by, pertain- 
ing to, or resembling a volcano.— vol- 
canol'ogy, n. Scientific study of vol- 
canoes. [It.— L. Vulcanus, god of fire.] 

vole (vol), n. Winning of all the tricks 
played in one deal. 

volition (vo-lish'un), n. Elective pref- 
erence; exercise of the will.— voli- 
tional, a. [Low L. volitio.\ [tion. 
Syn. Choice; option; determina- 

vollsslied(f61ks'let), n. Popular song; 
folk-song. [Ger.] 

volley (vol'i). I. n. 1. Discharge of 

( many small-arms at once. 2. Out- 

' burst of many at once. 3. In lawn- 
tennis, a return of the ball before it 
touches the ground. II. vt. Discharge 
in a volley. [Fr. volee, flight of mis- 
siles,— voter— L. volo, fly.] 




volt (volt), n. 1; Sudden movement or 
leap to avoid a thrust. 2. Gait of two 
treads made by a horse goiug side- 
ways round a center. [Fr. volte— It. 
volla— L. volvo, turn.] 

volt (volt), n. Unit of electromotive 
force (E. M F.) being a little less than 
the E. M. F., of a Daniell cell. It car- 
ries one ampere of current agaiust 
one ohm of resistance, or it would 
charge a condenser of one farad capa c- 
ity with one coulomb of quantity. — 
volt'-ammeter, n. Volt-meter com- 
bined with a transformer, used for 
measuring the intensity in amperes, 
or the potential in volts, of an alter- 
nating current. — volt'-meter, n. 
Instrument for direct measurement 
of difference of potential in volts. 
[Named after Volta.] 

voltaic (vol-ta'ik), a. Per- 
taining to Volta, an Ital- 
ian physicist who, about 
1800, first produced an 
electric current, by chemi- 
cal action upon one of two 
united plates of dissimilar 
metals. — Voltaic pile, co- 
lumn of discs of zinc and 
copper laid alternately and 
separated by moistened 
paper. [Galvanism. 

voltaism (vol'ta-izm), n. 

voltig-eur (vol-ti-zhor'), n. 
One who vaults or jumps. 
[Fr.] 

voltite (vol'tlt), n. An in- 
sulating material for electric wires. 

voinble (vol'u-bl), a. 1. Easy to roll or 
move; flowing smoothly. 2. Fluent 
in speech. — volubility, n. — vol'- 
ubly, adv. \Li._volubilis— volvo , roll.] 

volucrine (vol'u-krin), a. Of birds. 

volume (vol'yom). I. n. 1. Book; 
scroll; tome. 2. Space occupied; di- 
mensions. 3. Fullness ot voice. II. vt. 
and vi. Roll or swell in a great body; 
gather in a volume. [L. volumen, roll.] 

voluminous (vo-16'mi-nus), a. 1. Con- 
sisting of many volumes, or of many 
coils. 2. Having written much. 

voluntary (vol'un-tar-i). I. n. 1. Will- 
ing; acting by choice; free. 2. Done 
by design or without compulsion. II. 
n. 1. One who does anything of his 
own free will. 2. Piece of music not 
prescribed by the ritual. — vol'un- 
tarily, adv. — voluntariness, n. 
[L. voluntarius— voluntas, will.] 

volunteer (vol-un-ter'). I. n. One who 
enters a service of his own free choice. 
II. vi. Offer, do or go, voluntarily. III. 
vt. Bestow, give or offer voluntarily, 
as services, money, time or the like. 




Voltaic pile. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



voluptuary 



670 



vulgar 



voluptuary (vo-lup'tu-ar-i), n. One 
excessively given to bodily enjoy- 
ments or luxury; sensualist; epicure. 
[L. voluptuarius — voluptas, pleasure.] 

voluptuous (vo-lup'tu-us), a. 1. Full 
of, or producing, sensual pleasure. 2. 
Given to excess of pleasure; sensu- 
ous.— voluptuously, acfo>.-volup'- 
tuousness, n. [L. voluptuosus — 
voluptas, pleasure.] 

volute (vo-lof), 7i.— Spiral scroll used 
in capitals of columns of Ionic order. — 
volu'ted, a. Having a volute. [Fr. 
L. volvo, voluturn, roll.] 

volvulus (vol'vu-lus), n. The twist- 
ing of an intestine or of two intestines, 
causing an obstruction. [L. volvo, roll.] 

vomer (vo'mer), n. Thin, fiat bone 
separating the nostrils. [L.] 

vomit (vom'it). I. vt. and vi. Throwup 
the contents of the stomach by the 
month; belch forth; spew. II. n. 1. 
Matter ejected from the stomach. 2. 
Something that excites vomiting. [L. 
vomo, -iturn. See emetic] 

vomitory (vom'i-to-ri). I. a. Causing 
to vomit. II. n. 1. Emetic. 2. Door 
of a large building by which the crowd 
is let out. [Li. vomitorius.] 

voodoo (vo'do). I. n. One who practices 
voodooism. II. vt. Put a spell upon. — 
voo'dooisan, n. Superstitious prac- 
tices among the negroes and Creoles. 

voracious (vo-ra'shus), a. Eager to de- 
vour; greedy; very hungry.— vora'- 
ciously, adv. — voracity (vo-ras'- 
i-ti), n. [L. vorax.] 

vortex (var'teks), n. [pi. vor'tices or 
vor'texes.'] Whirl of a fluid; eddy; 
whirlpool. [L.— verto, turn.] 

vortical (var'ti-kal), a. Whirling. 

vorticose (var'ti-kos), a. 1. Whirling. 
2. Arranged in whorls. 

vortiginous (var-tij'i-nus), a. Whirl- 
ing. [SeevEBTiGO.] 

votary (vo'ta-ri). I. a. Bound or con- 
secrated by "a vow. II. n. 1. One de- 
voted, as by a vow, to some service 
or manner of life. 2. Worshiper, as of 
an art or person, —fern, vo' tar ess. 
[LowL. votarius— lj.voveo,votum,vow.] 

vote (vot). I. n. 1. Formal expression 
of a wish or opinion. 2. That by which 
a choice is expressed, as a ballot. 3. 
Decision by a majority. II. vi. Ex- 
press the choice by a vote. III. vt. 
Choose, enact, grant, etc., by a vote. 
-voter, n. [L. votum — voveo, vow.] 

votive(vo'tiv), a. Given by vow; vowed. 
— Votive offering, picture or the like, 
dedicated in fulfillment of a vow. — 
vo'tively, adv. [L. votivus.] 

votograph ( vo'to-graf ), n. Machine 
for receiving and counting votes. 



vouch (vowch). I. vt. 1, Call to wit- 
ness. 2. Maintain by repeated affirma- 
tions. 3. Warrant; be surety for. II. 
vi. Bear witness; be surety.— vouch- 
er (vowch'er), n. 1. One who vouches. 
2. Paper which confirms the truth of 
anything, as accounts. [O. Fr. voucher, 
vocher,—Li. voco, call.] 

Syn. Avouch; affirm; assert; attest; 
asseverate; aver; protest; confirm; 
declare; support; back; second. 

vouchsafe ( vowch - saf ), vt. and vi. 
Sanction; allow without, danger; con- 
descend to grant; condescend. 

voussoir (vo-swar'), n. Wedge-shaped 
stone in an arch. [Fr.— L. volutus.] 

vow (vow). I. n. 1. Solemn promise to 
God. 2. Formal promise of fidelity or 
affection, II. vt. and vi. Give by solemn 
promise; make vows; declare. [O. 
Fr. vou—Li. votum — voveo, vow.] 

vowel (vow'el). I. n. Resonant tone- 
sound produced by vibration of the 
vocal cords, differentiated by various 
positions of the mouth-organs. The 
English vowels a, e, i, o, u, originally 
represented the sounds as in far, prey, 
pique, pole, rule. II. a. Vocal; per- 
taining to a vowel.— vowel-grada- 
tion, n. Change of vowel in conju- 
gation, as in drink, drank, drunk; 
ablaut.— vow el-muta'ti on, n. 
Change of vowel in declension as in 
man, men; umlaut. [Fr. voyelle — L. 
vocalis—vox, voice.] 

vowelize(vow'el-iz),^.Addvowel signs 
to, as shorthand or a Hebrew text. 

voyage (voi'aj). I. n. Passage by 
water; journey. II. vi. Make a voyage. 
—voyager, n. [Fr.— L. viaticum, 
traveling-money.] 

voyageur (vwa-ya-zhor'), n. Traveling 
porter or carrier in Canada; fur 
trader. [ized India ruber; ebonite. 

vulcanite (vul'kan-it), n. Hard vulcan- 

vulcanize (vul'kan-iz), vt. Treat india- 
rubber with sulphur, and 'cure' it in 
heat, 250° to 300° F., rendering it 
more elastic and stronger. [From L. 
Vulcanus, the god of fire.] 

vulgar (vul'gar), a. 1. Pertaining to, or 
used by, the common people; plebeian. 
2. In general use; common. 3. Lack- 
ing refinement; inelegant. 4. Offen- 
sive to good taste.— Vulgar fraction, 
common fraction, as %.— vulgarly, 
adv.— vulgarism, n. Vulgar phrase. 
— vulgar'ity, n. Quality of being 
vulgar; rudeness of language or man- 
ners. — vsil'garize, vt. Make vulgar. 
[L. vulgarius — vulgus, the people.] 

Syn. Common; ordinary; usual; 
customary; vernacular; unrefined: 
coarse; rude; boorish; low; mean. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare/above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



vulgarian 



671 



waggle 



vulgarian (vul-ga'ri-an), n. One with 
vulgar taste or manners. Said espe- 
cially of the vulgar rich. 

Vulgate (vul'gat), n. 1. Ancient Latin 
version of the Scriptures, translated 
from A. D. 383-405, and accepted as 
the only authentic version by the R. 
Cath. Church. 2. (I.e.) Popular or 
vulgar language ; vernacular. . [ L. 
vulgatus, commonly used.] 

valgus (vul'gus), n. The common peo- 
ple; the rabble; crowd. [L.] 

vulnerable (vul'ner-a-bl), a. 1. Liable 
to injury. 2. Liable to attack; assail- 
able. —vulnerability, vul'nera- 
bleness, ns. [L. vulnerabilis— vulnus , 
wound.] 

vulnerary (vul'ner-ar-i),a. Pertaining 
to wounds; useful in healing wounds. 
[L. vulnerarius — vulnus, wound.] 

vulnerose (vul'ner-os), a. Wounded; 
suffering from many wounds. 



vulnus (vul'nus), n. \pl. vul'nera.] A 

wound. [L. vulnus, vulneris.) 
vulpine (vul'pin), a. Relating to or like 

the fox; cunning. 

[Li.—vulpes, fox.] 
vultu re( vul'tur), n. 

Large, rapacious 

bird of prey. 

[ L. vultur — vello, 

pluck, tear.] 
vult urine ( v u 1'- 

tur-in ), vult ur- 

ish (vul'tur-ish), 

a. Like the vul- 
ture; rapacious. 
vulva (vul'va), n. 

Orifice in external 

organ of genera- 
tion of the female. 
vying, pr.p. of vie. 

— vy'ingly, adv. 

In a manner so as to rival or emulate. 




Vulture. 



i mi ] | w ( dub'l-u ), n. Twenty-third 

IT Tl lett er 1U the English alphabet. 

Ill It can be used both as a conso- 

wMJal nant, as in ivade, and a vowel, 
as in how. It is mute in two, 
answer, etc. 

wabbble (wob'l). I. vt. Incline to the 
one side and to the other alternately, 
as a wheel, top, or pendulum, when 
not properly balanced. II. n. Rock- 
ing, unequal motion. — wab'bly, a. 
Incliued to wabble. [ Ger. wabbeln. 
Akin to weave.] 

wacke (wak'e), n. A kind of clayey 
rock.— wacky, a. [Ger.] 

wad (wod). I. n. Small mass of loose 
matter thrust close together, as hay, 
tow, paper, etc. II. vt. [wad 'ding; 
wad'ded.j 1. Form into a mass. 2. 
Stuff a wad into; line with wadding. 
[A. S, weed. Ger. watte, wadding.] 

wadding (wod'ing), n. 1. Material for 
wads. 2. Carded cotton for stuffing 
garments, etc. [See wad.] 

waddle (wod'l), vi. Take short steps 
and move from side to side in walk- 
ing.— wad'dler, n.— [From wade. J 

wade (wad), vi. 1. Walk through a 
substance that yields to the feet, as 
water. 2. Pass with difficulty or 
labor. — wa'der, n. 1. One who, or 
that which wades. 2. Combination, 
water-proof boot and legging, worn 
in fly-fishing. [A. S. wadan. Gev.waten.] 

wady (wod'i), n. Dry bed of a torrent. 
(Ar. wadi. Sp. guad-, the first syllable 
of many_Spanish river names.] 

wafer (wa'fer). I. n. 1. Thin cake or 
leaf of paste. 2. Consecrated bread 



used in the Eucharist. II. vt. Seal or 
close with a wafer. [O. Fr. waufre, of 
Teutonic origin. Cf. Ger. waffel.] 

waffle (wof'l), n. Kind of baiter cake 
baked between two flat iron plates 
hiuged together. [Ger. waffel.] 

waft (waft). I. vi. Move through a 
fluid medium, as air or water. II. vi- 
Float; fly. III. n. 1. Floating body. 

2. Signal made by moving something, 
as a flag, in the air. — waft'age, n. 
Floating. — waft'er, n. — waff lire, 
7i. "1. Waving motion; beckoning. 2. 
Conveyance by wafting. 3. Thing 
wafted, as an odor. [From waved.] 

wag (wag). I. vt. and vi. [wag'ging; 
wagged.] Move from side to side; 
shake to and fro. II. n. Droll; humor- 
ous fellow; jester; wit. — wag'gery, 
n. Tricks or manner of a wag.— wag'- 
gish, a. 1. Like a wag; mischie- 
vous; roguish in sport. 2. Done in 
waggery.— waggishly, adv.— wag'- 
gishness, n. [A. S. wegan. Akin to 

WEIGH. ]_ 

wage (waj). I. vt. 1. Pledge. 2. Engage 
in and carry on vigorously, as war. 

3. Venture. II. n. (mostly in pi.) That 
for which one labors; compensation. 
[O. Fr. wager (Fr. gagef), pledge.] 

Syn. Earnings; fee; remuneration; 
stipend; pay; hire; salary. 

wager (wa'jer). I. n. 1. Something 
staked on an issue. 2. That on which 
bets are laid. II. vt. and vi. Hazard on 
an issue ;_lay a wager.— wa'gerer, n. 

wages (wa'jez), n. pi. See wage. 

waggle (wag'l), vi. and vt. Move from 
side to side. [Freq. of wag.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



wagon 



Wallachian 




Wagtail. 



wagon (wag'un), n. Four-wheeled ve- 
hicle lor carrying heavy goods. — 
wag'oner, ??. One who conducts a 
wagon. [A. S. tccegen. See wain.] 

wagonette ( wag-uu-ef), n. Kind of 
open carriage with seats lengthwise. 

wagon- wright (wag'un-rit), ii. Maker 
of wagons or carriages. 

wagtail (wag'tal), n. Small 
European bird constantly 
wagging its 
tail when on 
the ground. 

waif (waf), n. 

I. Anything 
found astray 
without an 
owner. 2. 
Wanderer: 
outcast. [Akin to waive ] 

waii (wal). I. vt. and vi. Lament aloud. 
Il.n. Cry of woe; loud weeping. [Im- 
itative—A. S. wa. woe! ] 

wain (wan), n. Wagon. [A. S. wcegen. 
Cf. Ger. wagen. Akin to way.] 

wainscot (wan'skot). I. n. Paneled 
boards on the walls of apartments. 

II. vt. Line with, or as if with, panels. 
[DvX. wagen-schot, fine oak wood for 
icagon panels] [wright. 

waiuwright (wan'rit), n. Wagon- 
waist (wast), 7i. 1. Smallest part of the 
human trunk between the ribs and 
the hips. 2. Middle part of a ship. — 
waist band, n. Band on a garment 
which encirc!e_s the wai-t. — waist- 
coat ( wast'kot — colloq. wes'kot or 
wes'kut), n. Short garment without 
sleeves, worn under the coat; vest. 
[A. S. wcext. growth.] 
wait(wat). I. vi. 1. Postpone action; 
stay in expectation; remain. 2. (with 
on) Attend; follow. II. vt. Stay for; 
await. 2. [Colloq [ Delay; postpone. 

III. n. Act of waiting; stop: delay; 
halt; waiting in concealment; am- 
bush. [O. Fr. waiter ( Fr. guetter. ) O. 
Ger. icahtan. Cf. Ger. icacht, guard.] 

waiter (wa'ter), n. 1. One who waits; 
attending servant. 2. Salver; tray.— 
fern, wait'ress. 

waiting ( wa'ting ), n. 1. Act or bus- 
iness of a waiter or attendant, or of 
one who expects. 2. Personal atten- 
dance on a royal person. 

waive ( wav). vt. Relinquish a right 
to. — wai'ver, n. Act of waiving. 
[O. Fr. weiver, of uncertain origin.] 

wake (wak). I. vi. [wa'king; waked or 
woke.] 1. Be awake. 2. Cease from 
sleep. 3. Be roused up, active or vig- 
ilant. II. vt. 1. Rouse from sleep. 2. 
Revive. 3. Putin action; excite. [A. S. 
wachen, Ger. wachen, watch.] 



wake (wak), n. 1. Act of awaking. 2. 
Remaining awake. 3. Sitting up with 
a corpse._ [A. S. wacu. watch.] 

wake (wak), n. Streak of smooth wa- 
ter left in the track of a ship.— In the 
wake of. immediately after. [Icel. voek. 
Cf. Low Ger. waak, hole in the ice.] 

wakeful (wak'fol), a. 1. Being awake; 
indisposed to sleep; vigilant. 2. At- 
tended by want of sieeo.— wake- 
fully, ar/t\— wakefulness, n. 

waken (wa'kn\ vt. and vi. Wake ; 
awake. 

wake-robin (wak'rob-in), n. 1. Am- 
erican species of trillium. 2. British 
plant, allied to the Indian turnip. 

wale (wal). I. n. 1. Raised streak left 
by a stroke of a whip. 2. Ridge on the 
surface of cloth. 3. Plank all along 
the outer timbers on a ship's side. II. 
vt. Mark with wales. [A. S. icalu.] 

wale (wal), vt. Choose. [Scotch. Cf. 
Ger. icaehlen, choose.] 

walk (wak). I. vi. 1. Move along on 
foot with alternate steps; pace. 2. 
Travel on foot. 3. Conduct one's self. 
n. vt. 1. Pass through or upon. 2. 
Cause to walk. III. n. 1. Act or man- 
ner of walking; gait. 2. That in or 
through which one walks; distance 
walked over; place for walking; 
path ; pasture-ground. ' 
course of life. [A. S. 
turn. Cf. Ger. walken, 

walking'- 
fi s h (wak'- 
ing-fish)," n. 
Strangely 
formed fish, 
a native of 
the Indian 
ocean. ■ 

walking- 
stick (wak'- 
ing-stik), n. 
Long, slender 
insect, re- WaiMng-flsh. 

sembling a dry twig. 

wall (wal). I. n. 1. Structure of brick, 
stone, etc., for a fence or security. 2. 
Side of a building. 3. Defense: means 
of security. EL vt. 1. Inclose with or 
as with a wall. 2. Defend with walls. 
— wall-plate, n. Horizontal timber 
bearing the ends of joists, etc.— Go to 
the wall, be forced to yield: be driven 
to an extremity. [A. S.iceall—'L.valliim, 
rampart.] [Australian kangaroo. 

wallaby (wol'a-bi), ?i. Small species of 

Wallachian (vol-la'ki-an). I. a. Per- 
taining to Wallachia, forming, with 
Moldavia, the Kingdom of Rumania 
II. n. 1. A native of Wallachia. 2 
Language of Wallachia. 



Conduci 

wealcan, roll, 
full (cloth).] 




fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



wallaroo 



673 



ward 



wallaroo (wol-a-ro'), n. Large species 
of Australian kangaroo. 

wallet (wol'et), n. 1. Bag for carrying 
necessaries on a journey. 2. Pocket- 
book. [Etymology doubtful. J 

wall-eye (wall), n. Eye in which the 
iris is white or very light-colored.— 
wall-eyed, a. [Icel. vagl-eygr—vagl, 
beam.] 

wall-flower (wal'flow-er), n. 1. Plant 
with fragrant yellow flowers; gilly- 
flower. 2. [colloq.] Person who, at a 
dance, looks on without dancing. 

wall-fruit (wal'frot), n. Fruit grow- 
in? on a wall. 

wall-knot (wal'not), n. Interwoven 
knot at the end of a rope. 

wallop (wol'up). I. vt. Flog; beat. II. 
vi. 1. Boil violently. 2. Move quickly 
and awkwardly, as a seal. 3. Act 
carelessly oi'slovenly. 

wallow (wol'o). I. vi and vt. Roll about 
as in mire. II. n. 1. Act of wallow- 
ing. 2. Place where animals wallow. 
[A. S. wahvian. Cf. L. volvo.] 

walnnt (wal'nut), n. 1. Name of a tree 
and its fruit of the genus Juglans. 2. 
Its timber. [ A. S. wealh hnut, Welsh 
(foreign) nut.] 

walrus (wor- 
ms), n. Large 
marine carni- 
vorous m a m - 
mal of the Arc- 
tic Ocean, vei*y 
dangerous to 
men in boats. 
[Dut. = whale- 
horse.] 

walty(wol'ti), a. 
Inclined to roll 
over. 

waltz (waits). I. n. German dance per- 
formed by two persons. II. vi. Dance a 
waltz. [Ger. walzer— walzen, roll.] 

wampum (wom'pum), n. North Amer- 
ican Indian name for beads made of 
shells, and used as money, tokens of 
treaties, and for ornament. 

wan (won), a. Wanting color; pale and 
sickly; languid.— wan'ly,adu.— wan'- 
ness, n. [A. S. warm, pale. Prob.— 
win, struggle, suffer.] 

wand (wond), n. 1. Slender rod. 2. Rod 
of authority, or of conjurers. [Dan. 
vaand.] 

wander (won'der),m. 1. Ramble withno 
definite object ; go astray ; depart from 
the subject; leave home. 2. Be delir- 
ious.— wanderer, n. [A. S. wandrian. 
Ger. wandern. Allied to wend and 
wind, turn round.] 

wanderoo (won-de-ro'), n. Catarrh ine 
monkey, inhabiting the East Indies. 




Walrus. 



wane (wan). I. vi. Decrease, as opp. 
to wax; decline; fail. II. n. Decline; 
decrease. [A. S. wanian. See wan.] 
want (wont). I. n. State of being with 
out anything; absence of what is 
needful or desired. II. vt. and vi. 1. 
Be destitute (of); feel the need (of); 
fall short (in). 2. Be absent. 3. Wish 
or search for; require. [Icel. vant, de- 
ficient. See wane.] 

Syn. Deax'th; deficiency; destitu- 
tion; need; scarcity; lack; poverty; 
defect; failure; indigence. 
wa'n't(want). Colloq. Was not. [ficient. 
wanting! wonting), a. 1. Absent. 2. De- 
wanton (wan'tun). I. a. 1. Moving 
or playing loosely; frisky; recklessly 
inconsiderate. 2. Wandering from rec- 
titude; licentious. II. n. 1. Lewd per- 
son. 2. Trifler; spoiled pet. III. vi. 

1. Ramble without restraint; frolic. 

2. Play lasciviously. — wantonly, 
adv. — wantonness, n. [Mid. Eng. 
wantowen, from wan, defectively, ill, 
and A. S. togen, educated, pa. p. of 
teon, draw, lead. Cf. Ger. ungezogen, 
naughty.] 

Sy?t. Airy; free; frolicsome; gay; 
loose; playiul; sportive; unbridled. 

wapiti (wapi- 
ti), n. Ameri- 
can red deer, 
erroneously 
called elk. [Am. 
Ind. wapitik.] 

wappato(wop'- 
a-to), n. Edible 
tuber of a spe- 
cies of arrow- 
head. [Ameri- 
ican Ind.] 

war (war). I. n. 

I. State of op- 
position or 
contest. 2. Con- 
test between 
states, carried 
on by arms. 3. 

Profession of arms. II. vi. [war'ring; 
warred.] Make war; contend. [A. S. 
werre, quarrel. Cf. Fr. guerre.] 

warble (war'bl). I. vt. and vi. Sing in 
a vibratory way: trill; sing. II. n. 
Vibrating modulation of the voice.— 
war'bler, n. Songster; singing-bird. 
[O. Fr. weroler, — Ger. wirbeln, whirl ] 

warble (war'bl), n. 1. A bot, or the 
tumor which it causes. 2. Hard swel- 
ling on a horse's back, produced by 
the galling of the saddle. 

ward (ward). I. vt. 1. Guard, or take 
care of; keep in safety. 2. Fend off. 

II. vi. 1. Act on the defensive. 2. Keep 
guard. III. n. 1. Act of warding; 




Wapiti. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



■ward 



674 



■watch. 2. One who or that which 
wards or defends. 3. State of being 
guarded; custody. 4. Means of guard- 
ing. 5. One who is under a guardian. 
6. Division of a city, hospital, etc. 7. 
That which guards a lock, or hinders 
any but the right key from opening it; 
. also, the corresponding notch in the 
bit of the key. 8. Guard; prison. — 
warder, n. [A. S. weardian. Ger. 
warten, watch. See guard.] 

-ward, -wards, suffix. Denotes motion 
or direction to. [A. S. weard ] 

warden (war'den), n. Keeper, esp. the 
chief officer instate penal institutions. 
— ward'enship, ward'enry, ns. 
[O. E. wardein, (Fr. gardien).] 

warder (war'der), n. 1. Keeper; guard. 
2. Staff of "command. 

wardrobe (ward'rob), n. 1. Room or 
portable closet for clothes. 2. Wear- 
ing apparel. 

wardroom (ward'rom), n. Messroom 
of the officers of a warship. 

wardship (ward'ship), n. 1. Office of 
a guardian. 2\ State of being under 
a guardian. 

ware (war), vt. Beware of. [A. S.] 

ware (war), n. 1. Articles used togeth- 
er, or of the same general description, 
as \vonware, l&XA&ware. 2. Merchan- 
dise; commodities ; goods. [A.S. waru.] 

warehouse (war'hows). I. n. House or 
store for wares or goods. II. vt. De- 
posit in a warehouse. 

warfare (war'far). I. n. Military life ; 
war; struggle. II. vi. Engage in war. 

wariness (war'i-nes), n. Cautiousness. 

[See wary.] [vigilance ; watchfulness. 

Syn. Care; circumspection ; caution ; 

warlike (war'lik), a. Like, fit or dis- 
posed for, war; belonging to war; 
soldierly; martial; hostile. 

warlock (w a r ' 1 o k), n. Male witch ; 
wizard. [A. S. waerloga, — waer, cove- 
nant, truth, and leogan, lie.] 

warm (warm). I. a. 1. Having moder- 
ate heat; hot. 2. Zealous; easily ex- 
cited. II. vt. and vi. Make or become 
warm.— warmly, adv. [A. S. wearm.] 

warm-blooded ( warm-blud'ed ), a. 
Having warm blood : applied in zool. 
to mammals and birds, whose body, 
by virtue of a complete circulation of 
the blood, and its aeration through 
the medium of lungs at each revolu- 
tion, has a temperature varying from 
90 c or 100 c F. in man, to 110° or 112° 
F. in birds. Fishes, amphibians and 
reptiles are cold-blooded animals. 

warm-hearted ( warm-hart'ed ), a. 
Showing an affectionate, sympathetic 
nature.— warm'-heartediaess, n.~ 
warmish, a. Somewhat warm. 



warmoath(war'mowth),?i. Big-mouth- 
ed perch or red-eyed bream, (Southern 

warmth (warmth), n. 1. State of be- 
ing warm ; moderate heat. 2. Ardor. 
Syn. Fervor; glow; heat; enthusi- 
asm; zeal; eagerness; cordiality; ani- 
mation; earnestness; energy; ex- 
citement; fervidness; intensity; pas- 
sion; vehemence. 

warn (warn), vt. and vi. Make aware; 
put on guard; give notice of danger; 
caution., [A. S. warnian.] 

warning (warning), n. 1. Caution 
against danger, etc.; heed. 2. Admoni- 
tion. 3. Previous notice. 

warp (warp). I. vt. and vi. 1. Twist 
out of shape. 2. Turn from the right 
or proper course; pervert. 3. Tow or 
move with a line attached to buoys, 
etc. 4. Form the warp of a web. II. 
n. 1. Warped condition. 2. Threads 
stretched out lengthwise in a loom. 
3. Rope used in towing, flcel. varpa, 
throw. Akin to A. S. tveorpan. Ger. 
werfen, cast.] 

warrant (wor'ant). I. vt. 1. Guar- 
antee; make secure. 2. Justify; 
authorize. II. n. 1. That which war- 
rants or authorizes; commission giv- 
ing authority, esp. a writ for arresting 
a person. 2. Security. [O. Fr. war- 
aritir—O. Ger. weren, give bail for.] 

warrantable ( wor'an-ta bl ), a. Au- 
thorized by warrant or fight; justifi- 
able. — war 'rant ably, fl^.-war'- 
rantableness, n. 

warrantee ( wor-an-te' ), n. One to 
whom a warranty' is given. 

warranter (wor'an-ter), warrantor 
(wor'an-tar), n. One who warrants. 

warranty (wor'an-ti), n. Legal war- 
rant: 1. Stipulation by deed; deed of 
security. 2. Guarantee. 

warren (wor'en), n. 1. Piece of ground 
for keeping animals, especially rab- 
bits. 2. Obscure, crowded habitation. 
[O. Fr. warenne. See ward ] 

warrior (war'i-ur), n. One engaged 
in war; brave man; soldier. 

wart (wart), n. 1. Small, hard excres- 
cence on the skin. 2. Protuberance on 
trees.— war t'y, a. 1. Like await. 2. 
Overgrown with warts. [A. S. wearte.] 

wary (war'i), a. 1. Guarding against 
deception, etc. ; cautious. 2. Showing 
shrewd circumspection; wily.— war- 
ily, adv.— wariness, n. [A. S. waer. 
Ger. wahren, guard.] 
Syn. Perspicacious. See cautious. 

was (woz). 1st. and 3rd. pers. sirg. ind. 
imp. of the verb be. [A. S. waes, pa. t. 
of wesan, be. Cf. Ger. gewesen, been, 
and Icel. vesa, dwell.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



wash 



675 



waterclock 



wash ( w o s h ). I. vt. 1. Cleanse with 
water. 2. Waste away by the action 
of water. 3. Overflow. 4. Cover with 
a thin coat, as of metal or paint. II. 
vi. Endure washing without being in- 
jured. III. n. 1. Washing; clothes to 
be washed. 2. The shallow part of 
a river or arm of the sea ; marsh ; feu. 
3. Refuse of food, etc. 4. That with 
which anything is washed, as a lotion, 
thin coat of paint, metal, etc. [A. S. 
wascan. Ger. toaschen.] 

washboard ( wosh'bord ), n. Ribbed 
board on which clothes are rubbed in 
washing. 

washer (wosh'er), a. 1. One who 
washes. 2. Fiat ring of iron or leather 
between the nave of a wheel and the 
linch-pin, under the head of a screw, 
etc., serving as a cushion or packing. 
3. The raccoon. 4. Outlet pipe, as in 
a cisteru. 

washont(wosh'owt), n. Washing away 
of a road-bed by a freshet. 

washy (wosh'i), a. 1. Watery; damp. 2. 
Weak;notsolid. 

wasp (wosp), n. 
1. Stinging in- 
sect allied to the /, 
hornet. 2. Iras- / 
cible person.— // 
waspish, a. \{ j 

1. Irascible; 
quick to resent 
injury. 2. Hav- 
ing a slender 
waist like a 
wasp. — wasp'- 
i s h 1 y, adv.— 
was pi s h- 
ness, n. [A. S. ivatsp, Ger. wespe.] 

wassail, wassel (wos'el). I. ?i. 1. Fes- 
tive meeting where drinking and 
pledging of healths are indulged in; 
drinking bout. 2. Liquor drunk at a 
carousal. II. vi. Take part in a drink- 
ing bout; carouse. [A. S. wes hael, 
(may you) be healthy.) 

waste (wast). I. a. 1. Desert; deso- 
late; stripped. 2. Lying unused; un- 
productive. II. vt. 1. Lay waste; make 
desolate. 2. Wear out gradually. 3. 
Squander; spend to no purpose. III. 
vi. Dwindle; be consumed. IV. n. 1. 
Useless expenditure or destruction. 

2. That which is wasted or waste; un- 
cultivated country; refuse.— waste- 
book (was t'bok), n. Blotter.— waste- 
ful (wast'-fol)i a. Destructive; lavish. 
— waste'fu'lly, adv. — waste'ful- 
ness, 7i.— wa'ster, n.— wastage, n. 
That which is wasted by leakage, use 
or waste. [A. S. weste, empty, Ger. 
wueste, desert,— L. vastus, empty.J 




Wasp and nest. 



watch (woch). I. n. 1. Act of looking 
out; close observation; guard. 2. 
One who watches or those who watch ; 
sentry. 3. Place where a guard is kept. 

4. Time of watching, esp. in a ship. 

5. Division of the night. 6. Pocket 
timepiece. II. vt. 1. Keep awake. 2. 
Look with attention; keep guard; 
lookout. II. vt. 1. Keep in view; give 
heed to. 2. Have in keeping; guard.— 
watcher, n. [A. S. wcecce.] 

watchful (woch'fol), a. Careful to 
watch or observe. — watchfully, 
adv.— watchfulness, n. 
Syn. Attentive. See cautious. 

watchman (woch'man), n. Man who 
watches or guards, esp. at night. 

watchword (woch'wurd), n. 1. Pass- 
word to be given to a watch or sentry. 
2. Rallying cry; shibboleth. 

watch-work (woch'wurk), watch- 
works, ft. The mechanism of a watch. 

water (wa'ier). I. n. 1. Fluid which 
forms the ocean, lakes and rivers. 2. 
Any collection of it, as a lake. 3. Any 
fluid resembling water. 4. Luster of a 
diamond. II. vt. 1. Wet, overflow, 
supply, or dilute with water. 2. Wet 
and press so as to give a wavy 
appearance to. 3. Enlarge the num- 
ber of shares of (stock), without in- 
creasing the capital. II. vi. 1. Shed 
water; fill with water or saliva. 2. 
Take in water. [A.S. wcete?'. Ger. wasser.] 

water-back (wa'ter-bak), n. Reservoir 
or coil set in the firebox of a range or 
stove, for heating water. 

water-bath (water-bath), n. Devise 
for heating in a vessel standing in boil- 
ing water. [American hornbeam. 

water-beech (wa'ter-bech), n. The 

water - beetle 
(wa'ter-be'tl), 
n. Beetle that . 
lives in the ^1 
water, mostly 
in stagnant 
pools. 

water-brash 
(wa'ter -brash), 
n. A form of 
dyspepsia, ac- 
companied by 
a burning sen- 
sation in the stomach and eructation 
of an acrid liquid. 

water-buck (wa'ter-buk), n. An Afri- 
can species of antelope. 

water-bug (wa'ter-bug), n. 1. The cro- 
ton-bug. 2. One of many species of 
bugs, that live in the water but fly 
about at night. 

waterclock (wa'ter-klok), ». Clock 
driven by the fall of water. 




Yellow margined-water- 
beetleandits larva. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, mOve, wolf; 
mQte, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



water-color 



676 



waul 




English moor-hen. 



water-color (wa't§r-kul-ur), n. 1. Pig- 
meat diluted with water and gum, 
instead of oil. 2. Painting done in 
water-colors. [nel for water. 

watercourse (wa'tgr-kors), n. Chan- 
water-cress (wa'ter-kres), n. A creep- 
ing herb growing in clear running 
water and used for salad. 

water-cure (wa'ter-kur), n. 1. Treat- 
ment of diseaee by the application of 
water in various ways. 2. Mode of 
inquisitorial torture, in which water 
is poured into the victim's mouth 
until he becomes nearly asphyxiated. 

waterfall (wa'ter-fal), w. 1. Perpen- 
dicular descent of 'a body of water; 
cataract; cascade. 2. Chignon. 

water-flag^ (wa'ter-flag), n. Yellow 
iris growing in marshes. 

watergrauge(wa'ter-gaj),w. 
Instrument in- 
dicating the 
quantity of 
water, as in 
steam boiler.^ 

water-b ole 
(wa'ter-hol, n. 
A hole where 
water gathers. 

water - h en 
(wa'ter-hen), n. 
I.English moor-hen. 2. American coot. 

water-ice (wa'ter-is), n. Frozen con- 
fection of water, sugar and fruit juice. 

water-inch ( wa'ter-inch), n. In hy- 
draulics, quantity of water discharged 
in 24 hours through a circular open- 
ing of one inch diameter leading from 
a reservoir, under the least pressure, 
that is, when the water is only so 
high as to merely cover the orifice. 
This quantity is nearly 500 cubic feet. 

wateringr-cart (wa'ter-ing-kart), n. 
Tank on wheels from which water is 
sprinkled. 

watering-place (wa'ter-ing-plas), n. 

1. Place where water may be obtained. 

2. Place to which people resort to 
drink mineral water, or bathe, etc. 

water-joint (wa/ter-joint), n. Water- 
tight joint. 

water-level (wa'ter-Iev-el), n. 1. Level 
formed by the surface of still water. 
2. Leveling instrument in which 
water is employed instead of mercury 
or spirit of wine. 

water-lily ( wa'ter-lil-i ), n. Water- 
plant like a lily, with largq floating 
leaves and showy flowers. 

water-line (wa'ter-lin), n. Line on a 
ship to which the water rises. 

water-logged ( wa'ter-logd ), a. Ren- 
dered log-like, or unmanageable, from 
being filled with water. 




%r 



Water-spaniel. 



water-mark (wa'ter-mark), n, 1. Mark 
showing the height to which water 
has risen ; tide mark. 2. Mark wrought 
into paper. 

water-motor ( wa'ter-mo'ttir ), n. A 
motor receiving its power from water 
flowing through a pipe. 

water-power (wa'ter-pow-er), n. 1. 
Power of water, employed to move 
machinery, etc. 2. Flowing water that 
is, or may be, used for driving ma- 
chinery. 

waterproof ( wa't§r-prof ). I. a. Im- 
pervious to water. II. n. Garment 
made of waterproof cloth. 

water-scape (wa'ter-skap), n. Picture 
of a sea or water- view. 

watershed (wa'ter-shed), w. 1. Ridge 
which separates two river-basins; 
divide. 2. District from which several 
rivers rise. [Shed— A. S. scadan. Ger. 
scheiden, separate.] 

water-spaniel 
(wa'ter-span-yel), 
n. 'Spaniel train- 
ed to go into the 
water in pursuit 
of game. 

water-spout 
( wa'ter-spowt), 
n. Vast funnel- 
shaped mass of 
water, drawn up by a whirlwind. 

watertight (wa'ter-tit), a. So tight as 
not to admit water, nor let it escape. 

water-tower ( wa'ter-tow-er ), n. 1. A 
standpipe, giving head to a water- 
distributing system. 2. Tower-like 
frame on a truck, used by firemen. 

waterwheel(wa'ter-hwel),^. 1. Wheel 
moved by water. 2. Engine for rais- 
ing water; noria. 

waterwork (wa'ter-wurk), n. (usually 
in pi) Apparatus or engine by which 
water is furnished, as to a town, etc. 

watery (wa'ter-i), a. 1. Pertaining to 
or like water. 2. Thin; transparent. 
3. Tasteless. 4. Abounding with or 
containing water.— wa'teriness, n. 

watt (wot), n. Practical unit of elec- 
trical activity; the rate of working 
in a circuit, when the E. M. F. is one 
volt and the current one ampere; volt- 
ampere. One watt=10 7 ergs per sec- 
ond, =0.00134 horsepower or 0.737 
foot-pounds per second. 746 watts= 
1 horsepower. [After James Watt.] 

wattle (wot'l). I, n. 1. Twig or flexi- 
ble rod. 2. Hurdle. 3. Fleshy excres- 
cence as under the throat of a turkey. 
II. vt. 1. Bind with wattles or twigs. 
2. Form by plating twigs. [A. S. 
watul.} [tive. 

waul (waj)i. vi. Cry as a cat. [Imita* 



fate, fat, taste, far, fall, fare, ^bore, *n§, met, hgr; mite, mit; n5te, not, raSve, 
mute, but, burs -, oil. owl, Mea. 



*?Ki 



wave 



677 



wealth 



wave (wav). I. n. 1. Ridge rising on 
the surface of water. 2. State of vi- 
bration propa- 
gated through 
a system of 
particles. 3. In- 
equality of sur- 
face. 4. Waving 
gesture or sig- 
nal. II. vi. Move 
line a wave; 
undulate; fluc- 
tuate. III. vt. 1. 
Move back- 
wards or for- 
wards ; brand- 
ish ; beckon ; in- 
dicate; motion. 
2. Raise into 
inequalities of 
surface. [A. S. 
waeg,Ger.woge.\ 
Syn. Billow; 




Wave-jiotion. 
Represented in four suc- 
cessive stages. The black 
squares represent float- 
ing objects in their ac- 
tual positions ; the white 
squares indicate their 
original positions. The 
connecting lines show 
the paths described. 



swell ; undulation ; 
surge; ripple; breaker; vibration. 

wavelet (wav'let), n. Little wave. 

waver (wa'ver), vi. Move to and fro; 
be unsteady or undetermined.— wa'- 
verer, n. — wa'veringly, adv. 

wa veson (wav'sun), n. Goods floating 
on the waves after a shipwreck. 
[Coined after the pattern of jettison 
from waive.] 

wavy (wa'vi), a. 1. Full of, or rising 
in, waves. 2. Undulating. 

wax ( waks ). I. n. 1. Yellow fatty 
substance produced by bees, and used 
by them in making their cells. 2. Any 
similar substance. II. vt. Smear or 
rub with wax.— waxen, a. 1. Made 
of, or covered with, wax. 2. Like wax ; 
soft. [A. S. weax, Ger. wachs.\ 

wax (waks), vi. 1. Increase, esp. of the 
moon, as opp. to wane. 2. Pass into 
another state; become. [A. S. weaxan. 
Ger. wachsen.] ffruitof thebayberry. 

waxberry (waks'ber-i) ,n. Wax-covered 

waxcloth (waks'klath), n. Oil-cloth. 

wax-polish (waks'"pol-ish), n. Waxy 
paste used to polish floors. 

wax-win g 
(waks'-wing),w. 
Bird that has 
the secondary 
quills of the 
wing tipped 
with horny ap- 
pendages re- 
sembling seal- 
ing-wax. 

w ax-work 

(waks'wurk),tt.. Waxwing. 

Work made of wax, 
esp. (in pi.) life-size figures of noted 
persons, with faces and hands of wax. 




waxy ( waks'i ), a. Resembling wax ; 
soft; adhesive. 

way (wa), ?i. i. Path leading from one 
place to another; road. 2. Length of 
space; distance. 3. Passage; journey. 
4. Direction. 5. Manner or course of 
life. 6. Line; calling. 7. Point; respect. 
8. Condition; state. 9. Scheme; meth- 
od; means. 10. Last word; decision. 
11. Naut. Headway. 12.(pl.)Timberson 
which a ship is launched.— Ways and 
means, resources of revenue. [A. S.weg.] 
Syn. Road; street; lane; thorough- 
fare; highway; avenue; track; alley; 
path; channel; course; pass; passage. 

waybill (wa'bil), n. List of goods car- 
ried by a freight train on railways. 

waybread (wa'bred), n. The common 
plantain. [A. S. wegbrade,—weg, road, 
and braid, spread. Ger. wegebreit.J 

wayfarer (wa'far-er), n. Traveler. 

wayfaring- (wa'far-ing), a. Traveling; 
passing. [A. S. wegfarende—weg, road, 
and faran,_go, travel.] 

waylay (wa-la' or wa'la), vt. Lie in am- 
bush for; accost on the way. 

waymark (wa'mark), n. Guidepost. 

wayside (wa'sid), n. Side of the road. 

wayward (wa'ward), a. 1. Froward ; 
perverse; disobedient. 2. Wavering; 
irregular.— waywardness, n. 

wayworn (wa'worn), a. Worn out by 
travel. [or others. \A.S.we.] 

we (we), pron., pi. of I. I and another 

weak (wek), a. 1. Not able to sustain 
a great weight or strain; wanting 
strength or health; easily overcome. 

2. Wanting mental or moral force. 3. 
In gram. Inflected by adding a suffix, 
as forming the past tense in ed, d or t, 
or the plural in s. — weakling-, n. 
Weak or feeble creature. — weakly, 
adv.— weakness, n. 1. Want of vigor 
or self-control. 2. Fault of character. 

3. Case of indulgence; slight failing. 
[A. S. wac, pliant, — wican, yield.] 

Syn. Feeble; frail; faint; unsteady; 
infirm; decrepit; exhausted: sickly; 
undecided; irresolute; wavering; sha- 
ky; vulnerable; imbecile. 

weaken (we'ken), vt. and vi. Make or 
grow weaker or less firm. [A. S. wacian, 
Ger. weichen.] [constitution. 

weakly (wek'li), a. Not vigorous in 

weal (wel), n. 1. Sound, prosperous 
state 2. Body politic, as the common 
or public weal, [A. S. wela— root of well.] 

weald (weld), n. Forest; wooded re- 
gion. [A. S. weald. Ger. wald.] 

wealth (welth), n. Riches; abundance. 
— wealthy, a. Rich. [From weajl.] 

Syn. Appliance; fortune; opulence; 
plenty; treasure; competency; inde- 
pendence; pelf. 



fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



678 



wed 



wean (wen), vt. I. Accustom to do with- 
out the breast. 2. Accustom to the 
lack of anything.— wean'lihg", n. A 
child or animal newly weaned. [A. S. 
wenian. Gei% gewoehnen, accustom.] 

weapon (wep'un), n. Any instrument 
of offence or defense. [A. S. wcepen.\ 

wear (war). I. vt. [wearing; wore; 
worn.] 1. Carry on the body, as clothes. 
2. Have the appearance of. 3. Con- 
sume by use, time or exposure; waste 
by rubbing; make by friction, etc. II. 
vi. 1. Be wasted or spent by use or 
time. 2. Last under use. III. n. 1. Act 
of wearing. 2. Lessening or injury by 
use or friction. — Wear and tear, loss 
by wear or use, decay or injury in the 
ordinary use of a thing. — wear'er, 
n. One who or that which wears. [A. 
S. werian, clothe.] 

wear (war), vt. Put a ship on another 
tack, turning her stern to the wind. 
[Prob. a corr. of veer.] 

wearable (war'a-bl), a. Fib to be worn., 

wearing , -appa'rel(war'ing-ap-par'el) 
n. Clothes for wearing. 

wearisome (we'ri-sum), a. Tedious. 

— wearisomely, adv. — wea'ri- 
someness, n. 

Syn. Annoying ; vexatious ; tiresome ; 
burdensome; fatiguing; dull; irk- 
some; laborious; wearing. 

weary (we'ri). I. a. 1. Having the 
strength or patience worn out; tired. 
2. Causing weariness. II. vt. and vi. 
Wear out or become weary.— wea'ri- 
ly, adv. — weariness, n. [A. S. 
werig. Cf. Ger. lang-wierig.} 

Syn. Exhaust; jade; fatigue; tire; 
harass; vex. [A. S.j 

weasand (we'zand), n. Windpipe. 

weasel ( we'zl ), 
n. Small car- 
nivorous ani- 
mal with a 
slender body 

and short legs, ^^^^T^ 
living on birds, ^ * a * i **^^ 
mice, etc. [A. S. Weasel. 

wesle. Ger. wiesel. J 

weather (we^'er). I. n. State of the 
air as to heat or cold, dryness or wet- 
ness, etc. II. vt. 1. Affect by expos- 
ing to the air. 2. Sail to the wind- 
ward of. 3. Gain or pass, as a pro- 
montory or- cape. 4. Hold out stoutly 
against. — Weather a point, gain an 
advantage in a contest. — weather- 
beaten, a. Distressed or worn by the 
weather.— weatherbound, a. Kept 
in port or delayed by bad weather. 

— weath'er-cock, n. 1. Weather- 
vane. 2. Fickle person.— weath'er- 
g-lass, n. Barometer. [A. S. weder.] 




weather-board (wei/i'er-bord). I. n. 

1. Windward side. 2. One of a set of 
boards nailed on overlapping to keep 
. out the rain; board used for any simi- 
lar purpose. II. vt. Nail boards lap- 
ping one over an another on. 

weathering (we&Ver-ing), n. 1. Slope 
of a horizontal surface, to shed rain- 
water. 2. Corroding action of the 
weather on rock. 

weatherly (we^'er-li), a. Capable of 
sailing to windward closely. 

weather-most (weta'er-most), a. Far- 
thest to windward. 

weave (wev). I, vt. [wea'ving; wove 
or weaved; wo'ven. ] 1. Unite, as 
threads in a loom to form cloth. 2. 
Produce on a loom, as cloth. II. a. 
Particular style of weaving.— wea'- 
ver, n. — wea'veress, n. fern. [A.S. 
wefan. Ger. weben.] 

weaver bird 
( we've r 
b e r d ), n. 
Small bird v 
of Asia and x*« 
A f r i c a,/te 
which excels W n \ 
in weaving 11. 
its nest from '' 
grasses, etc. 

weazen 
(w e ' z n), a. 
Shrunk; 
Withered; Weaver bird and its nest, 
shriveled. — 

wea'zened, a.— weazen-faced, a. 
|A. S. wisnian, wither.] 

web(web), a. 1. Texture ; thingwoven. 2. 
Net spun by a spider. 3. Film over the 
eye. 4. Skin between the toes of water- 
fowls.— webbed (webd), a. Having 
the toes united by a web.— webbing, 
n. 1. Narrow woven fabric of hemp, 
used for chairs, etc. 2. The tapes on 
which paper is carried in a print- 
ing-press. — web-foot'ed, a. 
Having webbed feet; web-toed; pal- 
miped.— web-worm, n. Larva of an 
insect of many species which builds 
a silken web, as the tent-caterpillar. 
[A. S. webb. Ger.gewebe. See weave.] 

weber (wa- or v&'ber), n. Unitol mag- 
netic flux. [After W. Weber.] 

wed (wed), vt. and vi. [wed'ding; wed- 
ded or wed.] 1. Marry; join in mar- 
riage. 2. Unite closely. — wed'ding*, 
n. 1. Marriage. 2. Marriage ceremony. 
3. Wedding anniversary, as in golden 
wedding (50th), diamond (60th or 
75th), silver (25th), china (20th), crystal 
(15th), tin (10th), wooden (5th), paper, 
1st). [A. S. weddian, engage,— wedd, 
security. Cf. Ger. wetten, bet.] 




fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mitj note, not, move, W9lf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



wedge 



679 



Welch 



wedge (wej). I. n. 1. Piece of wood or 
metal, thick at one end and sloping to 
a thin edge at the other, used in split- 
ting. 2. Mass of metal. II. vt. 1. Cleave 
with a wedge. 2. Force or drive with 
a wedge. 3. Press closely. 4. Fasten 
with a wedge. [A. S. wecg.] 

Wedgwood-ware (wej'wod-war), n. 
One of several kinds of seini-vitrified 
pottery invented by Josiah Wedg- 
wood (1730-95). 

wedlock (wed'lok), n. Matrimony. [A. 
S. wedlac— wed, and lac, gift.] 

Wednesday (wenz'da), ft. Fourth day 
of the week. [A. S. WQdenes daeg, day 
of Woden or Odin, the chief Teutonic 
deity.]_ 

wee (we), a. Tiny. [Cf. Prov. E. weeny, 
small,— A. S. hwaene. Ger. wenig.] 

weed (wed). I. n. 1. Any useless plant 
of small growth. 2. Anything useless 
or troublesome. 3. {Colloq.) Tobacco; 
cigar. II. vt. 1. Free from weeds. 2. 
Remove (anything hurtful or offen- 
sive).— weed'er, n. [A. S. weod.] 

weed (wed), n. 1. Garment. 2. (Esp. 
in pi.) Mourning garb. [A. S. weed. 
Icel. vad. O. Ger. wdt.] 

weedy (we'di), a. 1. Consisting of 
weeds; full of weeds. 2. Resembling 
a weed; rank hut weakly; unfit for 
breeding. 

week (wek), n. 1. Space of seven days, 
usually beginning with Sunday. 2. 
The six working days of a week.— 
This day week, the day of next week 
corresponding to this day.— week'- 
day, n. Any day of the week except 
Sunday. [O. E. welce. A. S. wice. Icel. 
vika—vilcya, turn.] 

weekly (wek'li). I. a. Coming, hap- 
pening, or done once a week. II. adv. 
Once a week. III. n. Publication 
appearing once a week. 

ween (wen), vi. Think; fancy. [A. S. 
wenan—wen (Ger. wahn), expectation.] 

weep (wep). I. vi. fweep'ing; wept.] 
Shed tears: wail; lament. II. vt. Shed; 
lament. — Weep millstones, remain un- 
feeling in pathetic circumstances. — 
weeper, n. 1. One who weeps. 2. 
Token of mourning, as a crape band 
on the hat or sleeve. [A. S. wepan.\ 

weeping (we'ping), a. Having slen- 
der, drooping branches.— weep'ing- 
ly, adv. In a tearf ulmanner. 

weeping-cross (we'ping-kras ), n. 
Cross, often of stone, erected oh or by 
the side of a highway, where peni- 
tents offered their devotions. — Come 
home by weeping cross, suffer defeat. 

weet (wet). I. vi. Call, as a sandpiper 
or robin. II. n. 1. Common European 
sandpiper. 2. Its cry. [Imitative.] 




Nut weevil. 



weevil (we' vil), n. 1. Small kind of 
beetle with a long snout. 2. Any bee- 
tle destructive to grain 
or fruit. [A. S. ivifel, 
beetle. Ger. wiebel.] 

weever (we'ver), n. Fish 
with dangerous spines 
in its fins; sting-bull. 

weft (weft), n. Threads 
woven into and cross- 
ing the warp. [A. S. 
weft, ivefed, wafted] 

wegotism (we'go-tizm), 
n. Excessive use of the 
pronoun we. [Imitation 
of egotism.} 

weigh (wa). I. vt. 1. 
Raise; lift up; as weigh 
anchor. 2. Ascertain the number of 
pounds, etc., in. 3. Compare; exam- 
ine with a view to arriving at a deci- 
sion. 4. Depress; load. II. vi. 1. Have 
weight. 2. Be considered of impor- 
tance. 3. Press heavily.— weigh'er, 
n. 1. One who weighs. 2. Officer who 
weighs goods, and verifies scales and 
measures. [A.. S. wegan, carry, weigh. 
Akin to G_er. waegen, L. vehere.) 

weigh (wa), n. Motion of a ship. [In 
the phrase under weigh. Either for 
under way L or from weigh anchor.} 

weight (wat). I. n. 1. Force with which 
a body is attracted to the earth, minus 
the centrifugal pressure from its axis 
of rotation; heaviness; gravity. 2. 
Mass; relative quantity. 3. Heavy 
thing. 4. Mass of metal adjusted to 
a standard and used for finding 
weight. 5. System of units for deter- 
mining the heaviness of bodies, as 
troy weight. 6. Burden ; pressure. 
7. Importance; power. II. vt. 1. Add 
weight to. 2. Adulterate with heavy, 
cheaper substance. [A. S. ge-wiht.} 

weighty (wa'ti),a. Heavy; important; 
grave. — weightily, adv.— weight'- 
iness, n. 

Syn. Ponderous; onerous; burden- 
some; momentous; impressive; co- 
gent; convincing; serious; authori- 
tative; influential. 

weir, wear (wer), n. 1. Dam across a 
river. 2. Fence of stakes for catching 
fish. [A.S. wer, Ger. tvehr, dam.] 

weird (werd), n. 1. Skilled in witch- 
craft. 2. Causing superstitious feel- 
ings; unearthly; uncanny. — The 
Weird Sisters, the Fates. (Named after 
the first of the three German Parcae 
or Nomas, whose names signified 
Past, Present and Future.) [A. S. 
wyrd, fate, — root of weorthan (Ger. 
werderi), become.] 

Welch, welch (welch). Same as "Welsh. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, them. 



welcome 



680 



west 



welcome (werkum). I. a. 1. Received 
with gladness; admitted willingly. 2. 
Causing gladness. 3. Free to enjoy. 
II. re. Kindly reception. III. vt. 1. 
Receive with kindness. 2. Entertain 
hospitably. [A. S. wilcuma, welcome 
guest.] 

weld (weld), wold (wold), re. Kind of 
mignonette, formerly much used for 
dyeing yellow; dyers' weed. 

-weld (weld). I. vt. Unite, as two pieces 
of metal by hammering or compres- 
sion when raised to a great heat. II. 
vi. Be capable of being welded. III. re. 

1. Junction or joining, as of two 
pieces of iron, when heated to a white 
heat by hammering or compression. 

2. Welded joint. [From well , boil; 
bubble up.] [being well; prosperity. 

welfare (wel'f ar), re. State of faring or 

welkin (wel'kin), re. Vault of heaven; 
sky. [A. S. wolcen, cloud. Ger. wolke.] 

we'll (wel). Contraction of we will. 

well (wel). I. re. 1. Rise of water from 
the earth; spring. 2. Pit in the earth 
whence a supply of water, oil, or the 
like is obtained. 3. Any similar cavity 
or shaft, as the open space in the mid- 
dle of a staircase. II. vi. Issue fourth 
as water from the earth.— Well-spring, 
n. Fountain; perennial source of sup- 
ply.— well-sweep, re. Tapering pole 
pivoted on an upright, and with a 
bucket suspended at its smaller end, 
so that the heavier end balances its 
weight. [A. S. well, billow.] 

well (wel). La. Satisfactory; good in 
condition ; rightly done ; proper ; fortu- 
nate; in health. II. adv. 1. In a proper 
manner; rightly; thoroughly; favor- 
ably; conveniently. 2. Considerably. 
— wellness, re.— well-being (wel'- 
be-ing),n. Well-conditioned existence; 
welfare. —well-born (wel'barn), a. 
Born of a good or respectable family ; 
not of mean birth.— well-bred (wel'- 
bred), a. l.Of good ancestry. 2. Trained 
well; educated to polished manners. 
—well-favored, a. Good-looking.— 
well-nigh (wel'-nl), adv. Almost.— 
well-off, well-to-do, as. Easy in 
circumstances; rich. — well-read, a. 
Widely acquainted with books.- well- 
turned, a. 1. Accurately wrought. 2. 
Gracefully contrived.— well-worn, 
a. 1. Deteriorated or made common- 
place by use. 2. Becomingly displayed. 
[A. S. wel, as willed; as desired. Ger. 
wohl.] 

welladay (wel'a-da), wellaway (wel'- 
a-wa). inter j. Alas. [A. S. wa la wa, 
woe, lo! woe.] 

Welsh (welsh). La. Pertaining to 
Wales or its inhabitants. II. re. pi. 1. 



Inhabitants of Wales. 2. sing. Their 

language. — Welshman, re. [A. S. 

walsc (Ger. welsch) — ivealh, foreigner.] 
welsh (welsh), vt. and vi. Cheat at a 

horse-race ; run away with the stakes. 
Welsh-rabbit (welsh-rab'it), re. Melt- 
ed cheese on toast. [Corr. of Welsh rare 

bit.] 
welt (welt). I. re. 1. Edging round a 

shoe. 2. Swollen stripe on the skin, 

caused by a blow with a cane or whip; 

wale. II. vt. 1. Furnish with a welt. 

2. Flog severely, so as to raise wales. 

[W. gwald, hem.] 
welter ( wel'ter ), vi. 1. Roll or wallow 

about, esp. in dirt. 2. Lie prostrate. 

[M. E. waiter, Sw. valtra. Akin to 

waltz and wallow.] 
wen (wen), re. Small tumor containing 

sebaceous matter. [A. S. wenn, wart?] 
wench (wench) re. Low, coarse woman. 

[A. S. wencel, child, girl.] 
wend (wend), vi. and vt. Go; turn; di- 
rect (one's way). [A. S. wendan, turn.] 
Wend (wend), re. One of the Lusatian 

branches of the Slavic race dwelling 

east of the Elbe river, in Germany.— 

Wend'ic,Wend'ish, as. 
went (wen t), pa. t. of 

wend, now used &spa. t. 

of GO. 
wentle-trap (wen'tl- 

trap),re. Univalve with a 

turreted, many-whorled 

shell. [From Ger. wendel- 

treppe, winding stairs.] 
wept (wept), pa. t. and pa. 

p. Of WEEP. 

were (wer), pl.ind.andsub- 
jnnctive pa. t. of BE. [A. Wentle-trap. 
S. waere.] 

wert (wert). 2. pers. sing. ind. and subj. 
pa. t. of BE. 

Werwolf (wer'wolf or wer'-), re. Person 
supposed to have been changed, or to 
be able to change himself, into a wolf. 
[A. S. wer, man, and wolf.] 

Wesleyan (wes'le-an). I. a. Pertaining 
to Wesley anism. II. re. One who 
adopts Wesleyanism. — Wes'leyan- 
ism, re. System of doctrine and 
church polity of the Wesleyan Meth- 
odist. [Named from John Wesley.] 

west (west). I. re. Quarter where the sun 
sets; one of the four chief points of 
the compass. II. a. Situated toward 
the west.— west'erly. I. a. 1. Lying 
towards the west. 2. Coming from 
the west. II. adv. Towards the west. 
— west'ern, a. 1. Situated in the 
west. 2. Moving toward the west.— 
west' ward, a. and adv. Towards the 
west.— west'wardly, adv. Towards 
the west. [A. S.] 




fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, woU; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



wet 



681 



whelp 



wet (wet). I. a. 1. Containing water, or 
a similar liquid. 2. Having water on 
the surf ace. 3 Rainy. II. n. Water; 
moisture. III. vt. [wet'ting; wet, 
(rarely) wet'ted. ] Make wet; soak; 
sprinkle. — wetness, n. — wet- 
dock, n. Dock for floating vessels at 
all states of the tide. — wet'nnrse, 
n. Nurse who suckles a child for its 
mother. [ A. S. waet, from root of 
wateb. ] [S. wedher. Ger. widder.\ 

wether (we^'er), n. Gelded ram. fA. 

whack ( h w a k ). I. n. Resounding 
blow. II. vt. Strike smartly. 




Arctic Right Whale. 

whale (hwal), n. Largest of sea-mam- 
mals, valued for its oil and whaleboue. 
— whale back, n. Steamboat cov- 
ered in with a rounded upper deck.— 
whale-boat, n. Long deep boat, 
sharp on both ends, used in whaling, 
in surfs, and as life-boat on steamers. 
—whale bone, n. Elastic substance 
like horn, from the upper jaw- of the 
whale; baleen.— wha'ler, n. Ship or 
person employed in whaling. [ A. S. 
hwael. ] 

whaling- (hwa'ling). I. a. 1. Connected 
with whale-catching. 2. Surprisingly 
large; whopping. II. n. Business of 
catching whales. 

whang* (hwang), n. Thong. 

whangdoodle (hwang'do-dl), n. 1. A 
non-descript. 2. Pulpit-pounder. 

whappet (hwop'et), n. Worthless dog. 

wharf ( h w a r f ), n. [pi. wharfs or 
wharves.] Bank of timber or stone 
on the shore of a harbor or river for 
lading and unlading vessels. [A. S. 
hwearf, wharf, dam,— hweorfan, turn. J 

wharfage (hwarf'aj), n. 1. Accommo- 
dation at wharves. 2. Dues paid for 
using a wharf. 

wharfinger (hwarf in-jer), n. One who 
has the care of, or owns, a wharf. 

wharl (hwarl). I. vi. Pronounce the r 
with a burr. II. n. Guttural pronun- 
ciation or the r. [From whibT] 

what (hwot). I. ret. pron. =th;it which. 
II. Absolute interrog. pron. III. a. How 

; much; which kind, etc.— What time= 
at what time; when.— But what. 1. But 
this or those which. 2. (Improperly) 




EARS OF WHEAT. 

A. Summer wheat. 

B. AVinter wheat. 



But that.— whatever ( hwot-ev'er ), 
whatsoever (hwot-soev'er), pron. 1. 
Everything which. 2. All that. 3. One 
or another. [A. S. hivaet, neuter of 
htva, who.] 

whatnot (hwot'not), n. Piece of fur- 
niture with shelves for bric-a-brac. 

wheal ( hwel ), n. 
Wale. 

wheat (hwet),n. Cere- 
al grassy plant or its 
seed, which fur- 
nishes a white flour 
for bread.— whea- 
ten (hwe'ten), a. 
Made of wheat. [A. 
S.hwaete. Ger. weizen, 
allied to white.] 

wheatear (hwet'er), 
n. An O Id-World 
passerine bird with 
a white rump; stone- 
chat; whitetail. 

wheedle (hwe'dl). I. vt. Entice by soft 
words. 2. Hoax. 3. Obtain by flattery. 
II. n. 1. One who wheedles. 2. Apiece 
of cajoling; hoax— whee'dler, n.— 
whee'dling, n. The art of cajoling. 
[Ger. tvedeln, wag the tail, fan.] 
Syn. Cajole; coax; flatter. 

wheel (hwel). I. n. 1. Circular frame 
turning on an axle. 2. Old instrument 
of torture. 3. Bicycle. 4. Motive power ; 
principle of life. 5. Burden of a song; 
refrain. II. vt. 1. Cause to whirl. 2. 
Convey on wheels. III. vi. 1. Turn 
round on an axis or pivot. 2. Roll 
forward smoothly. 3. Ride a bicycle. 
[A. S. hweol. Icel. hjol.] 

wheelbarrow (hwel'bar-6), n. Barrow 
which runs on one or more wheels. 

wheel-horse (hwel'hars), n. Horse 
attached to the pole or shafts, bearing 
the largest partof the burden. 

wheelman (hwel'man), n. One who 
uses a bicycle. 

wheel-rope (wheT-rop), n. Rope or 
chain connecting the steering wheel 
with the tiller. 

wheelwright (hwel'rit), n. Maker of 
wheels and carriages. 

wheeze (hwez). I. vi. Breathe with 
difficulty and a hissing sound. II. n. 
Labored breathing; puffing.— whee- 
zy, a. [A. S. hweosan. Imitative.] 

whelk (hwelk), n. 1. Pustule; wale. 
2. Marine edible mollusk having a 
spiral, gibbous shell. [A. S. weoloc] 

whelm (hwelm), vt. Cover; engulf; 
destroy. [A. S. for-welman. O. S. be- 
hwelbian, arch over. Ger. woelben.] 

whelp (hwelp). I. n. Young of the dog 
or a beast of prey; cub. II. vt. and vi. 
Bring forth young. [A. S. hwelp.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hat, barn ; oil, owl, then. 



wlien 



682 



whippoorwill 



when (hwon), adv. 1. At what time; 

at or after the time that. 2. While; 

although.— whenever, adv. At 

every time when. — whensoever, 

adv. At what time soever ; whenever. 

[A. S. hwanne.] 
whence ( hwens ), adv. From what 

place; wherefore. [A. S. hwanon.] 
where (hwar), adv. 1. At which or 

what place. 2. To which or what place, 

— whereabouts', n. Place where 
one is. — whereas', conj. Since; al- 
though.— w h e r e ' f o r e , conj. For 
which or what reason; why.— wher- 
ev'er, adv. At whatever place. — 
wherewith', where withal', advs. 
With which or what. — The wherewith, 
the wherewithal, the means. — Where 
away? In what direction. [A. S. hwar.] 

wherry (hwer'i), n. Light, fast row 
boat, plying on rivers. [Icel. hverfr.] 

whet (hwet). I. vt. [whet' ting; whet'- 
ted.] 1. Sharpen by rubbing; make 
keen. 2. Excite. II. n. 1. Act of sharpen- 
ing. 2. Appetizer; luncheon.— whet'- 
ter, n. [A. S. hwettan. Ger. wetzen.\ 

whether (hwe^'er), conj. 1. Which of 
two. 2. Introducing a single question, 
the alternative being understood. [A. 
S. htvaether.] 

whew (hwu), interj. Whistling sound 
expressing astonishment or dismay. 

whey (hwa), n. Watery part of milk 
separated from the curd, esp. in mak- 
ing cheese. — whey'ey, whey'ish, 
as. Thin; watery. [A. S. hwaeg.\ 

which ( hwich ), interrogative and rel. 
pron. Who; what; what one.— which- 
ever, whichsoever, pron. 1. Every 
one which. 2. Whether one or other. 

— Which is which? Which is the one, 
which is the other? — The which, which, 
who, whom. [A. S.hwilc — whd, who, 
and lie, body.] 

whickflaw (hwik'fla), n. Whitlow. 
[From Icel. kvifcva, flesh under the 
nails, and flaw.] 

whiff (hwif). I. n. 1. Sudden puff of air 
from the mouth. 2. Quick inhalation. 
3. Slight blast. II. vt. Throw out in 
whiffs; puff. [Imitative.] 

whiffle (hwif'l), vi. Turn; veer; be 
fickle; prevaricate. — wh if 'fler, n. 
[Freq. of whiff.] % 

whiffle-tree. See swingle-tree. 

Whig- (hwig), n. 1. Member of one of 
the great English political parties. 2. 
American hist, (a) Supporter of the 
principles of the Revolution— opposed 
to Tory and Eoyalist; (&) One of a po- 
litical party from about 1829 to 1853 
—opposed to Democrat. 

while (hwil). I. n. Space of time. II. adv. 
1. During the time that. 2. Whereas. 



3. Until. III. vt. Cause to pass; con- 
sume. [A. S. hwil. Ger. wartime.] 

whilom (hwi'lum), adv. Formerly ; of 
old. [A. S. hwilum, at times.] 

whilst (hwilst), adv. While. 

whim (hwim), n. 1. Unexpected turn. 
2. Caprice; fancy. 3. Simple hoisting 
machine for raising ore, worked by a 
horse. [Icel. hvima, have the eyes wan- 
dering.] [gary; whimsey; prank. 
Syn. Crotchet; freak; humor; va- 

whimper (hwim'per), vi. and vt. Cry 
with a whining voice. [Ger. wimmern.] 

whimsey (hwim'zi), n. Whim. 

whimsical (hwim'zi-kal), a. 1. Full 
of whims. 2. Odd; gr otesque. — 
whim'sically, adv. — whim'sical- 
ness, whimsical'ity, ns. 

Syn. Fantastical; capricious; no- 
tional; crotchety; quaint; fanciful; 
freakish; eccentric; strange. 

whin ( h w i n ), n. Gorse; furze.— 
whin'ny, a. [W. chwyn.] 

whine (hwin). I. vi. 1. Utter a plain- 
tive cry. 2. Complain in an unmanly 
way. II. n. 1. Plaintive cry. 2. Puerile 
nasal tone of complaint. — whi'ner, 
n. [A. S. hwinan. Cf. Ger. weinen, weep.] 

whinny (hwin'i), vi. Neigh or cry like 
a horse. [Imitative.] 

whip (hwip). I. vt. and vi. 1. Move 
with a quick motion; jump; jerk, etc. 
2. Overlay; wrap. 3. Overcast, as a 
seam. 4. Strike; lash. 5. Beat into 
a froth. II. n. 1. Instrument for 
driving horses, etc. 2. Driver. 3. Rope 
and pulley. 4. Arm of a windmill. 
III. adv. Quickly; pop; presto. [Low 
Ger. swaep, whip. See sweep.] 

whip-cord (hwip'kard), n. 1. Strong 
hempen cord, braided or twisted, used 
in making whip-lashes. 2. Cloth hav- 
ing a small twill. 

whiphand (hwip'hand), n. 1. Hand 
that holds the whip. 2. Advantage. 

whipper-in(hwip'er-in), n. 1. One who 
keeps the hounds from wandering. 
2. One who enforces the discipline of 
a party. 

whipper-snapper (hwip'er-snap-er), 
n. Insignificant person who is noisily 
pretentious. 

whipping-- 
post ( hwip'- 
ing-post ), n. 
Post to which 
offenders are 
tied to be 
whipped. 

whippoor- 
will (hwip'- 
por-wil), n. American bird resem- 
bling the European goat -sucker. 
[Named from its cry.] 




Whippoorwill. 



(ftte, £ftt, task, far, fall, fare, above j me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, WQK; 

roilte, hut, burn j oil, owl, {ten, 



-whir 



683 



ffhon 



whir (hwer). I. n. Sound from rapid 
whirling. II. vi. [whir'riug; whirred. J 
Whirl round with a noise. [Imitative.] 

whirl (hwerl). I. n. 1. A turning with 
rapidity. 2. Anything that turns with 
velocity. II. vt. and vi. Revolve 
rapidly, flee, hvirffll. Ger. wirbel.] 

whirligig (hweri'i-gig), n. 1. Child's 
toy which is spun round rapidly. 2. 
Water-heetle that gyrates rapidly. 

whirlpool (hwerl'pol), n. Circular 
eddy with a cavity in the center; 
maelstrom. [wind; cyclone. 

whirlwind (hwerl'wind), n. Violent 

whirtle (hwer'tl), n. Steel die with 
holes for reducing size of pipes or 
wires. [sound in water or air. 

whish (hwish), n. Rushing or whistling 

whisk (hwisk). I. vt. andfli. Move or 
stir with a quick motion. II. n. 1. 
Rapid sweeping motion. 2. Small 
bunch of anything used for a brush. 
[Scand. visha. Ger. wischen.] 

whisker (hwis'ker), n. 1. He who or 
that which whisks. 2. Hair on the 
sides of a man face (esp. in pi.) 3. 
Bristles on the face of a cat, etc.— 
whiskered, a. 

whisky, whiskey (hwis'ki), n. Ar- 
dent spirit distilled from grain. [Ir. 
and Gael, uisge, water, in uisge-beatha, 
water of life.J 

wisper (hwis'per). I. vt. and vi. 1. 
Speak or utter with a low sound. 2. 
Make a low, rustling sound. II. n. 1. 
Low hissing voice or sound. 2. Cau- 
tious or timorous speaking. [A. S. 
hivisprian. Ger. wispern. Imitative. ] 

whist (hwist), inter j. Hushl be still I 
fCf. wist and Ger. st ! bst / ] 

whist (hwist), n. Game at cards. [Orig. 
whisk, — sweeping in the tricks.] 

whistle (hwis'l). I. vi. and vt. 1. Make 
a shrill sound by forcing the breath 
through the contracted lips ; make 
a like sound with an instrument. 2. 
Call or manage by a whistle. 3. Sound 
shrilly. II. n. 1. Sound made in whist- 
ling. 2. Small wind instrument.— Go 
whistle, go away empty-handed, go to 
the devil.— Whistle for the dog, work in 
vain. [A. S. hwistlan. Imitative.] 

whit (hwit), n. Smallest particle imag- 
inable; bit. [From wight.] 

white (hwit). I. a. 1. Reflecting sun- 
light in its natural state ; showing 
no color or tint. 2. Pale. 3. Pure. 
II. n. 1. Color of snow. 2. Anything 
white, as a white man,"white part of 
an egg, etc. III. vt. Make white.— 
whiteness, n.— White lead, carbon- 
ate of lead used in painting.— white- 
liv'ered, a. Cowardly. [A. S. hwit. 
Ger. tvtiss. See wheat.] 



whitebait (hwit'bat), n. Young of the 
herring and sprat. 

whitebeam (hwit'bem), n. Small tree 
with white down on the underside of 
the leaves, allied to the apple. 

whiteeap(hwit'kap),w.l. Foam-crested 
wave. 2. Member of a secr-et, lawless 
organization that tyrannizes a region 
under the pretense of regulating 
public morality. 




White-fish of the American Great Lakes. 

white-fish (h wit-fish), n. General 
name for various kinds of fish, as the 
whiting, haddock, menhaden, etc. 

whiten (hwi'ten), vt. and vi. Make or 
become white; bleach. 

whitewash (hwit'wosh). I. n. Mix- 
ture used to whiten ceilings, etc. II. 
vt. 1. Cover with whitewash. 2. Give 
a fair appearance to. 3. Defeat the 
opposite side without allowing them 
to score 

whither (hwi^A'er), adv. What place.— 
whithersoever, adv. Whatever 
place. [A. S. hwider.] 

whiting (hwi'ting),?i. 1. Small sea-fish. 
2. Ground chalk. 

whitlow (hwit'lo), n. Inflammation 
about the nails or ends of the fingers ; 
run-round; felon. [A corruption of 
whiclcftaw for quickjlaw, sore of the 
quick.] 

Whitsunday (hwit'sun-da),w. Seventh 
Sunday after Easter commemorating 
the descent of the Holy Spirit on the 
day of Pentecost. 

Whitsnntide (hwit'sun-tid), n. Week 
beginning with Whitsunday. 

whittle (hwit'l). I. vt. and vi. 1. Cut 
with a knife. 2. Reduce by paring 
with or as with a knife. II. n. Sheath- 
knife, carried by butchers or sailors. 
— whittling*, n. pi. Fine chips 
dropped in whittling. [A. S. thwitaa, 
cut.] 

whiz (hwiz). l.vi. [whiz'zing; whizzed.] 
Make a hissing sound, like an arrow 
flying through the air. II. n. Hissing 
sound. [Imitative.] 

who (ho), pron. rel. and interrog. What 
person; which person; he, she or they 
that. — whoever, pron. Every one 
who; whatever person. [A. S. hzva.] 

whoa (hwo), inter j. Stand still 1 Used 
in driving horses and cattle. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not. move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



whole 



684 



wigwam 



whole (hoi). I. a. 1. Sound ; kale. 2.Un- 
impared. 3. Containing the total 
amount, number, etc. ; all; complete. 
II. n. 1. Entire thing. 2. System; 
combination, -whole'ness, n.— 
wholly, adv. [A. S. hal, healthy.] 

Syn. Entire; integral; unbroken; 
undivided; uninjured; intact. 

wholesale (hol'sal). I. n. Sale of goods 
in bulk or large quantity. II. a. I . In 
large quantities. 2. Made or done on a 
large scale or without discrimination. 

wholesome(borsum),a. 1. Promoting 
health; salubrious. 2. Promoting suc- 
cessor happiness; salutary.— whole'- 
somely , adv.— wholesonie'ness,ft. 

whom (horn). Objective case of who. 

whoop (hwop or hop). I. n. Loud eager 
cry- II. vi. Give a clear sharp cry; 
shout. III. vt. Insult without shouts ; 
drive ignominiously. — Whoop it up. 
Press a matter with great ado. [O. Fr. 
houper, shout.] 

whop (hwop). l.vt. [whop'ping; whop- 
ped.] Beat in a fight; thrash. II. vi. 
Fall down; flop. — whop'ping, a. 
Unusually large; greatly exagger- 
ated— whop'per, n. Big thing: mon- 
strous lie. 

whooping-cough (ho'- 
ping-kaf), n. Contagious, 
spasmodic cough of chil- 
dren. 

whorl (hwurl), n. Leaves 
in a circle round the stem. 
— whorled, a. Arranged 
in or furnished with 
whorls. [By form of 

WHIRL.] 

whortleberry (hwur'tl- 
ber-i), n. Heath-plant 
with a blue edible berry; 
bilberry; huckleberry. 
[A. S. wyrtil, root, small 
shrub.] 

whose (hoz), pron. Possessive case of 
who or wHiCH.-whosesoev'er, pos- 
sessive case Of WHOSOEVER. 

whoso ( ho'so ), whosoever ( ho-so- 
ev'er). Every one who; whoever. 

why (hwi). I. adv. and conj. For what 
cause or reason. II. interj. Exclama- 
tion of mild surprise. [A. S. whi.\ 

wick (wik), n. Threads of cotton or 
the like in a candle or lamp which 
burn. [A. S. weoca.] 

wicked (wik'ed), a. 1. Evil in principle 
or practice ; deviating from the divine 
law. 2. Addicted to vice or sin.-wick'- 
edly,acta.— wick'edness, n. [Orig.= 
bewitched.] 

wicker(wik'er). I.n. Small pliant twig; 
osier. II. a. Of, or covered with, twigs. 
[From A. S. wican, bend.] 




wicket (wik'et), n. Small gate or win- 
dow, esp. in a larger door. [O. Fr. 
wiket (Fr. guichet),— root of A. S. wican, 
yield.] 

wide (wid), a. and adv. 1. Extended 
far. 2. Broad. 3. Distant from the 
proper place. 4. Free from narrow- 
ness or bigotry.— widely, adv.— 
wide'ness, n. [A. S.wid. Ger. weit.] 

wide-awake (wid'a-wak), a. Vigilant 
and alert; keen. [wide or wider. 

widen (wi'dn), vt. and vi. Make or grow 

widow (wid'o). I. n. 1. Woman bereft 
of her husband by death. 2. In some 
games of cards, an extra hand dealt 
to the table. II. vt. Bereave of a 
husband.— wid'owhood, n. State of 
being a widow. [A. S. widuwe—lt. 
vidua, bereft.] [wife is dead. 

widower ( w i d' 5-6 r ), n. Man whose 

width (width), n. Extent from side to 
side; wideness; breadth. 

wield (weld), vt. Use with full com- 
mand; exercise full authority over; 
handle. [A. S. geweldan. Cf. Ger. 
walten.] 

wife (wif), n. {pi. wives (wivz).] Mar- 
ried woman.— wife'hood, n. 1. State 
of being a wife. 2. Proper qualities 
of a wife. 3. All the wives collectively. 
— wifely, a. Proper for, or pertain- 
ing to, a wife. [A. S. wif. Ger. weib.] 

wig (wig), n. 1. Artifical covering of 
hair for the head. 2. A judge, as wear- 
ing a wig, in England. — wigged 
(wigd), a. Wearing a wig.— Welsh wig % 
worsted cap. [Short for periwig.] 

wiggle(wig'l), vi. Wriggle.— wig'gler, 
n. 1. One who or that which wiggles. 
2. Larva of a mosquito. 

wigwag (wig' wag). I. adv. To and fro. 

II. vt. and vi. Move to and fro briskly. 

III. n. 1. Act or art of signaling by 
waving flags. 2. Flag or other imple- 
ment used for signaling. 3. Message 
sent by wigwagging. 




Indian Wigwams. 

wigwam (wig'wam), n. Indian tent; 
tepee. [Corr. from N. Amer. Indian 
phrase = in his house.] 



fate, fat, task, far, faU, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note* not. mfive, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



wild 



685 



winnow 



wild (wild). I. a. 1. Being in a state 
of nature; not tamed or cultivated; 
uocivilized. 2. Desert; unsheltered. 3. 
Violent. 4. Wayward; dissolute. 5. Ex- 
cited and eager. 6. Indicating frenzy 
or distraction. II. n. Uncultivated re- 
gion.— wild'ly, adv.— wild'ness, n. 
[A. S. wilde. Cf. Ger. wald, forest.] 

wildcat (wild'kat), n. Small feline car- 
nivore resembling the domestic cat. 

wilderness (wil'der-nes), n. Unculti- 
vated region. 

wile(wll). I. n. Sly artifice. II. vt. 
Hoodwink; entice. [A. S. wil.] 

will (wil). I. n. 1. Power of choosing or 
determining. 2. Choice made; deci- 
sion; volition. 3. Desire; purpose. 4. 
Disposition of one's effects at death. 5. 
Written document containing such. 
II. vi. and vt. 1. Wish; be determined 
or ready. 2. As an auxiliary, it 
serves to form the future tense. [A. S.] 

willful (wil'fol), a. 1. Governed only 
by one's will;' way wardly stubborn. 2. 
Done or suffered by design; intention- 
al -will'fully.adi. -will fulness.re. 

willing (wiling), a. 1. Desirous; dis- 
posed; ready. 2. Voluntary. — wil'- 
lingly, adv.— wil lingiiess, n. 

will-o'-the-wisp, n. Ignis fatuus. 

willow (wil'o), n. 1. Tree of several spe- 
cies, with slender, pliant branches. 2. 
Machine for cleaning cotton, flax, etc., 
by rotating a spiked drum. — wil- 
lowy, a. Graceful ; drooping. [A. S. 
wiUig. Low Ger. wilge.} 

willy-nilly (wil'i-nil-i). I. adv. Wil- 
lingly or unwillingly; whether or no. 
II. a. Undecided; uncertain. [From 
will and nill, will not,— A. S. nillan.] 

wilt (wilt), 2dpers. sing, of will. 

wilt (wilt), vi. and vt. Droop; fade; 
cause to languish or droop. 

wily (will), a. Full of tricks; crafty.— 
wi'lily, adv.— wi'liness, n. 

wimble (wim'bl). I. vt. Bore. H.n. Gim- 
let. [Dan. vimmel, auger.] [and chin. 

wimple (wim'pl), n. Hood for the head 

win (win). I. vt. [win'ning; won (wun).] 

1. Get by labor; gain in contest. 2. 
Allure to kindness or consent. II. <i> 
Gain the victory. [A. S. winnan, suf- 
fer; struggle.] 

wince (wins). I. vi. Shrink; start back. 
II. n. A shrinking back. [From root 
of wink. Ger. wanJcen, totter.] 

wince (wins), n. Hand-reel; winch 

winch (winch). I.w. 1. Crank. 2. Drum; 
small windlass; wince. II. vt. Move by 
means of a winch. [A. S. wince, bent 
handle. rCf. Ger. winkel, angle.] 

wind (wind). I. n. 1. Air in motion. 

2. Breath. 3. Flatulence. II. vi. 1. Ex- 
pose to the wind. 2. Dri\ e hai'd, so as 



to put out of breath. 3. Allow to re- 
cover breath. 4. Follow by scent. [A.S.J 

wind (wind), vt. and vi. [winding; 
wound (wownd).] 1. Turn; twist; coil. 
2. Renew the motion of, as a watch.— 
Wind up, settle. [A. S. windan.] 

wind ( wmd or wind ), vt. and vi. 
[winded.] Blow or sound, as a horn. 

windlass ( wind'las ), n. Machine for 
raising heavy weights, usually con- 
sisting of a drum operated by radial 
arms. [Low Ger. wmdels, winding of 
a screw.] 

windmill (wind'mil), n. Machine turn- 
ed by the wind and furnishing motive 
power, as for a flour-mill or pump. 

window (win'do). I. n. 1. Opening in 
the wall of a building for air and light. 

2. Frame in the opening. II. vt. Furn- 
ish with windows. [ Icel. vindauga — 
vindr, wind, and auga, eye.] 

windpipe (wind'-pip), n. Passage for 

the breath to and from 

the lungs. 
windrow ( wind'r5 ), n. 

Long ridge formed by or 

as by the wind, as of hay 

or trees. [act. 

windup(wlnd'up), a. Final 
windward (wind'ward). 

1. adv. Toward where the 
wind blows from. II. a. 
Toward the wind. III. n. 
Point from which the wind blows. 

windy ( windl ), a. 1. Consisting of 
wind; resembling the wind. 2. Full 
of wind; tempestuous, as the weather. 

3. Exposed to wind. 4. Airlike; gar- 
rulous; empty; unsubstantial. 5. 
Affected with flatulence. 

wine (win), n. 1. Fermented juice of 
the grape. 2. Any similar beverage. 
[A. S. win.] 

wing (wing). I. n. 1. Organ of a bird, 
or other animal or insect, by which it 
flies. 2. Flight. 3. Any side part. II. 
vt. 1. Furnish or transport with wings. 

2. Wound in the wing, f Sw. winge. 
Ger. schwmge. Cf. swing.] 

wink (wingk). I. vi. 1. Move the eye- 
lids quickly. 2. Give a hint by wink- 
ing. 3. Connive (at). II. n. 1. Act of 
winking; moment. 2. Hint given by 
winking. — wink'er, n. 1. One who 
winks. 2. Blinder for a horse. 3. Eye- 
lash. [A. S. wincian.] 

winning- (wining). La. 1. Attracting. 
2. Successful in competition. II. n. 
(usually pi.) What is gained in con- 
test, labor, etc. — win'ning-ly, adv. 

winnow (win'o). I. vt. and vi. Sepa- 
rate the chaff from the grain by wind; 
separate bad from good. [A. S. win- 
dwian, expose to the wind.] 




fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn j oil, owl, then. 



winsome 



686 



Witty 



winsome (win' sum), a. Cheerful; gay; 
pleasing. [A. S. wynsum,—wyn, joy. 
Ger. wonne.] 

winter (win'ter). I. n. The cold season 
of the year. II. vi. Pass the winter. 
III. vt. Peed during winter. [A. S.] 

winze (winz), n. Excavation in mines 
for ventilation and other purposes. 

wipe (wip). I. vt. Clean or dry with 
something soft. II. n. Wiping. — wi'- 
per, n. 1. One who or that which 
wipes. 2. Cam pushing against an- 
other part of an engine with a wiping 
motion, giving it a reciprocating mo- 
tion. (A. S. wipian,] 

wire (wir). I. n. Thread of metal. II. 
vt. 1. Apply wire to. 2. Put upon a 
wire. 3. Snare by means of a wire. 4. 
Send by telegraph. — wiry, a. 1. 
Made of or like wire. 2. Flexible and 
strong. [A. S. wir.] 

wireless telegraphy, n. System of 
sending messages through the air 
without the aid of wire or the like. 

wisdom (wiz'dum), n. Knowledge and 

discretion ; judgmen t.— wisdom- 

tooth, n. Third human molar, ap- 

pearingabout the twentieth year. [A. S.] 

Syn. Prudence; sagacity; erudition. 

wise (wlz), a. 1. Knowing and saga- 
cious. 2. D i c t a t e d by wisdom.— 
wisely, adv. (A. S. wis.] \wise.] 

wise (wlz), n. Way ; manner. [A. S. 

wiseacre (wiz'a-ker), n. 1. One who 
pretends to wisdom; simpleton. [Ger. 
weissager, prophet.] 

wish (wish). I. vt. 
andvi. Desire; long. 
II. n. 1. Longing; 
desire. 2. Thing 
desired. 3. Request. 
— wisher, n. [A. 
S. wyscan.] 

wish y-w ashi 
( wish'i-wosh-i ), a. 
Diluted; thin; pale; 
forceless; feeble. 

wisp ( wisp ), n. 1. 
Small bundle of 
straworhay. Small 
broom. [Akin to 

WHISK.] 

wist (wist), pa. t. of 

wit. Knew. [A. S. 

wiste.] 
wistaria (wis-ta/- 

ri-a), n. Climbing 

plant with fine 

purplish flowers 

in pendent ra- 
cemes. 
wistful (wist'fol), a. 1 

2. Eager.— wist'fully 




Thoughtful. 
adv. — wist'- 



f illness, n. [Prom wishful ] 



wit (wit), vt. andm. Know.— To wit, that 
is to say. [A. S. witan. Ger. wissen.] 

wit (wit), n. 1. Understanding; men- 
tal faculty. 2. Power of combining 
ideas with a pleasing effect, or of 
quickly perceiving hidden analogies 
or relations between ideas apparently 
incongruous or unrelated. 3. One 
who has wits.— The five wits, the five 
senses. [A. S.witt,— witan.] 

Syn. Satire; sarcasm; humor; in- 
genuity; irony; burlesque. 

witch (wich). I.n.l. Sorceress. 2. Ugly, 
malignant woman; hag; crone, 3. 
Fascinating woman. II. vt. Bewitch; 
affect by magic — witch'cr aft, 
witch'ery, ns. The practices or pow- 
ers of witches ; sorcery. [A. S. wicce.] 

witch-hazel (wich'ha-zl), n. 1. Kind 
of mountain elm; wych-elm. 2. Small 
tree, the leaves and bark of which are 
popularly believed to have great me- 
dicinal value. 3. Ointment made from 
this tree. [From witch and hazel.] 

with (with), prep. Against; among; by; 
beside; etc. [A. S. wid, against. Ger. 
wider.] [prep. With. 

withal (with-aY), I. adv. Likewise. II. 

withdraw (w'i£A-dra'), vt. and vi. Draw 
back ; recall.— withdrawal, n. 

withe, with (with). I. n. 1. Flexible 
twig, as of willow. II. vt. Bind with 
withes. [ A. S . widhig. Ger. weide , willow. ] 

wither (with'er), vi. and vt. Fade; 
shrivel; decay; dry; waste. [A. S. 
wedrian. Akin to weather.] 

withers ( wi^'erz ), n. pi. Ridge be- 
tween the shoulder bones of a horse, 
where the mane begins. [Yvova wither, 
against, because at that spot the 
horse's body pushes against the collar, 
(See etymology of with, prep.)] 

withhold ( wi^-hold'). I. vt. Hold or 
keep back. II. vi. Refrain; abstain. 

within (wi^-in'). I. adv. Inwardly; in 
in the house. II. prep. In the limits 
of; not exceeding ; inside. . 

without (wiM-owf). l.adv. Outwardly; 
out of doors. II. prep. 1. On the out- 
side of. 2. Not with. III. conj. Unless. 

withstand (wi^-stand'), vt. Resist. 

witling- (wit'ling), n. One pretending 
to wit; would-be wit. 

witness (wit'nes). I. n. 1. Testimony; 
evidence. 2. One who has personal 
knowledge of a thing. 3. One who 
attests. II. vt. and vi. See; give testi- 
mony to; attest. [A. S. — wit, know.] 

witticism(wit'issizm),w. Witty remark. 

witticize (wit'i-sis), vi. Indulge in 
facetious speeches. 

wittingly (wit'ing-li), adv. Knowingly. 

witty (wit'i), a. Possessed of wit; droll. 
— wit'tily, adv.— wit'tiness, n. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



wive 



687 



wordy 




Wolverene. 



wive (wiv), vt. and vi. 1. Supply with 
a wife. 2. Take a wife, or for a wife. 

wives, pi. of wife. 

wizard (wiz'ard), n. 1. Wise man. 2. 
Magician. [From wise and suffix -ard.] 

wo, woe (wo), 7i. 1. Grief; calamity. 2. 
Curse. Often used to predict disaster 
or in pronouncing a curse, as in woe 
to the liar.— woe-begone(wo'be-gan), 
a. Beset with woe.— wo'fal, woe- 
fill, as. Soi'rowful; wretched.— wo'- 
ftilly, adv.— wo fulness, n. [A. S. 
(inter j.) xoa. Get-, wehe.] 

wold (w51d), n. 1. Hilly tract of upland. 
2. Forest. [From A. S. weald, wood.] 

wolf (wolf), n. [pi. wolves.] 1. Wild, ra- 
pacious animal of the dog kind. 2. 
The destructive larva of some beetles 
and moths, as the bee-wolf. 3. Starva- 
tion.— wolf ish, a. [A. S. wulf.) 

wolf rani (wolfram), n. 1. A blackish 
opaque mineral, iron-mangauese 
tung-state; wolframite. 2. Tungsten. 
fGer.— wulf, wolf, and rahm, cream.] 

wolverene, wol- 
verine (wol'ver- 
en) , n. North 
American glut- 
too, noted for its 
rapacity and cun- 
ning. — Wolverene 
State, Michigan. 

woman (wom'an), [pi. women (wim'- 
en).] 1. Femaie of man. 2. Women 
collectively. 3. Womanly character; 
womanliness. 4. Female attendant.— 
womanhood, n. 1. Womanly state, 
character or qualities. 2. Woman 
kind-womanish, a. Feminine, 
in an disparaging sense ; effeminate.— 
womanishly, adv.— womanish- 
ness, n.— wom'anltind, n. All the 
women. — wom'anlike, a. — wom'- 
anly, a. Like a woman; feminine. — 
womanliness, n. [A. S. wimman— 
wifmann—wif, wife, and mann, man.] 

womb (worn), n. Organ in which the 
young of mammals are developed, 
and kept till birth. [A. S. wamb. Ger. 
tvamme, paunch.] 

women (wim'en), n. pi. of woman. 

won (win). Pa. t. and pa. p. of win. 

wonder (wun'der). I. n. 1. State of 
mind produced by something new, un- 
expected or extraordinary. 2. Strange 
thing; prodigy. II. vi. 1. Feel wonder; 
be amazed. 2. Have a curiosity as 
to.— wonderment, n. [A.S. wundor.] 

wonderful (wun'der-fol), a. Exciting 
wonder. — won'derfully, adv.— 
won'derfulness, n. 

Syn. Amaziug; curious; extraordi- 
nary; marvelous; phenomenal; sur- 
prising; astonishing; admirable. 



wondrous (wun'drus), a. Wonderful. 
wont (wont). 1. a. Accustomed. II. n. 

Habit. III. vt. Be accustomed. [A. S. 

ivoiied—ivunian, dwell. Ger. wohuen] 
won't (wont), n. Will not. 
woo (wo), vt. and vi. Court.— woo'er, 

n. [A. S. wogian, try to incline.] 
wood (wpd). I. n. 1. Solid part of trees. 

2. Trees cut or sawed. 3. Forest. II. 
vt. Supply wood to. [A. S. wudu.\ 

woodbine (wod'bln), n. 1. Honey- 
suckle. 2. Virginia creeper. 

woodchnek (wod'chuk), n. American 
marmot; ground-hog; very destruc- 
tive ' to crops. [From Am. Indian 
wejack, pekan.] 

woodcraft (wod'kraft), n. 1. Know- 
ledge and skill'gained by living in the 
woods. 2. The lumbering-business. 

woodcut (wod'kut), n. 1. Engraving 
cut on wood. 2. Impression from it. 

wooded (wod'ed), a. Supplied or cov- 
ered with wood. [Clumsy; stupid. 

wooden (wod'n), a. 1. Made of wood. 2. 

woodman (wod'man), n. 1. Man who 
cuts down trees. 2. Forest officer. 3. 
Huntsman. 

woodpecker ( wod'pek-er ), n. Bird 
that pecks holes in the wood or bark 
of trees, in search for insects. 

woodruff (wod'ruf), n. Aromatic plant 
with leaves in whorls or ruffs, used to 
flavor May-wine. [A. S. wudurofe— 
wudu, wood, and ruff, frill.] 

woody (wod'i), a. 1.' Abounding with 
wood or woods. 2. Consisting of wood, 

3. Resembling or suggesting wood. 
wooer(wo'er), n. One who wooes; lover. 
woof(wof), n. Cross threads of a woven 

fabric, laid by the shuttle; weft. 

wool (wol), n. Soft, curly hair of sheep, 
etc. — woolen, wool'len, as. Made 
of wool. [A. S. wull ] 

wool-gathering (wol'ga^-er-ing). I. 
a. Indulging in idle fancies. II. n. 
Fruitless quest; trivial or purpose- 
less employment,as picking wool from 
hedges; indulgence of idle fancies. 

wooly (wol'i), a. 1. Consisting of, cov- 
ered with, or like wool. 2. Not clear 
or firm, as a husky voice or a vapor- 
ous style of painting.— wool liness, 
n. Being woolly in part or appearance ; 
pubescence; flocculence. 

word (wurd). I. n. 1. Oral or written 
sign expressing an idea or notion. 2. 
Message. 3. Command; signal. 4. 
Promise: declaration. 5. (pi.) Verbal 
contention. II. vt. Express in words. 
[A. S.] 

wording (wurd'ing), n. Act or style of 
expressing in words ; words used. 

wordy (wurd'i), a. Full of words: ver- 
bal.— wordily, arff.-word'iness, n. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, vrolt; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



wore 



wrangle 



wore (wor). pa. t. of wear. 

work (wurk). I. n. 1. Effort directed 

to an end; toil. 2. The results of any 

efforts; product; fabric; composition; 

etc. 3. That on which one works; 

material; trade. 4. (pi.) Structures; 

factory; running gear. 5. (pi.) Moral 

acts as opposed to grace and faith. 

II. vi. [working; worked or wrought 

(rat).] 1. Make efforts; labor; toil. 2. 

Be occupied in business or labor. 

3. Produce effects; operate. 4. Strain. 

5. Ferment. III. vt. 1. Make by labor. 

2. Bring into any state by action. 3. 
Give labor to. 4. Manage; solve. 5. 
Cause to ferment. 6 Embroider. — 
worker, n. [A. S. weorc. Ger. werk.} 

workmanship ( wurk'man-ship ), n. 

1. Skill of a workman. 2. Manner of 
making. 3. Work done. 

world (wurld), n. 1. Universe; crea- 
tion. 2. The earth and its inhabitants. 

3. Total of interest, views, etc. one 
has. 4. Secular affairs of life. 5. 
Human race. 6. Great deal.— world'- 
ly,a.— world'liness, n. [A. S. = gen- 
eration,— wer, man, and yield, age.] 

worm (wurm). I.n. 1. Any small creep- 
ing animal with very short legs or 
without any. 2. Debased being. 3. 
Secret agent of decay or destruction, 
as remorse or sin. 4. Anything spiral 
or similar to a worm, as the thread of 
a screw. 5. Any zigzag winding, as of 
a rail fence or a log road on a steep. 
II. vi. Work slowly or secretly. III. 
vt. 1. Insinuate (oneself) in as, or like, 
a worm. 2. Effect by slow and secret 
means. 3. (with out or from) Remove ; 
draw. 4. Make smooth, as a rope, by 
filling the groves between the strands. 
-wormy, a. Containing a worm, 
or many worms ; worm-eaten. 

wormwood (wurm'wod), n. 1. Aro- 
matic, bitter plant; absinthium. 2. 
Bitterness ; affliction. [A. S. wer mod, 
preserve the mind. From its reputed 
medicinal virtues.] 

worn {-wbvn),pa.p. of wear. 1. Affected 
by attrition, as a rock or pavement. 

2. Showing the results of wear, as a 
garment, or of illness, as a body. 3. 
Exhausted, as land or a portion of 
time. 

worry (wur'i). I. vt. [wor'rying; wor'- 
ried.J 1. Seize by the throat ; tear with 
the teeth. 2. Harass or vex, as with 
care, importunity or persecution. II. 
vi. 1. Be undulyanxious. 2. Be engaged 
in biting, as dogs in fighting. III. n. 
Undue solicitude; over-anxiety. [A. S. 
wyrqan, strangle.] 

Syn. Bother; plague; pester; tease: 
disturb; annoy; afflict. See trouble. 



worse (wurs), a. andada. (used as comp, 
of bad). 1. Bad or evil in a greater 
degree. 2. More sick. 3. Less ad- 
vantageously situated. [A. S. wyrsa, 
root in O. H. G. werran, confuse.] 

worship (wur'ship). I. n. 1. Religious 
homage; honor paid to God. 2. Similar 
homage toward a person or thing held 
high. 3. Title of honor. II. vt. and vi. 
[worshiping; wor 'shiped (-shipt).] 
Pay divine honors to; idolize; per- 
form religious service.— worshiper , 
n.— worshipful, a. Honorable. [A. 
S. weorthscipe—weorth, worth.] 

worst (wurst), [used as superl. of bad.] 

1. a. and adv. Bad in the highest de- 
gree. II. n. Most evil result, condition 
or degree. II. vt. Defeat. [A. S. wyrsta, 
superl. of wyrsa, worse.] 

worsted(wost'edorworst'ed), n.l. Hard- 
twisted thread or yarn spun out of 
long, combed wool. 2. Light-twisted 
woolen yarn for embroidery, etc. 3. 
Alpaca or mohair wool used for mak- 
ing braid. [— Worsted, (now Worstead), 
a village near Norwich, in England] 

wort (wurt), n. Plant; cabbage. [A. S- 
wyrt. Ger. wurs, root.] 

worth (wurth). I. n. Value. II. a. 1. 
Equal in value to. 2. Deserving of . 3. 
Rich to the amount of. [A. S. weorth. 
Ger. wert.] 

worthless (wurth'les), a. Of no value; 
useless. — worthlessly, adv. — 
worth'lessness, n. 

worthy (wur'^i). I. a. 1. Valuable; 
deserving. 2. Suitable for or adopted 
to some specified thing. II. n. [pi. 
wor'thies. ] 1. Man of eminent worth. 

2. Man of local prominence. — wor'- 
thily, adv.— worthiness, n. 

wove, woven, pa. p. and p. of weave. 

would (wod), pa. t. and subj. of will. — 
would-be. I. a. Desiring or claiming 
to be, as a would-be poet. II. n. Vain 
pretender. [A. S. wolde.] 

wonnd (wownd), pa. t. and pa. p. of 
wind, turn. 

wound (wbnd or wownd). I. n. 1. Injury 
caused by violence, esp. one accom- 
panied by a breaking of the skin and 
flesh; cut; bruise. 2. Any injury or 
cause of pain. II. vt. Inflict a wound 
upon; injure. [A. S. wund.] 

wrack (rak), n. 1. Seaweed drifted 
ashore. 2._ Shipwreck. [See wreck.] 

wraith (rath), n. 1. Apparition of 
a living person, ominous of that per- 
son' s death. 2. Any similar vision; 
specter; ghost. [Etym. doubtful.] 

wrangle (rang'l). I. vt. Dispute noisily; 
squabble. II n. Noisy dispute. 

Syn. Altercate; bicker; spar; cavil; 
jangle; brawl; squabble; contend. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; n5te, not, move, wglf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



wrap 



689 



writhe 



wrap (rap). I.vt. [wrap'ping; wrapped.] 

I. Roll or fold together. 2. Envelop. 

II. n. Wrapper, shawl; any covering. 
[Corr.— M. E. wlappen. See lap.] 

wrapper (rap'er), n. 1. One who or 
that which wraps; cover. 2. Loose 
outer garment of a woman. 

wrath (rath ), n. 1. Fierce anger; indig- 
nation. 2. Uncontrollable passion. — 
wrath'y , a. [A. S. ivrcedh. See wroth.] 

wrathful (rath'fol), a. Fuil or expres- 
sive of wrath. — wrath'fully, adv. — 
wrath'fnlness, n. 

Syn. Angry: raging; incensed; im- 
petuous; furious; indignant; irate; 
exasperated; resentful; choleric; iras- 
cible; passionate; hot; wrathy. 

wreak (rek), vt. 1. Inflict, as a pun- 
ishment or revenge. 2. Execute (itself), 
as a wrath or enthusiasm, upon. [A. 
S. wrecaa, urge; revenge. Ger. raechen.] 

wreath (reth), n. 1. Twisted circular 
form; garland. 2. Any twisted or 
curled band, as of smoke. [A. S. 
wraedh—wridhan, twist.] 

wreathe (veth). I. vt. 1. Form into a 
circular or spiral, twisted band, as 
flowers or ribbons. 2. Form out of 
such material, as a garland. 3. In- 
fold or entwine with or as with a 
wreath. II. vi. Take the form of a 
wreath; curl; entwine. 

wreck (rek).'I. n. 1. Destruction. 2.Thnt 
which remains after destruction. 3. 
Vessel disabled. 4. Goods or ma- 
terial cast ashore. 5. Wrack. II. 
vt. Destroy; shipwreck. — wreck'- 
inff-car, n. Railway -car fitted up 
with powerful tackle, etc., for remov- 
ing heavy obstacles from tracks. [A. S. 
wrcec, misery, — wrecan, drive, banish.] 
Syn. Ruin; havoc; debris; rubbish; 
destruction; remains. 

wreckage (rek'aj), n. 1. Wrecking or 
being wrecked." 2. Ruins or remains 
of a wrecked ship or cargo. 

wrecker (rek'er), n. 1. One who plun- 
ders, or works upon, the wrecks of 
ships. 2. One who causes ships to be 
wrecked. 3. Vessel employed by wreck- 
wren (ren), n. Small in- 
sectivorous singing 
bird easily tamed. [A. 
S. wrenna] 

wrench ( rench ). I. vt. 
1. Pull with a twist. 2. 
Force by violence. 3. 
Injure by twisting; 
sprain. II. n. 1. Vio- 
lent twist. 2. Sprain. 
3. Instrument for turn- 
ing nuts or bolts, etc. [A. S. wrencan. 
Ger. renken. Akin to wring.] 




wrest (rest). I. vt. 1. Extort by force. 
2. Twist from truth, or from its nat- 
ural meaning. II. n. Violent twis - 
ing; distortion.— wrest'er, n. [A. S. 
wraestan.] 

wrestle (res'l). I. vi. Contend by grap- 
pling and trying to throw the other 
down; struggle. II. n. Bout at wrest- 
ling.— wrest'ler, n. [A. S. wraestlian. 
Akin to wrest.] 

wretch (rech), n. 1. Miserable person. 
2. One sunk in vice; despicable per- 
son.— wretched, a. 1. Very miser- 
able ; sorrowful ; dejected ; melan- 
choly. 2. Worthless; vile; despicable. 
— wretchedly, adv.— wretched- 
ness, n. State of being wretched. 
[A. S. xorecca, outcast. See wreck. | 

wriggle (rig'l), vt. and vi. Twist to 
and fro; squirm. — wriggler, n. 1. 
One who, or that which wriggles. 2. 
Lively larva, as of the mosquito, in 
stagnant water. [Ger. wriggeln.] 

wright (rit), n. Maker; worker, as a 
wheelwright, millwright, etc. [A. S. 
wyrhta—weorcan, work.] 

wring (ring), vt. [wring'ing; wrung. [ 

1. Twist; twist in the hands. 2. Strain 
or break by twisting. 3. Torture. 4. 
Force out by twisting; squeeze out 
the water from.— wring'er, n. 1. One 
who wrings ; extortioner. 2. Clothes- 
wringer. [A. S. wringan. Ger. ringen.] 

wrinkle (ring'kl). I. n. 1. Small ridge 
or furrow; crease; corrugation. 2. 
Fad; notion. II. vt. and«i. Contract 
into wrinkles or furrows; roughen.— 
wrinkly, a. [A. S. wrincle.\ 

wrist (rist), n. Joint between the hand 
and the arm.— wristband, n. Part 
of the sleeve covering the wrist. [A.S.] 

writ (rit), n. 1. Writing. 2. Written 
mandatory order under seal, issued 
by a court, by which one is summoned 
or requested to do somethiug.— Holy 
Writ, the Scriptures.— Writ of execu- 
tion, writ commanding a judgment to 
be executed. 

write (rit). I. vi. 1. Form letters, etc., 
with a pen or pencil. 2. Do writing, as 
a clerk, author, correspondent, etc. 
II. vt. 1. Enter; note down. 2. Express 
or carry our. in writing. 3. Tell or 
designate by writing. 4. Compose. 5. 
Cover with writing.— wri'ter, n. 1. 
One who or a machine which writes. 

2. Book of directions for writing, as 
a letter-writer. (A. S. writan y scratch, 
score. Ger. reiszen, draw.] 

writhe (rlth). I. vt. and vi. Turn to and 
fro as from great bodily pain; twist 
violently. II. n. Contortion caused 
by pain, f A. S. wridkan, twist. Akin 
to wreath.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, but, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



writing: 



690 



xyster 



writing (ri'ting), n. 1. Act of forming 

letters, etc. 2. That which is written ; 
written instrument. 3. Handwriting. 

written, pa. p. of white. 

wrong- (rang). I. a. and adv. 1. Not 
according to rule or right. 2. Not ac- 
cording to fact, desire, or purpose. 
3. In error. II. n. 1. Wrongfulness; 
error. 2. Violation of duty or pro- 
priety. 3. Injury. HI. vi. Injure; 
treat unjustly.— wrong'ly, adv. [A. 
S. vjrang, crookedness. See wring.] 
Syn. Disordered; perverse; awry; 
amiss; erroneous; improper; mis- 
taken; faulty; incorrect; unfit; in- 
apposite; immoral; unfair; unjust. 

wrongfully(rang'fol-i), a. Wrong; un- 
just.— wroug'fully, fldt).-wrong'« 
fulness, n. Injustice; iniquity. 



wrote (rot), pa. t. of write. 

wroth (rath), a. Wrathful. [A. S. 

wradh, t w i s t ed. 

See WREATH.] 
wrought (rat), 

pa.t. and pa. p. 

of work. [A. S. 

worhte, ge-worht. ] 
wrung (rung), p. t. 

andp.p. of wring. 
wry(ri).«. Twisted 

or turned to one 

side. — wry'ly, 

flrf».-wry'nes§,w. 

[Prom root of writhe.] 
wryneeh (rl'nek), n. 1. Twisted neck. 

2. Small bird, allied to the wood- 
pecker, which twists round its head 

strangely when surprised. 




Wryneck. 



grina] x (eks), n. Twenty-fourth letter ] 
m M of Llie E^isb alphabet. At the 
Va^ beginning of a word it has the 
OLJI sound of Z. In some cases it is 
=gz, sonant, esp. in an unac- 
cented syllable before an accented 
one, as in exert, exact. Otherwise it 
is = ks. [thic acid. 

xanthate (zan'ihat), n. Salt of xan- 
xanthic (zan'thik), a. Tending toward 
a yellow color. — Xanthic acid, acid 
consisting of bisulphate of carbon 
water, and oxide of ethyl, or ether. 




Man's hand'as seen under the X-ray. 

xawtheine (zan'the-in), n. Yellow col- 
oring matter in certain plants, as 
madder. [Gr. xanthos, yellow.] 

Xanthoehroi (zan-thok'ro-i), n. pi. 
The fair whites, one of the five groups 
of men, according to Huxley. [Gr.] 

xanthous (zan'thus), a. 1. Relating to 
rhe Mongolian or yellow races. 2. 
Relating to the yellow-haired tribes, 
as the Scandinavians and Teutons. 



xebec (ze'bek), n. Small three-masted 
vessel, with both square and lateen 
sails, much used by the former cor- 
sairs of Algiers. [Sp.— Turk, sumbaki.] 

senium (ze'ni-um), n. [pi. xenia (ze'- 
ni-a).] Present given to a guest. [L.] 

xenon (ze'non), n. Most rarified gas 
in the atmosphere, also found in ura- 
nium, a newly discovered metal. 

xerosis (ze-ro'sis), n. Abnormal, harsh 
dryness of a part of the skin or of a 
mucous membrane. [Gr. xeros, dry.] 

xiphoid (zif'oid), a. Sword-shaped. 
[Gr. xiphos, sword, and eidos, form.] 

Xuias. Abbreviation for Christmas. 

X-rays (eks'raz), n. Same as roent- 
gen rays. See cut in other column. 

xylography (zi-log'ra-fi), n. Art of 
engraving on wood. — x y 1 o g'r a- 
pher, n. — xylograph'ic, a. [Gr. 
xylon. wood, and grapho, write.] 

xylophone (zi'lo-fon), n. Musical 
instrument, 
consisting 
of a gradu- 
ated* series 
of wooden 

bars and Xylophone, 

sounded by 

means of small wooden hammers. 
[Gr. xylon, wood, and phone, voice.] 

xylopyrography (zi-lo-pi rog'ra-fl), 
n. Art or process of producing a pic- 
ture on wood by charring it with a 
hot iron. [Gr. xylon, wood, pyr, fire, 
and grapho, write.] 

xyst (zist), xystos (zis'tus), n. Long 
narrow court, used for athletic pur- 
poses. [Gr. xystos, scraped smooth.] 

xyster (zis'ter), n. Surgeon's instru- 
ment for scraping bones. [Gr. — xyo, 
scrape.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, \.^lf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



691 



yeast 




Yak. 

["West Ind. ihame.\ 
, 1. Citizen of New 



H~ y (wl), n. Twenty-fifth letter of 
the English alphabet. It is a 
consonent before a vowel ; other 
wise it is a vowel. 
yacht (yot), n. Light swift-sail- 
ing vessel. — yactat'er, n. One en- 
gaged in sailing a yacht. — yacht'- 
ing, n. Sailing in a yacht. [Dut. jagt 
—jagen, chase] 

yak. (yak), n. 
Large kind of 
ox, domesticat- 
ed in central 
Asia. 

yam ( yam ), n. 
Plant with a 
large root like 
the potato, 
growing in 
tropical countries. 

Yankee (yang'ke),i 
England. 2. Native of the United 
States. [Origin uncertain. Possibly- 
Indian pronunciation of anglais, the 
French word for English.] 

yard (yard), n. 1. Measure of 3 feet 
or 36 inches. 2. Long beam on a mast 
for spreading square sails. [A. S. gyrd, 
rod. Gr. gerte.] 

yard (yard), n. Inclosed place, esp. near 
a building. [A. S. geard. Ger. garten.] 

yard-arm (yard'-arm), n. Either half 
of a ships yard (right or left) from the 
center to tbe end. 

yard-stick (yard'stik), n. Stick or 
rod 3 feet in length, used as a measure 
of cloth, etc. [stick. 

yard-wand (yard'-wond), n. Yard- 

yare (yar), a. and adv. 1. Ready; quick; 
dexterous; eager. 2. Easily wrought; 
answering quickly to the helm. — 
yare'ly, adv. Readily; skillfully. [A. 
S. gearu. Ger. gar. prepared, ready; 
thoroughly cooked. [ 

yarn (yarn). I. n. 1. Spun thread. 2. 
One of the threads of a rope. 3. Sail- 
or's story, either marvelousor untrue 
or long spun out. II. vi. Tell a yarn 
or yarns. [A. _S. gearn. Ger. gam.) 

yarrow (yar'o), n. Aromatic plant 
used for brewing beer; milfoil. [A. S. 
geartve. Ger. garbe.\ 

yasbmak (yash'mak), n. Double veil 
worn by Turkish women in public. 
[Turk.] 

yataghan (yat'a-gan), n. Turkish 
sword, usually curved and without a 
guard. [move from side to side. 

yaw (ya), vt. and vi. Go unsteadily; 

yawl (yal), vi. Yell; howl, as a cat. 
[Imitative.] 

yawl (yal), n. 1. Small sloop-rigged ves- 
sel with an additional jigger-mast. 2. 
Small ship's boat; jollyboat. [Dut.joZ.] 



yawn (yan). I. vi. l.Open the jaws wide, 
as from' sleepiness, with a deep in- 
spiration, and after a pause, a slow 
expiration; gape. 2. Stand wide open, 
like a chasm. II. n. Opening of the 
mouth from drowsiness. [A. S. ganian, 
gaenan. Ger. gaehnen.] 

yclad (i-klad'), pa. p. Clad; clothed 
[Obsolete or archaic. M. E. prefix y, 
(—A. S. ge-), and clad, pa. p. of A. S. 
clathian, clothe.] 

yclept or yclened (i-klepf), pa. p. 
Called. [Obsolete or archaic. M. E. 
prefix y, (—A. S. ge-) and clept, pa. p. 
of clypian, call.] 

ye (ye),prov. Nominative plural of the 
second person. Now superseded by 
you. [A. S. gi. Low Ger. ji. Dut. gij] 

ye (the or incorrectly ye), def. article. 
[Old form of spelling the, the O. E. 
character for th resembling a y or p.] 

yea (ya). I. adv. Yes; verily; more- 
over. II. n. Affirmative vote. [A. S. 
gea. See yes.] 

yean (yen), vt. Bring forth (young).— 
yean'ling-, n. Young of sheep or 
goats. [A. S. eanian.] 

year (yer), n. 1. Time during which the 
earth makes one revolution around 
the sun. 2. Time of revolution of any 
planet. 3. Period of 365, or, in a 
leap year, 366 days. 4. pi. Period of 
life; age. [A. S. gear. Gev.jahr.) 

yearbook (yer'bok), n. 1. Book giving 
facts about the year. 2. Book pub- 
lished yearly, stating the change,s in 
statistics, personnel, etc. [old. 

yearling (yer'ling), n. Animal a year 

yearly (yer'li). I. a. 1. Happening 
every year. 2. Lasting a year. II. adv. 

I. Once a year. 2. From year to year. 
yearn (yern), vi. Feel a desire.— 

yearn'ing 1 . I. n. Earnest desire; 
strong feeling; tenderness or pity. 

II. a. Longing.— yearn'ingly, adv. 
[A. S. giernan. Cf. Ger. be-gehren, de- 
sire, and gem, with pleasure.] 

yeast (yest), n. 1. Froth or sediment of 
malt liquors in alcoholic fermenta- 
tion. It consists 
of minute cells, 
each cell being a 
distinct plant, pro- 
ducing new cells. 
The fermentation 
induced by yeast 
produces alcohol 
and carbon dioxid. 
In bread the carbon 
dioxid causes poro- 
sity, while the alco- 
hol evaporates. 2. 
Preparation which raises dough for 
bread. — yeast'y, a. Like yeast ; 




Yeast 
under a microscope. 



fate, fat, task, far, f$ll, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, vfq\t\ 
WUte, but, bvjrn ; oil, owl, then. 



yell 



692 



yore 



frothy; foamy. [A. S. gist.'Gev. gaescht, 
gischt, — root of gas, signifying boil, 
seethe.] 

yell (yel). I. vi. Cry out with a sharp 
noise; scream from pain or terror. 
II. n. Sharp outcry ; esp. a cry pecu- 
liar to a class or body of students. 
fA. S. gellan.] 

yellow (yel'o). I. a. Of a color like that 
of gold, butter, etc. II. n. 1. Bright 
golden color; the hue between orange 
and green in the rainbow. 2. Yolk of 
an egg. 3. (pi.) Jaundice.— yel'low- 
ness, n.— Yellow fever, malignant con- 
tagious febrile disease, indigenous 
chiefly to the West Indies, and the 
borders of the Gulf of Mexico. It is 
attended with yellowness of the skin, 
and is spread by mosquitos.— Yellow 
jacket, in China, a jacket of yellow 
color worn as an insignia of royalty 
or high rank. [A. S. geolu. Ger. gelb.] 

yellowish (yel'6-ish), a. Somewhat 
yellow.— yellowish ness, n. 

yellow-jacket (yel'o-jak-et), n. Wasp 
with a painful sting. 

yellowlegs (yel'6-legz), n. Grallato- 
rial bird of the Atlantic coast, U. S.; 
yellow shanks. 

yellows (yel'oz), n. 1. Disease of peach- 
trees, etc. 2 Jaundice. [S. gealp.] 

yelp (yelp), vi. Utter a sharp bark. [A. 

yen (yen), n, Japanese monetary unit, 
represented by a gold and a silver 
coin of the value of a dollar. 

yeoman (yo'man), n. 1. In England, 
man of common rank next below a 
gentleman ; man of small landed 
estate; wealthy farmer. 2. In the U. S. 
navy, petty officer having charge of 
stores. — Yeoman's service, efficient 
assistance in an emergency. — yeo'- 
manry, n. 1. Collective body of yeo- 
men or freeholders. 2. Status of a yeo- 
man. [O. Fris. gaman, villager — ga, 
village, district. (Ger. gau), and man.] 

yes (yes), adv. Expresses affirm? / a or 
consent. [A. S. gese—gea, yea, und se 
(torsie, si), be it.] 

yester (yes'ter), a. Relating to yester- 
day; last. [A. S. gistran, yesterday. 
Ger. gestem.] 

yesterday (yes'ter-da). I. n. The day 
last past. II. adv. On the day preced- 
ing this day. [morning of yesterday. 

yestermorn ( yes'ter-marn ), it. The 

yesternight (yes'ter-nitj; adv. On the 
night last past. 

yet (yet). I. adv. 1. At the present 
time. 2. In addition; still; besides. 
3. In continuance of a state; still; 
again. 4. At some future time. 5. 
Up to the present time; hitherto. 6. 
In spite of that; nevertheless; at 




Yew-branch. 



least; at any rate; however. II. conj. 
Nevertheless; however. [A. S. git. 
Ger. jetzt, now.] 

yew (yo), n. Long- 
lived evergreen 
tree, allied to the 
pines, with a ber- 
ry-like fruit, pois- 
onous leaves, 
and very fine- 
grained, heavy and 
elastic wood ; 
taxus. Also used in 
ornamen tallied ges. 
[A. S. iw. Ger. eibe.] 

Yiddish (yid'ish). I. 
a. Pertaining to a 
Jew or Yid. II. n. A corrupted form 
of Hebrew. [From Ger. juedisch*.] 

yield (yeld). I. vt. 1. Pay; reward. 2. 
Yield in return, as for labor per- 
formed or capital invested. 3. Pro- 
duce; emit; give. 4. Give up; sur- 
render. II. vi. 1. Produce. 2. Submit; 
give away; assent. III. n. 1. Act of 
yielding. 2. That which is yielded; 
growth; product.— Yield up the ghost. 
die.— yielding-. I. a. Disposed to 
yield. II. n. The act of one who yields; 
surrender. [A. S. geldan. Ger. gelten, 
be worth] 

Syn. Return, bear; furnish; grant; 
relinquish; concede; surrender; obey. 

— yl, suffix. Denotes a radical, as ethyl, 
the radical of ethylic alcohol. 

y-lang* y-lang (e-lang' e-lang), n. A 
perfume obtained from the flowers of 
a Malayan tree. [Malay, = flower of 
flowers.] 

yodel (yo'dl). I. vi. and vt. Sing with fre- 
quent changes to and from the ordi- 
nary voice to falsetto, after the man- 
ner of the Tyrolese and Swiss moun- 
taineers. II. n. Kind of warbling with 
such quick changes. [Ger. jodeln ] 

yo-ho (yo-ho'), interj. A cry to attract 
attention. 

yoke (yok). I. n. 1. Frame of wood 
joining oxen for drawing. 2. Any 
similar frame, as one for carrying 
pails. 3. Mark of servitude. 4 Pair ; 
couple. II. vt. 1. Put a yoke on. 2. 
Join together. 3. Enslave; confine. 
III. vi. Go along with. [A. S. ioc] 

yokel (yo'kl), n. Country bumpkin. 

yolk (yolk or yok), yelk (yelk), n. The 
yellow part of an egg. [A. S. geolca— 
geolo, yellow. 

yon (yon), yonder (yon'der). I. adv. 
At a distance within view. II. d. 
Being at a distance within view. [A. 
S. geon. Cf. Ger. jener.] 

yore (yor), n. Long ago. [From A. S. 
gear a of years,— gear, year.] 



fate, fat, tadk, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, mSve, YHflt; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



yotaeism 



693 



zendik 



yotacism (yo'ta-sizm), n. The pro- 
nunciation of y" after and with s, r or 
I, as in million. 

you (yo), 2d pers. pron. pi., also used as 
sing. [Orig. only an objective case. A. 
S. eow. O. Ger. iu. Ger. euch. See ye. ] 

young (yung). I. a. 1. Not long born ; 
in early life; in the first part of 
growth. 2. Inexperienced. II. n. Off- 
spring. [A. S. geong. Ger. jung.] 

youngish (yung'ish), a. Somewhat 
young. [son; lad. 

youngster (yung'ster), n. Young per- 

younker ( yung'ker ), n. Same as 
youngster. [Dut. jonker — jonkheer, 
young master. Ger. junker.} 

your (y or), pronominal a. Belonging to 
you. [A. S. eower. See you.] 

yours (yorz), pronominal a. Your, not 
followed by a noun. [self or person. 

yourself (yor-self), pron. Your own 



youth (yoth), n. 1. State of being 
young. 2. Early life. 3. Young person, 
esp. a young man. 4. Young persons 
taken together. [A. S. geogudh— geong, 
young. Ger. jugend.] 

youthful (yoth'fol), a. 1. Pertaining 
to youth or early life. 2. Young. 3 
Suitable to youth; fresh; buoyant; 
vigorous.— youthfully , adv.— 
youth'fulness; n. 
Syn. Boyish; juvenile; puerile. 

ytterbium (it-ter'bi-um), n. A rare 
element. [From Ytterby in Sweden.] 

yttrium fit'ri-um), n. A rare element, 
discovered by its spectrum, like ytter- 
bium. [Prom Ytterby in Sweden.] 

Tule (yol), n. Christmas. — Yule log, 
large block of wood, brought into the 
room on Xmas eve with great cere- 
mony and burnt on the hearth. [A. S. 
geol, giul, iul. Origin uncertain.] 



z (ze or, in England, zed), n. The 
last letter of the English alpha- 
bet. It is a voiced sibilant, soft *. 
zaffre (zaf 'er), n. Impure oxide 
of cobalt, which gives a beauti- 
ful blue. [Sp. zafe, of Arabic origin.] 

ZH'i prefix. Used in modern scientific 
terms to denote "exceedingly." [Gr.] 

zaim (za'im), n. Turkish chief or leader. 

zander (zan'der), n. European pike- 
perch ;_sander; zant. [Ger. J 

z«ny(za'ni),w. Merry-andrew; buffoon. 
[It. zani, corr.of Giovanni, John.] 

zareba ( za-re'ba ), n. Thorn-hedge; 
fortified camp. [African.] 

zeal (zel), n. Passionate ardor for any- 
thin g ; inten se in terest ; eager|striving. 
[Gr. zelos—zeo, boil. Cf. yeast.] 

Syn. Enthusiasm; fanaticism; earn- 
estnessf energy. See ardor. 

zealot (zel'ut), n. One carried to excess 
by his zeal; fanatic. — zealot'ical, n. 
— zeal otisni, zeal'otry, ns. Dispo- 
sition or conduct of a zealot. [Gr. ze- 
lotes. See zeal. 1 

zealous (zel'- 
us), a. Full of 
zeal; warmly 
engaged or 
ardent in any- 
thing; enthu- 
siastic; fer- 
vant,— zeal'- 
ously ijidv. 

zebra (ze'bra), 
n. Wild ani- 
mal of the 
horse kind. 

zebrine (ze'brin), a. Resembling a 
zebra ; allied to a zebra. 




Zebra. 




Zebu. 



zebrula(ze-bro'la),n. Cross between ze- 
bra and horse. 

zebu (ze'bu), n. 
East Indian ox 
with hump on 
the shoulders, 
and long ears, 
various spec- 
ies being bred 
for milk and 
flesh, others 
for riding and 
draft. [East 
Indian name.] 

zebub (ze'bub), 
n. Abyssinian fly resembling the tsetse 
fly. [Ar. zubab, fly.] 

zecchino (tsek-ki'no), n. A gold coin 
of the republic of Venice. See sequin. 

zemindar [(zem-in'dar), n. 1. Under 
Mogul rule, a farmer of revenue. 2. 
Hindoo native landlord. 

zed ( zed ), n. English name of the 
letter Z. [Gr. zeta.\ 

zee (ze), n. Amer. name of the letter Z. 

zemstvo (zemst'vo), n. Russian local 
elective assembly with little indepen- 
dent authority, there being one for 
eachprovince and onefor each district. 

zenana (zen-a'na), n. Women's apart- 
ment among the native East-Indians. 
[ Pers. —zen, woman. ] 

Zend-Avesta ( zend-a-ves'ta), n. The 
sacred writings of the Zoroastrian re- 
ligion. [Avesta, sacred text; zend, 
name of the Persian idiom in which it 
was written.] 

zendik (zen'dik), n. 1. Disbeliever in 
revealed religion. 2. One accused of 
heresy in practising magic. [Ar.] 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, but, barn ; oil, owl, then. 



zenith 



694 



zy til u an 



zenith (ze'nith), n. 1. Point of the 
heavens directly overhead. 2. Great- 
est height, as of success; culmination. 
[Pr.— Ar. semt, short for semt-ur-ros, 
way of the head.] 

zephyr (zef'er), n. 1. West wind. 2. 
Soft, gentle breeze. 3. Very light 
worsted or woolen yarn, used for 
embroidery, shawls, etc. 4. Anything 
very light and airy. [Gr. zephyros — 
zophos, darkness, west.] 

zero (ze'ro), n. [pi. ze'ros or ze'roes.] 1. 
Cipher; nothing. 2. Point from which 
a thermometer is graduated. 3. Low- 
est point. [Pr.— Ar. sifr ] 

zest (zest), n. 1. Relish imparted by 
something; piquancy. 2. Keen enjoy- 
ment. [Pr. zeste. 1. Partition separa- 
ting the parts of a walnut. 2. Skin of 
a fruit (lemon) used to give a flavor. 
[Li.schistus—Gv.schistos, cleft, divided.] 

zeta (ze'ta), n. Greek letter, represent- 
ing^" originally, and later ds or ts. 

zeng-nia (zug'ma), n. Figure in which 
two nouns are joined to a verb, or 
adjective, suitable to only one of 
them.— zeugmat'ic, a. [Gr.= joint.] 

Zeus (zus), n. In myth. Supreme divin- 
ity among the Greeks; the ruler of 
the other gods and of the upper world. 

zigzag (zig'zag). I. a. Having short, 
sharp turns. 11. vt. [zigzag'ging; zig- 
zagged'.] Form with short turns. 

zine(zingk),7i. Tenacious bluish-white 
metal, not occurring native; spelter. 
It is malleable when heated to 200— 
250° P. [Ger. zin7c.\ 

zincography ( zing-kog'ra-fi ), n. Art 
of printing from plates of" zinc, [zinc, 
and Gr. grapho, write.] 

zincons (zink'us), a. Of, pertaining to, 
or derived from, zinc. 

zip (zip), n. Imitation of the sound of a 
bullet flying through the air. 

zirconium ( zer - ko'ni - um ), n. An 
earthy metallic element. [From Fr. 
jargon, hyacinth, — Pers. zar gun, 
gold-colored.] 

zither (zith'er). See cittern. 

zoanthropia (zo-an-thro'pi-a), n. In- 
sanity in which the patient imagines 
himself one of the lower animals. [Gr. 
— zoo, live, and anthropos, man.] 

zodiac (zo'di-ak), n. Imaginary belt in 
the heavens containing the twelve 
constellations, called signs of the 
zodiac. — zodiacal (zo-di'a-kal), a. 
[Gr. zodiakos kyklos (circle), — z'odion, 
dim. of zoon, animal.] 

Zollverein (tsol'ver-In), n. German 
customs union, founded about the 
year 1828, and to-day co-extensive 
with the German Empire. [Ger. zoll, 
toll, and verein, union.] 



zone (zon), n. 1. Girdle. 2. One of the 
five great belts into which the surface 
of the earth is divided. [Gr. zone, 
girdle, — zonnymi, gird.] 




The zones. 



zoned (zond), a. 1. Wearing a zone or 
girdle. 2. Having zones or concentric 
bands. [in zoology. 

zoologist (zo-ol'o-jist), n. One versed 

zoology (zo-ol'o-ji), n. That part of 
natural history which treats of ani- 
mals.— zoological, a. — zoologi- 
cally, adv. [Gr. zoon, animal, and 
logos, science.] 

Zoroastrianism(zo-r5-as'tri-an-izm), 
n. Religion taught by Zoroaster, (the 
religion of the Magi), still held by 
the Parsees and Guebers. It is based 
on dualism, the contrast between Or- 
muzd (good) and Ahriman (evil). 

Zouave (zo-av' or zwav), n. French 
foot-soldier in Arab dress. [ Pr. from 
the name of an Algerian tribe.] 

zounds (zowndz), interj. Exclamation 
formerly used as an oath. [From 
God's wounds.] 

Zulu (zo'lo), n. Member of a warlike 
branch of the Kafir race in S. Africa. 

zygoma (zi-go'ma), n. [pi. zygo'mata.] 
Cheek bone.— zygomatic, a. [Gr.— 
zygon, yoke.] 

zyme (zim), n. 1. Ferment. 2. Disease 
germ. [Gr. = leaven, — zeo, boil.] 

zymology (zl-mol'o-ji), n. Science of 
fermentation. 

zymophyte (zi'mo-fit), n. Bacterial 
ferment that separates fatty acids 
from neutral fats. [Gr. zymo and 
phyton, plant.] 

zymotic (zi-mot'ik), a. Pertaining to, 
or produced by, fermentation.— Zymot- 
ic disease, any contagious or epi- 
demic disease due to the presence of 
some morbific element produced by 
fermentation. [Gr— zymoo, ferment.] 

zymurgy (zi'mer-ji), n. Department 
of technological chemistry which 
treats of fermentation as in yeast or 
wine-making, brewing, etc. [Gr. zyme, 
ferment, and ergon, work.] [Egypt. 

zythum (zi'thum), n. Beer of ancient 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, w?l£; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, Men. 

For words not found in the body of the book see special departments. 




N. B.— This department contains the new words and definitions that have 
recently come into use. The discoveries and developments in the arts, 
sciences and industries have resulted in the coinage of many new terms 
which will be found incorporated in this addenda, together with a number of 
other words considered of sufficient importance to add to the principal 
vocabulary. Words marked with an asterisk (*) are defined in the body of 
the book, but for convenience they have been repeated under this heading. 



aconlation— arc-ligiit 



acoulation (ak-o-la'shun), n. The act 
or process of using the acouphone. 

acouphone (a-ko'fon), n. A telephonic 
microphone used for reproducing and 
intensifying sound at a distance. [Gr. 
akouo, hear, and phone, sound.] 

adapter (a-dapt'er), n. Phot. Device 
for using' smaller plates in a camera 
intended for a certain size only. 

aeriator (a'er-i-a-tar), n, An aeroplane. 

ae r odoni e (a'er-o-dom) , n. Building for 
the storage or protection of an air ship. 

aerodrome * Compare aeroplane. 

aerogram * 

aerophone (a'er-o-fon), n. 1. Portable 
tube-like device to assist the hearing. 
2. Instrument which amplifies sound 
waves, especially those of the voice. 

aerophore (a'er-o-fdr),7i. Device which 
permits respiration under water or in 
smoke-charged atmosphere. 2. Appli- 
ance for counteracting the effect of 
atmospheric electricity in factories 
by diffusing moisture in the air. 

aeroplane * 

agraph (a graf '), n. A spoken word. 

agrotechny ( ag'ro-tek-ni ), n. The 
science of agriculture. [Gr.] 

Aino (l'no), n. One of the so-called 
aborigines in Northern Japan distin- 
guished by small hairy bodies and 
called " Hosinos " by the Japanese. 

air-bell (ar'bel), n. Phot. Air bubbles 
appearing on a plate while being 
developed or on an albumen-coated 
print. [pressed air. 

air-brake, n. Brake operated by com- 



air-gun, n. Gun which discharges 
missiles by force of compressed "air. 

air-pump, %. Pump operated by com- 
pressed air or one adapted for ex- 
hausting air from a cavity. 

air-ship, n. Self supporting appara- 
tus for navigating the air, driven by 
its own motor. See aeroplane. * 

alcohology ( al-ko-hol'o- ji ), n. The 
study of diseases caused by alcohol. 

alfalfa (al-fal'fa), n. Bot. Lucerne, 
(medicago saliva), a valuable forage 
grass cultivated in the West. [Sp.] 

alternating-current, n. An electric 
current that rapidly passes back and 
forward from the positive to the nega- 
tive direction, in contrast to the con- 
tinuous current from the brushes of 
a direct-current dynamo. 

Amerindian ( am-er-in'di- an). I. a. 
Relating to the American Indians. II. 
n. Indian of the American continent. 

anabolism(an-ab'o-lizm), n. Biol.Th&t 
part of metabolism during which food 
is converted into living matter. See 

CATABOLISM and METABOLISM. 

anthrophotoscope ( an-thro-fo'to- 
skop ), n. Phot. An instrument to 
change the figures or background in a 
photograph in rephotographing. 

append icectomy ( ap-pen-di-sek'to- 
mi) , n. Med. Excision or removal of 
the vermiform appendix. 

aprosexia (ap-ro-seks'i-a), n. Inability 
to concentrate the mind or to retain 
information for any length of time. 

arc-light * Cf. incandescent light. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wglf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



ardois system 



696 



braille 




Armored-automobile. 



ardois system ( ar'dois ), n. Naut, 
Arrangement for signaling at night at 
sea by means of electric red and white 
lamps, con 



trolled b y 
key - pres- 
sure, on deck. 

armored. 
automo- 
bile, n. One 
equipped 
with an ar- 
mor-plate 
compart- 
ment and a 
Maxim or similar gun; used in war- 
asbestine system ( as-bes'ten ), n. 
Arrangement for irrigation of or- 
chards, by means of perforated pipes 
placed below the soil. 

atmosphere, n. A unit of pressure 
for each unit of area; pressure of a 
30 inch vertical mer- 
cury column at a tem- 
perature of 0° C. at sea 
level, at London. 

audiential (a-di-en'- 
shal), a. Relating or 
pertaining to an au- 
dience. 

audiphone (a'di-fon), 
h. Device for aiding 
the deaf to hear; esp. 
a rubber fan-like ap- 
pliance to be placed 
between the teeth. 

an gratin (o-gra-tang'). 
Covered with bread crumbs or with 
cheese, and baked brown, as potatoes. 

auto-boat * [its own motor. 

auto-bus, n. Omnibus propelled by 

auto-car (a't5-kar), n. Automobile. 

auto-cycle* 

auto-digestion, n. Digestion of the 
stomach by the gastric juice.— auto- 
infection, n. Infection caused by 
toxic condition of the person affected. 
—auto-intoxication, n. Poisoning 
bv the generation of toxic matter 
within one's own system. 

auto-suggestion, n. Self hypnotism. 

automat (a' to-mat), n. Phot. Shutter 
exposing the lens of a camera; oper- 
ated by pressure of a bulb. 

automobile * 

jbutomobilist (a - 1 o - m 6-' b i 1-i s t), n. 
Owner, driver of or one who rides in 
an automobile. — automo'bilism, n. 
The art or act of using an automobile. 

an to-motor (a- to-mo'tur), n. Automo- 
bile. " [operated by a motor. 

auto-truck, n. Dray or heavy truck 

aviator (a'vi-a-tiir), n. One who uses 
or directs an air ship. 




Audiphone. 



ball-bearing * 

battleship, n. Specifically, a heavily 
armored war-ship of slower speed 
than a cruiser, carrying larger guns. 

battery, secondary, n. A battery 
that converts electric energy supplied 
to it by a dynamo or by primary bat- 
teries, into chemical energy.— bat- 
tery, storage, n. A secondary bat- 
tery, or one which does not develop 
but transmits electrical energy. — 
battery, galvanic, n. One that 
produces electricity by chemical ac- 
tion; a voltaic-battery. 

Bertillon-system ( ber-til'yon. Fr. 
bar-ti-lyong'), n. System of identifi- 
cation by recording the physical char- 
acteristics of a criminal by photog- 
raphy and by minute measurements. 

bar-bell, n. Two iron balls connected 
by a steel bar; used as a dumb-bell. 

basket-ball,». An indoor game, some- 
what resembling football, the goals 
being two suspended wire-baskets. 

bath-room, n. Toilet room, contain- 
ing a bath-tub and lavatory. 

Becquerel-rays * 

Bessemer-process, n. A process of 
making steel or ingot iron, by forcing 
air through the molten metal in order 
to free the pig iron from silicon and 
carbon. [Namedfrom the inventor.] 

betulithic (bet-u iith'ik), n. A paving 
material composed of sand, tar, peb- 
bles, and certain secret compositions. 

binder, n. Machine that cuts and 
binds grain (stalks) in bundles. 

biograph * 

bionic (bi-on'ik), a. Biol. Having the 
power to repeat the same physical 
characteristics in succeeding genera- 
tions, [picture machine. 

bioscope ( bl'o-skop ), n. A moving- 
blast-furnace, n. Smelter furnace 
arranged in a manner so that a blast 
of air causes intenser heat. 

block-system, n. A division of rail- 
road tracks into sections of equal 
lengths called "blocks" connected and 
controlled by automatic signals. Only 
one train at a time is allowed to travel 
in the same direction on a "block." 

blue-print, n. Phot. Positive print 
in white lines on a blue sensitized 
paper or background. 

boodle * 

Boxer, n. Member of a secret Chinese 
organization.said to have been formed 
for athletic purposes, which led the 
uprising of 1900 against foreigners 
and missionaries in China. 

braille (bral), n. 1. The point system 
of printing for the blind, by which 
raised points, embossed in the paper, 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, Zare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, woW; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



bridge-whist 



697 



coherer 



in different forms, represent the letters 
and numerals. 2. The symbols repre- 
senting the letters and numerals. — 
braille-mnsie, n. A similar sys- 
tem, adapted for musical-notation. 

bridge- whist, n. A game of whist, in 
which the dealer or partner makes 
trump, the hand of the partner being 
u?ed as a dummy. 

briquet (bri-kef), «■• 1- Coal dust arti- 
ficially compressed into blocks. 2. 
The material treated in a similar 
manner for various purposes. 



cablegram, n. Message sent by cable. 

cadet (ka-def). n Student who teaches 
for the value o f the experience without 
pay or one whu performs certain du- 
ties in partial payment for tuition. 

cafetera * 

calesin (ka-la-sen'), n. A two-wheeled 
Philippine cart drawn by one horse. 

canals of Mars, n. pi. Certain ap- 
pearances on the surface of the moon 
which change at different seasons, 
and resemble canals, believed by some 
astronomers to be the result of vege- 

' tation and by others, to be canals. 

canape ( ka-na-pa '), n. Fried bread, 
cut in various shapes and spread with 
dainties, such as caviare. 

carborundum ( kar-bor-un'dum ), n. 
Carbon and silicon, compounded in 
the electric furnace and used for 
grinding and other purposes. 

cardiogram (kai'di-o-gram), n. The 
tracing made by a cardiograph. 

cardiograph (kar'di-o-graf ), n. Ma- 
chine which records by tracings on 
paper, the movements of the heart. 

casb -register, n. Machine for regist- 
ering amount of money deposited in 
it; used for keeping account of sales. 

casings (ka'sings), n. pi. Intestines of 
certain animals used for sausage 
coverings. 

eatabolism ( ka-tab'o-lizm ), n. Biol. 
That part of 'metabolism, during 
which living matter is converted into 
simpler substances; see anabolism 
and metabolism. [Or. kata, down, 
and hallo, throw.] 

cathode photograph, n. The act 
or process of making skiagraphs, 

cathode-rays, n. Bays from the 
cathode passing to the opposite side 
of a Crookes-tube acted upon by an 
alternating high potential current, 
producing fluorescence. 

cell(sel), n. 1. Biol. The unit of phy- 
sical life or the smallest organized 
element manifesting independent 
vital action. 2. Group of braille points. 



chalice veil, n. Eccl. A cover uf.ed 
in Episcopal and Rom. Cath. churches 
for covering the chalice and paten, 
the color of which changes with the 
ecclesiastical seasons. 

chauffeur * 

chirograph (ki'ro-graf), n. Device for 
holding a pen in the proper posit on 
on the finger, for writing. 

choking-coil, n. Elec. A wire coil 
of small resistance for impeding the 
current of an alternating circuit. 

Christian Science, n. A system of 
metaphysical principles formulated 
in 1866 by Mary Baker G. Eddy. 

chromocollograph ( kro-mo-kol'o- 
graf), n, Phot. A reproduction in 
colors by the collodion process. 

chromopbotography * 

chronograph (kron'o-graf),w. Instru- 
ment which graphically records the 
time or duration of an event, as the 
movements of planets. 

chronophotograph ( kron-o-pho'to- 
graf), n. One of the individual photo- 
graphs or films of a series ol kinet- 
oscopic pictures. 

chuck (chuk), n. Device for holding 
anything while being rotated. 

cinematograph (sin-e-mat'o-graf), n. 
Machine for making moving pictures 
and reproducing same; a kinetograph. 
[Gr. kinema, movement, grapho, write.] 

circuit, n. Elec. The course of an 
electric current.— closed circuit, n, 
Circuit with continuous flowing cur- 
rent, whether used or not. The tele- 
graph operator's key interrupts the 
current and forms the signals.— open 
circuit, n. One with the battery out 
of circuit when the line is at rest. — 
multiphase or polyphase-cir- 
cuit, n. One whose currents are the 
combination of several alternating 
currents with various phases, rotat- 
ing a magnetic needle. 

circuit-breaker, n. A safety device 
which automatically opens a circuit 
or blows out a spark-plug when the 
current exceeds a given value. 

clearing-house checks, n. Emerg- 
ency checks issued by the joint action 
of banks represented in a clearing 
house. _[of the clouds. 

cloudscape (kloud'skap), n. A picture 



<: 



> 



Coherer. 

coherer (k5-her'er), n. Elec. A device 
for receiving the impact of electrical 



t*te. fat. task, far, fall, fare, above; jne, met, her; mite, mit; note, net, mo*ve, wotf; 

mute, hut, burn ; pi), owl, then. 



coil-induction 



R98 



electrolier 



waves upon certain substances and 
making them conductive by causing 
the particles to cohere. — Marconi 
coherer, n. Glass tube exhausted of 
air containing nickel and silver filings 
between two silver poles, for receiving 
minute electro-magnetic waves. 

coil-induction, n. Two coils, one 
within the other, the electric actions 
of each upon the other being called 
mutual induction. — primary-coil, 
n. The coil of induction, that is 
charged with electricity.— second- 
ary coil, n. The coil acted upon by a 
primary coil.— Ruhmkorff coil, n. 
An induction coil with an interrupter 
by which the circuit is automatically 
and very rapidly opened and closed. 

coin-silver, n. The U. S. legal stand- 
ard of silver for coinage consisting of 
90 p. c. silver and 10 p. c.copper. 

commandeer ( kom-an-der'), vt. To 
press into military service. [Dut. 
kommanderen, command.] 

commutator (kom'u-ta-tar), n. Elec. A 
device to vary the strength or change 
the direction of an electric current. 

comptograph * 

comptometer * 

conning-tower, n, A heavily ar- 
mored room on a battleship, contain- 
ing peep holes. 

cravcnette ( krav-en-et' ), n. Closely 
woven overcoat that sheds the rain. 

<.■rook.es-t.utoe, n. 
A partial or high 
vacuum tube with 
which Prof. Wm. 
Crookes made 
many important 
experiments, gen- 
erating invisible 
rays by passing 
an electric current 
through the tube. 

culture, n. Biol, 
Process or medi 
um used in, or pro- 
duct arising from, 
ihe development 
and multiplication 
of bacteria. 

cyclist* 

cyclometer * 

cystoscope(sis'to-skop), n. Surg. In- 
strument for viewing the interior of 
the bladder by electric illumination. 
[Gr. kystis, bladder and skopeo, view.] 



deadhead * 

denaturized alcohol, n. Alcohol 
rendered noa-usable as a beverage or 
for medicinal purposes. 




Crookes' tube. 




Disappearing gun. 



detector, n. Elect. Device for tracing 
faults or circuits.— lineman's de- 
tector, n. A magnetic indicator for 
localizing faults in a telegraph circuit. 
-magneto bell detector,?!. Device 
which causes a bell to ring when an 
arc-light or series circuit is broken.— 
ground detector, n. A device which 
causes an incandescent lamp to 
burn when an underground circuit is 
broken. 

disappear- 
in g-gun, n. 
Heavy cannon 
equipped so 
that after fir- 
ing the gun 
automatical • 
ly recedes be- 
low the crest 
of the fortifi- 
cations. 

dittogram ( dit'o-gram ), n. A letter 
or letters unintentionally repeated in 
copying or type-writing, [sonality. 

double personality, n. Dual per- 
il ry-dock, n. See dock. 

dual -personality, n. Psych. The 
unaccountable manifestation, at dif- 
ferent times, of two [distinct inde- 
pendent personalities in the same 
individual, the act of one being un- 
known to, and incompatible with the 
character of the other, as in the case 
of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. 

dynamo, n. Machine that changes 
mechanical iuto electrical energy, by 
the rotation, close to electromagnetic 
poles, of an iron core wound with wire, 
called the armature. 

ecdemic (ek-dem'ik), a. Med. Having 
origin in some distant locality, as 
disease, opposed to endemic. 

eidoloscope(i-d5'io-skop), n. Machine 
for enlarging and exhibiting kineto- 
scopic films. 

electro-culture, n. Stimulation of 
plant life by the application of the 
electric current or by electric light. 

electrocute * electrocuter * 

electrokinetics (e-lek-tro-kin-et'iks), 
n. Science of electrical motion. 

electron ( e-lek'tron ), n. The electric 
force of an atom, claimed by some 
to be a separate entity. 

electrody namo meter (e-lek-tro-dl- 
na-mom'e-ter), n. Instrument for de- 
termining the strength of an electric 
current. 

electrolier ( e-lek-tro-ler'), n. Decor- 
ated wall bracket, ceiling-drop or 
other similar apparatus for support- 
ing electric lights. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



electro-magnetic brake 



699 



mail-catcher 



electro-magnetic brake, n. Rail- 
road brake applied directly to the 
rail through 
an electro- 
magnetic cur- 
rent. 

ergo graph 
(er'go-graf), n. 
Instrument 
for measuring 
fatigue or 
mental excite- 
ment. [Gr. en 





,.^ 










Is 


Kl^jkmli 









Electro-magnetic brake. 



wor^grapko, write.] 

electrophone (e-lek-tro-fon), n. Elec- 
tric device for aidiug the deaf to hear. 

esthesiometer (es-tbe-si-om'e-ter), n. 
Instrument for estimating the 
strength of sensations. 

exaltation (eks-al-ta'shun ), n. Med. 
State of delusional ecstacy. 

expansionist ( eks-pan'shun-ist ), n. 
One who believes in colonial or terri- 
torial acquisitions, esp. in relation to 
extension of the U. S. domain. 



fedora (fe-do'ra), n. A special shaped 
soft felt hat or a similar form in 
straw. — fedora, a. [ From one of 
Sardou's plays of that name.l 

fluoroscope (flu'ur-o-skop), n. A box 
like apparatus by means of which the 
effects of X-rays are observed. 

formaldehyde (far-mal'de-hid), n. A 
powerful disinfectant and antiseptic 
obtained from methyl alcohol. 

formalin (farm'a-lin), n. A 40% solu- 
tion of formaldehyde. 

frankfurter ( frank'furt-er ), n. A 
sausage made of different meats, high- 
ly seasoned. [From Frankfurt, Ger.] 

fulgurite ( ful'gu-nt ), n. A powerful 
explosive containing nitroglycerin. 



garage (gar'aj). [Fr. ga-razh].* 

gastrograph ( gas'tro-graf J, n. A 
mechanism for recording the move- 
ments of the stomach and the move- 
ment of the food during digestion. 

gloria (glo'ri-a), n. A chant or ascrip- 
tion of praise, as Gloria in Excelsis. 

Geissler tube ( gis'ler ), n. A sealed 
tube containing a gas which becomes 
luminous when charged by an electric 
current from an induction coil. 

gramophone (gram'o-fon) * 

graphophone (graf'o-fon) * 

graft * 

grafter * 

grenade (gre-nad'), n. A glass shell 
containing chemicals, to be thrown 
and broken in case of fire, the chem- 
icals extinguishing the fire. 



header, n. Machine which cuts the 
heads off standing grain and delivers 
them over a carrier into a header-box 
or special wagon-box. 

higher criticism, n. Theo. Rigid 
inquiry into the historical and liter- 
acy features of the Bible. 

humidor (hu'mi-dar), n. Any recep- 
tacle in which a certain amount of 
moisture is maintained,_as for cigars. 

hydroplane ( hi'dro-plan ), n. Boat 
which skims over the surface of 
water, being propelled by a motor 
which drives two or more aerial pro- 
pellers called hydroplanes. 

hydrophone (hi'dro-fon), n. 1. Ap- 
pliance for finding leaks in water 
pipes. 2. Electrical device for warn- 
ing a fleet or fort of a secret attack 
about to be made by war-vessels. 

incandescent-lamp * 

institutional church, n. One that 
organizes its forces into departments 
for philanthropic purposes, acting as 
a social center for a community. 



kineograph ( kin-e'o-graf ), n. A 

moving picture. 
kinetograph, kinetoscope * 
kissing-bug, n. A black bug with 

a long beak, of the order Hemiptera. 
knock-out-drops, n. pi. A narcotic 

used by thieves to stupefy. 



leucocyte (lo'ko-sit), n. One of the 
colorless protoplasmic particles in 
the blood and lymph having powers 
of locomotion, and very destructive 
to micro-organisms. 

linotype* Compare monotype. 

listerine (lis'ter-in), n. A trade name 
applied to an antiseptic liquid. 

litany (lit'a-ni), n. Special form of 
supplications in the Anglican or Epis- 
copal prayer-book, and in the Rom. 
Church, in which the clergy lead 
and the people respond, alternately. 



mabola (ma-bo'la) * 

machine-gun, h. A repeating gun; 
one fitted with a magazine for firing 
many shots in succession; operated 
by a lever or crank. "** 

magazine-gun, n. A repeating rifle, 
pistol or revolver containing a maga- 
zine for many cartridges which can be 
fired in very rapid succession. 

mail-catcher, n. Device which 
catches mail-sacks suspended from a 
pole, transferring them to a mail-car 
while in motion. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



Marconi-system 



700 



phonograph 



Marconi-system(mar-ko'ni), n. Wire- 
less telegraphy requiring a coherer in 
the receiver, as devised by Marconi. 

mareograph ( mar'e-o-graf ), n. A 
device for automatically recording 
tidal changes at the sea level. 

Mauser (ma'zer), n, A rifle carrying 
five cartridges in the stock. 

Maxim-gun (max'im), n. An auto-, 
maiic single-barreled machine gun 
that can fire 600 shots a minute oper- 
ated by the recoil of the first shot fired. 

megafog (meg'a-fog ), n.. A signal- 
megaphone used by light-houses for 
conveying certain sound-signals to 
vessels during a fog. 

mercury- vapor lamp, 
n. Long glass tube, par- 
tially exhausted, con- 
taining mercury which' 
vaporizes upon applica- 
tion of a high voltage 
electric current and 
becomes incandescent. 
Invented by Peter Coop- 
er Hewitt in 1901. 

metabolism (me-tab'o- 
lizm), n. Biol. The pro- 
cess by which food is con- 
verted into blood and 
tissue, (a?i,abolism) and 
by which decomposition 
of living matter takes 
place (catabolism).— me- 
tab'olic, a. [Gr. meta, 
beyond and ballo, throw.] 

mesquit ( mes-kit' ), n. 
The shrubs Prosopis 
julifiora and the Pros, pu- 
beseem, of California and Mercury-vapor 
the Southwest. lamp. 

micrograph (mi'kro- 
graf), n. 1. A microscopic picture. 
2. Appliance for making minute 
drawings. 

micrographophone (ml-kro-graf'o- 
fon). n. A device for reproducing 
and intensifying faint sounds. 

micromotoscope (mi-kro-mo' to- 
skop), n. A machine for photograph- 
ing minute moving objects. 

micropbonograph(mi-kro-f on'-o- 
graf), n. A phonograph with an at- 
tachment for intensifying sound. 

monad (mon'ad). I. a. Chem. Having 
a valance of one. II. n. A simple, in- 
divisible sub- 
stance; the 
soul. 

mono-r ai 
system, n. 
A one-rail Mono-rail system, 
electric rail- 
way invented by Louis Brennan. The 





cars are supported by one row of cen- 
ter wheels, governed by a series of 
gyroscopic wheels, operated by a 
motor. The speed attained is incredi- 
ble and the equilibrium is perfect. 

monotype (mon'o-tip), n. Machine 
which casts type and sets it, type 
hy type, instead 
of in slugs, as 
a linotype, * 
which see. 

motor-bus, n, 
Omnibus pro- 
pelled by its 
own motor. 

motor-boat * 

motor-cycle* 

motorist * 

motorman * 



narcomania ( nar-ko-ma'ni-a ), n. 

Path. Mania for the use of narcotics. 

[Gr. narke, torpor and mania.madness. J 
nephogram (nef'o-gram), n. A cloud 
ihotograph. [Gr. nephele, cloud and 




gramma-grapho, write.] 
nephograph (nef'o-graf), n. 

for photographing clouds. 
n-rays * 



Device 



objective mind, n. A term applied 
to the mind that takes cognizance of 
all that impresses itself upon the 
senses, as distinguished from the so- 
called subconscious mind. 

obsession ( ob-sesh'un ), n. 1. Path. 
Continual recurrence of a fixed idea 
or delusion. 2. The state or act of be- 
ing influenced by an evil spirit as in 
demonology. 3. Spirit. State of con- 
trol as a medium in a trance. 

okapi (o-ka'pi), n. A ruminant animal 
with a head like a deer, short neck 
and forelegs, otherwise resembling a 
giraffe, discovered in Africa in 1900. 

open Sunday, n. Term used to des- 
ignate a Sunday not restricted by 
laws which require saloons or places 
of amusements to be closed. 



phase (faz), n. State of two alternat- 
ing currents that are " in step " with 
one another so that the potentials 
rise and fall together. 

phantasmograph, (fan-taz'mo- 
graf), n. A holder for printing lan- 
tern slides from glass negatives. 
[QrY.phantasma-phao, shiue and grapho, 
write.] 

pianola * 

phonograph (fon'o-graf) * 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, m5ve, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, Men, 



photo-cantor y 



701 



skiagraph 




photo-cautery(fo-to-ka'ter-i), n. Med. 
Cauterization by light waves, esp. by- 
x-rays. [Gr. phos, light and kauter, 
hot iron.] 

photo - gastroscope ( fo-to-gas'tro- 
8k6p),». Camera for photographing in- 
terior of the stomach by electric light. 

photogram ( fo'to-gram ), n. Tele- 
graphic mes- 
sage recorded 
photographi- 
cally. 

photo-teleg- 
raphy, n. 
System of 
telegraphy 
by which tel- 
e g r a p hie 
charac ters 
are received 
and photo- Photogram. 

graphically printed. 

phrenogram (fren'o-gram), n. Are- 
cord made by the phrenograph. [Gr. 
phren, mind, and gramma, writing.] 

phrenog-raph (fren'o-graf), n. Appa- 
ratus for recording the movements or 
the diaphragm. [Gr. phren, mind, and 
grapho, write.] 

polyphase (pol'i-faz), a. Elect. Having 
more than one current, differing in 
phase, arising from different parts of 
the armature of the same alternator, 
each current supplying a separate 
wire or circuit, and lagging behind 
each other by definite intervals of time 

poloninm(po-lo'ni-um), n. Unisolated 
element found by Currie in 1898 in 
uraninite, possessing power of emit- 
ting Becquerel-rays. [From Poland, 
the discoverer's native country.] 

pompom (pom'pom),«. A Maxim type 
of gun so called from the sound made 
by its discharge._ 

Populism (pop'u-lizm), n. The doc- 
trines of the People's or Populist 
Party, a political organization 
founded in the U. S. in 1892. 

Populist party, n. Political party 
organized 1892, which advocated a 
larger currency, public ownership of 
railroads and other reforms. 

potential, n. Mec. The condition of 
a mass or electrical charge, by force 
of which it would, at that point, pos- 
sess the power of doing work. 

Prince Albert. I. n. A d o u b 1 e 
breasted frock coat usually worn on 
formal occasions. II. a. Resembling 
or made like a Prince Albert coat. 

printing:, n. Phot. Act or process 
of reproducing, by aid of light, on a 
chemically prepared paper, an image 
from a negative or film. 



printing-paper, n. Phot. Chemically 
prepared paper for transferring a 
picture to,_from a negative or film. 

proteid(pro'te-id), n. 1. A compound of 
hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, 
and sulphur found in all vegetable 
and animal organisms. [Gr. protos, 
first, pro, before.] 



radio-active (ra^di-o ak'tiv) * 

radiography (ra-di-og'ra-fi), n. The 
art of making x-ray pictures. 

radiotherapy (ra-di-o-ther'a-pi), n. 
The use of light-waves, as x-rays, in 
the treatment of disease. [L.. radis, 
radiate, and Gr. therapon, servant.] 

radium * 

rathskeller (rats'kel-er),' n. A base- 
ment restaurant or social resort, fre- 
quented as an after-theater-gathering 
place. [Ger. = city hall cellar.] 

receiver, n, That part of a telephone 
through which the message is received. 

reconcentrado ( ra-kon-then-tra'do ), 
Prior to Spanish-American war, one 
forced to move from the country to 
the towns of Cuba. [Sp.J 

referendum * 

relay, n. A telegraph receiver or re- 
peater for use when the current is not 
strong enough to operate the record- 
ing register. 

remittance-man, n. A British sub- 
ject supported in the colonies by re- 
mittances from home. 

Roentgen-rays * 

roof-garden, n. A garden or imita- 
tion of one, on the roof of a building, 
where patrons are supplied with 
either food or entertainment. 

rough-rider, n. 1. A member of the 
1st. U. S. Volunteer Cavalry in the 
Span.-Am. war. 2. A cow-boy. 

rummage-sale, n. 1. A sale of second 
hand articles, donated for the benefit 
of a church, society or charity. 2. A 
clearing-sale in a large store. 



scagliola (skal-yo'la), n. An imita- 
tion of variegated marble. [It.] 

scenic-railway, n. A miniature rail- 
way built in amusement parks ar- 
ranged so that cars will run over arti- 
ficial mountains and valleys. 

sero-therapy (ser-o-ther'a-pi), n. The 
injection of immunized animal serum 
into human veins as a cure or preven- 
tion of certain diseases. 

serum (se'rum),w. A watery yellowish 
fluid in the blood that does not mix 
with the coagulum. [L.] 

skiagraph (ski'a-graf) * 



fate, fat, task, far, fa,ll, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



sorority 



'02 



Zionism 



sorority(so-ror'i-ti),??.. A secret society 
of female students attached to the 
same school or college. 

spark-gap, %. Elec. The gap or space 
between the ends of a resonator, 
jumped over by an electric spark. 

sub-conscious mind, n. Term ap- 
plied to a hypothetical mind whose 
manifestations do not appear to orig- 
inate through the physical senses. 

See OBJECTIVE-MIND. 

snbmarine-boat * 

syntony (sin'to-ni), n. The tuning of 
wireless receivers and transmitters, 
one to the other. [together. 

syntonize ( sin'to-niz ), vt. To tune 



taal (tal), n. Language. [S. Afr. D.] 

taxanieter (taks-am'e-ter), n. Taxi- 
meter. 

taximeter (taks'i- 
me-ter), n. 1. Device 
for automatically 
recording the dis- 
tance traveled in a 
cab or vehicle and 
the amount charged 
for the service. 2. 
Any device for auto- 
matically recording 
the consumption or 
cost of a commodity, 
as gas, electricity , e tc. 

telantograph * 

telegraphone(te-leg'ra-fon), n. Tele- 
phone which automatically records 
and reproduces speech. [Gr. tele, far, 
grapho, write and phone, sound.] 

tele phonograph * 

telephotos (tel-e-fo'tos), n. A device 
for sending signals, by which electric 
lamps are flashed by means of a key- 
board. [Gr. tele, far and photos, light.] 

telescriptor ( tel-e-skript'ut), n. A 
telegraphic instrument which elec- 
trically prints messages as received. 

tetrjthedral-liite, n. A kite made 
up of many cells formed in the shape 
of tetrahedrons, used for experimental 
purposes in aerial navigation. 

thermograph * 

thermolysis ( ther-mol'i-sis ), n. 1. 
Radiation of heat from animal bodies. 
2. Dissociation into component ele- 
ments by heat. 

third-rail, n. An additional rail used 
for electric cars for the transmission 
of electricity from a power-station. 

tonnean (ton-no') * 

torpedo-boat * 

torpedo-boat-destroyer, n. Boat 
equipped for the destruction of torpe- 
does or torpedo-boats. 




Taximeter. 



torpedo-tnbe, n. Tube from which 

a torpedo is fired by compressed air. 

toxin or tuxine, n. 

Chem. An animal 
poison caused by the 
metabolism of tissue - 
[Gr. toxikon, poison.] 
transformer, n. 
Elec. Modified induc- 
tion coil by which 
high pressure cur- 
rents are received, 
and transformed and 
distributed as low 




pressure currents. 



Torpedo-tube. 



transmitter, n. That part of the tele- 
phone through which the message is 
spoken. [turbine. 

ttirbo-motor, n. A motor-driven 
taxedo (tuks e'do), n. A kind of semi- 
formal, short coat. [— Tuxedo, N. J.] 



view-finder, n. Phot. Part of a 
camera which shows the object to be 
photographed on a small ground 
glass, as an aid in securing the focus. 

vsstascope (vis'ta-skop), n. A double 
kite-like apparatus for viewing dis- 
tant objects from the ground, the 
image reflected on the kites, being 
thrown onto a ground glass through 
a lens both fitted into a box-like 
device, and supported by the kites, 
the observer using a field glass to see 
the image on the ground glass. 

vitascope (vi'ta-skop), n. Device for 
enlarging kinetoscopic pictures and 
throwing them on the screen. 

voltite (vol'tit), n. Material for insu- 
lating electric wires, etc. 



wireless-telegraphy * 
wireless-telephone, n. A 

telephone for transmitting 
speech or sound without the 
aid of wires; 
Now successful- 
ly operated over 
distances of five 
miles and used 
intheU.S.Navy.<^ 



x-rays 




Wireless-telephone. 



Yom Kipprcr (yom-kip'ur ), n. The 
day of atonement in the Jewish church, 
observed on the 10th of Tisri. 

Zionism (zi'on-izm), n. An organized 
attempt to resettle the Jews from all 
parts of the world in Palestine, for 
both religious and political purposes. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



"35^ 




M 



'n»\ 



BOTANICAL. 
(\j Annual plant. 
(Z) Biennial plant. 
1£ Perennial plant. 

^y A shrub. ^ Tree- 

©Plant that, flowers 
but once. 
5 Large -fc Dnder 
shrub. _} shrub. 

A An evergreen. 

) Turning to the left. 

C " ■> right. 

f*\ Climbing plant. 
+ -p. Stamlnate or male 
O or $ plant or flower, 
n Pistillate or female 
+ plant or flower. 
+ q Unisexual. Sepa- 
O + rate male and 
female flowers. 
v Hermaphrodite 
* plant or flower, 
o Feet. ' Inches. 
" Lines. 
With European writ- 
ers, ' indicates feet; 
" inches, "' lines. 

ASTRONOMICAL. 

or ml The Sun. 

® or © or J The Earth 

3>or(J The Moon; 

w Moon. W Moon. 
Tk First £ Last 
Jf Quarter, u. Quarter. 

rpoK© Uranus. 
$ Mercury. $ Venus. 
S Mars. Tf Jupiter. 
\y Neptune. T? Saturn. 



COMMERCIAL. 



Dollar. 

Cent. 



$ 



r Pound 
^j sterling. 

/ Shilling. 

39 Per (Ob. 



At 



1C 



Account. 

Per 
cent. 

Care of 
Bill of 
Lading. 
Letter of 
Credit. 



MEDICAL. 

"D, Recipe; 
XV take. 

"aa Of each. 

C indicates di- 

^ rectiontobe 

put on package 

or bottle. 

Tb Pound. 
§ Ounce. 

O O ounce 
§ ss Half ounce 

Q Drachm. 
^ Scruple. 

C Gallon. 

O Pint. 
f% Fluid 



Ounce. 

Fluid 

drachm. 

It^orTT^ 

Minim or drop. 



f\ F 



MATHEMATICAL. 

I , Plus: __ Minus: 



addition. 



less. 



V or . Multiplied by : as 
* 2x2=4 or 2.2=4. 

_i_ Divided — Equal 
* by. to. 

«. Greater <-- Lesser 
.-> than. ^ than. 

/" — s^_ Equivalent in 

— s^_ # X — volume or 
area to. 

v^or\/ Root. 

o Degree, as 30°. 
' Minute, as 15'. 
" Second, as 20". 
a 1 First power, a 2 Sec- 
ond power or square. 
a 3 Third poweror cube. 

OF THE ZODIAC. 

Aries or Ram. 

Taurus or Bull. 
Gemini or 
Twins. 

Cancer or Crab. 
&C Leo or Lion. 

TT£ Virgo or Virgin. 
«. Libra 

or Balance 

-rn Scorpio 

L or Scorpion. 
f. Sagittarius 
•r or Archer. 

■ur) Capricornus 

"J or Goat. 

aw Aquarius 

A/w or Waterman. 

X Pisces or Fishes 

MISCELLANEOUS, 

or <XC, ail (i so forth. 
Versicle. Denotes 
parts to be sung or 
recited by the priest. 
Response. Used in 
prayer books. 




R 



m 



^&>Sd 



Ma^o^ 



Copyright, 1905, hj Tm, H. Lee. 




BRATTSMENS ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS 



The principal characters and signs used in the arts and sciences, includ- 
ing Mathematics Astronomy, Botany, Medicine, Commerce, 
and other branches will be found on preceding page. 



« 



Wall tube. 

Single-pole cut-out; if a figure is 
alongside, it denotes amperes. 
-ft—h. Double-pole cut-out; if a figure is 

1 '" alongside, it denotes amperes. 
r |~( I ■>-] J Three-pole cut-out; if a figure is 
alongside, it denotes amperes. 



-E*3- 



>~ 



Wall attachment. 

Small branch cut-out. 

-^ Reversing or pole-changing 
j£/ 3 switch for three amperes. 

0" Single-pole switch for four 
4 amperes. 

0* Double-po-le switch for four 
4 amperes. 

a^ Three-pole switch for four 
4- amperes. 

/VW\ Single circuit (flexible cord). 

^ Fixed incandescent lamp. 

*\S^C Portable incandescent lamp. 

©Stationary group of incandescent 
5 lamps; number of lamps, five. 

/vv /^\ Portable group of incandescent 
^K*/3 lamps ; number of lamps, three. 

m) Arc lamps of six amperes. 

{ X Wall bracket (one lamp). 

T Standing lamp (one lamp). 

^ | w Hanging lamp (two lamps). 

>£^C Electrolier (four lamps). 



Illlffli't- Accumulators or secondary 

}}"2' batteries. 

/Va Dynamo of generator, with 

V ten kilowatts capacity. 



Motor with 2 kilowatts capa- 
city- [85 kilowatts. 
Transformer with capacity of 
2-wire meter, with capacity 
of five kilowatts. 
r^vj 3-wire or alternate current 
1° . meter with capacity of 10 
01 Ammeter. [kilowatts. 



Voltmeter. 

Ordinary return circuit. 

Three-wire or alternating cur- 
rent circuit. 

Flexible conduit, armored 
(Greenfield type). 

Vertical mains, up and down. 



tfv 



■oat Switchboard, 2-wire system. 
_ Switchboard, three-wire sys- 

w mm tem, or alternating. 
f><] 10 Rheostat or heating appli- 
li — *"" ance of ten amperes. 

<VA/ [X| 6 Portable rheostat of six am- 
peres. 

Choking coil. 



Lightning arrester. 
•j Lightning-rod tip. 
a Ground. 



^# 



CONDUCTORS. — B., bare copper; B. F., bare iron galvanized; 
G. seamless rubber insulation; L., flexible cords; K. B., bare lead- 
covered cable; K. A., lead-covered cable, with aspbaltum taped- 
cover; K. E., lead-covered cable, armored; g., conductors on insula- 
tors; o., conductors in iron conduit. 

In Germany, Austria and Italy these symbols are in uni- 
versal use. 



Copyright, 1905, by We. H. Lee. 




N. B.— In the respelling for pronunciation kk represents German and Scotch 
ch\ u represents German il and French w, r in foreign words is much 
more strongly trilled than in English. Abbreviations: b. born, d. died, 
1. a. lived about. 



Abbas — Anderson 



Abbas (ab-as') I. Shah of Persia, sur- 

named the Great, b. 1557. d. 1627. 
Abbott (ab'ut), Emma A. American 

singer, b. 1849. d. 1891. 
Abbott, John S. C. American his- 
torical writer, b. 1805. d. 1877. 
Abeiard (ab'e-lar), Pierre. French 

theoh gian, b. 1079. d. 1142. 
Abercrombie (ab'er-krum-bi), James. 

British general, b. 1706. d. 1781. 
Abercrombie (ab'er-krum-bi), John. 

Scottish philosopher and phycisist. 

b. 1780. d. 1844. 
Adams (ad'amz), Charles Francis 

(son of J. Q. A.). Am. diplomatist, 

b. 1807. d. 1886. 
Adams, John. Second president of 

the United States, b. 1735. d. 1826. 
Adams, John Quincy. Sixth president 

of the U. S.,b. 1767. d. 1848. 
Adams, Samuel. American patriot 

and statesman, b. 1722. d. 1803. 
Adams, William Taylor (.Oliver Optic.) 

Am. story writer, b. 1822. d. 1897. 
Adrian (a'dri-an) I. Pope. d. 795. 
JEschines (es'ki-nez). Athenian ora- 
tor, b. B. C. 389. d. 314. 
JEschylus (es'ki-lus). Greek tragic 

poet, b. B.C. 525. d. 456. 
iEsop (e'sop). Greek fabulist. Sixth 

century B. C. 
^thelred (eth'el-red) I. King of W. 

Saxons, 866 to 871. 
Agassis, Louis John Rudolph. Swiss 

naturalist in America.b. 1807. d. 1873. 
Agrippafa-grip'a), Marcus Vipsanius. 

Roman statesman, b. B. C. 63. d. 12. 
Agrippina (a-grip-i'na) II. Mother 

of the emperor Nero, b. 15. d. 60. 
Alaric (al'a-rik). Conqueror of Rome. 

King of Visigoths, b. 382. d. 410. 



Alban (al'ban), Saint. First Christian 
martyr of Great Britain, d. 285. 

Alcams (al-se'us). Greek lyric poet, 
b. B. C. 620. d. 580. 

Alcibiades (al-si-bi'a-dez). Famous 
Athenian, b. B. C. 450. d. 404. 

Alcott (al'kut), Louisa May. Ameri- 
can authoress, b. 1833. d. 1888. 

Alcott (al'kut), Amos Bronson (father 
of Louisa M.) American philosopher 
and educator, b. 1799. d. 1888. 

Alexander (al-egz-an'der) I, Emper- 
or of Russia, b. 1777. d. 1825. 

Alexander II, Nicolaevitch. Em- 
peror of Russia, b. 1818. d. 1881. 

Alexander III, Emperor of Russia, 
b. 1845. d. 1894. 

Alexander the Great, King of Ma- 
cedon, b. B. C. 356. d. 323. 

Alfieri (al-fe-a're) Vittorio. Italian 
poet and dramatist, b. 1749. d. 1803. 

Alfonso (al-fon'so) I. of Castile. (The 
Brave), b. 1030. d. 1109. [b. 1886. 

Alfred (al'fred) the Great. King of the 
West Saxons, b. 849. d. 901. 

Allen (al'en), Colonel Ethan. Am. of- 
ficer in Revolution, b. 1737. d. 1789. 

Alvarez (al'va-reth) , Juan. Mexican 
general and president,b. 1790. d. 1870. 

Ames (amz), Fisher. American orator 
and patriot, b. 1758. d. 1808. 

Ampere (ong-par'), Andre" Marie. 
French electrician, b. 1775. d. 1836. 

Anacreon (a-nak're-on), Greek lyric 
poet, b. B. CI 563. d. 478. 

Anaxagoras (an-aks-ag'o-ras), Greek 
philosopher, b. B. C. 500. d. 428. 

Andersen (an'der-sen), Hans Chris- 
tian. Danish writer. (Fairy Tales). 
b. 1805. d. 1875. 



Cite, fat, task, far, fall, tare, above; me, met, her j mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf} 

mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then, 

705 



Andre 



706 



Beecher 



Andre (an'dra), Major John. English 

officer and spy^ b. 1751. d. 1780. 
Andree (an-dra'), Solomon Auguste. 

Swedish aeronaut, b. 1854. d. 1897. 
Anne (an), Queen of England, b. 1684. 

d.1714. 
Antiochus (an-ti'o-kus). (The Great). 

King of Syria, b. B. C. 237. d. 187. 
Antoninus ( an-to-nl'nus ) , Marcus 

Aurelius. Roman emperor, b. 121. d. 

180. 
Antonius (an-t5'ni-us), Marcus. (Mark 

Antony). Roman general, b. B. C. 83. 

d. 30. 
Anelles ( a-pel'ez ) , Famous Greek 

painter, b. B. C. 4th century. 
Apollodorns (a-pol-o-do'rus). ( The 

Shadower). Athenian painter, d. B. C. 

440. 
Aquinas (a-kwi'nas), Thomas, St., 

(Angelic Doctor), b.' 1225. d. 1274. 
Arc (ark), Joan of, (Maid of Orleans) 

b, 1412. d. 1431. 
Archilochus (ar-kil'6-kus), of Paros. 

Greek lyric poet, b. B. C. 714. d. 676. 
Archimedes (ar-ki-me'dez). Mathe- 
matician, Syracuse, b. B. C. 287. d. 

212. [poet, b. 1474. d. 1533. 

Ariosto (a-re-os'to), Ludovico. Italian 
Aria tides ( ar-is-ti'dez ) . (The Just). 

Athenian general and statesman, d. 

B.C. 468. 
Aristippus (ar-is-tip'us). Greek phi- 
losopher, d. B. C. 380. 
Aristophanes (ar-is-tof'a-nez). Comic 

poet of Greece, b. B. C. 444. d. 380. 
Aristotle (ar'is-tot-1). Greek philoso- 
pher, b. B. C. 384. d. 322. 
Arius (a-ri'us or a'ri-us). Greek deacon 

at Alexandria. Founder of Arianism, 

b. 280. d.336. 
Ark wright (ark'rit), Sir Richard. In- 
vented spinning jenny, b. 1732. d. 

1792. 
Arnold (ar'nuld), Benedict. American 

general'and traitor, b. 1741. d. 1796. 
Arnold, Edwin, Sir. English poet 

and orientalist, b. 1832. d. 1904. 
Arnold, Matthew. English poet and 

essayist, b. 1822. d. 1888. 
Arthur (ar'thur) . British king, hero 

of the Round Table. 1. a. 500. 
Arthur, Chester Alan. 21st President 

of U. S., b. 1830. d. 1886. 
As tor (as'tur), John Jacob. Am. mer- 
chant, b. 1763. d. 1848. 
Athanasius (ath-a-na'shi-us), Greek 

father of the church, o. 296. d. 373. 
A ttila (at'i-la). ( The scourge of God) . 

Chief of the Huns, d. 353. 
Audubon (a'du-bon), John James. 

Am. ornithologist, b. 1780. d. 1851. 
Aug-ustine(a'gus-tin), Saint. Numi- 

dian bishop,"b. 354. d. 430. 



Aurelian (a-re'li-an), Claudius Domi- 
tius. Roman emperor, b. 212. d. 275. 

Austen (as'ten), Miss Jane. English 
novelist,"b. 1775. d. 1817. 

Austin, Stephen F. Founder of the 
State of Texas, b. 1793. d. 1836. 

Aylmer (al'mer), John. Bishop of Lon- 
don 1577, b. 1521. d. 1594. 



Bach (baM), Johann Sebastian. Ger- 
man composer, b. 1685. d. 1750. 

Bacon (ba'kun), Frances, Baron Veru- 
lam. English philosopher, b. 1561. 
d. 1626. 

Bacon (ba'kun), Nathaniel. Instigator 
of Bacon's rebellion at Jamestown, 
V., 1676, b. 1642. d. 1676. 

Bacon (ba'kun), Roger. English phi- 
losopher, b. 1214. d. 1294. 

Baffin (baf 'in), William. English navi- 
gator, b. 1554._d. 1622. 

Bainbridge(ban'biij), Wiliam. Amer- 
ican commodore, b. 1774. d. 1833. 

Baker ( ba'ker ), Sir Samuel White. 
English explorer in Africa, b. 1821. 
d. 1893. 

Balboa (bal-bo' a), Vnsco Nunez. Span, 
discoverer of Pacific Ocean 1513, b. 
1475. d. 1518. 

Balzac, de (de bal-zak'), Honore 
French novelist, b. 1799. d. 1891. 

Bancroft (ban'krof t), George. Ameri- 
can historian, b. 1800. d. 1891. 

Barnum (bar'num), Phineas T. Fa- 
mous Am. showman, b. 1810. d. 1891. 

Bayard, de ( de ba'ard ), Pierre du 
Terrail, Chevalier. French warrior, 
b. 1475. d. 1524. 

Bayard (bl'ard), James Asheton. Am. 
statesman,' b. 1767. d. 1815. 

Bayard (ba'ard), Thomas F. Am. sta- 
tesman, b. 1828. d. 1898. 

Beaconsfield (bek'unz-feld), Benja- 
min Disraeli, Earl of,b. 1805. d. 1881. 

Beatrice Portinari (be-a-tres por- 
te-na're). Florentine lady, immortal- 
ized by Dante, b. 1266. d. 1290. 

Beaumont (bo'mont), Francis. Eng. 
dramatic poet, colleague of Fletcher, 
b. 1586. d. 1615. 

Beauregard (b5're-gard), Peter G.T. 
Bombarded Fort Sumter, b. 1817. d. 
1893. 

Becket (bek'et), Thomas a. Archbish* 
op of Canterbury, b. 1117. d. 1170. 

Becquerel (bek-rel'), Antoine Henry, 
French pysicist. (Becquerel rays), b. 
1857. 

Bede ( The Venerable). English monK 
and church historian, b. 672. d. 735. 

Beecher (bech'er), Catherine Esther. 
(Sister of Henry Ward Beecher). Amer- 
ican authoress, b. 1800. d. 1878. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf,; 
mute, nut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



Beecher 707 

Beecher, Henry Ward. Am. divine 
and writer, b. 1813. d. 1887. 

Beethoven, van (van ba'to-ven o?*be- 
to'ven), Ludwig. German musical 
composer, b. 1770. d. 1827. 

Behring (bar-ing), Vitus. Danish nav- 
igator, b. 1680. d. 1741. 

Belisarius ( bel-i-sa'ri-us ). Roman 
genera), b. 505. d. 565. 

Belknap (bel'nap ), Jeremy. Ameri- 
can historian and biographer, b. 1744. 
d. 1798. 

Bell, Sir Charles. Celebrated anato- 
mist and physiologist. Discoverer of 
the functions of the motor and sensory 
nerves, b. 1774. d. 1842. 

Bellamy (bel'a mi), Edward. Ameri- 
can lawyer and writer, b. 1850. d. 
1898. 

Br- ranger , de(de ba-r ong-zha'), Pierre- 
Jean. Frencii poet, b. 1780. d. 1857. 

Bergb (bergh), Henry. Founder Amer- 
ican S. P. C. A, b. 1823. d. 1888. 

Biddle(bid'l), James. American naval 
commander, _b. 1783. d. 1848. 

Bierstadt (ber'stau, Albert. German 
landscape painter in the U. S., b. 
1828, d. 1902. 

Birney ( ber'ni ), David B. American 
general, b. 1825. d. 1864. 

Bismarck (biz'mark), Otto Eduard 
Leopold, Prince von. Creator of Ger- 
man unity, b. 1815. d. 1898. 

Bjoriison (bi-urn'sun), Bjornstjerne. 
Norwegian author, b. ] 832. d. 1907. 

Black, Jeremiah Sullivan. American 
jurist and statesman, b. 1810, d. 1883. 

Black, William. English novelist, b. 
1841, d. 1898. 

Black-Hawk. Noted Indian chief 
and warrior, b. 1768 2 d. 1838. 

Blackstone (blak'ston), Sir William. 
English judge and law commentator, 
b. 1723,d L 1780. 

Blaine (blan), James Gillespie. Amer- 
ican statesman, b. 1830, d. 1893. 

Blair ( blar ), Francis P. American 
politician, b. 1791, d. 1876. 

Blair, Francis Preston, {son of F. P.). 

■ Lawyer and politician, b!l813, d.1883. 

Blavatsky (bla-vats'ki), Mme.Helena. 
Russian theosbphist, b. 1835, d. 1891. 

Blennerhasset (blen-er-has'et), Har- 
man. Dupe of Aaron Burr, b. 1764, 
d. 1831. 

Blacker, von ( von blttM'er ), Geb- 
hard Lebrecht. Prussian general, b. 
1742, d. 1819. 

Boccaccio ( bok-at'cho ), Giovanni. 
Italian novelist, b. 1317, d. 1375. 

Bode (bo'de), Johann Ehlert. German 
astronomer, b. 1747, d. 1826. 

Bolivar (bol'i-var), Simon. Liberator 
of Bolivia, b. 1783. d. 1830. 



Brush 



Bonaparte (bo'na-part), Napoleon I., 
Emper. of the French, b. 1769. d.l82L 

Bonaparte, Napoleon III. {Louis N.). 
Emper. of the French, b. 1808. d.1873. 

Bonheur ( ba-nur' ), Rosalie, Mile. 
French painter of animals, b. 1822. 
d. 1899. 

Boniface (bon'i-fas), I. Bishop, Rome, 
d.422.— B. II. Pope 530-532. — B.III. 
Pope 607. — B. IV. Pope 608-15.— 
B. V. Pope 619-625.-B. VI. Pope 
896.-B. VII. Pope 974-85.-B. VIII. 
1294-1303.— B. XI. Pope 1389-1404. 

Bonner (bon'er), Robert. Irish-Anieii- 
can journalist, b. 1824. d. 1820. 

Boone (bon), Daniel. American pio- 
neer in Kentucky, b. 1735. d. 1820. 

Booth, Edwin, {son of Junius Brutus). 
Americau actor, b. 1833. d. 1893. 

Booth, John Wilkes. Assassin of Lin- 
coln, b. 1839. d. 1865. [b,1796.d.l852. 

Booth, Junius Brutus. Eng. traged ian, 

Borgia (bor'ja), Lucrezia. Daughter 
of Pope Alex. VI, said to have been 
a famous poisoner, b. 1480. d. 1519. 

Boswell (boz'wel), James, Biographer 
of Dr. Johnson, b. 1740. d. 1795. 

Brad'dock, Edward. British general 
in America, b. 1695. d. 1755, 

Brad'street, John. American major- 
general, b. 1711. d. 1774. 

Bragg', Braxton. American confeder- 
ate general, b. 1817, d. 1876. 

Brahe (bra'e), Tycho. Danish astrono- 
mer, b. 1546. d. 1601. 

Bright, John. English orator and 
statesman, b. 1811. d. 1889. 

Bronte (bron'te), Anne. {Acton Bell). 
English novelist, b. 1820. d. 1849. 

Bronte, Charlotte. ( Currer Bell), b. 
1816. d. 1855. 

Bronte, Emily Jane. {Ellis Bell). En- 
glish novelist, b. 1818. d. 1848. 

Brougham, ( bro'am ), Henry, Lord. 
Eng. statesman, orator, b. 1779. d. 
1868. 

Brown, Goold. American gramma- 
rian,!). 1791. d. 1857. 

Brown, John, "of Ossawattomie." 
Am. abolitionist, b. 1800. d. 1859. 

Browne, Chs. Farrar. {Artemus Ward) 
American humorist, b. 1834. d. 1867 

Brown'ing, Elizabeth Barrett. En- 
glish poetess, b. 1809. d. 1861. 

Brown'ing, Robert. English poet, b. 
1812. d. 1889. 

Brown-Sequard ( brown-se-kar' ), 
Edouard. French physiologist, b. 
1818. d. 1894. 

Bruce, Robert. King of Scots. Born 
in Westphalia, 1274. d. 1329. 

Bruno (bro'no), Giordano. Neapolitan 
philosopher. Burned at Rome for 
heresy 1600. b. 1548. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolfj 
mate, hat, bora; oil, owl, tton* 



Brutus 



708 



Clarke 



Brutus (bro'tus), Lucius Junius. 1. a. 
B.C. 500. Founded Roman republic. 

Brutus, Marcus Junius. Killed Csesar, 
b. B. C. 85. d. 42. 

Bryant, (bri-ant), William Cullen. 
American journalist and poet, b. 
1794. d. 1878. 

Buchanan (bu-kan'un), James. 15th 
President U. S.,b. 1791. d. 1868. 

Buffo n, de ( buf'un ), Georges Louis 
Leclerk, Comte. French naturalist, 
b. 1707. d. 1788. 

Buddha (bo'da), title of Gautama, the 
founder of Buddhism. 1. a. B. C. 500. 

Bulwer-liytton(bol-wer-lit'un),Edw. 
George Earle Lytton, Baron. English 
novelist, b. 1806. d. 1873. 

Bulwer-Iiytton, Edw. Robert,Baron 
Lytton. {Owen Meredith.) Son of pre- 
ceding. English poet, b. 1831. d. 1891. 

Banyan, ( bun'yan ), John. English 
divine, author of Pilgrim's Progress, 
b. 1628. d. 1688. 

Burgoyne (bur-goin'), John. English 
general; dramatist, b. 1730. d. 1792. 

Burke (btirk), Edmund. Irish states- 
man and orator, b. 1730. d. 1797. 

Burns, Robert. Scotch poet, b. 1759. 
d. 1796. 

Burn'side, Ambrose Everett. Ameri- 
can general, b. 1824. d. 1881. 

Burr (bur), Aaron. 3rd vice-president 
of the United-States, b. 1755. d. 1836. 

Butler (but'ler), Benjamin. Am. law- 
yer and general, b. 1818. d. 1893. 

Butler, Samuel. Engl. poet. Author 
of Hudibras, b. 1612. d. 1680. 

Byrd (bSrd), Wm. Founded Richmond, 
Va.,b.at Westover, Va., 1674. d. 1744. 

Byron ( bi-run ), Geo. Gordon, Lord. 
English poet, b. 1788. d. 1824. 



Cabot ( kah at ), Sebastian. English 

navigator, b. 1477. d. 1557. 
Cadillac (ka-de-yak'), Antoine de la 

Mothe. French commander. Founder 

of Detroit 1701. Gov. of La. 3 711- 

1717, d. 1720. [poet, d. 1720. 

Caedmon ( ked'mun ). Anglo-Saxon 
Caesar (se'zar), Caius Julius. Roman 

general and dictator, b. B. C. 100. 

Assassinated, 44. 
Calhoun ( kal-hon'), John Caldwell. 

Am. statesman, b. 1782. d. 1850. 
Caligula (ka-lig'u-la) , Caius Cassar. 

Third Roman emperor, b. 12. d. 41. 
Calvin (kal'vin). John. French protes- 

tant reformer, b. 1509. d. 1564. 
Campbell (kam'el), Alexander. 

Founder of the Campbellites, b. 1786. 

d. 1866. 
Canning 1 , George. English statesman 

and wit, b. 1770. d. 1827. 



Canute (ka-nuf), King of England, 

Denmark and Norway, b. 994. d. Nov. 

12, 1035, at Shaftesbury, Eng. 
Carle ton (karl'tun), Guy. Lieut. Gen. 

Succeeded Clinton com.-in-chief in 

Amer. Gov. Quebec 1786-1796, b.1724 

d. 1808. [ist, b. 1794. d. 1869. 

Carleton (karl'tun), Wm. Irish novel- 
Carlyle (kar-lil'), Thomas. British es- 
sayist and historian, b. 1795. d. 1881. 
Carnot(kar-no'), Mnrie Francois Sadi. 

Pres. of France, b. 1837. d. 1894. 
Carson, Christopher. (Fit Carson). Am. 

frontiersman, b. 1809. d. 1868. 
Car teret (kar'ter-e t) , Sir George. Lieut. 

Gov., New Jersey, b. 1609, d. 1680. 
Cartwright (karfrit), Peter. Am- 

Methodist preacher, b. 1785. d. 1872. 
Cary (ka'ri), Alice. American poet and 

novelist, b. 1820. d. 1871. 
Cary, Phoebe. (Sister of Alice C.) Am. 

poet, b. 1824. d. 1871. 
Cass (kas), Lewis. American states- 
man, b. 1782. d. 1866. 
Catherine I, Empress of Russia, wife 

of Peter the Great, b. 1684. d. 1727. 
Catiline (kat'i-lin), Lucius Sergius. 

Roman conspirator, b. B.C. 108. d.62. 
Cato (ka'to), Marcus Porcius. ( The 

Elder). Roman censor, b. B. C. 234. 

d. 149. 
Cato, Marcus Porcius. {The Younger). 

Roman Stoic philosopher and patriot, 

b. B. C. 95. d. 46. 
Catullus (ka-tul'us), Caius Valerius. 

Roman lyric poet, b. B. C. 87. d. 54. 
Cervantes (ser-van'tez), Saavedra, 

Miguel de, Spanish novelist, b. 1547. 

d. 1616. 
Chandler, Zachariah. Am. statesman, 

b. 1813. d. 1879. 
Channing-, Wm. Ellery. One of the 

founders of Unitarianism, b. 1780. 

d. 1842. 
Charlemagne (shar-le-man'), King 

of the Franks and Roman Emperor 

b. 742. d. 814. [ted 1649. b. 1600. 
Charles I. King of England. Execu- 
Chateaubriand ( sha-to-bre-ong' ) , 

Francois Rene* Auguste, Vicomte de. 

French author, b. 1768. d. 1848. 
Chaucer (cha'ser), Geoffrey. English 

poet, b. 1340*.* d. 1400. 
Chesterfield ( ches'ter-f eld ) , Philip 

Dormer Stanhope, fourth earl of. b. 

1694. d. 1773. 
Choate (ehot), Rufus. Amer. advocate 

and jurist, b. 1799. d. 1859. 
Cicero (sis'e-ro), Marcus Tullius. Ro- 
man orator and statesman, b. B. C. 

106. Proscribed and slain, 43. 
Clarke, James Freeman. Am. writer. 

Unitarian minister, b. 1810. d. 1888. 



_^ «ate, t&t, task, f&r, fftU, fftre, fcboye j n»§, met, her; mite, mit; o5ts, not, move, w9Mi 
p& mm t feat, bSra - t qU, owl, Men* 



Claude Lorrain 



0.9 



Decatur 



Cland e Lor rain (klod lo-r an g') ( Claude 
Gellee). French landscape painter, b. 
1600. d. 1682. [man, b. 1 777. d. 1852. 

Clay, Henri 7 . Am. orator and states- 
Clement (I. to XIV. Popes) C. I. d. 
A. D. 100.— C. II. 1046-1047.-C. III. 
Antipope 1080. d. 1110— C. 111.1187- 
91. C. IV. 1265-8.— C. V. 1305-14.— 
C. VI. 1342-52.-C. VII. Antipope 
1378.— C. VII. 1523-1534— C. VIII. 
Antipope 1424-9. — C. VIII. 1592- 
1605.-C. IX. 1667-69.--C.X. 1670-76. 
— C. XI. 1700-21.— C. XII. 1730-40.— 
C. XIII. 1730-40.— C. XIV. 1769-74. 

Cleopatra ( kle o-pa'tra ). Queen of 
Egypt, b. B. C. 69. d. 30. 

Clinton (klin'tun), De Witt. American 
statesman, b. 1769. d. 1828. 

Cobden (kob'den), Ricbard. Eng. poli- 
tician and economist, b. 1804. d. 1865. 

Coleridge (kol'rij), Samuel T. Eng. 
philosopher, poet, b. 1772. d. 1834. 

Colfax (kol'faks), Schuyler. American 
statesman, b. 1823. d. 1885. 

Collins (kol'inz), Wm. Wilkie. Engl, 
novelist, b. 1824. d. 1889. 

Colt (k61t), Samuel. American inven- 
tor, b. 1814. _d. 1862. 

Colnmbns (ko-lum'bus), Christopher. 
{Ital. Christoforo Colombo : Span. 
Cristoval Colon.) Genoese ; discov- 
erer of America, b. 1435. d. 1506. 

Comte(kongt), Auguste. French posi- 
tivist philosopher, b. 1798. d. 1857. 

Confucius (kon-fu'she-us), Chinese 
philosopher, b. B. C. 551. d. 479. 

Constantine (kon'stan-tin), I. {The 
Great), Emperor'of Rome, b. 272. d. 
337. [gator, b. 1728. d. 1779. 

Cook, Captain James. English navi- 

Cooper ( ko'per ) , James Fenimore. 
American novelist, b. 1789, d. 1851. 

Cooper, Peter. American philanthro- 
pist, b. 1791. d. 1883. 

Copernicus (ko-per'ni-kus), Nicholas. 
Prussian astronomer, b. 1473. d. 1543. 

Corday d'Armans (kor-da'dar- 
mong'), Marie Anne Charlotte. Killed 
Marat, b. 1768. d. 1793. 

Coriolanus ( k5-ri-o-la-nus ), Cneius 
Marcus. Roman hero, 1. a. B. C. 489. 

Corneille (kor-na'i), Pierre. French 
dramatist, b. 1606. d. 1684. 

Cornelia (kar-ne'li-a) , Roman matron. 
Mother of the Gracchi, 1. a. B.C. 160. 

Cornwallis (karn-wol'is),Chas., Lord. 
British general, b. 1738. d._1805. 

Correggio, da(da kar-ed'jo), Antonio 
Allegri. Italian painter, b. 1494. d. 
1534. 

Cortes (kar'tez), Hernando. Spanish 
conqueror of Mexico, b. 1485. d. 1547. 

Coulomb, de (ko-long'), Charles Au- 
guste. Fr. physicist, b. 1736. d. 1806. 



Cowper (kow'per), William. English 
poet, b. 1731, d. 1800. 

Cox, Samuel Sullivan (Sunset). Am. 
politician, b. 1844. d. 1889. 

Craik ( krak ), Dinah Maria Mulock. 
English novelist, b. 1831. d. 1887. 

Cranmer (kran'mer), Thomas. Arch- 
bishop of Canterbury, b. 1489. Burned 
the stake 1556. 

Crockett (krok'et), David. American 
backwoodsman and politician, b. 
1786. d. 1836. [B. C. 560. 

Croesns ( kre'sus ). King of Lydia, 

Cromwell ( krom'wel ), Oliver. Pro- 
tector of theEnglish Commonwealth, 
b. 1599. d. 1658. 

Cruikshank (krok'shangk), George. 
Eng. caricaturist,* b. 1792. d. 1878. 

Curtin (kur'tin), Andrew Gregg. War 
governor of Penn., b. 1817. d. 1894. 

Curtis. George Wm. American author 
and editor, b. 1824. d. 1892. 

Cnsliing (kosh'ing), Caleb. American 
politician and jurist, b. 1800. d. 1879. 

Cushman (kosh'man), Charlotte Saun- 
ders. American actress, b. 1816. d. 
1876. [general, b. 1839. d. 1876. 

Custer, George Armstrong. American 

Cuvier (ku-ve-a'), George Chretien 
Leopold Fred6ric Dagobert, Baron. 
French naturalist, b. 1769. d. 1832. 

Cyrus (si'rus). {The Great.) King of 
Persia, d. B. C. 529. 



Dagnerre (da-gar'), Louis Jacques 
Mande.Fr. inventor, b. 1789. d. 1851. 

Dallas, George Mifflin. Vice-president 
of the U. S., 1845-49, b. 1792. d. 1864. 

Dalton (dal'tun), John. English chem- 
ist. {Atomic theory), b. 1766. d. 1844. 

Dana, (da'na), James Dwight. Ameri- 
can geologist, b. 1813. d. 1895. 

Dana, Richard Henry, Jr. American 
lawyer and author, b. 1815. d. 1882. 

Dante (dan'ta), contracted from Du- 
rante, degli Alighieri. Italian poet, 
b. 1265. d. 1321. 

Darwin (dar'win), Charles Robert. 
English evolutionist, b. 1809. d.1882. 

Daudet(do-da'), Alphonse. French nov- 
elist and dramatist, b. 1840. d. 1897. 

Dav'enport, Fanny E. V. American 
actress, b. 1829. d. 1891. 

Davis (da/vis), Jefferson. President of 
the "Confederate States of America" 
(Civil war), b. 1808. d. 1889. 

Davy (da'vi), Sir Humphry. Eng. chem- 
ist. {Safety lamp), b. 1778. d. 1829. 

Dearborn (der'burn), Henry. Ameri- 
can general, b. 1751. d. 1829 

Decatur (de-ka'tur), Stephen. Ameri- 
can commodore, b. 1779. d. 1820. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me. met, her; mite, init; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, bQru; oil, owl, thou. 



DeFoe 



710 



Epictetus 



DeFoe or Defoe (de-fo'), Daniel. En- 
glish author (Robinson Crusoe), b. 
1661. d. 1731. 

BeKalb (de-kalb), John, Baron. Ger- 
man general in American revolution, 
b. 1721. d. 1780. 

Delavigne (d'la-veny'). Jean Francois 
Casimir. French poet, b. 1793. d. 1843. 

Delaware (del'a-war), Thomas West, 
Lord. Governor of Virgiuia, d. 1<T18. 

Be Elsie, Rouge* ( ro-zha' de lei' ). 
French poet, b. 1760. d. 1836. 

I>e liOiig-, George Washington. Ameri- 
can artic explorer, b. 1844. d. in 
Siberia 1881. 

Democritns (de-mok'ri-tus). (Laugh- 
ing Philosopher). _ Greek, _d. B. C. 357. 

Demosthenes (de-mos'the nez), Athe- 
nian orator, b. B. C. 384. d. 322. 

DeCfcuincey, Thomas. English writer. 
Author of " Confessions of an Opium 
Eater," b. 1785. d. 1859. 

Descartes ( da-kart' ), Rene. French 
philosopher, b. 1596. d. 1650. 

Desmouiins (da-mo-lang' ), Canaille. 
French revolutionist, b. 1761. d. 1794. 

De Soto (da-so'to), Fernando. Spanish 
explorer, b. 1496. d. 1542. 

De Wet ( de-wet' ), Christian. Boer 
commander, b. 1860. 

Dewey (du'i), George. Am. naval hero 
(Manila), b. 1838. [Mexico, b. 1830. 

Diaz ( de'ath ), Porfirio. President of 

Dickens (dik'enz), Charles. English 
novelist, b._ 1812. d. 1870. 

Diderot (de-dro'), Denis. French phi- 
losopher, b. 1713. d._1784. 

Diocletian (di-o-kle'shan). Roman 
emperor, b. 245. d. 313. 

Diogenes (di-oj'en-ez). Greek cynic 
philosopher, b .B. C. 414. d. 324. 

Dionysius (di-o-nish'i-us), of Halicar- 
nassus. Gr. historian.b. B.C. 54, d. 7. 

Disraeli (diz-re'li or -ra'li), Benjamin, 
Earl of Beaconsfield. Eug. statesman 
and author, b. 1804. d. 1881. 

Doddridge (dod'rijj. Philip. English 
hymnologist, b. 1702. d. 1751. 

Dodge (doj), Mary Abigail. ( Gail 
Hamilton). Am. authoress, b. 1830. 
d. 1896. [> 1838. d. 1905. 

Dodge, Mary Mapes. Am. authoress, 

Doinitian ( do-mish'i-an ) . Roman 
emperor, b. 51. d. 96. 

Donnelly (don'el-i), Ignatius. Am. 
authorand politician^. 1831. d. 1901. 

Dore (do-ra'),Gustave. French painter, 
b. 1833. d. 1883. 

Douglas (dug'las), Stephen Arnold. 
Am. statesman," b. 1813. d. 1861. 

Douglass, Frederick. Am. colored 
oratorandjournalist,b. 1817. d. 1895. 

Dow, Neal. American soldier and tem- 
perance reformer, b. 1804. d. 1897. 



Drake (drak), Sir Francis. Engl, nav- 
igator; buccaneer, b. 1537. d. 1596. 

Draper (dra'per), Henry. Am. physio- 
logist and chemist, b. 1837. d. 1882. 

Drayton, Wm. Henry. Am. jurist and 
patriot, b. 1742. d. 1779. 

Dryden (dri'den), John. Eng. poet and 
dramatist, b. 1631. d. 1700. 

Da Chaillu (do sha-y6'),Paul BellonL 
Fr. traveler in Africa, b. 1835. d.1903. 

Dudley, Lord Guilford. Married Lady 
Jane Grey 1553. Executed 1554. 

Dudley, John. Father of Lord G., b. 
1502. Beheaded 1553. 

Dudley, Robt., Earl of Leicester. Fa- 
vorite of Q Elizabeth, b. 1532. d. 1588. 

Dumas (do-ma'), Alexandre. Fr. nov- 
elist and dramatist, b. 1803. d. 1870. 

Dumas, Alexandre. (Son). Fr. drama- 
tist and romancer, b. 1824. d. 1895. 

DuMaurier ( do mo-re-ya' ), George 
Eng. artist and writer, b. 1834. d.1896. 

Dwiglit (dwit), Timothy. Am. divine 
and educator, b. 1752, d. 1817. 



Eads (edz), James Buchanan. American 
engineer, b. 1820. d. 1887. 

Efoers (a'berz), George Moritz. German 
Egyptologist, b. 1837. d. 1898. 

Edison (ed'i-son), Thomas Alva. Am. 
electrician and inventor, b. 1847. 

Edward I. (The Elder). King of the 
Anglo-Saxons., d. 925. 

Edward III. (The Confessor). King 
of the Anglo-Saxons, b. 1001. d. 1066. 

Edward I. (Long shanks) . King of Eng- 
land, b. 1239. d. 1307. 

Edward V. King of England. Mur- 
dered in the Tower, 1483. b. 1470. 

Edward VI. King of England, b. 1537. 
d. 1553. rWales, b. 1330. d. 1376. 

Edward. (The Black Prince). Prince of 

Egbert (eg'bert). (The Great). King of 
West-Saxons, b. 775. d. 839. 

Eggleston (eg'lz-tun), Edward. Am. 
novelist, b. 1837. d. 1902. 

Eliot, George. See George Eliot. 

Elisabeth (e-liz'a-beth). Queen of Eng- 
land, b. 1533. d'. 1603. 

Emmet (em'et), Robert. Irish patriot, 
b. 1778. d. 1803. 

Encke (engk'e), Johann Franz. Ger- 
man astronomer, b. 1791. d. 1865. 

English (ing'glish), Thomas Dunn. 
Am. song writer, b. 1819. d. 1902. 

Ennius (en'i-us), Quintus. Roman 
epic poet. b. B. C. 239. d. 169. 

Epaminondas ( e-pam-i-non'das ) . 
Thebian statesman and general, b. 
B.C. 418. d. 362. 

Epictetus (ep-ik-te'tus). Roman Stoic 
philosopher, b. 60. d. 120. 



fete, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



Epicurus 



711 



Garcia 



Epicnrns (ep-i-ku'rus). Greek phi- 
losopher, b. B. C. 342. d. 270. 

Erasmus ( e-raz'mus ) , Desiderius. 
Dutch scholar and author, b. 1467. 
d. 1536. 

Eratostbenes(er-a-tos'the-nez),Greek 
geometer aud astronomer, b. B. C. 
276. d. 196. 

Eric (er'ik). {The Red). Scandinavian 
navigator, lived about 1000. 

Ericsson (er'ik-sun), John. Swedish- 
American inventor, b. 1803. d. 1889. 

Euclid fu'klid). Famous Greek geom- 
eter who nourished at Alexandria 
about 300 B. C. 

Euripides ( yo-rip'i-dez ). Athenian 
tragic poet. b. B. G 480. d. 406. 

Evarts (ev'artz), Wm. Maxwell. Am. 
lawyer and statesman, b. 1818. d. 
1901. 

Everett (ev'er-et), Edward. Am. orator 
and statesman, b. 1794. d. 1865. 



Fabins (fa'bi-us), Maximus Verruco- 
sus, Quintus. {Cunctator.) Roman con- 
sul. DefeatedHannibal, d. B. C. 203. 

Fabricius (fa-brish'i-us), Euscinus, 
Caius. Roman statesman, d. about 
B. C. 275. 

JFalieri (fa-le-a'ri), Marino. Doge of 
Venice. Executed for treason, b. 1274. 
d. 1355. 

Farquhar (far'kwar), George. Irish 
dramatist, b. 1678. d. 1707. 

Farragut (far'a-gut), David Glasgow. 
Am. admiral, b. 1801. d. 1870. 

Faure (for), Francois Felix. Presi- 
dent of France, b. 1840. d. 1899. 

Fenelon ( fa-ne-16ng' ), Francois de 
Salignac de la Mothe. French prelate 
and author, b._1651. d. 1715. 

Feuillet ( fo-ya' ) , Octave. French 
novelist, b. 1821. d. 1890. 

Ficbte (fiM'te), Immanuel Hermann. 
German philosopher, b. 1797. d. 1879. 

Ficnte, Johann Gottlieb. Ger. meta- 

?hvsician. (Father of preceding.) b. 
762. d. 1814. 

Field (feld), Cyrus W. Am. merchant. 
Originator of first Atlantic cable, b. 
1819. d. 1892. 

Field, David Dudley. (Brother of Cy- 
rus W.) Am. jurist, b. 1805. d. 1894. 

Field, Eugene. Am. poet and journal- 
ist, b. 1850. d. 1895. 

Fielding (feld'ing), Henry. English 
novelist, b. 1707. d. 1754. 

Fillmore (fil'mor), Millard. 13th 
president of U. S. b. 1800. d. 1874. 

Fish (fish), Hamilton. Am. Secretary 
of State, b. 1808. d. 1893. 

Fiske(fisk), John. (Edmund F. Green). 
Am. historian, b. 1842. d. 1901. 



Fitch (fitch), John. Amer. inventor. 
First steamboat 1787. b. 1743. d. 
1798. 

Flammarion(fla-ma-re-ong'), Camilla 
Fr. astronomer and author, b. 1842. 

Fletcher (flech'er), John. English 
dramatist and poet, b. 1579. d. 1625. 

Forrest (for'est), Edwin. American 
tragedian, b. 1806. d. 1872. 

Fourier ( f 6-re a' ), Francois Marie 
Charles. French socialist, b, 1772. 
d. 1837. 

Fox (foks), Chas. James. English ora- 
tor and statesman, b. 1749. d. 1806. 

Fox, George. English founder of the 
Society of Friends or Quakers, b. 
1624. d. 1690. 

Franklin ( frangk'lin ), Benjamin. 
Am. philosopher and statesman, b, 
1706. d. 1790. 

Franklin, Sir John. English arctic 
explorer, b. 1786. d. 1847. 

Fraunhofer, von (fon frown'ho-fer), 
Joseph. Bavarian optician, b. 1787. 
d. 1826. 

Frederick (fred'er-ik) I. [Barbarossa), 
German Emperor, b. 1121. d. 1190. 

Frederick William. {The Great 
Elector.) Elector of Brandenburg, 
founder of the Prussian monarchy, 
b. 1620. d. 1688. 

Frederick I. First King of Prussia; 
son of the Great Elector, b. 1657. d. 
1713. 

Frederick II. ( The Great ). Third 
King of Prussia, b. 1712. d. 1788. 

Freeman (fre'man), Edward Augus- 
tus. Eng. historian, b. 1823. d. 1892. 

Fronde (frod), James Anthony. En- 
glish historian, b. 1818. d. 1894. 

Fuller (fol'er), Sarah Margaret, Mar- 
chioness Ossoli. Amer. authoress, b. 
1810. d. 1850. 

Fnlton (fol'tun), Robert. Amer. engi- 
neer and inventor, b. 1765. d. 1815. 



Gaborian (ga-bo-re-5'), Emile. French 
author, b. 1834. d. 1873. 

Gadsden ( gadz'den ), Christopher. 
American patriot, b. 1724. d. 1805. 

Gainsborong-h (ganz'bro), Thomas. 
English painter, b. 1727. d. 1788. 

Galba ( gal'ba ), Servius Sulpicius. 
Roman emperor, b. 3 B. C.d. A. D. 69. 

Galen (ga'len), Claudius. Roman phy- 
sician and philosopher, b. 131. d. 210. 

Gama, da (da-ga'ma), Vasco. Portu- 
guese navigator, b. 1450. d. 1524. 

Gambetta (gam-bet'a), Leon. French 
statesman, b. 1838, d. 1882. 

Garcia (gar'shi-a), Calixto y Iniguez. 
Cuban patriot and general, b. 1836. 
d. 1898. 



(ate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; ine, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



Garfield 



712 



Hamilton 



Garfield (gar'feld), James A. 20th 
President of U. S. b. 1831. d. 1881. 

Garibaldi ( gar-e-bal'de ), Guiseppe. 
Ital. patriot and general, b. 1807, d. 
1882. 

Garrick (gar'ik), David. English ac- 
tor and dramatist, b. 1717. d. 1779. 

Garrison, Wm. Llovd. Famous Am. 
abolitionist, b. Dec. 10, 1805. d. May 
24, 1879. [d. 1806. 

Gates, Horatio. Am. General, b. 1728. 

Gatling (gat'ling), Richard Jordan. 
American inventor, b. 1818. d. 1902. 

George IV, Augustus Frederick. King 
of Great Britain, b. 1762. d. 1830. 

George Eliot. Pseudonym of Marian 
Evans (Mrs. Cross). English novelist, 
b. 1819. d. 1880. 

George, Henry. American political 
economist, b. 1839. d. 1897. 

George, Saint. Christian martyr. 
Patron saint of England, d. 303. 

Germanicus (jer-man'i-kus), Cassar. 
Roman general, b. B.C. 14. d. A.D. 19. 

Gerome ( zha-rom' ), Jean Leon. 
French painter, b. 1824. d. 1904. 

Gervinus (ger-ve'nus), Georg Gott- 
fried. Ger. historian, b. 1805. d. 1871. 

Gibbon (gib'un), Edward. English 
historian, b. 1737. d. 1794. 

Giddings(gid'ings), Joshua Reed. Am. 
anti-slavery leader, b. 1795. d. 1864. 

Girard (je-rard'), Stephen. Founder 
of Girard College, b. 1750. d. 1831. 

Gladstone (glad'ston), Wm. Evart. 
English premier, b. 1809. d. 1898. 

Godiva (go-di'va), {Lady Godiva). 
Wife of Leofric, Earle of Leicester, 
lived in the 11th century. 

Goethe, von (fon ge'te), Johann Wolf- 
gang. German poet, b. 1749. d. 1832. 

Goldsmith (gold'smith), Oliver. Irish 
author and poet, b. 1728. d. 1774. 

Gomez (go'meth), Maximo. Cuban in- 
surgent general, b. 1836.d. 1905. 

Goodrich (god'rich), Samuel Gris- 
wold. (Peter Parley) . Am. writer of 
juvenile books, b. 1793. d. 1860. 

Goodyear (god'yer) , Charles. Ameri- 
can inventor', b. 1800. d. 1860. 

Gordon (gar'dun), Charles George. 
[Chinese Gordon). British general , b. 
1833. d. 1885. 

Gottschalk (got'shalk), Louis M. Am. 
pianist and composer, b. 1829. d. 1869. 

Gongh (gof), John B. Am. temperance 
lecturer, b. 1817. d. 1886. 

Gould (gold), Jay. Am. stock-broker 
and speculator, b. 1836. d. 1892. 

Gower (gow'er), John. English poet, 
d. 1402. 

Gracchus (grak'us) , Caius Sempro- 
nius. Roman statesman, b. B. C. 158. 
d. 121. 



Gracchus, Tiberius, (Brother of C. S) 
Roman statesman, b. B.C. 168. d. 133. 

Grafton, Richard. Printer of first Eng. 
book (Common prayer), 1549. d. 1572. 

Grant (grant), Ulysses Simpson. Gen- 
eral and 18th President of U. S., b. 
1822. d. 1885. 

Grasse (gras), Marquis de. Admiral 
in charge French fleet off Yorktown 
1781, b. 1723. d. 1788. 

Gray (gra), Asa. American botanist 
and writer, b. 1810. d. 1888. 

Gray, Elisha. Am. inventor and elec- 
trician, b. 1835. d. 1901. 

Gray, Thomas. Engl, poet and prose 
writer, b. 1716. d. 1771. 

Greeley (gre'li), Horace. Am. journal- 
ist and politician, b._1811. d. 1872. 

Green (gfen), Nathaniel. American 
major-general, _b. 1742. d. 1786. 

Greenleaf (gren'lef), Simon. Am. 
jurist and law-writer, b. 1783. d. 1853. 

Gregory (greg'o-ri) I. Saint. (The 
Great.) Pope, b. 542. d. 604. 

Grey (gra), Jane, Lady. Executed with 
her husband, Lord Dudley, 1554, b. 
1537. [rian, b. 1794. d. 1871. 

Grote (grot), George. English histo- 

Guizot ( ge-zo' ) , Francois Pierre 
Guillaume. French historian and 
statesman, b. 1787. d. 1874. 

Gnstavus Adolphus, or Gustavus 
II. King of Sweden, ^1594. d. 1632. 

Gutenberg ( go'ten-barg ), Johann. 
German inventor of printing, b. 1400. 
d. 1468. 



Hadrian (ha'dri-an), Roman emperor, 
b. 76. d. 138. * 

Haeckel (hek'el), Ernst Heinrieh. 
Germanbiologis.,, b. 1834. d. 1894. 

Hale," Captain Nathan. American 
patriot and spy, b. 1755. d. 1776. 

Haliburton (hal'i-bur-tun), Thomas 
Chandler. (Sam Slick). Nova Scotian 
judge and humorous writer, b. 1802. 
d. 1865. 

Hall (bal), Asaph. Am. astronomer. 
Discoverer of Mars moons, b. 1829. 

Hall,Charles Francis. American arctic 
explorer, b. 1821. d. 1871. 

Hall, Newman. English dissenting 
minister and author, b. 1816. d. 1902. 

Hallech (hal'ek), Fitz-Green. Ameri- 
can poet, b. 1790. d. 1867. 

Hamilton ( ham'il-tun ), Alexander. 
American lawyer and statesman, br 
1757. d. 1804. 

Hamilton, Sir William. Scotch logi- 
cian and philosopher, b. 1788. d. 1856. 



fate, tat, task, tar, tall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, ruit; cote, cot, move, wolf; 
mate, hut, bum; oil, owl, then. 



Hamlin 



713 



Howe 



I'lin, Hannibal. Am. senator and 
vice-president, b. 1809. d. 1891. 

Hampden (hamp'den), John. English 
statesman, b. 1594. d. 1643. 

Hampton (hamp'tun), "Wade. Ameri- 
can general, b. 1755. d. 1835. 

Hancock (han'kok), John. American 
statesman, b. 1737. d. 1793. 

Handel (han'del), George Friedrich. 
German composer, b.1685. d. 1759. 

Hannibal (han'i-bal). Carthaginian 
general, b. B. C. 247. d. 183. 

Hardicanute (har'di-ka-nut). (Son of 
Canute). King of Denmark 10.55 and of 
England 1040-2, b. 1019, d. 1042. 

Hargreaves (har'grevz), James. Eng- 
lish inventor of the spinning-jenny, 
d. 1778. [1 035-40. — H. II. 1066, 

Harved I. (Son of Canute). Kiug Eng. 

Harrison ( har'i-sun ). Benj. Signer 
of the Declaration of Independence, 
b. 1740. d. 1791. 

Harrison, Benjamin. (Great grand- 
son of preceding). 23rd President of 
the United States, b. 1833. d. 1901. 

Harrison, William Henry, (Son of 
B.) Am. general and 9th President of 
United States, b. 1773. d. 1841. 

Harte (hart), Francis-Bret. American 
author, b. 1839. d. 1902. 

Hartraaift ( hart'ranft ), John Fred- 
erick. American soldier and politi- 
cian, b. 1830. d. 1889. 

Harvard (har'vard), John. First bene- 
factor of Harvard college, b. 1607. d. 
1638. 

Harvey (har'vi), William. English 
anatomist. Discoverer of the circula- 
tion of the blood, b. 1578. d. 1657. 

Hastings. Warren. 1st governor- 
general of India, b. 1732. d. 1818. 

Hawthorne (ha'tharn), Nathaniel. 
American author, b."1804. d. 1864. 

Hawthorne, Julian, (Son of Nathan- 
iel) Miscellaneous writer, b. 1846. 

Hay (ha), John. American diploma- 
tist and statesman. Biographer of 
President Lincoln, b. 1839. d. 1905. 

Hayes (haz), Rutherford. 19th Pres- 
ident of U. S., b. 1822. d. 1893. 

Hegel (ha'gel), Georg Wilhelin Frie- 
drich. German philosopher, b. 1770. 
d. 1831. 

Heine (hi'ne), Heinrich. German poet 
and prose writer, b. 1800. d. 1856. 

He3mholtz (helm'holtz), Hermann 
LiUdwig. German physiologist and 
natural philosopher, b. 1821. d. 1894. 

Hendricks ( hen'driks ), Thomas A. 
Vice-president U.S. ,b. 1819. d. 1885. 

Henry Till. King of England (1509- 
1547), b. 1491. d. 1547. 

Henry, Patrick. American orator and 
patriot, b. 1726. d. 1799. 



Hereward (ber'i-ward). [English out- 
law, about 1070. 

Herkimer (hSr'ki-mer), Nicholas. 
American geueral, b. 1715. d. 1777. 

Herod (her'ud). (The Great}. Kit;g of 
the Jews, b. B. C. 60. d. A. D. 2. 

Herod Antipas, (Son of H. the Great). 
Tttrarch of Galilee, who beheaded 
John the Baptist. 

Herod ias (her-o'di-as). Wife of Herod 
Antipas. 

Herodotus (he-rod'o-tus). (Father of 
History). Greek historian, b. B. C. 
484. d. 420. 

Herschel (her'shel), Caroline Lucre- 
tia, (Sister of Sir Wm.) Astronomer. 
b. 1750. d. 1848. 

Herschel, John Frederick Wm., Sir. 
(Son of Sir Wm.) English astronomer 
and physicist, b. 1792. d. 1871. 

Herschel, Wm. , Sir. German astrono" 
mer in England, b. 1738. d. 1822. 

Hippocrates (hip-pok'ra-tez), {father 
of Medicine). Greek physician, b. B. C. 
460. d. 377. 

Hirsch (hersh), Baron, Maurice de. 
Austrian financier and philanthrop- 
ist, b. 1823. d. 1896. 

Hobbes ( hobz ), Thomas. English phi- 
losopher, b. 1588. d. 1679. 

Hoe (ho), Richard March. American 
inventor of type-revolving press, b. 
1812. d. 1886. 

Hogarth (ho'garth), Wm. English 
satirical artist, b. 1697. d. 1764. 

Hogg (hog), James. (The Ettrick Shep- 
herd). Scottish poet, b. 1772. d. 1835. 

Holmes ( homz ), Oliver Wendell. 
American physician, poet and wit. b. 
1809. d. 1894._ 

Hoist, von (hoist), Hermann Eduard. 
Russ.-Ger. historian, b. 1841. d. 1904. 

Homer (ho'mer). Epic poet of Greece, 
1. a. B. C. 1000. 

Hood ( hod ), John Bell. Confederate 
general, 'b. 1831. d. 1879. 

Hood, Robin. Famous English out- 
law, lived in 12th century. 

Hood, Thomas. English poet and mis- 
cellaneous writer, b. 1798. d. 1845. 

Hooker (hok'er), Joseph. Am. general, 
b. 1814. d.'l879. 

Hopkinson ( hop'kin-sun ), Joseph. 
American jurist. Author of Hail 
Columbia, b. 1770. d. 1842. 

Horace (hor'as), Quintus Flaccus 
Latin poet, b. B. C. 65, d. 8. 

Houston (hus'tun or hows'tun), Sam : 
President of Texas and Am. general, 
b. 1793. d. 1863. 

Howard, John. Eng. prison reform- 
er, b. 1726. d. 1790. [b. 1830. 

Howe (how^, Elias. Am; inventor of 
the sewing machine, b. 1819. d. 1867. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mQte, but, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



Howe 



714 



Kean 



Howe, Mrs. (Julia Ward). Am. poetess, 
b. 1819, d. 1902. [b. 1725, d. 1799. 

Howe, Richard, Earl, British Admiral, 

Howe, Sir William Viscount. Eng. 
general in America, b. 1729, d. 1814. 

Hoyle (noil), Edmund. Eng. writer on 
games, b. 1672. d. 1769. 

Hudson (hud'sun), Henry. Eng. navi- 
gator and explorer, d. 1611. 

Hushes, Thos. English author (Tom 
Brown's Schooldays), \i. 1823. d. 1896. 

Hugo (ho'go), Victor Marie, Vicomte. 
Pr. novelist and poet, b. 1802. d. 1885. 

Hull , Isaac. Amer. Commodore, com- 
mander of the Constitution, b. 1773. 
d. 1843. 

Humbert (hum'bert), I. ( It. Um- 
ber to, om-ber' to), King of Italy, b. 
1844. d. 1900. 

Humboldt, von (fon hom'bolt), 
Friedrich He inrich Alexander, Baron. 
German naturalist, b. 1769. d. ] 859. 

Humboldt, von, Karl Wilhelm, 
Baron. (Brother of F. H. A.) German 
philologist and statesman, b. 1767. 
d. 1835. 

Hume (hum), David. Scotch historian 
and philosopher, b. 1711. d. 1776. 

Hunt (hunt), James Henry Leigh. Eng. 
poet and essayist, b. 1784. d. 1859. 

Hunter (hunt'er), David. Am. general, 
b. 1802. d. 1886. 

Huss (hos), John. Bohemian reformer. 
Burnt at stake, 1415. b. 1373. 

Huxley (huks'li), Thomas Henry, 
Eng. naturalist, b. 1825. d. 1895. 

Ignatius (ig-na'shi-us), Saint. Patri- 
arch of Constantinople, b. 798. d. 878. 

Ingelow ( in'je-lo ) , Jean. English 
poetess, b. 1820. d. 1897. 

Ingersoil (ing'ger-sul), Robert Green. 
Am. lawyer and freethinker, b. 1833. 
d. 1899. 

Irving (er-ving), Henry. (John Henry 
Brodribb.) Eng. actor, b. 1838.d. 1907. 

Irving, Washington. Am. author and 
humorist, b. 1783. d. 1859. 

Isabella (iz-a-bel'a) I. (The Catholic). 
Queen of Castile and Leon, b. 1451. 
d. 1504. [tor, b.B. C. 436. d. 338. 

Isocrates (i-sok'ra-tez). Athenian ora- 

Ivan (Tvan) IV. (The Terrible). Czar o f 
Russia, b. 1529. d. 1584. 

Jackson (jak'sun), Andrew, General. 
7th Prest. of U. S. b. 1767. d. 1845. 

Jackson, Thomas Jonathan. (Stone- 
wall.) Confed. general, b. 1826. d. 1863. 

Jacobi (ya-ko'bi), Heinrich Friedrich. 
German philosopher, b. 1743. d. 1819. 

James I. King of England. (VI. of 
Scotland), b. 1566. d. 1625. 



James II. King of England. (VII. of 

Scotland), b. 1633. d. 1701. 
James, Henry. Am. novelist, b. 1843. 
Jay (ja), John. Am. jurist and states- 
man, b. 1745. d. 1829. 
Jefferson ( jef 'er-sun ). Joseph. Am. 

comedian, b. 1829. d. Apr. 23, 1905. 
Jefferson, Thomas. 3rd President of 

U. S. b. 1743. d. 1826. 
Jeffreys (jef'riz), George. Infamous 

English judge, d. 1689. 
Jehoshaphat (je-hosh'a-fat). King of 

Judah_873-848 B. C. 
Jeliu (je'hu).(£o/io/ Jehoshaphat). King 

of Israel 843-815 B. C. 
Jenner (jen'er), Edward, M. D. Eng. 

surgeon, Inventor of vaccination, b. 

1749. d. 1823. 
Jerrold ((jer'uld), Douglass Wm. Eng. 

author and humorist, b. 1803. d. 1857. 
Joan off Arc, Fr. Jeanne d'Are 

(zhan dark'). (TheMaid of Orleans). Fr. 

heroine, b. 1411. d. 1431. 
Jobn. King of England. (Sansterre or 

Lackland.) b. 1166. d. 1216. 
Johnson (jon'sun), Andrew. 17th 

President of U. S. Jb. 1808. d. 1875.. 
Johnson, Samuel. Eng. lexicographer 

and miscellaneous writer, b. 1709. d. 

1784. 
Joliet (zho-le-a'), Louis. Fr. explorer 

of the Mississippi, b. 1645. d. 1700. 
Jones, John Paul. Am. naval officer, 

born in Scotland, 1747. d. 1792. 
Jonson (jon'sun), Ben. Eng. drama* 

tist, b. 1574. d. 1637. 
Josephine ( jo-ze-fen'). First wife of 

Napoleon, b. 1763. d. 1814. 
Josephus (jo-se'fus), Flavius. Jewish 

historian, b. 38. d. 100. 
Juarez (ho-a'rez), Benito. Indian Presi- 
dent of Mexico, b. 1806. d. 1872. 
Judas Maccabaeus (ju'das mak-a- 

be'us), Jewish patriot. Fell in battle 

B. C. 160. [dia, d. B. C. 104. 

Jug-urtha (ju-gur'tha), King of Numi- 
Julian (ju'ii-an), Emperor of Rome 

(361-63). ( The Apostate) b. 331. d. 

363. [Antisemitic writer, d. 690. 

Julian , St. Archbishop of Toledo. 
Junius (jun-yus). Pseudonym of Eng. 

author of letters printed 1769—1772. 
Justinus (jus-ti'nus). Latin historian, 

lived in 3d or 4th century. 
Juvenal (ju've-nal), Decimus Junius. 

Roman satirical poet, died about 140. 



Kane (kan), Elisha Kent. Am. Arctio 
explorer, b. 1820. d. 1857. 

Kant (kant), Immanuel. German phi- 
losopher, b. 1724. d. 1804. 

Kean, Edmund. English tragedian, b. 
1787. d. 1833. 



late, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



Keats 



Keats (kets), John. Eng. poet. b. 1796. 
d. 1821. [poet, b. 1792. d. 1866. 

Keble (keTbl), John. Eng. divine and 

Keene (ken), Laura. Am. actress, b. 
1820. d. 1873. i [b. 1775. d. 1854. 

Keinble (kem'bl), Charles. Eng. actor, 

Kemble, Frances Anne. [Fanny Kem- 
hie). English actress, b. 181 1. d. 1893. 

Keinpis, a (akem'pis), Thomas. Ger. 
abbot, ascetic writer, b. 1380. d. 1471. 

Kent (kent), James. Am. jurist and 
law commentator, b. 1763. d. 1847. 

Kepler (kep'ler), Johann. German 
astronomer, b. 1571. d. 1630. 

Key (ke), Francis Scott. Amer. lyric 
poet. Author of The Star Spangled 
Banner, b. 1779. d. 1843. 

Kidd (kid), William. (Captain Kidd). 
Scotch-Amer. pirate. Executed 1701. 
b. 1650. 

K i 1 pat rick . Hugh Judson. Union 
general in Amer. Civil War, b. 1836, 
d. 1881. 

King-, Rufus. Am. Stateman, b. 1755. 
d. 1827. 

Kingsley (kingz'li). Rev. Charles. En- 
glish author, b. 1819. d. 1875. 

Kitio, John. English author of Picto- 
rial Bible, b. 1804. d. 1854. 

Klopstock (iklop'stok ), Friedrich 
Gottlieb. Ger. poet.b. 1724. d. 1803. 

Knowles, James Sheridan. English 
playwright, b. 1784. d. 1862. 

Knox (noks), Henry. Am. revolution- 
ary general, b. 1750. d. 1806. 

Knox, John. Scotch religious reform- 
er, b. 1505. d. 1572. 

Koch (koM), Robert. Ger. bacterio- 
logist, b. 1843. 

Koenig* (ke'niM), Friedrich. German 
inventor of steam printing press, b. 
1775. d. 1833. 

Kociusko (kos-si-us'ko), Thaddeus. 
Polish patriot, b. 1746. d. 1817. 

Kossuth (kosh'ot), Louis. Hungarian 
orator and statesman, b. 1802. d.1894. 

Krentzer (kroit'ser), Rud. Ger. com- 
poser and violinist, b. 1766. d. 1831. 

Kroger (krii'ger), Paul. President 
So. African Republic, b. 1825. d. 1904. 

Krupp, Alfred. Ger. manufacturer of 
steel, b. 1812. d. 1887. 



Lafayette, de (de la-fa-yet'), Mar- 
quis. French general in American 
revolution, b. 1757. d. 1834. 

Lafontaine, de (de la-fon-tan'). Jean. 
Fr. fabulist and poet, b. 1621. d. 1695. 

Lam ai* tine, de (de la-mar-ten'). Al- 
phonse Marie Louis. French author 
and orator, b. 1790. d. 1869. 

Lamb (lam), Charles. English essayist 
and humorist, b. 1775. d. 1834. 



15 



Leslie 



Lamb, Mary. [Sister of Chas.) English 

prose writer and poet, b. 1765. d.1847. 
La Motte-Fouque, de (de la-mot'fo- 

ka'), Baron. German poet and ro- 

mance writer, b. 1777. d. 1843. 
Landor (lan'dur), Walter Savage. En* 

glish author, b. 1775. d. 1864. 
Landseer (land'ser), Edwin H. Sir. 

Eng. animal painter, b. 1802. d. 1873. 
Lanier (lan'i-er), Sidney. American 

poet, b. 1842. d. 1881. 
Laplace, de ( de la-plas' ), Pierre 

Simon, Marquis. French astronomer. 

b. 1749. d. 1827. 
La Rocbefoucanldv de (de la-rosh* 

fo-ko'), Francois, Duc,tPriuce of Mar° 

sillac. Fr. moralist, b. 1613. d. 1680. 
La Salle, de (de la-sal'), Robert Cave- 

lier. Fr. explorer, b. 1643. d. 1687. 
Latbrop (la'thrup), George Parsons, 

American author. Born in Honolulu 

1851. d. 1898. 
Lavater ( la'va-ter ), Johann Kaspar. 

Swiss physiognomist, b. 1741.d.l801. 
Lebrun (le-brung'), Charles Francois, 

Duke of Piacenza. French statesman 

and author, b. 1739. d. 1824. 
Le Conte ( le kont'), John. American 

scientist, b. 1818. d. 1891. 
Le Conte, John Lawrence. American 

entomologist, b. 1825. d. 1883. 
Le Conte, Joseph. Am. physician and 

geologist, b. 1823. d. 1901. 
Ledyard (led'jard), John. American 

traveler, b. 1751. d. 1789. 
Lee (le), Ann. [Mother Ann). Founder ot 

American Shakers, b. 1736. d. 1784. 
Lee, Charles. American major-general, 

born in England 1731. d. 1782. 
Lee, Francis Lightfoot, Signer of the 

Declaration of Independence, b. 1734. 

d. 1797. « 
Lee, Henry. [Light-Horse Harry). Am. 

general and governor of Virginia, b. 

1756. d. 1818. 
Lee, Richard Henry. Am. orator and 

statesman, b. 1732. d. 1794. 
Lee, Robert Edward. [Son of Henry). 

Confederate general, b. 1807. d. 1870. 
Leibnitz, von (fonlip'nits), Gottfried 

Wilhelm, Baron. German philosopher 

and mathematician, b. 1646. d. 1716. 
Leland ( le'laud ), Charles Godfrey. 

American author, b. 1824. d. 1903. 
Leo(le'6)I. [The Great), Pope, 440-61. 

b. 390. d. 461. 
Leo XIII. Pope 1878. [Vincenzo Oia- 

chimo Pecci), b. 1810. d. 1903. 
Leonidas (le-on'i-das), Heroic king 

of Sparta, 1. a.. B. C'480. 
Le Sage'(le sazh'), Alain Rene\ French 

novelist, b. 1668. d. 1747. 
Leslie (les'li), Frank. Eng. publisher 

in America, b. 1821. d. 1880. 



Jstis, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mrt; note, not, move, wolf* 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, thou. 



iLCwes 



716 



Mansfield 



Lewes (lo'es), George Henry. English 

scientist and author, b. 1817. d. 1878. 
Lewis, Meriwether. Am. explorer with 

Clark 1804-6), b. 1774. d. 1809. 
I.iebig',voii(fonle'hiM), Justus, Baron. 

German chemist, b. 1803. d. 1873. 
Lincoln (ling'kun), Abraham. 16th 

President of the U. S., assassinated 

by Booth, b. 1809. d. 1865. 
LimlEey, John. English botanist, b. 

1799. d. 1865. 
Lind (lind), Jenny. Swedish singer, b. 

1821. d. 3 887. 
Linnaeus, von (fon lin-ne'us). (Swed. 

Linne), Carl. Botanist, b. 1707, d. 1788. 
Liszt (list), Franz. (AbbS). Hungarian 

composer and pianist, b. 1811. d. 1886. 
Littre (le-tra'), MaximilienPaul Emile. 

Pr. lexicographer and philosopher, 

b. 1801. d. 1881. 
Livingston ( liv'ing-stun ), Philip. 

Am. statesman; signer of the Decl. 

of Independence, b. 1716. d. 1778. 
Living-stone ( liv'ing-ston ), David. 

Scotch explorer in Africa, b. 1813 

d. 1873. 
Livy (liv'i) (Titus Livius). Roman histo- 
rian, b. B. C. 59. d. A. D. 17. 
Locke (lok), David Ross (Petroleum V. 

JSTasby). Am. Humorist, b. 1833. d. 

1888. 
Locke, John. Eng. philosopher. (Essay 

concerning Human Understanding) 

b. 1632. d. 1704. 
Lock wood (lok'wod), James Booth. 

Am. Arctic explorer, b. 1852. d. 1884. 
Logan (15'gan), John Alexander. Am- 
erica u general and statesman, b. 

1826, d. 1886. 
Longfellow ( lang'f el-5 ), Henry W. 

American poer,'b. 1807, d. 1882. 
Long-street (lang'stret), James. Con- 
federate lieuti-gen., b. 1821, d. 1904. 
Louis (lo'e), XI V. (The Great). Kingof 

France, b. 1638. d. 1715. 
Louis Napoleon. SeeBonaparte. 
Louis Philippe (lo-e'fe-lep'), Kingof 

the French, b. 1773. d. 1850. 
Lovejoy (luv'joi), Elijah Paris. Am. 

abolitionist, b. 1802. d. 1837. 
Lovelace (luv'las), Richard. English 

poet, b. 1618. d. 1658. 
Lowell (lo'el), James Russell. Amer. 

poet and prose writer.b. 1819. _d. 1891. 
Loyola, de (da loi-o'la or lo-yo'la), St. 

Ignatius. Spanish founder of the 

Society of Jesus (the Jesuits), b. 1491. 

d. 1556. [author, b. 120. d. 200. 

Lucian ( lu'shan ) . Greek satirical 
Lucretia ( lii-kre'shi-a). Legendary 

Roman woman of virtue, l.a. B.C. 510. 
Lucretius ( lu-kre'shi-us ) , ( Titus 

Lucretius Carus). Roman poet, b. B. 

C. 95. d. 52. 



Lucullus(lu-kul'us), Lucius Licinius. 

Roman general and epicure, b. B. C. 

110. d. 57. - 
Lundy (lun'di), Benjamin. American 

abolitionist, b. 1789. d. 1839. 
Luther ( lu'ther or 16'ter ) , Martin. 

Leader of the Ger. Reformation, b. 

1483. d. 1546. 
Lycurgus (li-kur'gus), Spartan law* 

giver, lived in 9 th century B. C. 
Lyly (lil'i), John. English novelist and 

dramatist, b. 1554. d. 1606. 
Lysander(li-san'der). Spar tan general, 

d. 395 B. C. 



M acauley (ma-ka'li), Thomas Babing- 

ton. Eng. histo., poet and statesman, 

b. 1800. d. 1859. [land, d. 1056, 

Macbeth (mak-beth'). King of Scot- 
Maciaren (m a - k 1 a r ' e n), Ian. (John 

Watson). Scotch divine and author, b. 

1850. d. 1907. [gen., b. 1826.d.l888. 
McClellan (ma-klel'an), Geo. B. Am. 
McCormick(nia-kar ; mik), Cyrus Hall. 

American inventor, b. 1809.- d. 1884. 
McDougall (mak-do'gal), Alexander. 

American general, b. 1731. d. 1786. 
Mace© (ma'tha-o), Antonio. Cuban 

general. Killed in battle 1896. 
Machiavelli (mak-e-a-vel'e), Nicolo. 

Florentine statesman and writer, b. 

1469. d. 1527. 
McKinley (ma-kin'li), "William. 25th 

President of U. S. b. 1843. d. 1901. 
Mackenzie(ma-ken'zi), Henry. Scotch 

essayistand novelist, b. 1745. d. 183L 
Mackintosh (mak'in-tosb), Sir James. 

British historian and statesman, b. 

1765. d. 1832. 
MacMabon ( mak-ma-ong' ) , Marie 

Edme Patrice Maurice de, Due de 

Magenta. Soldier and president of 

the French Republic, b. 1808. d. 1893. 
Macpherson ( mak-fer'sun), James. 

Scotch poet,b. 1738. d. 1796. 
MacPherson, James Birdseye. Am. 

general, b. 1828. d. 1864. 
Madison (mad'i-sun), James. 4th 

Presidentof U.S. b. 1751. d.1836. 
Magellan (ma-jel'an), Fernando. Por- 
tuguese navigator, b. 1470. d. 1521. 
Mahomet (ma-hom'et). See Moham- 
med. 
Malebranche(mal-brongsh'), Nicolas, 

Fr. philosopher, b. 1638. d. 1715. 
Malthus (mal'thus), Thomas Robert, 

Eng. political economist, b. 1766.. d. 

1834. [b. 1796. d. 1859. 

Mann (man), Horace. Am. educator, 
Manning- (man'ing), Daniel. Am. 

journalist and statesman, b. 1831. d. 

1887. [Am. actor, b. 1857. d. 1907. 
Mansfield (manz'feld). Richard. Ger. 



fite, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mQte, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



Mansfield 



717 



Morris 



Mansfield, Wm, Murray, Earl of. 
Lord chief justice of England, b. 
1705. d. 1793. 

Marat (ma-ra'). Jean Paul. Fr. revolu- 
tionist, b. 1744. Assassinated 1794. 

Margaret (mar'ga-ret). Queen of Na- 
varre. ( Margaret of Angouleme. ) b. 
1492. d. 1549. 

Maria Theresa ( ma-re'a-te-re'sa ) . 
Empress of German " and queen' of 
Hungary, b. 1717. d. 1780. 

Marie Antoinette ( ma-re'ong-twa- 
net'), wife of Louis XVI. of France. 
Executed 1793. b. 1755. 

Marins (ma'ri us), Caius. Roman gen- 
eral and consul, b. B. C. 157. d. 86. 

Marlowe (mar'lo), Christopher or Kit. 
Eng. dramatist, b. 1565. d. 1593. 

Marquette (mar-kef), Jacques. Fr. 
explorer of the Mississippi, b. 1637. 
d. 1675. 

Marryat (mar'i-at), Captain F. Eng. 
naval officer, novelist, b. 1792. d. 1848. 

Marshall ( mar'shal ) , John. Am. 
jurist and statesman. b. 1755. d. 1835. 

Mary (ma'ri) I. (Bloody Mary.) Queen 
of England, b. 1516. d. 1558. 

Mar y II. Wife of William III of Eng- 
land, b. 1662. d. 1695. 

Mary Stuart (stu'art). Queen of 
Scots. Beheaded 1577. b. 1542. 

Masaniello (ma-sa-ne-el'o), (Tommaso 
Aniello). Neapolitan insurgent lead- 
er, b. 1623. d. 1647. 

Mather(math'er), Cotton. Am. theolo- 
gian; prosecutor of witches, b. 1663. 
d. 1728. 

Maupassant de ( de m5-pa-song' ), 
Henri Rene Albert Guy. French nov- 
elist, b. 1850. d. 1893. 

Maximilian (maks-i-mil'yan) I. Em- 
peror of Germany, b. 1459. d. 1519. 

Maximilian, Archduke of Austria 
and Emperor of Mexico; executed in 
Queretaro 1867. b._1832. 

Medici de (da med'e-che), Cosmo (The 
Great). First grand duke of Tuscany, 
b. 1517. d. 1574. 

Medici de, Lorenzo I (The Magnifi- 
cent). Prince of Florence, b. 1448. 
d. 1492. 

Medill (me-dil'), Joseph. Am. journal- 
ist, founder Chicago Tribune, b. 1823. 
d. 1899. 

Melanchthon, Melancthon ( me- 
langk'ton), Philipp. Ger. Lutheran 
reformer, b. 1497. d. 1560. 

Mendelssohn-Bartholdy ( men'- 
dels-son-bar-tol'de ), Jacob Ludwlg 
Felix. Ger. composer, b. 1809. d. 1847. 

Mesmer (mes'mer), Friedrich Anton. 
German originator of mesmerism, b. 
1734. d. 1815. 



Michelangelo Buonarroti (mik*- 
a-el-an'ja-lo bo-6-nar-rot'e). Italian 
painter, sculptor, b. 1475. d. 1564. 

Michelet (me-she-la/), Jules. French 
historian, b. 1798. d. 1874. 

Mill, John Stuart. Eng. philosopher, 
political economist, b. 1806. d. 1873. 

Millais (mil-la'), John Everett, Sir. 
English painter, b. 1829. d. 1896. 

Miller, Hugh. Scottish geologist, b. 
1802. d. 1856. 

Millet (me-la'), Jean Francois. French 
painter (Angelus, etc.),\i. 1814, d. 1875. 

Milne-Edwards (miln-), Henri. Fr. 
naturalist, b. 1800. d. 1885. 

Miltiades ( mil-ti'a-dez). Athenian 
general and statesman, 1. a. B. C. 500. 

Milton (mil'tun), John. English poet, 
b. 1608. d. 1674. 

Mirabeau, de (de me-ra-bo'), Gabriel 
Honore Riquetti, Count. Fr. orator 
and revolutionist, b. 1749. d. 1791. 

Mithridates (mith-ri-da'tez) VI. (The 
Great). King of Pontus, b. B. C. 135. 
d. 63. 

Mohammed (mo-ham'ed), Mahomet 
(ma-hom'et). Arabian prophet, foun- 
der of Islam, b. 571. d. 632. 

Moliere (mo-lyar'). Stage name of 
Jean Baptiste Poquelin. Fr. actor and 
dramatist, b. 1622. d. 1673. 

Moltke, von (fon molt'ke), Helmuth 
Karl Bernhard, Count. Prussian 
field-marshal, b. 1800, d. 1891. 

Monroe (mun-ro'), James. 5th Presi- 
dent of U. S., b. 1758. d. 1831. 

Montaigne, de (de mon-tan'), Michel 
Eyquem, Seigneur. Fr. philosopher 
and essayist, b. 1533. d. 1592. 

Montesquieu, de ( mong-tes-kye' ) 
Baron. Fr. jurist and philosopher, 
b. 1689. d. 1755. 

Montezuma (mon-te-zo'ma). II. Last 
Aztec emneror of Mexico, b. 1480. d. 
1520. 

Montgomery (munt-gum'er-i), James. 
Scotch poet, b. 1771. d. 1854. 

Montgomery, Richard. Am. general. 
Fell at Quebec 1775. b. 1736. 

Moore (morormor), Thomas. Irish 
poet, b. 1779. d. 1852. 

More. Hannah. Eng. religious writer, 
b. 1745. d. 1833. 

More, Sir Thomas. Eng. chancellor 
and writer. Executed 1535. b. 1478. 

Morgan (mar'gan),* Daniel. Am. revo^ 
lutionary general, b. 1736. d. 1802. 

Morgan, John H. Am. condederate 
guerilla chief, b. 1826. d. 1864. 

Morris (mor'is), Clara. Amer. actress, 
b. 1850. 

Morris, Wm. Eng. poet, artistic deco- 
rator, socialist, b. 1834. d. 1896. 



fit©, fftt, t&sk, far, fall, fire, above; me, met, her; mite, mlt; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, bum; oil, owl, then. 



Morse 



718 



Paine 



Morse (mars), Samuel Finley Breese. 
Am. inventor of electric telegraph, 
b. 1791. d. 1872. 

Motley (mot'lj), John L. Am. historian 
and diplomatist, b. 1814. d. 1877. 

Mott, Mrs. Lucretia. Am. social re- 
former and Quaker preacher, b. 1793. 
d. 1880. 

Mozart (mo'zart), Wolfgang Amadeus. 
Austrian musician and composer, b. 
1756. d. 1791. 

Muller (mol'ler), Friedrich Max. Ger. 
orientalist and philologist in Eng- 
land, b. 1823. d. 1900. 

Mueller, Johann. Ger. physiologist 
and zoologist, b. 1801. d. 1858. 

Mulock (mul'ok). See Craik. 

MniBkacsy (mon'ka-che). Really 
Michael Lieb. Hungarian painter, b. 
1844. d. 1900. 

Mar ill© (mu-ril'o), Bartolome Este- 
ban. Spanish painter of religious sub- 
jects, b. about 1618. d. 1682. 

Musset (mo-sa'), Louis Chas. Alfred de. 
French poet, b. 1810. d. 1857. 

Musaeus (mo za'os), Johann K. A. 
German author, b. 1735, d. 1787. 



Napier (na/pi-er), Sir Charles. British 

admiral, b. 1786. d. 1860. 
Napier, Charles James, Sir. British 

general, b. 1782._d L 1853. [parte. 

Napoleon ( na-po'le-un ). See Bona- 
Nast (nast), Thomas. Am. artist, cari- 
caturist, b. in Bavaria, 1810. d. 1902. 
Neander (ne-an'der), Johann August 

Wilhelm. Ger. ecclesiastical historian 

b. 1789. d._1850. 
Neilson ( nel'sun ), Lilian Adelaide. 

Eng. actress, b. 1848. d. 1880. 
Nelson (nel'sun), Horatio, Viscount. 

Eng. admiral, b. 1758. d. 1805. 
Nelson,Thomas. Am. patriot, general, 

statesman, b. 1738. d. 1789. 
Nepos ( ne'pos ), Cornelius. Roman 

historian and biographer, La. B. C. 40. 
Nero (ne'ro). Lucius Domitius. Roman 

emperor, b. 37. d. 68. 
Nerva (ner'va), Marcus Cocceius, Ro- 
man emperor, b. 32. d. 98. 
Newton (nu'tun), Isaac, Sir. English 

philosopher and mathematican, b. 

1642._d. 1727. 
Ney(na), Michael. Marshal of France, 

b. 1769. d. 1815. [b. 1796. d. 1855. 
Nicholas (nik'o-las) I. Czar of Russia, 
Nicholas I. {The Great). POpe, b.800. 

d. 867. 
Nicholas II. Czar of Russia, b. 1868. 
Nicholas, Saint. Bishop of Myra. 

Patron of children. ( Santa Claus ) . 

d. 340. [singer, b. 1843. 

Nilsson (nil'sun), Christine. Swedish 



Nye (ni). Edgar Wilson. {Bill Nye), 
humorist, b. 1850. d. 1896. 



Oates, Titus. Eng. politiral imposter, 
b. 1649. d. 1705. 

O'Brien, 'Wm. Smith. Irish revolu- 
tionist, b. 1803. d. 1864. 

O'Connell ( o-kon'el ), Daniel. Irish 
orator and agitator, b. 1775. d. 1847. 

©ctavia(ok-ta'vi-a), Sister of Augustus 
and wife of Mark Antony, b. B. C. 70. 
d. 11. 

Offenbach (of'en-baM). Jacques. Fr. 
composer of comic operas, b. 1819. 
d. 1880. 

Oglethorpe ( o'gl-tbarp ), James E. 
Eng. general. Founder of Georgia, 
b. 1696. d. 1785. 

Ohm (om), Georg Simon. Ger. electri- 
cian, b. 1787. d. 1854. 

Oliphant (ol'i-fant), Mrs. Margaret 
(Wilson). Scotch novelist, b. 1828. d. 
1897. 

Omar Khayyam (o'mar khi-yam'). 
Persian poet, d. first part 12 century. 

Orange ( or'anj), William, Prince of. 
{The Silent). Founder of the Dutch 
republic. Assassinated 1584. b. 1533. 

O'Reilly (o-ri'li), John Boyle. Irish- 
American journalist and poet, b. 
1844. d. 1890. 

O'Kell (6-rel'), Max. {Paul Blouet.) Fr. 
soldier, journalist, b. 1848. d. 1903. 

©rig-en (or'i-jen). Christian writer of 
Alexandria, b. 185. d. 254. 

Osman ( os'man ), Pascha. Turkish 
general and minister of war, b. 1832. 
d. 1900. 

Othman (oth-man'), or Osman {The 
Conqueror). Founder of Ottoman em- 
pire, b. 1259. d. 1326. 

Otto or Otho (6' to), I. {The Great) 
Emperor of Germany, b. 912. d. 973- 

Oviel (ov'id). Roman poet, b. B. C. 43. 
d. A. D^ 18. 

©wen (o'en), Richard. English zoolo- 
gist and anatomist, b. 1804. d. 1892. 

©•wen, Robert. English socialist and 
philanthropist, b. 1771. d. 1858. 

©wen, Robert Dale. {Son of Robert). 
American author, b. 1801. d. 1877. 

©xenstjerna ( oks'en-shar-na), Axel, 
Count. Swedish statesman, b. 1583* 
d. 1654. 



Pag-anini (pa-ga-ne'ne), Nicholas. 
Italian violinist, b. 1782. d. 1840. 

Paine (pan), Robert Treat. American 
lawyer and patriot, b. 1731. d. 1814. 

Paine, Robert Treat. {Son of preced- 
ing). American song writer, b. 1773. 
d. 1811. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, DOt, move, wolf; 
-'■- route, hut, \mxn; oil, owl, then, '•> 



Paine 



719 



Porter 



Paine, Thomas. Anglo-American free- 
thinker. ( Age of Reason ), b. 1737. 
d. 1809. 

Paley (pa'li), Wm. Eng. philosopher 
and theologian^ b. 1743, d. 1805. 

Palissy (pa-le-se'). Bernard. Famous 
Fr. potter, b. about 1530, d. 1588. 

Palmerston ( pam'er-stun ), Henry 
John Temple, 3rd Viscount. Prime 
minister of England, b. 1784, d. 1865. 

Paracelsus (par-a-sel'sus). Famous 
German-Swiss physician and alchem- 
ist, b. 1493, d. 1541. 

Parker ( park'er ), Theodore. Ameri« 
can theologian, b. 1810. d. 1860. 

Parnell ( par'nel ), Charles Stewart. 
Irish statesman, b. 1846. d. 1891. 

Parsons (par'sunz), Theophilus. Am. 
jurist and writer, b. 1797. d. 1882. 

Pascal (pas'kal), Blaise. French phi- 
losopher and mathematician, b. 1623. 
d. 1662. 

Pastenr ( pas-tor'), Louis. Fr. chem- 
ist and biologist, b. 1822. d. 1895. 

Patrick (pat'rik), Saint. Apostle and 
patron saint of Ireland, b. 396. d. 466. 

Pansanias (pa-sa'ni-as). Greek trav- 
eler and writer on art, 1. a. 180. 

Payne(pan), John Howard. American 
actor. Author of Home, Sweet Home, 
b. 1792. d. 1852. 

Peel (pel), Robert, Sir. English states- 
man, b. 1788. d. 1850. 

Penn (pen), William. English Quaker. 
Founder of Penn., b. 1644. d. 1718. 

Pepys (peps or pep'is), Samuel. Au- 
thor of Pepys Diary, b. 1633. d. 1703. 

Pericles (per'i-klez). Athenian states- 
man, b. B.C.. 495. d. 429. 

Perier (pa-re-a'), Paul Pierre Jean. 
President of theFr. republic 1894-95, 
b. 1847. 

Perry (per'i), Matthew Calbraith. Am. 
commodore. ( Treaty with Japan), b. 
1794. d. 1858. 

Perry, Oliver Hazard. American com- 
modore._(Lake Erie), b. 1785. d. 1819. 

Peter (pe'ter), I. {The Great). Czar of 
Russia, b. 1672. d. 1725. 

Petrarch (pe'trark). Ital. Petrarca 
(pa-trar'ka). Francesco. Italian poet, 
b. 1304. d. 1374. 

Phelps (felps), Elizabeth Stuart. Am. 
authoress, b. 1844. 

Phidias ( fid'i-as ), Famous Greek 
sculptor, b. B. C. 490. d. 432. 

Philip II. King of Macedon. {Father 
of Alexander), b. B. C. 382. d. 336. 

Philip II. King of Spain, b. 1527. d. 
1598. 

Phillips (fil'ips), Wendell. American 
orator, abolitionist, b. 1811. d. 1884. 

Pickett (pik'et), George Edw. Confed- 
erate general, b. 1825. d. 1875. 



Pierce (pers), Franklin. 14th Prest 
dent of the U. S., b. 1804. d. 1869. 

Pindar (pin'dar). Greek lyric poet, 
b. B. C. 520. d. 440. 

Pitman (pit'man), Isaac. Eng. inven- 
tor of phonography, b. 1813. d. 1897. 

Pitt (pit), Wm. {The Great Commoner). 
Eng. statesman, b. 1708. d. 1778. 

Pitt, Wm. {Son.) Eng. statesman, b. 
1759. d. 1806. 

Pisarro (pe-zar'o, Span, pe-thar'ro), 
Francisco. Conqueror of Peru, b. 
1475. d._1541. [B. C. 429. d. 348. 

Plato (pla'to). Greek philosopher, b. 

Plautus (pla'tus), Titus Maccius. Ro- 
man dramatist, b. B. C. 254. d. 184. 

Pliny ( plin'i ) , or Cains Plinius 
Secnndns {The Elder). Roman natu- 
ralist. Perished in eruption of Vesu- 
vius 79. b. 23. 

Pliny or Caius Plinius Caecilius 
Secnndns {The Younger. Nephew of 
preceding.) Roman author. b.61.d. 115. 

Plotinus (plo-ti'nus). Grecian Egyp- 
tian philopher, b. 204. d. 270. 

Plutarch (plu'tark), Greek biogra- 
pher and moralist, b. 49. d. 120. 

Pocahontas (po-ka-hon'tas). Daugh- 
ter of Powhatan, Indian chief, b. 
1595. d. 1617. 

Poe (po), Edgar Allan. Am. poet and 
romance writer, b. 1809. d. 1849. 

Polk (pok), James Knox. 11th Presi- 
dent of U. S. b. 1795. d. 1849. 

Polo (po'lo), Marco. Venetian traveler, 
b. 1252. d. 1324. 

Polybius(p5-lib'i-us). Greek historian, 
b. B. C. 204. d. 122. 

Pompadour, de (de pong-pa-dor'), 
Jeanne Antoinette Poisson, Marchio- 
ness. Mistress of Louis XV. b. 1721. 
d. 1764. 

Pompey (pom'pi) the Great. {Cneius 
Pompeius Magnus ). Roman general, 
b. B. C 106. _Murdered 48. 

Ponce (pon'tha), Pedro. Spanish Bene, 
dictine. First to teach the dumb to 
converse, b. 1520. d. 1584. 

Ponce deLeon (pons de le'un, Span, 
pon'tha da la-on'), Juan. Spanish dis- 
coverer of Florida, b. 1460. d. 1521. 

Pope (pop), Alexander. Eng. poet and 
critic, b. 1688. d. 1744. 

Pope, John. Major-gen. U. S. army, b. 
1822. d. 1892. b. 1780. d. 1843. 

Porter, David. American commodore, 

Porter (por'ter), David Dixon. Amer. 
admiral, b. 1814. d. 1891. 

Porter, Fitz John. Am. general, b. 
1822. d. 1901. 

Porter, Jane. Eng. novelist. {Thaddeus 
of Warsaw), b. 1776. d. 1850. 

Porter, Noah. Am. educator. Presi- 
dent Yale College, b. 1811. d. 1892. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, more, wolf; 
unite, but, born; oil, owl, <fcen. 



Powhatan 



720 



Rochambean 



Powhatan (pow-a-tan'). Indian chief, 
father of Pocahontas, b. about 1550, 
d. 1618. [sculptor, b. a. B. C. 360. 

Praxiteles ( praks-it'e-lez ). Greek 

Prescott (pres'kut), Wm. Am. revolu- 
tionary officer, b. 1726. d. 1795. 

Procter ( prok'ter ) , Adelaid Anne. 
Eng. poetess, b. 1825. d. 1864. 

Proctor (prok'tiir), Richard A. Eng. 
astronomer, b. 1834. d. 1888. 

Protagoras ( pro-tag'o-ras ) . Greek 
philosopher, (Man is the measure of all 
things), b. B. C. 480. d. 411. 

Ptolemy (tol'e-mi) I. (Soter). Founder 
of the dynasty of Greek kings of 
Egypt, b. B. C. 367. d. 285. 

Ptolemy, Claudius. Greek-Egyptian 
astronomer and geographer, 1. a. 150. 

Pulaski (pu-las'ke), Casimir, Count. 
Polish patriot and Am. general, b. 
1748. d. 1779. 

Putnam (put'nam), Israel. Am. gen- 
eral and Indian fighter, b. 1739. d. 
1790. 

Pyrrhus (pir'rhus). King of Epirus, 
b. B. C. 318. d. 272. 

Pythagoras ( pi-thag'6-ras ). Greek 
philosopher and mathematician, born 
in Samos B. C. 582. d. 500. 



Quarles (kworlz), Francis. English 
poet, b. 1592. d. 1644. 

Quincy (kwin'si), Josiah, Jr. Ameri- 
can lawyer, orator and author, b. 
1744. d. 1775. [b. 1772. d. 1864. 

Quincy , Josiah. American statesmau , 

Quintilian (kwin-til'i-an). Roman 
rhetorician, b. 42. d. 118. 



Rabelais (ra-be-la'), Francois. French 
physician, philosopher and satirist, 
b. 1495. d. 1553. 

Racine (ra-sen'), Jean Baptiste. Fr. 
dramatic poet, b. 1639. d. 1699. 

Racine, Louis. (Son). Fr. poet and 
critic, b. 1692. d. 1763. 

Raleigh (ra'li), Sir Walter. English 
courtier, navigator and statesman, b. 
1552. d. 1618. [b. 1685. d. 1758. 

Ramsay (ram'zi), Allan. Scotch poet, 

Randolph (ran'dolf), John, of Roa- 
noke. Am. orator and statesman, b. 
1773. d. 1833. 

Randolph, Peyton. Pres. 1st. Conti- 
nental Congress, b. 1723, d. 1775. 

Raphael (ra'fa-el). Italian: Baffaelle 
(ra-fa-el'e), Sanzio. Italian painter, 
b. 1483, d. 1520. 

Read, Thomas Buchanan. Am. poet, 
and painter, b. 1822. d. 1872. 

Reade (red), Charles. Eng. novelist, 
b. 1814. d. 1884. 



Reaumur, de ( de ra-o-miir' ), Rene" 

AntoineFerchault. French physicist 

(Thermometer), b. 1683. d. 1757. 
Recamier (ra-ka-me-a'), Jeanne Fran 

cois Julie Adelaide. (Bernard). Ac 

complished and beautiful Fr. lady 

b. 1777. d. 1849. 
Redpath ( red'path ), James. Amer 

journalist and author,b. 1833. d. 1891 
Reed (red), Thomas Brackett. Speaker 

U. S. House of Representatives, b. 

1839. d. 1902. 
Rembrandt van Ryn, (rem'brant 

van rin), Paul Harmens. Dutch 

painter, b. 1607. d. 1669. 
Renan (re-nong), Joseph Ernest. Fr. 

orientalist and critic, b. 1823, d.1892. 
Retz (ras), Cardinal de. French author 

and politician, b. 1614, d. 3 679. 
Reuter (roi'ter), Fritz. Low German 

novelist and poet, b. 1810. d. 1874. 
Revere ( re-ver'), Paul. Am. patriot, 

b. 1735. d. 1818. 
Reynolds (ren'ulz), Sir Joshua. Eng. 

portrait painter, b. 1723. d. 1792. 
Rhodes (rodz), Cecil John. S. African 

statesman ; born in England, 1853. 

d. 1902. 
Ribault (re-bo'), Jean. Fr. navigator 

sent out by Coligny to establish settle- 
ment in S. Carolina and Florida, b. 

1520, d. 1565. 
Richard 1. ( Cc&ur de Lion ), King of 

England, b. 1157, d. 1199. 
Richard II. King of England, 1377- 

99, b. 1366, d. 1400. 
Richard III. (Duke of Gloucester), b. 

1452. d. 1485. 
Richardson ( rich'ard-sun ), Samuel. 

English novelist, b." 1689. d. 1761. 
Richelieu, de(resh'e-16; Fr. resh-lye') 

Armand Jean Duplessis, Cardinal 

French statesman, b. 1585. d. 1642 
Richter ( rikh'ter ), Jean Paul Fried 

rich. Ger. humorist, b. 1763. d. 1825 
Rienzi (re-en'ze), Cola di. Roman trib 

une, b. 1313. d. 1354. 
Riley (ri'li), Jas. Whitcomb. ( Hoosier 

Poet). Am. poet and lecturer, b. 1852. 
Ristori ( res-to're ) , Adelaide, Mar- 
chioness del Grillo. Italian actress, 

b. 1821. 
Robert I. (Bruce). King of Scotland. 

b. 1276. d. 1329. 
Robespierre, de (ro'bes-per; Fr. ro- 

bes-pe-ar'), Maximilien Marie Isidore. 

Fr. revolutionist. Guillotined 1794. 

b. 1758. 
Rob Roy. (Robert Macgr eg or). Scotch 

freebooter, b. 1660. d. 1738. 
Rochamheau, de (de ro-shong-b5'), 

Jean Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, 

Count. French Marshal and general 

in America, b. 1725. d. 1807. 



fate, fat, t»Bk, far, fall, fare, above; m6, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf j v 
mQte, hut, burn j oil, owl, then. 



ftoUuey 



721 



SIU1U190IJ 



Rodney (rod'ni), Cassar Augustus. 
Signer of the Declaration of Am. 
Independence, b. 1728. d. 1784. 

Rogers (roj'erz), Randolph. Amer. 
sculptor, b. 1825. d. 1892. 

Rogers, Samuel. English poet, b. 1763. 
d. 1855. 

Roget (ro-zha'), Peter Mark. English 
physician and lexicographer, b. 1779. 
d. 1869. 

Rollo (rol'o). First Duke of Norman- 
dy, d. about 930. 

Romney (rom'ni), George. English 
portrait painter, b. 1734, d. 180^. 

Ronsurd (rong-sar'), Pierre de. Fa- 
mous French poet, b. 1524. d. 1585. 

Rosa (ro'sa). Salvator. Italian painter 
of battle scenes, b. 1615. d. 1673. 

Roscins(ros'shi-us), Quintus. Roman 
actor, d. B. C. 60. 

Rosecrans (ro'ze-krans), Wm. Starke. 
Am. general, b. 1819. d. 3 898. 

Rothschild (roths'child), Mayer An< 
selm, Jewish banker, Frankfort a M. 
b. 1743. d.1812. 

Ron get de JLisle ( ro-zha' de lei), 
Claude Joseph. French poet (Mar- 
seillaise), b. 1760, d. 1836. 

Rousseau (r6-so'), Jean Jacques. Fr. 
philosopher and writer, b. 1712. d. 
1778. 

Rubens (ro'benz), Peter Paul. Flem- 
ish painter, b. 1577. d. 1640. 

Rudolph (ro'dolf) I, of Hapsburg. 
German emperor, b. 1218. d. 1291. 

Rupert (ro'pert), Prince of the Palati- 
nate; cavalry leader in English civil 
war, b. 1619. d. 1682. 

Ruskin (rus'kin), John. English art 
critic and author, b. 1819. d. 1900. 



Sage (sazh), Alain Rene" le. Fr. novel- 
ist, b. 1668. d. 1747. 
Salisbury (salz'ber-i) , Marauis of. 

Eng. statesman, b. 1830. d. 1903- 
Sampson (samp'sun), Wm. T. Am. 

rear-admiral, b. 1840. d. 1902. 
Sand (songd), George. Baroness Dude- 

vant. Fr. novelist, b. 1804. d. 1876. 
Santa Anna (san'ta a'na), Mexican 

president and general, b. 1795. d. 

1876. [1. a. B. C. 600. 

Sappho (saf'o). Greek lyric poetess 
Sardanapalus ( sar-da-na-pa'lus ) . 

King of Assyria, 1. a. B. C. 900. 
Savonarola (sa-vo-na-r 6'la), Giro- 

lamo. Italian religious and political 

reformer, b. 1452, executed 1498. 
Schiller, von (fon shil'er), Johann 

Christoph Friedrich. Ger. poet and 

dramatist b. 1759, d. 1805. 



Schlieniann ( shle'man ) , Heinrich. 

Ger. archaeologist, b. 1822. d. 1890. 
Schopenhaur (sho'pen-how-er ), A. 

German philosopher, b. 1788. d. 1860. 
Schreincr (shri'ner), Olive. South 

African story writer, b. 1862. 
Schubert (sho'bert), Franz Peter. 

Austrian composer, b. 1797. d. 1828. 
Scipio (sip'i-o), Africanus Major. Ro- 

man general, b. B. C. 235. d. 184. 
Scipio, Africanus Minor. Roman gen- 
eral, b. B. C. 185. d. 129. 
Scott (skot), Sir Walter. Scotch nov- 
elist and poet, b. 1771. d. 1832. 
Scott, Winfield. American lieutenant 

general, b. 1786. d. 1866. 
Selkirk (sel'kerk), Alexander. Scotch 

sailor (Robinson Crusoe), b. 1676. d. 

1723. [Assyria, 1. a. B. C. 1250. 

Semiramis f se-mir'a-mis ). Queen of 
Seneca (sen'e-ka), Lucius Annaeus. 

Roman stoic philosopher, b. B. C. 5. 

d.A. D. 65. 
Sennacherib (se-nak'e-rib), King of 

Assyria, 1. a. B. C. 681. 
Sevigne, de (de sa-ven-ya'), Marquise. 

French beauty and letter writer, b. 

1626. d. 1696. 
Seward (su'ard) "William Henry. Am. 

statesman, 'b. 1801. d. 1872. 
Shakespeare (shaks'per), Wm. Eng. 

dramatist and poet, b. 1564. d. 1616. 
Shaw (sha), Henry W. {Josh Billings). 

American humorist, b. 1818. d. 1885. 
Shelley (shel'i), Percy Bysshe. Eng- 
lish poet, b. 1792. d. 1822. 
Sheridan (sher'i-dan), Philip Henry. 

American general, b. 1831. d. 1888. 
Sheridan, Richard Brinsley Butler. 

Irish dramatist, b. 1751. d. 1816. 
Sherman (sher'man), John. American 

statesman, b. 1823. d. 1900. 
Sherman, Roger. Amer. statesman. 

Signer of the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence, b. 1721. d. 1793. 
ShermaiM, William Tecumseh. Am. 

general, b. 1820. d. 1891. 
Sienkiewicz (syen-kye'vich), Henryk. 

Polish novelist, b. 1845. 
Sigel (se'gel), Franz. German-Ameri- 
can general, b. 1824. d. 1902. [1835. 
Skeat, Walter Wm. Eng. philologist, b. 
Smith, Adam. Scotch philosopher and 

political economist, b. 1723. d. 1790. 
Smit.i, Gold win. English historian 

and educator, b. 1823. 
Smith, Captain John. Founder of 

Virginia, born in Eng. 1579. d. 1631- 
Smith, Samuel F. American divine, 

author of America, b. 1808. d. 1895. 
Smithson ( smith'sun ), James. Eng. 

physicist. Founder of Smithsonian 

Institution at Washington, b. 1754. 

d. 1829. | 



Cote, fat, task, far, (all, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf. j 

laws, but, bui-iif oil, Qtfl, then. " ^ 



Smollett 



Tertullian 



Smollett (smoret), Tobias. Scotch 

historian and novelist, b. 1721. d. 

1771. [losopher, b. B. C. 468. d. 399. 
Socrates (sok'ra-tez). Athenian phi- 
Soliman (so-le-man'), I. (The Magnifi- 

c^.)Ouoman Suitan, b. 1494. d. 1566. 
Solomon (sol'o-mun). King of Israel. 

b. B. C. 1033. d. 975. [B. C. 638. d. 558. 
Solon (so'lon). Athenian law giver, b. 
Sophocles (sof'o klez). Greek tragic 

poet, b. 496 B. C. d. 406. 
Soutney (sow'thi), Robert. English 

poet laureate, b. 1784. d. 1843. 
Spartaeus (spar'ta-kus). Roman glad- 
iator and insurgent, d. B. C. 71. 
Spelt e (spek), Captain John Hanning. 

English-African explorer, b. 1827. 

u. 1864. [scientist, b. 1820. d. 1903. 
Spencer (spen'ser), Herbert. English 
Stael-Holstein,de (de sta'el hol'stin), 

Madame de, (Baronne de Necker). Fr. 

authoress, b. 1766. d. 1817. 
Standish (stand'ish), Captain Miles. 

Military leader at Plymouth, Mass. b. 

1584. d. 1656. 
Stanford! ( stan'furd ), Leland. Am. 

senator, founder of Stanford Univer- 
sity, b. 1824. d. 1893. 
Stanley ( stan'li), Henry M. (John 

Eowlands). British explorer of Africa. 

b. 1841. d. 1904. 
Stanton (stan'tun), Elizabeth Cady. 

American woman's rights advocate, 

b. 1816. d. 1892. 
Steele ( stel), Sir Richard. English 

essayist, b. 1671. d. 1729. 
Stephenson ( stev'en-sun ), Robert. 

English railway engineer, b. 1803. d. 

1859. 
Sterne (stern), Rev. Lawrence. Eng. 

humorous writer, b. 1713. d. 1768. 
Steuben (stu'ben), Frederick William 

Augustus, Baron. Prussian- American 

general, b. 1730. d. 1794. 
Stevens (ste'venz ), Thaddeus. Am. 

statesman and abolitionist, b. 1793. 

d. 1868. 
Stevenson (ste'ven-sun), Robert L. 

Scotch author, b. 1850. d. 1894. 
Stewart (stu'art), Alexander Turney. 

American merchant, b. 1802. d. 1876. 
Stockton (stok' tun), Francis Richard. 

Am. novelist, b. 1834. d. 1902. 
Stoddard (stod'ard), Richard Henry. 

Am. poet, b. 1825. d. 1903. 
Story (sto'ri), Joseph. Am. jurist, b. 

1779. d. 1845. 
Stowe (st5),~Mrs. Harriet Elizabeth, b. 

1811. d. 1896. Author "Uncle Tom's 

Cabin." (Sister of H. W. Beecher). 
Strauss (strows), Johann. Ger. com- 
poser (dance music), b. 1804. d. 1849. 
Strauss, Johann. (Son). Composer of 

waltzes and operas, b. 1825. d. 1899. 



Stuart (stu'art). Royal family of Eng- 
land and Scotland. Those of Englaud 
were James I., Charles I., Charles II., 
James II., Mary [Queen of Wm, 111.) 
and Anne. 

Stuy vesant (sti've-sant), Petrus. Last 
Dutch governor of New Netherlands 
(New York), b. 1602. d. 1682. 

Sue (su), Eugene. Fr. novelist, b. 1804. 
d. 1857. 

Suetonius (swe-to'ni-us), Tranquillus, 
Caius. Roman biographer, b. 72. d. 
140. [miral. Beheaded 1450. 

Suffolk (suf'ok), Duke of. English ad- 
Sulla, Lucius Cornelius. Roman dic- 
tator, b. B.C. 138. d. 78. 

Sullivan, Sir Arthur Seymour. Noted 
Eng. composer, b. 1842. d. 1900. 

Sumner (sum'ner), Charles. American 
lawyer and statesman, b. 1811. d. 
1874. [marshal, b. 1729. d. 1800. 

SuvarofT ( so-va'rof ) , Russian field- 

Sweden borg (swe'den-borg), Eman- 
uel. Swedish theosophist. Founder 
of the "NewChurch", b. 1688. d. 1772. 

Swift, Jonathan. Dean of St. Patrick's. 
British humorist, b. 1667. d. 1745. 

Swinton (swin'tun), Wm. Am. author, 
b. 1833. d. 1892. 

Sylva (sil'va), Carmen. (Eizabeth* 
Queen of Rdumania). Poet, b. 1843, 



Tacitus (tas'i-tus), Caius Cornelius. 

Roman historian, b. 55. d. 117. 
Taine (tan), Hippolyte Adolphe. Fr. 

litterateur and historian, b. 1828. d. 

1893. 
Talleyrand-Perigord, de (de tal- 

la-rong'-pa-re-gar' ) . Prince of. Fr. 

statesman, b. 1754. d. 1838. 
Talma (tal-ma'), Francois Joseph. Fr. 

tragedian, b. 1763. d. 1826. 
Tamerlane (tam'er-lan). (Amir Tai- 

mur). Asiatic conqueror, b. 1336. d. 

1406. 
Tarqnin (tar'kwin), the Proud. {Lucius 

Tarquinius Superbus). Last king of 

Rome, d. B. C. 496. 
Tasso (tas'6), Torquato. Italian epic 

poet, b. 1544. d. 1595. 
Taylor (ta'liir), Bayard. Am. traveler, 

writer and poet, b. 1825. d. 1878. 
Taylor, Zachary, General. 12th Presi- 
dent of U. S. b. 1784. d. 1850. 
Tell, Wilhelm. Legendary Swiss hero, 

1. a. 1307. 
Tennyson (ten'i-sun), Alfred, Lord. 

Eng. poet laureate, b. 1809. d. 1892. 
Terence (ter'ens). (Publius Terentius 

Afer). Roman dramatic poet, b. B.C. 

193. d. 155. 
Tertullian (ter-tul'i-an). (Quintus Sep* 

iimius Florens). b. 150. d. 230. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, W9l£j 
mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



Thackeray 



723 



Washburn 



Thackeray (thak'e-ri) , Wm. Make- 
peace. Eng. novelist, b. 1811. d. 1863. 

Thales (tha'lez). Ionian philosopher, 
b. B. C. 640. d. 550. 

rbemistocles(the-mis'to-klez). Athe- 
nian general and statesman, b. B. C. 
514. d. 449. 

Theocritus ( the-ok'ri-tus ). Greek 
pastoral poet, b.B. C. 283. d. 263. 

Theodosius (the-o-do'shi-us) I. (The 
Great). Rom. emperor, b. 346. d. 395. 

Theophrastus (the-o-fras'tus). Greek 
philosopher, disciple of Aristotle, b. 
372. d. 288 B. C. 

Thiers (t'yar), Louis Adolphe. French 
historian. President of France, b. 
1797. d. 1877. 

Thomson (tom'sun), James. British 
poet.b. 1700. <L1748. 

Thoreau (tho-ro'), Henry David. Am. 
essayist, b. 1817. d. 1862._ 

Thucydides ( tlm-sid'i-dez). Greek 
historian, b. B. C. 471. d. 400. 

Tiberius (ti-be'ri-us). {Claudius Nero.) 
Roraau emperor, b. B.C42. d. A.D. 37. 

Tibullus (ti-bul'us), Albius. Roman 
poet, b. B. C 54. d. 18. 

Titian (tish'i-an). {Tiziano Vecelli). 
Venetian painter, b. 1477. d. 1576. 

Torqnemada, de (datar-ka-ma'*7ia), 
Tomas, Spanish inquisitor general, 
b. 1420. d^l498. [52. d. 117. 

Trajan (tra'j an). Roman emperor, b. 

Trollope (trol'up), Anthony. English 
novelist, b. 1815. d. 1882. 

Tur^enieff (tor-gan'yef), Ivan, Rus- 
sian novelist, b. 1818. d. 1883. 

Turner (tur'ner), Joseph Mallord W. 
English landscape painter, b. 1775. 
d. 1851. 

Tyler (ti'ler), John. 10th President 
U.S.,b.l790.d. 1862. [1820. d. 1893. 

Tyndail (tin'dal). British physicist, b. 

Uhland (.o'lant). Ludwig. Ger. lyric 
poet, b. 1787. d. 1862. 



Velasquez (va-las'keth), Diego Rodri- 
guez de Silva. Famous Span, painter, 
b. about 1599. d. 1660. 

Valentinian(val-en-tin'i-an),Flavius. 
Roman emperor, b. 321. d. 375. 

Valerian ( va-le'ri-an ). Roman em- 
peror, d. 268. 

Van Buren (vanbu'ren), Martin. 8th 
president of U. S. b. 1782. d. 1862. 

Vancouver ( van-ko'ver ) , George. 
Eng. navigator, b. 1758, d. 1798. 

Vanrierbilt (van'der-bilt), Cornelius, 
Am. capitalist. (Commodore.) b. 1794. 



d. 1877. 



Vandyke ( van-dik' ). Sir Anthony. 

Flemish p. inter, b. 1599. d. 1641. 
Varro(varo), Marcus Tereutius. Rom. 

scholar and writer, b. B. C. 116. d. 28. 

The most learned of the Romans. 
Vassar (vas'er). Matthew. Founder 

of Vassar College, b. 1792. d. 1868. 
Verdi ( var'de ) , Giuseppe. Italian 

composer, b. 1814. d. 1901. 
Vergil ( ver'jil ). ( Publius Vergilius 

Maro). Latin poet, b. B. C. 70. d. 19. 
Verne (vern), Jules. Fr. novelist, b. 

1828. d. 1905. [emperor, b. 9. d. 79. 
Vespasian (ves-pa'zhi-an). Roman 
Vespucci ( ves-pot'che ) , Amerigo. 

Italian navigator^ b. 1451. d. 1512. 
Victor Emanuel ( vik'tur e-man'u- 

el) I. King of Italy.' b. 1820. d. 1878. 
Victoria (vik-to-ri-a). Queen of Great 

Britain and Ireland.empress of India, 

b. 1819. d. 1901. 
Vinci, da (davin'che), Leonardo. 

Italian painter, sculptor and archi- 
tect, b. 1452. d. 1519. 
Virchow (ver'£Ao), Rudolph. German 

anatomist and anthropologist, b. 

1821. d. 1902. 
Vitellius (vi-tel'li-us),Aulus. Emperor 

of Rome, b. 15. d. 69. 
Volta ( vol'ta ), Alexander. Italian 

electrician, b. 1745. d. 1826. 
Voltaire (vol-tar'), de. Fr. writer, b. 

1694. d. 1778. 
Voss (fos), Johann Heinrich. German 

poet and critic, b. 1751. d. 1826. 



Wagner ( vag'ner) , Richard. German 

composer, b. 1813. d. 1883. 
Waldemar ( val'de-mar ), I. ( Ths 

Great.) King of Denmark, b. 1131. d. 

1181. 
Walker (wa'ker), Amasa. Am. politi- 
cal economist, b. 1799. d. 1875. 
Walker, Robert J. Am. statesman, 

(Walker tariff, 1846). b. 1801. d. 1869. 
"Walker, Wm. Am. filibuster. Presi- 
dent of Nicaragua. Shot 1860. b. 1824. 
Wallace (wol'as}, Alfred Russel, Eng. 

naturalist, b. 1822. [b. 1827. d. 1905, 
Wallace, Lew. Am. gen. and novelist, 
Wallace, Sir William. Scotch hero 

and patriot, b. 1270. d. 1305. 
Wallenstein ( vol'en-stin), Albrecht 

Wenzel Eusebius, Duke. German 

general, b. 1583. d. 1634. 
Walpole (wal'pol), Horace. Eng 

author and wit, b. 1717. d. 1797. 
Ward (ward), Artemus. Pseudonym 

See Browne. 
Warwick, Richard Neville. (King 

maker). Eng. warrior, b. 1420. d. 1471. 
Washburn (wash'burn ) , Ekihu Benj, 

Am. statesman, b. 1816. d. 1887. 



Cite, tot, task, far, (all, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, more, wolf; 
SQUt§, but, burn; oil, owl, then. 



Washington 



724 



Zwingll 



Washington (wash'ing-tun) , George. 

Am. general and first president of 

U. S. b. 1732. d. 1799. 
Watson, James Craig. Amer. astron- 
omer, b. 1838. d. 1880. [1736. d. 1819. 
Watt (wat), James. Scotch inventor, b. 
Wattean(va-to'), Jean Antoine. French 

painter, b. 1684. d. 1721. 
Watts (wats), Isaac. English divine 

and hymnologist, b. 1674. d. 1748. 
Wayne (wan), Anthony. (Mad Anthony 

Wayne.) Am. general, b. 1745. d. 1796. 
Weber (web'er), George. Ger. histo- 
rian, b. 1808. d. 1888. 
Weber, von (fon va'ber), Karl Maria. 

German composer, b. 1786. d. 1826. 
Webster (web'ster), Daniel. Am. 

orator, statesman, b. 1782. d. 1852. 
Webster, Noah. Am. lexicographer, 

b. 1758. d. 1843. 
Weed, Thurlow. Am. journalist and 

politician, b. 1797. d. 1882. 
Wellington ( wel'ing-tun ), Arthur 

Wellesley. First Duke of. British 

general, b. 1769. d. 1852. 
Wesley ( wes'li ), Charles. English 

Methodist divine and hymnologist. 

b. 1708. d. 1788. 
Wesley, John. (Brother of Charles.) 

Founder of Methodism, b. 1703. d. 

1791. 
West, Benjamin. Am. painter. Presi- 
dent of the Royal Academy. England. 

b. 1738, d. 1820. 
White, Richard Grant. Amer. author, 

b. 1822, d. 1885. 
Whitefield(hwit'fel(3),Geo. One of the 

founders of Methodism. Eng. pulpit 

orator, b. 1714. d. in America 1770. 
Whitman (hwit'man), Walt, Amer. 

poet, b. 1819. d. 1892. 
Whitney (whit'ni), Eli. Am. inventor 

of the cotton gin, b. 1765. d. 1825. 
Whitney, Josiah Dwight. American 

geologist, b. 1819. d. 1896. 
Whitney, William Dwight. American 

philologist, b. 1827. d. 1894. 
Whittier (hwit'i-er), John Greenleaf. 

American poet, b. 1807. d. 1892. 
Wilberforce (wil'ber-fors), William. 

English philanthropist and states- 
man, b. 1759. d. 1833. 
Willard (wil'ard), Francis E. Amer. 

temperance advocate, b. 1839. d. 1898. 
William (wiryam), I* [The Conqueror). 

King of England, b. 1027. d. 1087. 
William II.. Rufus (the Bed), son of 

Win. I., king Eng., b. 1087. d. 1100. 
William III. ( William Henry of Nas- 
sau, Prince of Orange). King of Eng. 

b 1650. d. 1702. 
William IV. King England 1830-37. 
William I. King of Prussia. German 

emperor, b. 1797. d. 1888. 



Williams (wily amz), Roger. Puritan 

reformer. Founder of Rhode Island". 

b. 1599. d. 1683. 
Winchell (win'chel), Alexander. Am. 

geologist and author, b. 1824. d. 1891. 
Winthrop (win'thrup), John. Eng. 

governor of Massachusetts colony, b. 

1588. d. 1640. 
Wolfe (wolf), James. Eng. general; 

fell at Quebec, 1759. b. 1726. 
Wolsey ( wol'zi ), Thomas. Eng. car- 
dinal and statesman, b. 1471. d. 1530. 
Wordsworth ( wurds'wurth ), Wm. 

English poet, b. 1770. d. 1850. 
Worth ( wurth ), Wm. Jenkins. Am. 

general, b. 1794. d. 1849. 
Wycherley ( wich'er-li ), Wm. Eng. 

dramatist, b. 1640. d. 1715. 
Wyclif, Wicliffe or Wicfeliffe 

(wik'lif), John. English ecclesiastical 

reformer, b. 1324. d. 1384. 
Wyss ( vis ), Johann Rudolph. Swiss 

writer. (Swiss Family BoMnson), b. 

1781. d. 1830. 



Xenocrates ( ze-nok'ra-tez ). Greek 
philosopher, b. B J C. 396. d. 314. 

Xenophon (zen'o-fon). Athenian gen- 
eral and historian, b. B. C. 430. d. 358. 

Xerxes (zerks'ez). (The Great). King of 
Persia, d. B. C. 465. 



Tale (yal), Elihu. Eng. official in In- 
dia. Benefactor of Yale college, b. 
1649. d. 1721. 

Toumans (yb'manz), Edward L. Am. 
scientist, b. 1821. d. 1887. 

Young, Brigham. Leader and high 
priest of the Mormons, b. 1801. d. 1877. 

Young, Edward. Eng. poet. ( Night 
thoughts.) b. 1684. d. 1765. 

Tpsilanti ( ip-se-lan'ti ), Alexander, 
Prince. Greek patriot and general, b. 
1792. d. 1828. 



Zarathustra ( za-ra-thosh'tra ). Per- 
sian for Zoroaster. 
Zeno ( ze'no ) . Greek philosopher. 

Founder of the Stoic school, b. B. C. 

358. d. 260. 
Zenobia (ze-n5'bi-a), Septimia. Queen 

of Palmyra, 1. a. 280. 
Zeuxis (zuks'is). Greek painter of the 

human form, b. B. C. 464. d. 396. 
Zola (zo'la), Emile. French novelist, 

b. 1840. d. 1902. 
Zoroaster (z5-ro-as'ter). Founder of 

Parsee religion, 1. a. B. C. 800. 
Zwingli (tswing'le), Ulrich. Swiss 

religious reformer. Killed in battle 

1531. b. 1484. 



Iftte, Cat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, ber; mite, mit; note, not? move, wolf} 
mute, bat, bum; oil, owl, thon. 




N, B. — The special pronunciation marks in this department are the same 
as in the dictionary of biography. Abbreviations: A. = Area; prov. = 
province; tn. = town; sq. m. = square miles. 

Aachen — Antietam 



Aachen (a/Men), Aix-la-Chapelle. City 
and district in Germany. 

Aar (ar), river in Switzerland. 

Abyssinia (ab-i-sin'i-a), monarchy in 
eastern Africa. Area, 200,000 sq. m. 

Adirondacks (a-di-ron'daks), group 
of mountains in N. E. New York. 

Adriatic (a-dri-at'ik) , Sea, part of 
Mediterranean sea, E. of Italy. 450 
in. Jong,_100 m.wide. 

iEgean (e-je'an), Sea, part of Mediter- 
ranean sea between Greece and Asia 
Minor. 

Afghanistan (af-gan-is-tan'), country 
N. W. of India. Area, 250,000 sq. m. 

Agincourt (azh-an-kor'), village in 
France, near Boulogne. [aachen. 

Aix-la-Chapelle (aks-la-sha-pel'(. See 

Ajaccio (a-ya'cho), seaport and cap- 
ital of Corsica. 

Alabama (a]-a-ba'ma),onethe of TJ. S. 
Area, 51,756 sq. m. Cap. Montgomery. 

Alaska (a-las'ka) , territory of U. S. 
N. W. of Canada. Purchased of Russia 
in 18G7 for $7,200,000. Area, 590,446 
sq. m. [coast of European Turkey. 

Albania (al-ba'ni-a), district on west 

Albany (al'ba-ni), capital of New 
York State. 

Alberta (al-bur'ta), province of Cana- 
da, east of British Columbia. 

Albert Nyanza ( al'burt ny-an'za), 
lake in Central Africa, 100 m. long.' 

Albuquerque (al-bo-ker'ke), town in 
New Mexico, founded 17th century. 

Aleppo (a-lep'6), town in As. Turkey. 

Aleutian v a-lu'shi-an) Islands, group 
S. E., and part, of Alaska. 

Alexandria (al-eg-zan'dri-a), city in 
Egypt, founded 332 B. C. by Alexan- 
der the Great. 



Algeria (al-je'ri-a), French colony in 
N. Africa. Area, 184,474 sq. m. Cap- 
ital, Algiers. 

Alleghany ( al'e-ga-ni), range of 
mountains in Pennsylvania, Mary- 
land, W. Virginia and Virginia. 

Allegheny (al'e-gen-i), city in Penn- 
sylvania. 

Alps (alps), mountain range running 
through central Europe. 

Alsace-Lorraine (al-sas' lor-ran'), 
division of German Empire, ceded by 
France in 1871. Area, 5,600 sq. m. 

Amazon (am'a-zon), river in South 
America; over 3,500 m.' long and 50 
m. wide at mouth. 

America (a-mer'i-ka), the western 
continent, North and South America. 

Amiens (a-me-ang'), capital of 
Somme, France. 

Amsterdam (am'ster-dam), seaport 
and chief city of the Netherlands. 

Ancona (an-ko'na), province and city 
in eastern Italy. [southern Spain. 

Andalusia (an-da-lo'zi-a), district in 

Andermatt (au'der-mat), village in 
Switzerland. Center for tourists. 

Anderson ville ( an'der-sun-vil ) , tn. 
in Georgia; seat of Confederate prison 
during CivilWar. 

Andes (an'dez), chain of mountains 
in S. America,extending from Isthmus 
of Panama to Cape Horn, 4,500 m. 

An nam (an'am), monarchy in Indo- 
Chinese peninsula. A. 52,100 sq. m. 

Annapolis (a-nap'o-lis), capital of 
Maryland; seat of U. S. Naval Acad. 

Antarctic (ant-ark'tik) Ocean, 
around the South Pole. 

Antietam (an-te'tam), small river in 
Pennsylvania and Maryland; scene 
of battle Sept. 17, 1862. 



ttte, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 

mate, bat, burn; oil, owl, then. 

725 



Antilles 



726 



Birmingham 



/Mitilles (an-til'lez), West Indies, ex- 
cept Bahamas. [Asiatic Turkey. 

Antioeh ( an'ti-ok ), city in Syria, 

Antwerp (ant'werp), seaport of Bel- 
gium^ [Islands. (German). 

Apia (a'pi-a). Port of Upolu, Samoan 

Appalachian (ap-a-lach'-i-an) Moun- 
tains, eastern N. America, from 
Newfoundland to Alabama. 

Appoinatox (ap-o-mat'oks), village 
and river in Virginia. Scene of Lee's 
surrender, April 9, 1865. 

Arabia (a-ra'bi-a), large peninsula 
in S.W.A'sia. Area 173,700 sq.m. 

Ararat (ar'a-rat), mountain at junc- 
tion of Russia, Persia and Asiatic 
Turkey. 

Arctic (ark'tik) Ocean, around the 
North Pole. 

Argentine (ar'jen-ten), republic in 
S. America, E. of Andes and S. of 
Bolivia. Area 1 L 135,840 sq. m. 

Arizona (ar-i-zo'na), territory of U. 
S., bet. California 'and New Mexico. 
Area 113,870 sq. m. 

Arkansas (ar'kan-sa), one of the U. S. 
A. 53,228 sq. m/ Cap., Little Rock. 

Armenia (ar-me'ni-a), region around 
Mt. Ararat, in Russia, Persia and 
Asiatic Turkey. [ency in W. Africa. 

Ashantee (a-shan'te), British depend- 

Asia (a'shi-a), largest continent in 
world, in eastern hemisphere. Area 
17,000,000 sq. m. 

Assiniboia (as-in-i-boi'a), former divi- 
sion of N. W. Ter. of Canada, N. of 
Montana and N. Dakota, U. S. 

Athabaska ( ath-a-bas'ka ), former 
division of N. W. Ter., Canada. 

Athens (ath'enz), capital of Greece. 

Atlanta (at-lan'ta), cap. of Georgia. 

Atlantic (at-lan'tik) Ocean, between 
America and Europe and Africa. 
10,000 m. long; 3,000 m. wide; aver- 
age depth about 13,000 ft. 

Ansteriitz ( ows'ter-lits ), town in 
Austria-Hungary, scene of a Napo- 
leonic victory in_1805. 

Australia (as- tra'li-a), largest island 
in world; S.'E. of Asia. A. 2,972,573 
sq. m. 

Austria-Hungary (as'tri-a hun'ga- 
ri),European empire. A. 261,035 sq.m. 

Azores (a-zorz') Islands, 800 m. W. 
of, and belonging to, Portugal. A. 
922 sq. m. 



Babylon (bab'i-lon), ancient city of 
Mesopotamia, Asiatic Turkey, now in 
ruins. 

Baden (ba'den), 1. State in German 
Empire. 2. Town in that state (Ba- 
den-Baden.) 



Bagdad (bag'dad). 1. Division of Tur« 
key in Asia. 2. Town in that division. 

Bahamas ( ba-ha'mas ), group of 
islands in British West Indies. 

Balaklava (ba-la-kla'va), vil. in the 
Crimea, 8 m. S. E. of Sebastopol. 
Charge of the_600, Oct. 25, 1854. 

Balearic (bal-e-ar'ik) Islands, group 
of Spanish islands in the Mediterra- 
nean. 

Balkan (bal-kan' or bal'kan), moun- 
tain system in Europe, 'S. of the 
lower Danube. 

Baltic (bal'tik) Sea, bet. Germany, 
Sweden and Russia. Area 184,000 
sq. m. [of Maryland, U. S. 

Baltimore (bal'ti-mor), chief seaport 

Baluchistan "(bal-6-chis-tan'), coun- 
try in Asia W. of India on Arabian 
sea, under Brit, control. A. 131,855 
sq. m. [chief port of Siam. 

Bangkok (bang-kok'), capital and 

Barbadoes (bar-ba'doz), island of the 
British W. Indies. 

Barcelona (bar-se-lo'na), 1. Province 
of Spain. 2. Capital and seaport of 
such province. 3. Tn. in Venezuela. 

Basel (ba'zl), city in Switzerland. 

Basque (bask) Provinces, Spanish 
district near the Pyrenees. 

Basutoland (ba-so to-land), British 
colony in S. Africa. A. 10,293 sq. m. 

Batavia'(ba-ta'vi-a), capital and sea- 
port of Java, Dutch East Indies. 

Bavaria (ba-va'ri-a), state of German 
Empire. Area 29,282 sq. m. 

Bayreuth (bi'roit), ciiy of Bavaria, 
site of the celebrated Wagner tbeaier. 

Bechuanaiand ( becb-6-a'na-land ), 
Brit, protectorate in S. Africa. Area 
275,000 sq. m. 

Belgium (bel'ji-um), European king- 
dom, S. of Holland. A. 11,373 sq in. 

Bengal (ben-gal'), 1. Peov. of India. 

2. Bay or Gulf of, part of Indian 
Ocean, E. of Hindostan, W. of Burma. 

Beri ug (be'ring), Behring (ba'ring) 

Sea, Strait, waterway connecting 

Pacific and Arctic Oceans, separating 

Siberia from Alaska. 
Berlin ( ber-lin', Ger. ber-len') , cap. 

and largest city in German Empire. 
Bermudas (ber-mu'daz), Brit, islands 

in Atlantic Ocean, 600 m. E. of N. 

Carolina. 
Bern (bern), capitalof Switzerland. 
Bessarabia (bes-a-ra'bi-a), district of 

Russia, E. and N.'E.of Romania. 
Bethlehem ( beth'le-em), town in 

Palestine, accepted birthplace of 

Christ. 
Birmingham (ber'ming-am), 1 4th 

city in England. 2. City in Alabama. 

3. Suburb of Pittsburg. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her ; mitt, xa.it, note, not, more, wolf ; 
mute, but, burn; oil, owl, then. 



Biscay 



727 



Cambridge 



Jjiscay (bis'ka), Bay of, portion of 
Atlantic Ocean N. of Spain and W. 
of France. 

JBisinarck (biz'mark) Archipelago, 

group of islands (German Protector- 
ate), N. of Australia. A. 20,000 sq. m. 

Slack Sea, inland body of water S. 
of Russia, E. of Turkey, 700 m. long, 
390 m. wide. [nr. Cork, Ireland. 

Blarney (blar'ni) , village and castle, 

ISloemfontein (blcm'fon-tm), cap. 
of Orange River Colony, Africa. 

Bokemia ( bo-he'mi-a ), province of 
Austria-Hungary. Area 20,060 sq. m. 

Boise (boi'ze), capital of Idaho. 

Bokhara (bo-ka'ra). 1. Russian 
dependency in Asia,I\\ of Afghanis- 
tan. A. 92,000 sq. m. 2. Cap. of above. 

Bolivia (bo-liv'i-a), S. Am. Republic, 
S. W. of Brazil. Area 708,195 sq. m. 

Bombay ( bom-ba' ). 1. Province ol 
British India. 2. Cap. of said prov. 

Bordeaux (bor-do'), city in south, 
ern France. 

Borneo (bar'ne-o) , largest of E. Indian 

. Islands, seven-eighths Dutch-, one- 
eighth English. A. 286,161 so. m. 

Bosnia (boz'ni-a), former Turkish ter- 
ritory, now part of Austria-Hungary. 
A , with Herzegovinia, 19,702 sq. m. 

Bosporus (bos'po-rus), strait connect- 
ing Sea of Marmora and Black sea. 

Boston (bos'tun). 1. Cap. of Massachu- 
setts. 2. Seaport in England. 

Botany Bay (bot'a-ni ba), inlet on E. 
coast of Australia. [in France. 

Boulogne (b6-lon'), important seaport 

Bourses (borzh), ancient town in 
France. [and town in Prussia. 

Brandenburg (bron'den-borM), prov. 

Brazil (bra-zil'), United States of, re- 
public in S. America. Area 3,292,000 

Bremen ( bremen ), free city in Ger- 
many; seaport. Area 99 sq. m. 

Breslan (bres'low), city in Prussia. 

Brest (brest), seaport in France. 

Brighton (bri'tun), principal water- 
ing-place in England, on the Channel. 

Brisbane (briz'ban), cap. of Queens- 
land, Australia. 

Bristol (bris'tul), seaport in England. 

British Columbia (co-lum'bi-a), 
province in Canada. A. 310,191 sq. in. 

British Honduras (hon-d b'ras), 
English colony in Central America. 
Area 7,562 sq. m. 

Brooklyn (brok'lin), borough of New 
York city, on Long Island. 

Brunswick (brunz'wik). 1. State of 
German Empire. 2. Capital of same. 

Brussels (brus'elz), cap. of Belgium. 

Buckingham (buk'ing-am), city of 
England, in shire of same name. 

Budapest (bo'da-pest), cap. Hungary. 



Budweis (bod'vis), city of Bohemia. 
Buenos Ay res (bwa'nos i'rez), cap. 

of Argentina. 
Buffalo (buf'a-lo), city of New York 

State, on Lake Erie and Niagara riv. 
Bukharest(bo-ka-rest'),cap.Rumania. 
Bulgaria (bul-ga'ri-a), principality in 

the Balkan Peninsula, tributary to 

Turkey. Area 37,200 sq. m. 
Bull Bun (bol run), River in Eastern 

Virginia. 
Bunker mil (bung'ker hil), hill in 

Charlestown, near Boston, Mass. 
Burma Cber'ma), prov. of Brit. India. 

Area 236,738 sq. m. 
Burton-on-Trent (ber'tun-on-trent), 

town in Eng., on the Trent River. 
Butte (but), city in Rocky Mountain 

region of S. "W. Montana. 
Buzzard's (buz'ardz) Bay, S. E. 

coast of Massachusetts. 
Byzantium (bi-zan'shi-um), Greek 

colonial city, founded 7th century 

B. C. Now Constantinople. 



Cakes (ka'bes), or Gabez (ga'bes), gulf 
and town on the Mediterranean coast 
of Africa, S. of Tunis. 

Cabul. See Kabul. 

Cadiz (ka'diz), Atlantic seaport in S. 
W. Spain; capital of the province 
of the samename. 

Caen (kong), capital of the Department 
of Calvados, France, on Orne River. 

Cairo (ki'ro), capital of Egypt. Found- 
ed about 970 A. D. Great pyramids in 
its vicinity. 

Cairo (ka'ro), city of Illinois, at con- 
fluence of Ohioand Mississippi rivers. 

Calabria (ka-la'bri-a) , south western 
part of Italy. ' [posite of Dover. 

Calais (kal'is; Fr. ka-la'), France, op- 

Calcutta (kal-kut'a), capital of British 
India and Bengal, on Hugli mouth of 
Ganges River. Commercial center. 

Calicut (kal'i-kut), seaport on Malabar 
Coast, Madras, British India. 

California (kal-i-far'ni-a), state of 
the U. S. Area 158,233' sq. m. Cap. 
Sacramento. 

California, Lower, peninsula nro- 
jecting southward into Pacific Ocean. 
Part of Mexico. Area 58,328 sq. m. 

Callao (kal-la'o or kal-ya'o), chief sea- 
port of Peru, on bay of same name. 



Cambodia ( kam-bo'di-a ) , part o J 
French Indo-China. A. 37,400 sq. m. 

Cambrai, or Cambray (kam-bra/), 
fortified tn. France, on Schelde River. 

Cambridge (kam'brij). 1. City in Eng. 
on Cam River, seat of famous univer- 
sity. 2. City near Boston, Mass., seat 
of Harvard University. 



£*te, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit ; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burnt oil, owl, then. 



Campagna 



728 



Chartreg 



Campagna di Roma (kam-pan'ya de 
ro'rua), large malarial plain in Italy, 
surrounding Rome^ 

Campania (kani-pa'ni-a) , in ancient 
geography, region in S. E. Italy. 

Campeche ( kam-pa'cha ) , or Cam° 
peachy (kam-pe'che), state in Mexico, 
S. W. part of the peninsula of Yuca- 
tan. A. 18,087 sq. m. Capital, Cam- 
peche, seaport on gulf of the same 
name. _ [tine. 

Cana (ka'na), village of Galilee, pales- 
Canada (kan'a-da), Dominion of, 
Confederation' of' Brit. N. American 
prov. and territories. N. of the U. S. 
Area, 3,653,946 sq. m., cap. Ottawa. 

Canary Islands ( ka-na'ri 1'landz ), 
group in N. Atlantic Ocean. ' Area 
2,808 sq. m. 

Cannes (kan), seaport and health re- 
sort, France, 20 m. S. W. of Nice. 

Canterbury ( kan'ter-ber-i ) , city in 
England, on Stour river. 

Canton (kan-ton'), city and seaport, 
China. [place of McKinley. 

Canton (kan'tun), city, Ohio. Burial 

Cape Cod (kap kod'), peninsula on S. 
side of Massachusetts Bay. 

Cape Colony ( kap'kol'o-ni ) , British 
colony, S. part of S.Africa. 

Cape Hatteras ( kap hat'e-ras ), a 
dangerous cape on coast of N. C. 

Cape Morn (kap harn'), S. point of S. 
America. Also called The Horn. 

Cape of Good Mope, S. Africa, 30 
m. S. of Cape Town. Alt. 1,000 feet. 

Cape Town (kap'town), seaport and 
capital of Cape Colony, on Table Bay. 

Cape Verde (kap verd), most westerly 
headland of Africa. 

Cape Verde Islands, group in At- 
lantic, 320 m. W. of Cape Verde. 

Capri (ka'pre), island and town, Italy, 
at the entrance to the Bay of Naples. 

Capna (kap'u-a), city in Italy, on the 
Volturno, 27 m. N- of Naples. 

Caracas (ka-ra'kas), cap. of Venezuela. 

Cardiff ( kar-dif ), seaport, Glamor- 
ganshire, Wales, on Severn river. 

Carrifebean ( kar-ib-be'an ) Sea, be- 
tween W. Indies and S. and C. Am. 

Carinthia (ka-rin'thi-a), duchy, Aus- 
tria. Area4,005sq. m." 

Carlsbad (karlz'bad), city, Bohemia, 
68 m. W. by N. of Prague. 

Carlsrube or Karlsruhe(karls-ro'e), 
city, capital of Baden. 

Carmel(kar'mel), range of hills in Pal- 
estine, between Esdraelon and sea. 

Carniola(kar-ni-o'la), duchy, Austria, 
(Ger. Krairi). Area'3847 sq. m. 

Caroline ( kar'-o-lin ) Islands, N. 
Pacific, sold to Germany by Spain in 
1899. 



Carpathian (kar-pa'thi-an) Moant> 
ains, on the N. and E. "of Hungary. 

Carrara ( kar-ra'ra ), town in Italy. 
White marble quarries. 

Carson City (kar'sun sit'i), capital of 
the State of Nevada. 

Cartagena ( kar-ta-ha'na, ), seaport 
city, chief naval arsenal, Spain. 

Carthage (kar'thaj), famous ancient 
city on N. coast of Africa. 

Cascade ( kas-kad' ) Mountains, U. 
S. and Brit. Columbia. 

Caspian Sea (kas'pi-an se), between 
Europe and Asia. Area 180, 000 sq. m. 

Cassel or Kassel(kas'el), town, Prus- 
sian province of Hesse Nassau. 

Castile (kas-tel')» central district of 
Spain, divided into Old and New C. 

Catania (ka-ta'ni-a), capital of C. pro- 
vince, Sicily. 

Catskill Mountains, New York, be- 
long to the Appalachian system. 

Caucasus (k a'ka-sus), mountains, 
Russia, bet. Black and Caspian seas. 

Cawnpur (kan-por'), chief tn. of dis- 
trict of same name, N. W. Provinces, 
India. [ipelago. A. 71,470 sq. m. 

Celebes (sel'e-bez), island. Malay Arch- 

Cenis (se-ne'), Mont (mong), tunneled 
mountain bet. Savoy and Italy. 

Cerro Gordo (ther-6-gar'do), moun- 
tain pass in Mexico. Scene of Ameri- 
can victory April 18th 1847. 

Ceuta (sa-u'ta; Sp. tha'6-ta), Sp. sea- 
port, Morocco, opposite Gibraltar. 

Cevennes (sev-en'), chief mountain 
range of S. France. 

Ceylon ( se-lon' J, British island, S. of 
India. Area 25,332 sq. m. 

Chad or Tchad (chad), lake, Soudan, 
N. Africa. Area 10,000 sq. m. 

Chagres (cha'gres), town, on Chagres 
river, Colombia, on N. coast of isth- 
mus of Panama. 

Chalons-sur- Marne ( sha-long-sur- 
marn'), France, capital dept. Marne. 
(Ancient Catalaunum)_. 

Chambery (shong-ba-re'), France, cap. 
of dept. of Savoy. 

Chamouni ( sha-mo-ne' ), village in 
Savoy, below Mont Blanc. 

Chantilly ( shong-te-ye' ), town in 
dept. of Oise, France. 

Channel Islands, in English Chan- 
nel, off Fr. coast; belong to England. 

Charleston (charlz'tun), city, port of 
entry, metropolis of S. 'Carolina. 

Charleston, cap. of W. Virginia, on 
Kanawha and Elk rivers. 

Charlottenburg (shar-lot'en-bor£7i). 
town, Prussia, on the Spree. 3 rh. W. 
of Berlin. Burial place of William I. 

Chartres ( sbar'tr ), city in France, 
cap. of department Eure-et-Loire. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, bum; oil, owl, thsa, 



Chatham 



729 



Daricn 



Chatham (chat'am), town, naval arse- 
nal, seaport, England. 
Chattanooga ( chat-a-nb'ga ), city, 

Tennessee, on the Tennessee river. 
Chautauqua (sha-ta'kwa), lake and 

village in New York State, 726 feet 

above Lake Erie. 
Chee-foo ( cke-fo' ), treaty port on N. 

side of Shangtung Peninsula, China. 
Chelsea (chel'si), suburb of London, 

England, on N. bank of the Thames. 
Chemnitz (kem'nits), manufacturing 

town in Saxony, Germany. 
Cherbourg (shur-burg'; Fr. shar-bor'), 

seaport and naval station, on the 

channel, France. 
Chesapeake (ches-a-pek') Bay, Mary- 
land and Virginia* inlet of Atlantic. 
Cheviot Mills ( chev'i-ut hilz), bet. 

England and Scotland. 
Cheyenne (shi-en') 2 cap. of Wyoming. 
Chicago (shi-ka'go), city, Illinois, S. 

W. shore o-f Lake Michigan. 
Chickahominy (chik-a-hom'i-ni), 

affluent Of James river in Virginia. 
Chickamauga (chik-a-ma'ga), river 

in Tennessee, scene of battie Septem- 
ber 19-20, 1863^ 
Chih".iahua(che-wa'wa), largest State 

of Mexico._ Area 87,802 sq. m. 
Chile (che'la), republic, W. coast of S. 

America. Area 307,620 sq. m. 
China (chi'na), empire, E. Asia. Area 

4,277,170 sq. m. 
Christ iania (kris-ti-an'i-a ), capital 

of Norway, on C. Fjord. 
Cincinnati ( sin-sin-nat' i), chief city 

of Ohio, on N. bank of Ohio river. 
Civita Vecchia (che've-ta vek'ki-a), 

seaport, Italy,_38 m. N. W. of Rome. 
Cleveland (klev'land), second city of 

Ohio, on S. shore of Lake Erie. 
Coblentz (ko'blents), cap. of Rhenish 

Prussia, on Rhine and Moselle. 
Cochin China (ko'chin chi'.na), prov. 

French Indo China. A. 20,000 sq. m. 
Cognac (kon-yak'), th. in dept. Cha- 

rente, France. [sia, on the Rhine. 

Cologne (ko-lon'), city, Rhenish Prus- 
Colombia (ko-lom'bi-a), republic, S. 

America, on Caribbean sea. [Ceylon. 
Colombo (ko-lqm'bo), seaport, cap. of 
Colorado (col-o-ra'do), state of U. S.. 

cap. Denver. Area 103,969 sq. m. 
Colorado River, rises in Wyoming, 

falls into Gulf of California. 
Columbia (ko-lum'bi-a), city, cap. of 

S Carolina. 
Columbia, District of, territory of U. 

S. containing the federal capital. 
Columbus (ko-lum'bus), city, cap. of 

the State of Ohio. 
Como(ko'mo), city, Lombardy, N.Italy, 

on S. W. extremity of Lake of Como. 



Concord ( kOn'kard ), city, capital of 
State of New Hampshire, on the 
Merrimac. 

Concord, tn. in Massachusetts, 23 m. 
N. W. of Boston. Battle Apl. 19, 1775. 

Congo Independent State, Central 
Africa. A. 900.000 sq.m. Cap. Boma. 

Congo River, great equatorial river 
of Central Africa, length 3,000 m. <■ 

Connecticut (ko-net'i-kut), one of the 
U. S. A.5,612 sq. m. Cap. Hartford. 

Constantinople ( kon-stan-ti-no'pl ), 
cap. of Ottoman Empire^ Turkey. 

Copenhagen ( ko-pen-ha'gen ), city, 
cap. of Denmark, on island of Zealand. 

Cordova (kar'do-va), city, Spain, on 
the Guadalquivir. 

Corea. See Korea. 

Corinth ( kor'inth ), ancient city of 
Greece, on isthmus of C. 

Corinth, town, Mississippi, sceue of 
battle Oct. 3-4, 1862. 

Cork (kark), city, Ireland. 

Cornwall ( karh'wal ), maritime co., 
forming S. W. extremity of England. 

Corsica (kor'si-ka), island in the Medi- 
terranean, department of France. 

Costa Rica (kos'ta re'ka), most S. re- 
public of Central America. 

Cowes (kowz), seaport, N. corner of 
the Isle of Wight. [Austria. 

Cracow { kra'kd ) , city, in Galicia, 

Crete (kret), Turkish island in Medi- 
terranean. Area 3,326 sq. m. 

Crimea (kri-me'a), peninsula, S. Rus- 
sia, on Black Sea. 

Cronstadt (kron'stat), seaport, Rus- 
sia, oh Kotlin Island, Gulf of Finland. 

Cuba ( ku'ba ), largest of W. Indian 
Islands. Area 45,881 sq. m. 

Cumberland (kum'ber-land) River, 
in Kentucky and Tennesse, tributary 
of the Ohio. 

Curacoa (ku-ra-so'), island, Dutch W, 
Indies, 75 m. from Venezuela. 

Cyprus (si-prus), island in E. Mediter- 
ranean, belonging to England. 



Dahomey (da-hS'ma), French protec- 
torate in W. Africa. 

Dalmatia (dal-ma'shya), prov., Aus- 
tria, on the Adriatic. A. 4,940 sq. m. 

Damaraland (dam'a-ra-land), coun- 
try of S. W. Africa, on the coast. 

Damascus (da-mas'kus), city, Asiatic 
Turkey, capital of Syria. 

Danzig (dant'siM), seaport. W. Prus- 
sia, on the Vistula. 

Danube (dan'ub), river, rises in Black 
Forest, Baden, enters Black Sea. 

Dardanelles (dar-da-nelz'), strait bet. 
Europe and Asia. [U. S 

Darien (da'ri-en), seaport in Georgia, 



fit@, f*t, task, far, fftl), fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, nritj note, not, move, wolf; 

©ute, nut; buru; oil, ow!, theu, 



8>arien 



730 



Geneva 



Dariesa (da-ri-en or Sp. da-ri-en'), 
Isthmas of, easternmost part of 
the state of Panama, bet the Gulf of 
Darien and the Bay of San Miguel. 

Darmstadt (darm'stat), capital of 
Grand-duchy of Hesse, Germany. 

I>ead Sea (ded'se), salt lake, Palestine, 
1,312 feet below sea level. 

Delagoa Bay (del-a-go'a ba), inlet of 
Indian Ocean, S. E. 'Africa. 

Delaware (del'a-war), one of the U. S. 
A. 2,380 sq. m". Cap. Dover. 

Delaware River, rises in Catskill 
Mts., and enters Delaware Bay. 

Belhi (del'e), city, Punjab, India, on 
the Jumna. 

B>enmark (den'mark), European king- 
dom, bet. Baltic and North seas. A- 
15,592 sq. m. [on S. Platte river. 

Denver (den'ver),city,cap.of Colorado. 

Des Moines (de-moin'), cap. of Iowa, 
on Des Moines and Raccoon rivers. 

Dessau (des-sow'), town, cap. of the 
duchy of Anhalt, Germany. 

Detroit (de-troif), chief city of State 
of Michigan, on Detroit river. 

Detroit River, bet. Michigan and 
Canada, from Lake St. Clair to Lake 
Erie. [English Channel. 

Dieppe (dg-ep'), seaport, France, on 

Dominican Republic, or Santo 
Domingo, negro republic, Haiti, 
West Indies. [E. Kent, England. 

Dover (do'ver), seaport and borough, 

Dover, cap. of State of Delaware. 

Dresden (drez'den), cap. of Saxony, 
on the Elbe. 

Dublin (dub'lin), city, cap. of Ireland, 
on Dublin bay and Liffey river. 

Dundee (dun-de f ), city, Forfarshire, 
Scotland, on Tay river. 

Dunkirk ( dun'kerk ), seaport, in 
France, on strait of Dover. 

Duesseldorf ( diis'sel-dorf ), town in 
Rhenish Prussia, on the Rhine. 



East Indies (est' in'diz), India, Indo- 
China, and Malay Archipelago. 

East River, strait joining Long 
Island Sound to New York Bay. 

Ecuador (ek'-wa-dor, or Span, a-kwa- 
dor'), republic, S. America, on Equa- 
tor. Area 116,000. 

Edinburgh (ed'in-bur-ro), capital of 
Scotland, S. of Firth of Forth. 

Egypt (e'jipt), N. E. Africa and Sinai 
Peninsula, Asia. Area 394,345 sq. m. 

Elba (el'ba), island near Italy. 

Elbe(el'be), river, Germany, flows 780 
m. to North Sea. 

England ( ing'gland ), forms, with 
Wales, the S. and larger part of 
Island of Great Britain. 



English Channel, between France 

and England. 
Erie (e'ri), Lake, between Canada 

and U. S. Area 9000 sq. m. 
Erzerum (erz-rom'), city, Turkish 

Armenia, on branch of Euphrates. 
Esquimalt (es'ki-malt), seaport, S.E. 

coast of Vancouver. 
Essen (es'sen), town, Rhenish Prussia, 

seat of Krupp's iron works. 
Etna ( et'na ). Mount, volcano, Sicily, 
Euphrates (fl-fra'tez), river, Asiatic 

Turkey, joins the Tigris. 
Europe (u'rop), continent, W. of Asia. 

Area 3,900,000 sq. m. 
Everest (ev'er-est), Mount, Himala- 
yas, in Nepal. Alt. 29,002 feet. 

Falmouth (f al'muth) , seaport, Corn- 
wall, England. [White Nile. 

Fashoda (fa-sho'da), town, Africa, on 

Fez (fez) 2 second capital of Morocco. 

Fiji (fe'je) Islands, British group in 
S. Pacific. Area 8048 sq. m. 

Finland (fin'land) , Grand Duchy of, 
country, N. W. Russia. Area 144,250 
sq. m. [provs. Belgium. 

Flanders (flan'derz), East and West, 

Florence (nor'ens), Italian: Firenze 
(f6-rent'se), city in Italy. 

Florida ( flor'i-da ), one of the U. S. 
Area 58,984' sq. m. Cap. Tallahassee. 

Foochow (fo-chow'), capital of Chinese 
province of Fu-chien. 

Formosa (far-mo'sa), Japanese island, 
170 m. N. of Luzon. A. 13,458 sq. m. 

Forth (forth), river, Scotland. 

France (frans), republic, W. Europe. 
Area 207,107 sq. m. 

Frankfort ( f rangk'furt ), cap. Ken- 
tucky, on Kentucky river. 

Frankfort-on-the-Main, city, in 
the Prussian prov. of Hesse-Nassau. 

Frankfort-on-the-Oder, town, in 
province of Brandenburg, Prussia. 

Franz-Josef Land, archipelago in 
the Arctic Ocean, N. of Nova Zembla. 

Fredericksburg ( fred'er-iks-burg ), 
city, Virginia, on Rappahannock 
river. [Scotia and New Brunswick. 

Fundy (f un'di) Bay of, inlet bet. Nova 

Galicia (ga-lish'i-a), crownland, Aus- 
tria-Hungary. Area 30,321 sq. m. 

Galveston (gal'ves-tun), seaport, 
Texas, G. Bay,_Gulf of Mexico. 

Gal way (gal'wa), seaport, Ireland, on 
Galway Bay, 130 m. W. of Dublin. 

Ganges (gan'jez), great river, India, 
flowing 1509 m. to Bay of Bengal. 

Garonne ( ga-ron' ), river, S. France. 

Geneva (je-ne'va), largest city of 
Switzerland. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wotf} 
**, mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then, - 



Geneva 



"31 



Iceland 



Geneva, Lake of, or Lake Leman, bet. 
Switzerland and France. A. 82 sq. in. 

Genoa (jen'6-a), seaport city, N. Italy, 
on Gulf of same name. 

George ( jor.j ) Lake, in the Adiron- 
dacks, New York. 

Georgia ( jor'ji-a), one of the U. S. 
Area, 59,436sq. in. Cap. Atlanta. 

Germany (jer-man-i), empire in cen- 
tal Europe. Area 208,830 sq. m. 

Ghent (gent), cap. of E. Flanders, 
Belgium. 

Gibraltar (ji-bral'tar), town and for- 
tified rock, S. Spain. [river Clyde. 

Glasgow (glas'go), city, Scotland, on 

Gloucester (glos'ter), city and port, 
England, on the Severn. 

Gloucester, seaport, Massachusetts. 

Goettingen (get-ting-en), city, Prus- 
sia, province of Hanover. 

Granada (gra-na'da), city, capital of 
province of same name, Spain. 

Great Britain (grat brit'an), largest 
island of Europe. Area 88,729 sq. m. 

Great Salt Lake, Utah, in N. E. part 
of Great Basin, 70 m. long. 

Greece (gres), kingdom, S. E. Europe. 
Area 25,014 sq. m. 

Greenland (gren'land), large Danish 
island, N. E. of N." America. 

Green Mountains, range in Ver- 
mont, U. S. Highest peak, 4,240 ft. 

Greenwich (grin'ij), borough, Kent, 
England, on the Thames. 

Gretna Green (gret'na gren'), village 
in Dumfriesshire, Scotland. 

Guam (gwam), island, Pacific Ocean, 
lai-gest of the Ladrones. U. S. pos- 
session. Area 200 sq. m. 

Guatemala (gwa-ta-ma'la), republic 
and city, C. America.A. 48,300 sq. m. 

Guayaquil ( gwi-a-kel' ) , chief com- 
mercial city of Ecuador. 

Guernsey (gern'zi), island, Channel 
Islands. Area 28 sq. m. 

Guiana (ge-a'na), region, S.America, 
comprises British, Dutch, and French 
Guiana. [of Africa. 

Guinea (gin'e) Gulf of, on W. coast 



Haarlem (harlem), town, Holland, 

10 m. W. of Amsterdam. 
Hague ( hag ) The, capital of the 

Netherlands. 
Haiti, or Hayti (ha'ti), island and 

republic, W. Indies. Area of island, 

28,523 sq. m. [Scotia, seaport. 

Halifax (hal'i-faks ), capital of Nova 
Halle (hal'le), city, Prussian Saxony, 

on the Saale river. 
Hamburg (ham'bbrfcft) , free city and 

chief commercial port of Germany, 

Area 158 sq. m. 



Hanover (han'o-ver), capital of Hano- 
ver, Prussian prov., on Leine river. 

Harrisburg (har'is-burg), city, cap. 
of State of Pennsylvania. 

Hartford (hart'furd), cap. of State of 
Connecticut. 

Harz (harts), mountains, Germany, 
between the rivers Weser and Elbe, 

Hastings (has'tingz), famous water- 
ing-place, E. Sussex, England. 

Havana (ha-van'a), city, cap. of Cuba. 

Havre (ha'vr), seaport, dep. of Seine- 
Inferieure, France, on the Seine. 

Hawaii(ha-wi' e), islands, PacificOcean. 
Territory of U. S. Area 6,449 sq. m. 

Hebrides ( heb'ri-dez ), or Western 
Islands, W. of Scotland. Area 3,000 
sq. m. 

Hecla, or Hekla (hek'la), volcano, S. 
W. Iceland. Altitude 510 feet. 

Heidelberg ( hi'dl-berfcA ), city, Ba- 
den, Germany, on the Neckar. 

Helena(hel'e-na),city, capital of State 
of Montana. 

Heligoland ( hel'i-go-land ) , island. 
North Sea, belonging to Germany. 

Helsingfors (hel'sing-farz), Seaport, 
naval station of Russia',' cap. of Fin- 
land. 

Hesse ( hes ), or Hessen ( hes'sen ), 
grand duchy, Germany. Area 2,966. 

Hesoe-Xassau ( hes'-nas'sow ), prov. 
Prussia. Area 6,058 sq. m. 

Himalaya (him-a'la-ya), mountains, 
between India and Tibet. 

Hindu Hush (hin'do kosh), a moun- 
tain system of Central Asia. 

Hindustan ( hin-do-stan' ), India; 
properly, only the Punjab and the 
valley of the Ganges. 

Hoang-ho (hwang'ho), or Yellow 
River, China, falls into Gulf of PechilL 

Hohenzollern ( ho-en-tsol'ern ), ter- 
ritory in Black Forest, belonging to 
Prussia. Area 441 sq. m. 

Holland (hol'and), Netherlands. 

Honduras (hbn-do'ras), republic, 
Central America. Area 46,262 sq. m. 

Hong Kong (hang kang), British 
island, China, in Bay of Canton. A. 
3 2 sq. m. [of Hawaii, on Oahu Island. 

Honolulu (ho-no-16'16), seaport, cap. 

Hudson Bay, inland sea, in the N. E. 
of N. America. Area 510,000 sq. m. 

Hudson River, New York, rises in 
the Adirondacks, falls into New York 
Bay. » [Europe. 

Hungary (hung'ga-ri), kingdom, S. E. 

Huron (hu'run) Lake, bet. Canada 
and the U. S. Area 23,610 sq. m. 



Iceland ( Is'land ), Danish island, N, 
Atlantic, S. of Polar Circle. 



Cite, fat, task, far, fali, fare, above; me, mec, her; mite, mlt; note, not, move, wolf; 

mute, Hut, burui oil, owl, (tea. 



Ida 



Lapland 



Ida (i'da) 1. Mountain in Crete. 2, 

Mountain range in Asia Minor. 
Idaho (I'da-ho), one of toe United 

States. A. 83,828 sq. m. Cap. Boise. 
Illinois (il-i-noi'), one of the U. S. 

Cap. Springfield. Area 58,354 sq. in. 
India (in'di-a), British empire, penin- 
sula of S. Asia. A. 1,587,104 sq. in. 
Indiana (in-di-an'a), one of the U. S. 

Area 36,587 sq. m. Cap. Indianapolis. 
Indian Ocean, bet. Africa, Asia, and 

the Pacific. 
Indian Territory, formerly reserved 

for Indians, now part of Oklahoma. 
Indo-China, the eastern of the two 

great Asiatic peninsulas, Indian Oc. 
Indus ( in'dus ), river, India, rises in 

Tibet and falls into Indian Ocean. 
Innsbruck (ins'brok), cap. of Tyrol. 
Ionian (l-o'ni-an) Islands, chain of 

islands along W. coast of Greece. 
Iowa Ci'o-wa ), one of the U. S. Area 

56,270 sq. m. Cap. Des Moines. 
Irawadi, or Irrawaddi (ir-a-wad'i), 

principal river of Burma, 1,200 m. 
Ireland (ir-land), smaller of the two 

principal Brit. Isles. A. 32,393 sq. m. 
Irkutsk ( ir-kotsk' ),cap. of govern- 
ment of same name, Siberia. 
Isar, or Iser ( I'zer or e'zer ), river, 

Bavaria. 
Italy (it'a-li), kingdom, S. Europe, on 

Mediterranean. A. 32,475,253 sq. m. 

Jackson (jak'sun), cap. of State of 
Mississippi. [seacoastof Syria. 

Jaffa (jaf'a) or Jonpa (jop'a), town on 

Jamaica (ja-ma'ka), island, British 
W. Indies. Area 4,193 sq. m. 

Japan (ja-pau'), insular empire, E. 
Asia. Area 147,661 sq. m. 

Java (ja'va), island of the Dutch E. 
Indies. Area 49,000 sq. m, 

Jefferson City, capital of State of 
Missouri, on Missouri river. 

Jena (ya'na), town, Saxe-Weimar, 
Germany, on the Saale river. 

Jersey City, city, New Jersey, on 
Hudson river, opp. New York City. 

Jerusalem (j e-ro'sa-lem), city, Pales- 
tine, 33 m. S. E. of_ Jaffa, its port. 

Johannesburg- (yo-han'nes-biirg), tn. 
Transvaal Colony, South Africa. 

Jordan (jar'dan), principal river of 
Palestine, 'falls into Dead Sea. 

Junefrau (yong'frow), mtn., Bernese 
Alps, Switzerland. Altitude 13,671 ft. 

Jura (jo'ra), mnts, France and Switz- 
erland. ' [mark. A. 9,754 sq. m. 

Jutland (jut'land), peninsula, Den- 
Kabul (k&rbol'), city, capital of Afgha- 
nistan. 



Kamerun (ka-me-ron'), German pos» 
session, W.Africa. A. 180,000 sq. m. 

Kamchatka (kam-chat/ka) penin- 
sula E. Siberia. Area 465,637 sq. m. 

Kandahar (kan-da-har'), city, capital 
of southern Afghanistan. 

Kansas (kan'sas), one of the U. S. 
Area 82,236 sq.' m. Cap. Topeka ( 

Kansas City, 1. City, Missouri, on S. 
bank of the Missouri river. 2. Largest 
city of Kansas, on Missouri river, 
opp. Kansas city, Mo. 

Kattegat (kat'e-gat), sea passage bet. 
Sweden and Jutland. Width 85 m. 

Kennebec (ken-e-bek'), river, Maine, 
rises in Moosehead Lake, falls into 
Atlantic. 

Kentucky (ken-tuk'i), one of theU. S. 
Area 40,332 sq. m. Cap. Frankfort. 

Key West, seaport and island, Flori- 
da, on Gulf of Mexico. 

Kharkov (kar'kov), capital of Khar- 
kov government, Russia. 

Khartoum or Khartum (kar-t6m'}, 
town, E. Soudan, on the Blue Nile. 

Khorassan (ko-ras-an'), largest 
prov. of Persia. Area 140,000 sq. m. 

Kiau-Chau ( ke-ow-chow' ), seaport 
and district, Shantung prov., China, 
leased to Germany, 1898. Area 200 
sq. m. [on the Dnieper river. 

Kieffor Kiev (ke-yef), town, Russia, 

Kiel (kel), naval station, Schleswig- 
Holstein, Prussia, on Baltic Sea. 

Kilkenny (kil-ken'i), cap. of county 
of same name, Ireland. 

Killarney (kil-lar'ni), lakes of, in 
county Kerry, Ireland. 

Kimberley ( kim'ber-li ), capital of 
Griqualand West, South Africa. 

Kissingen ( kis'sing-en ) , watering 
place, Bavaria, on the Saale. 

Koenigsberg- (ke'nifcfts-berg), city, E. 
Prussia , Germany , on the Pregel. 

Korea (ko-re'a), peninsula bet. Yellow 
Sea and Sea of Japan, under Japanese 
control. Area 90,000 sq. m. 



Labrador (lab'ra-dor), peninsula bet. 
Hudson Bay and Gulf of St. Law- 
rence. A. 420,000 sq. m. 

Ladrones (la-dronz') or Marianne 
Islands, in N. Pacific, (German, ex- 
cept Guam.) A. 500 sq. m. 

Ladysmith, tn. Natal, S. Africa. 

Lahore <la-hor'l. capital of the Punjab, 
India. 

Land's End, S. W. point of England. 

Lansing (lan'sing), cap. of State of 
Michigan. 

Lapland ( lap'land ) , region in N. 
Europe. Area 130,000 sq. m. 



fate, fat, task, far, Jgll, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; not©, not, move, woifj 
mate, hu$ } burn; oil, owl, then. 



JLa Plata 



733 



Melbourne 



La Plata (la pla'ta) , principal port 
of Argentine Republic. [Syria. 

Lebanon (leb'a-hon), mountain chain, 

Leeds (ledz), town in Yorkshire, Eng- 
land. [Italian: Livorno. 

Leghorn (leg'harn), seaport, Italy. 

Leipsic (hp'sik )', Ger. Leipzig (lip'- 
tsDch), city in Saxony, Germany. 

Levant (le-vanf), the countries on E. 
shores of Mediterranean. 

Lexington ( leks'ing-tun ), town in 
Massachusetts. [the Rhine. 

Leyden (li'den ), city S. Holland, on 

Liberia (li- be'r i-a) , negro republic, W. 
coast of_ Africa. "Area 45,000 sq. m. 

Liege (le-azh'), city in Belgium. 

Lille (lei), fortified town in N. France. 

Lima (le'ma), cap. of Peru, 6 m. E. of 
Callao, its port. [Netherlands. 

Limbnrg (lim'burg), prov. and town. 

Limerick (lim'er-ik) , town, Ireland. 

Lincoln ( ling'kun), cap. of State of 
Nebraska. [the Tagus river. 

Lisbon (liz'bun), cap. of Portugal, on 

Little Rock, city, capital of State of 
Arkansas. 

Liverpool ( liv'er-pol ), city and sea- 
port in England, on the Mersey. 

London (lun'dun) , cap. England, on 
the Thames river. 

Long Island, near New York, 115 
in. long, 12 m. wide. 

Louisiana (lo-e-zi-an'a), one of the U. 
S. Cap. Baton Rouge. A. 45,514 sq.m. 

LoUrdes (lord), town in S. France. 

Luebecb(lu'bek),free city of Germany 
on the Trave. Area 115 sq. m. 

Lucerne (lu-sern') , city, in Switzer- 
land, on the Reuss river. 

Lucerne, Lake of, Switzerland. 
Area 44 sq. m. 

Luxemburg (luk'sem-burg ), cap. of 
grand duchy of L., S. E. of Belgium. 

Lyons ( li'unz ) , city in France, on 
Rhone and Saone rivers. 



Macedonia ( mas-e-do'ni-a ) , part of 

European Turkey, N. W. of Aegean. 
Mackenzie (ma-ken'zi) River, N.W. 

Territories Canada, flows 2500 m. to 

Arctic Ocean. 
Mackinac or Mackinaw (mak'i-na) 

Strait, connects Lake Michigan 

with Lake Huron. 
Madagascar (mad-a-gas'kar), French 

island near Africa, in Indian Ocean. 

A. 230,000 sq. m. 
Madeira (ma-de'ra), Portuguese is- 
land, in N. Atlantic. Area 505 sq. m. 
Madison (mad'i-sun), capital of State 

of Wisconsin. 
Madras (ma-dras'), capital of Madras 

Presidency, India. 



Madrid (mad'rid), capital of Spain. 

Magdeburg (mag^de-borg), capital of 
Prussian Saxony, on the Elbe. 

Magellan (ma-jel'an), Strait of, bet. 
S. America and Tierra del Fuego. 

Maine (man), one of the U. S. Capital 
Augusta. Area 33,039 sq. m. 

Mainz (mints), city on the Rhine, Ger- 
many. 

Majorca (ma- jar'ka), largest of the 
Balearic Isles. "Area 1310 sq. m. 

Malacca, or Malay Peninsula, 
southern extremity of Asia. 

Malaga (mal'a-ga), seaport city.Spain, 
on the Mediterranean. 

Malay (ma-la') Archipelago, great 
group of islands S. E. of Asia. 

Malta (mal'ta), English island in Med- 
iterranean. ' Area 95 sq. m. [ m. 

Man, Isle of, in Irish Sea. A. 227 sq. 

Manchester (man'ches-ter ), city in 
England. 

Manchuria (man-cho'ri-a),Asia, N. E 
division of Chinese Empire. 

Mandalay (man'da-la), capital of up- 
per Burma, India. 

Manhattan ( man-hat'an ) Island, 
central part of Greater New York. 

Manila(ma-ne'la or ma-hil'a), seaport, 
capital of Philippine Islands , on 
Luzon Island. 

Manitoba (man-i-to'ba), a N. W. prov. 
Canada. Area 64,327 sq. m. 

Mannheim (man'him), tn. in Baden, 
at confluence of_ Neckar and Rhine. 

Mantua ( man'tu-a ), fortified city of 
N. Italy. [Venezuela. 

Maracaybo (ma-ra-ki'bo), seaport in 

Mare Island, California, San Pablo 
Bay, Solano Co. 

Marseilles (nfear-salz'), chief seaport 
of France on Mediterranean. 

Martinique (mar-ti-nek'), island, W, 
Indies. French. Area 380 sq. m 

Maryland (mer'i-land), one of the U. 
S. Area 12,297 sq. in. Cap. Annapolis. 

Massachusetts (mas-a-chu'sets), one 
of U. S. A. 8,546 sq. m.Cap. Boston. 

Matterhorn ( mat'er-harn ), peak of 
the Alps. Alt. 14,771 feet. 

Mauritius (ma-rish'i-us), or Isle of 
France, British island, Indian 
Ocean. [See mainz. 

Mayence (ma-ongs'), tn. in Germany. 

Mecca (mek'a), city, in Arabia. 

Mecklenburg-Sckwerin (mek'-len- 
borAft-shwa-ren'), grand-duchy, Ger- 
many, [grand-duchy, Germany. 

Mecklenburg-Strelit* (-stra'lits) , 

Medina (me-de'na), city in Arabia. 

Mediterranean (rmed-i-ter-ra'ne-an), 
great inland sea, between Europe and 
Africa. [Victoria, Australia. 

Melbourne ( mel'burn ), capital of 



f&tfe, iat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf ; 

x mut6i but, barui oil, owl, t /sea. 



Memphis 



734 



New Jersey 



Memphis (mem'fis), city, Tennessee, 

on Mississippi river. 
Messina (mes-se'na), seaport, Sicily. 
Metz (me ts), fortified city in Alsace- 
Lorraine, Germany. 
Mexico (meks'i-ko), republic, N. Am., 

bet. U.S. and Guatemala* cap. Mexico. 

Area 767,005 sq. m. 
Michigan (mish'i-gan), one of the U. 

S. Cap. Lansing. Area 97,990 sq. m. 
Michigan, JLaSce, one of the great 

American lakes. Area 22,450 sq. m. 
Milan (mi-lan' or mil'an ), city in the 

plain of Lombardy, Italy. 
Milwaukee (mil-wa'ke), city, Wiscon- 
sin, on Lake Michigan. 
Minneapolis (min-e-ap'o-lis), city in 

Minnesota, on Mississippi River. 
Minnesota (min-e-so'ta) , one of the 

U. S. A. 86,335 sq. m. Cap. St. Paul. 
Mississippi (mis-sis-sip'i), one of the 

U. S. A. 46,919 sq. m. Cap. Jackson. 
Mississippi River, river of U.S., falls 

into Gulf of Mexico. 2,400 m. long. 
Missolonghi (mis-o-long'ge), seaport, 

Greece, on N. shore of Gulf of Patras. 
Missouri ( mi-z6'ri ), one of the U. S. 

Area 69,137 sq. m. Cap. Jefferson. 
Missouri River, U. S., principal trib- 
utary of the Mississippi, 3,047 m. 1. 
Mobile (mo-bel'), city in Alabama. 
Modena (mo'de-na), city in Italy. 
Moluccas (mo-luk'az), or Spice 

Islands, E. Indian Archipelago. Dut. 
Monaco (mon'a-ko), principality and 

town N. Italy, on the Mediterranean. 
Mongolia ( mon-go'li-a ) Region of 

Chinese Empire, W. of Manchuria. 

Area 1,304,000 sq. m. 
Montana (mon-ta'na), one of the U. S. 

Area 147,061 sq. m.' Cap. Helena. 
Mont Blanc ( mang blong' ), moun- 
tain in the Alps, France, near Italian 

frontier. Alt. 15,782 feet. 
Monte Carlo (mon'te kar'lo), town in 

the principality of Monaco, Italy. 
Montenegro (mon-te-ne'gro), princi- 
pality, Balkan Peninsula. A. 3,630 
Monterey (mon-te-ra'), health resort 

in California. 
Montevideo (mon-te-vid'e-o) , seaport, 

cap. of Uruguay. [Alabama. 

Montgomery (mont-gum'e-ri), cap. of 
Montpelier (mont-pe'lyer), capital of 

Vermont. [France. 

Montpellier (mang-pel-lya'), town in 
Montreal (mon-tfe-al'), city in Canada, 

on Ottawa and St. Lawrence rivers. 
Moravia (mo-ra'vi-a), province of 

Austrian Empire, (Mahren), 
Morocco (mo-rok'6), sultanate, N. W. 

Africa. Area 219,000 sq. m. 
Moscow ( mos'kow ), second capital of 

Russian Empire. 



Moselle (mo-zel'), river in France and 
Rhenish Prussia. 

Mosquito Coast, part of Nicaragua. 

Mozambique (mo-zam-bek'), North- 
ern part of Portuguese East Africa. 

Munich (mu'nik), city, cap. of Bava- 
ria, Germany. 

Munster (muns'ter), prov. in S. W. of 
Ireland. [lia, Prussia. 

Munster (mun'ster), cap. of Westpha- 



Nagasaki ( na-ga-sa'ki ), seaport, 

Japan, on W. coast of island Kinsin, 
Kancy (nong-se'), city in France. 
Nanking (nan-king'), cap. of theprov. 

of Kian-Su, China. 
Nantes (nants; Fr. nongt), city in 

France, on the Loire. 
Nantucket (nan-tuk'et), island and 

tn., off S._E. coast of Massachusetts. 
Naples (na'pelz), Italian: Napoli (na'- 

po-li), city in Italy. [nessee. 

Nashville (nash'vil), cap. of Ten- 
Nassau (nas'a), capital of Bahama 

Islands, on New Providence Island. 
Natal (na-tal'), Brit, colony, S.E. coast 

of Africa. Area 18,050 sq. m. 
Naxos(naks'us),largest of the Cyclades 

Islands in the Aegean. [tine. 

Nazareth (naz'a-reth), town in Pales- 
Nebraska (ne-bras'ka), one of the U. 

S. Cap. Lincoln. Area 77,531 sq. m. 
Nepal (ne-pal'), kingdom, N. India, 

bet. Tibet and Bengal. A. 54,000 sq.m. 
Netherlands ( neth'er-lands ), The, 

kingdom, Europe. on North Sea. Area 

12,648 sq. m. 
Neuchatel (ne-sha-tel') ,town,Switzei» 

land, on Lake of Neuchatel. 
Nevada (ne-va'da), one of the U. S. 

Cap. Carson City. Area 110,679 sq. m. 
Newark (no'ark), city, New Jersey, 

on Passaic river. 
New Brunswick, province,, Canada^ 

Area 27,911 sq. m. 
New Caledonia, French island, S. 

Pacific Ocean. Area 7,650 sq. m. 
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, city in Eng. 
New England, Maine, New Hamp- 
shire, Vermont,Massachusetts, Rhode 

Island, and Connecticut. 
Newfoundland (nu'fund-land), Brit. 

island, N. America. Cap. St. John's. 

Area 40,200 sq. m. 
New Guinea (nu gin'e), large island 

N. of Australia. Divided between the 

Dutch (W), English (S) and Germans 

(N. E.) Area 303,421 sq. m. 
New Hampshire (nu hamp'sher), 

one of the U. S. Cap. Concord. Area 

9,377 sq. m. 
New Jersey (no-jer'zi), one of the U. 

S. Cap. Trenton. Area 8,173 sq. m. 



fite, fat; task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 

tttttei hut, byr»; oil, owl, theu. 



New Mexico 



■:>,: 



Pern 



New Mexico (nu-meks'i-ko), territory 
of the U. S. Area 122,687 sq. m. 

New Orleans (nu-ar'le-anz), chief city 
of Louisiana. _ [ land. 

Newport (nu'port), city in Rhode Is- 

New South Wales, British colony 
in Australia. Area 310,367 sq. m. 

New York (uo'y&rk), one of the U. S. 
Cap. Albany. Area 53,719 sq. m. ' 

New York., chief commercial city of 
the U. S.. on mouth of Hudson river. 

New Zealand (no-ze'land ), British 
colony, S. Pacific. A. 104,751 sq. m. 

Niagara (ni-ag'a-ra) Falls, waterfall, 
Niagara river, bet. U. S. and Canada. 

Nicaragua (nik-a-ra'gwa; Span, ne- 
ka-ra'gwa), republic in Cent. America. 
Cap. Managua. Area 49,200 sq. m. 

Nice (nes), French seaport and health 
resort on the Mediterranean. 

Niger ( nl'jer ), river, W. Equatorial 
Africa, falls into Gulf of Guinea. 

Nijni-Novgorod (nij'ne-nov'go-rod), 
city, Russia, on the Volga river. 

Nile (nil), river, Africa, 3000 m. long. 

Nineveh (nin'e-ve), ruins of the an- 
cient capital Of Assyria, on the Tigris. 

Norfolk(nar'fok), seaport in Virginia. 

North Cape, N. point of Europe, on 
Mageroe Island, Norway. 

North Carolina (kar-o-li'na), one of 
the U.S. Cap. Raleigh.A. 52,674 sq.m. 

North Dakota (da-ko'ta), one of the 
U. S. Cap. Bismark. A. 70,879 sq. m. 

North Sea, bet. Great Britain, Ger- 
many and Scandinavia. 

North-West Frontier Province, 
part of British India. Area 16,46t> 
f q. m. 

Norway (nar'wa), northernmost coun- 
try of Europe. Area 124,130 sq. m. 
Norwich ( nbr'ij ), city, England; on 
the Wensum river, [m Connecticut. 

Norwich (nar'wich), city and seaport 

Nova Scotia (no'va sko'shi-a), prov. 
. of Canada. Area 21.428 sq. in. 

Nova Zembla (no'va zem'bla), unin- 
habited Russian island, in Arctic 
Ocean. [of Egypt. 

Nubia (no'bi-a), country in Africa, S. 

Nuremberg (nu'rem-berg), city in 
Bavaria, Germany. 



Oder ( o'der ), river, Germany, falls 
into Baltic Sea. [Black Sea. 

Odessa (6-des'a), city, Russia, on the 

Ohio (o-hi'o), one of the U. S. Area 
44,464 sq. m. Cap. Columbus. 

Oklahoma (6-Ula-ho'ma), one of the 
U. S. Area 38,858 sq. m. 

Oldenburg (ol'den-borM), grand- 
duchy, N. Germany. A. 2,479 sq. m. 



Olympia (6-lim'pi-a), cap. of State of 

Washington. ' [Missouri River. 

Oinaha (o'ma-ha), city, Nebraska, on 
Ontario (pn-ta'ri-6), province, Canada. 

A. 260,862 sq. m. [A. 5,400 sq. m. 

Ontario, lLake,_bet. Canada and U. S. 
Oporto (o-por'to), city, Portugal, on 

Douro_ river. [Oran province. 

Oran (o-ran'), seaport, Algeria. Cap. of 
Orange River Colony, British 

colony in S. Africa, formerly Orange 

Free State. A.50,392 sq.m. [Atlantic. 
Orange River, S. Africa, fall's into 
Oregon (or'e-gun), one of the U. S. 

Area 96,838 sq._m._Cap. Salem. 
Orinoco (o-ri-no'ko), river, Venezuela, 

falls into the Atlantic. 
Orleans (ar'le-anz), city in France, on 

the Loire. 
Ottawa (ot'a-wa), capital of Dominion 

of Canada, on Ottawa river. 
Oxford (oks'furd), city, England, seat 

of Oxford University. 
Ozark ( o'zark ) Mountains, Miss., 

and Arkansas. Alt. 1,400 feet. 



Padua (pad'u-a), city in N. Italy. 
Palermo (pa-ler'mo>, seaport, N. W. 

extremity of Sicily. 
Palestine (pal'es-tin), Southern part 

of Syria between Mediterranean and 

the desert. 
Palmyra (pal-mi'ra), ancient city of 

N. Syria, on edge of Arabian desert. 
Pamir (pa-mer'), extensive table-land 

in central Asia. 
Panama (pan-a-ma'), seaport, Rep. of 

Panama, on Paei£c Ocean. 
Paraguay (pa-ra-gwa,or*-gwi'), inland 

republic, S. America. A. 92,000 sq.m. 
Paris (par'is; Fr. pa-re'), capital of 

France, on the Seine. 
Parma (par'ma), city in Italy. 
Parnassus (par-nas'us), Mountain, in 

Greece. Alt. 8068_feet. 
Pe-cbi-li (pe-che-le') , most N. prov. 

of China jproper. A. 58,949 sq. m. 
Pekin (pe-kin'), cap. of Chinese Em- 
pire. [Caroline Islands. 
Pelew (pe-16') Islands, group of the 
Pennsylvania (pen-sil-va'ni-a), one 

of the U. S. Cap. Harrisburg. Area 

45,928 sq. m. 
Penobscot (pe-nob'skot) Bay, Maine, 

an inlet of the Atlantic. 
Pernambuco ( per-nam-bo'ko), sea- 
port, N. Brazil. 
Persia (per'shi-a), kingdom in Central 

Asia. Area 636,330 sq. m. 
Perth (perth), capital of W. Australia. 
Perth, city, Perthshire, Scotland. 
Peru ( pe-ro' ), republic, S. America. 

Area 438,996 sq. m. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; Dote, not, move, wolf) 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



Philadelphia 



35 



Russia 



Philadelphia (fil-a-del'fi-a), chief city 

of Pennsylvania, on Delaware river. 
Philippine (fil'i-pin) Islands, in the 

Pacific, bet. Formosa and Borneo. 

Am. possession. Area 114,000 sq. in. 
Philippopolis (fil-ip-op'6-lis), cap. 

Of E. Roumelia, Bulgaria. 
Piacenza (pe-a-chen'tsa) , city, Italy, 

on the Po river. 
Pietermaritzburg ( pe-ter-mar'its- 

burg), capital of Natal. 
Pihe's Peak, peak of the Rocky 

Mountains, Colorado. Alt. 14,147 feet. 
Piraeus (pi-re'us), seaport of Athens, 

Greece. 
Pisa (pe'za), city, Italy, on the Arno. 
Pittsburg (pits'burg), city in Penn- 
sylvania, at head of Ohio river, 
Platte ( plat j, river, Nebraska, falls 

into Missouri river. 
Plymouth (plim'uth), seaport in Eng- 
land, on channel. 
Plymouth, town in Massachusetts, 

landing place of the "Pilgrims." 
Po (po) , river, Italy, falls into the 

Adriatic. 
Poitiers (pwa-ti-a')>_town in France. 
Pompeii (pom-pa'ye), ancient city at 

foot of Mt. Vesuvius, Italy. Buried 

under ashes in 79. 
Popocateptl (po-po-kat-a-pet'l), ac- 
tive volcano, Mexico. Alt. 17,784 ft. 
P©rt Aj*thur, naval station in China. 

Captured from Russia by Japan, 1906. 
Port-au-Prince (port-o-prangs'), cap. 

of Haiti, on W. coast of H. island. 
Portland (port'land), city and seaport 

in Maine. 
Portland, city and seaport in Oregon. 
Porto Rico (por-to-re'kd), island, W. 

Indies, ceded to U. S. by Spain 1898. 
Port Said (portsa-ed'), town in Egypt, 

at N. entrance to Suez canal. 
Portsmouth (ports'muth), seaport in 

England, on channel. 
Portugal ( por'tu-gal ) , kingdom in 

Europe, W. of Spain. 
Posen (po'zen), city in Prussia. Cap. 

of Posen province. 
Potomac, (p5-to'mak), river, between 

Maryland, Virginia and W. Virginia. 
Potosi (po-to'si), city in Bolivia, cap. 

of Potosi province. 
Potsdam (pots'dam), city in Prussia, 

near Berlin. 
Pretoria (pre-t5'ri-a), capital of the 

former South African Republic. 
Prince Edward Island, in Gulf of 

St. Lawrence, a province of Canada. 
Providence, capital of Rhode Island. 
Prussia (prush'a), chief state of Ger- 
man Empire. Area 136,076 sq. m. 
Puebla(pweb'Ia), cap. of state of same 

name in Mexico. 



Puget (pii'jet) Sound, bay in N. W. 

of state of Washington. A. 2,000 sq.m. 
Punjab (pun-jab), province, N. W. 

India. Area 106,632 sq. m. 
Pyrenees (pir-i-nez'), mountain chain 

dividing France from Spain, 270 m. 

long. 

Quatre Bras (ka'tr-bra'), battlefield, 

in Belgium, 10 m. S. E. of Waterloo. 
Quebec, (kwe-bek'), cap. of Quebec 

province, Canada, on St. Lawrence 

river. 
Queensland ( kwenz'land ), British 

colony, Australia. A. 668,496 sq. m. 
Queenstown, seaport, Ireland, on S. 

side of Great Island, in Cork Harbor. 
Quito ( ke'to ), capital of Ecuador. 

9,350 feet above the sea. 

Raleigh ( ra'li ), cap. of N. Carolina. 
Rangoon (rang-gon'), cap. of Lower 

Burma, chief seaport of Burma. 
Ratisbon (rat'is-bon), city, Bavaria, 

on the Danube. 
Raveiana (ra-ven'a), city, Italy, 5 m. 

from the Adriatic. [France. 

Reims (remz; Fr. rangz), city in 
Reval (rev'al), seaport, Russia, Gulf of 

Finlaud. [A. 10.421 sq. m. 

Rhenish Prussia, prov. W. Prussia. 
Rhine (rin), river, Switzerland, Ger- 
many, and Netherlands to North Sea. 
Rhode Island, one of the U. S. Cap. 

Providence. Area 1,247 sq. m. 
Rhodes (rodz), island, off S. W. Asia 

Minor. Area 563 sq. m. 
Rhodesia (ro^de'sha), region in Brit- 
ish S. Africa. Area 750,000 sq. m. 
EhSne (ron), river, Switzerland and! 

Fiance, falls into Gulf of Lion. 
Richmond, capital of Virginia, on 

James river. 
Riga (re'ga), seaport, Russia, capital 

of Livonia, on the Dwina. 
Rio de Janeiro (re'o da zha-na'e-roj, 

capital of Brazil. 
Rocky Mountains, N. A m e r i c a, 

from Alaska to Mexico. [Tiber. 

Rome (rom), capital of Italy, on the 
Rotterdam (rot'er-dam), seaport, 

Netherlands, on the Maas. 
Rouen (ro-ong'), city in N. France. 
Rubicon (ru'bi-kon), river, in Central 

Italy, falling into the Adriatic. 
Rugby (rug'bi), town, England, on the 

Avon. Seat of noted public school. 
Rumania ( ro-ma'ni-a ), kingdom on 

the lower Danube, Europe. Capital 

Bukharest. [ern portion of Bulgaria. 
Rumelia(r6-me'li-a)Eastern, South- 
Russia(rush'a).embire, in Europe and 

Asia. Area 8,660,395 sq. m. 



{ate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; Bote, not, more, wolf j 
mSte, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



Saale 



Shenandoalt 



Saale (sale), river, Germany, rises in 
Bavaria, flows N. 226 m. to the Elbe. 

Sacramento (sak-ra-men'to), cap. of 
California, on Sacramento river. 

Sahara (sa-ha'ra), great desert region 
of N. Africa. [French Cochin China. 

Saigon (si'gon;Fi\ sa-gong')_, cap. of 

St. Augustine (sant-a/gus-ten), tn., 
E. coast of Florida, oldest tn. in U.S. 

St. Bernard (sant ber-nard'), pass in 
Alps, between Piedmont and Valais. 

St. Clair River, bet. Canada and 
Michigan, outlet ofLake Huron. 

St. Elias (sant e-li'as), mountain, 
Alaska. Altitude, 18,010 feet. 

St. Gotthard (saut goth'ard), mtn. in 
Switzerland. _Tunnel_9^'m. long. 

St. Helena (sant hel-e'na), island, S. 
Atlantic. Area 47 sq. m. 

St. Johns (sant jonz), capital of New- 
foundland. 

St. Lawrence River, bet. U. S. and 
Canada. Outlet of great Am. lakes. 

St. Louis (sant 16'is), city in Missouri, 
on the Mississippi river_. 

St. Michael (sant mi'ka-el), seaport, 
Alaska, on Bering Sea, at mouth of 
Yukon. [on Mississippi river. 

St. Paul (sant pal) cap. of_ Minnesota, 

St. Petersburg (sant pe'ters-biirg). 
cap. of Russia_, nr. mouth of the Neva. 

St. Thomas (santtom'as), island, Dan- 
ish W. Indies. A. 33 sq. m. 

St. Vincent (sant vin'sent), island, 
British W. Indies. A. 132 sa. m. 

Salamanca (sal-a-man'ka)r city in 
Spain. [Massachusetts. 

Salem ( sa'lem ), city and seaport, 

Salem, cap. of Oregon, on the Willa- 
mette river. 

Saloniki (sa-lo-ne'ke)., seaport, Tur- 
key, on gulf of same name. 

Salt Lake City, capital of Utah, on 
Great Salt Lake. 

Salvador (sal-va-dor'), republic, Cen- 
tral America. Area 7,225 sq. m. 

Salzburg(salts'borA;A).city in Austria. 

Samoan (sa-mo'an), or Navigators' 
Islands, S. Pacific Ocean. Part Ger- 
man, part American. A. 1,100 sq. m. 

Samos (sa'mos), island in the ^Egean 
sea. Area 180 sq. m. 

Sandy Hook, low peninsula in New 
York Bay, 8 miles long. 

San Francisco (san fran-sis'ko), sea- 
port in California. _ [Rica. 

San Jose (san ho-za'), capital of Costa 

San Jose, city in California. 

San Juan ( san ho-an' ) de Porto 
Rico, seaport, capital of Porto Rico. 

Sani Marino (san ma-re'no), republic, 
Italy. Area 22 sq. m. 

San Salvador ( san sal-va-dor') , cap. 
of republic of Salvador, 0. America. 



Santa Cruz ( san'ta kros' ) , island 
(Danish), W. Indies. A. 84 sq. m. 

Santa Fe (fa), capital of New Mexico. 

Sautander ( san-tan-dar' ), seaport, 
Spain, on inlet of Bay of Biscay. 

Santiago (san-te-a'go), cap. of Chile. 

Santiago de Cuba ( -da, ko'ba ), sea- 
port, Cuba, on S. E. coast. 

Sao Paulo (sang pow'lo),cap. of state 
of same name, Brazil. 

Saragossa (sar-a-gos'a), Span. Zara- 
goza (tha-ra-go'tha), city, Spain, on 
the Ebro. 

Saratoga ( sar-a-to'ga ) Springs, 
noted health resort, New York state. 

Sarawak (sar-a'wak), city and state, 
Borneo. Area of state 41,000 sq. m. 

Sardinia (sar-din'i-a), island, Medi- 
terranean, belonging to Italy. 

Saskatchewan ( sas-kach'e-wan ), 
prov. of Canada, bet. Manitoba and 
Alberta. [Georgia, on Savannah riv. 

Savannah (sa-van'a), city and port, 

Saxony (saks'un-i), kingdom in Ger- 
many. A. 5,787 sq. m. [=q. m. 

Saxony, prov. of Prussia. Area 9,749 

Scandinavia (skan-di-na'vi-a), penin- 
sula, comp. Sweden and Norway. 

Schiedam (ske-danrj, tn. in Holland. 

Schleswig (shlaz-vig), seaport, Prus- 
sia, on an inlet of the Baltic Sea. 

Schleswig-IIol8tein(horstIn), prov. 
of Prussia. Area 7,273 sq. m. 

Scbwerin(shwa-ren'), capital of Meck- 
lenburg-Schwerin, Germany. 

Scilly (sil'i), Islands, in English 
Channel. Area 3,560 acres. 

Scotland (scot'land),N. part of Great 
Britain. Area 30,463 sq. m. 

Seattle (se-at'l), city, State of Wash- 
ington, on E. shore of Puget Sound. 

Sebastopol ( se-bas'to-pol ; Russian 
sev'as-to'poly), seaport, Crimea, Rus- 
sia. 

Sedan (sa-dong'), town, in France, on 
the Meuse. Battle Sep. 1, 1870.. 

Segovia ( se-go'vi-a ), province and 
town, Old Castile, Spain. 

Seine (san), river, France, falls into 
the English Channel. 

Senegambia (sen-e-gam'bi-a), region 
in West Africa. Area 290,000 sq. m. 

Seoul or Soul ( sa-61' ) , capital of 
Korea, on Ham river. 

Servia (ser'vi-a), kingdom, S. of Hun- 
gary. Cap. Belgrad. A. 19,050 sq. m. 

Seville (sev'il or se-vil'), city, Spain, 
on Guadalquivir river. 

Shanghai (shang-hi'), city and sea- 
port, China, in Kiangsu province. 

Sheffield ( shef'feld ), borough, Eng- 
land, on the Sheaf and Don rivers. 

Shenandoah ( shen-an-do'a ), river, 
Virginia, flows 170 in. to Potomac 



fate, fat, task, far, fali, fare, above; rc9, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, but, buru; oil, ewl, then. 



Shetland 



738 



Texas 



Shetland Islands, in N. Atlantic 

Ocean, belonging to Scotland. 
Shiloh (shl'lo), village in Hardin co., 

Tennessee. 
Siam (si-am'), kingdom, Indo-Chinese 

Peninsula. Area 300,000 sq. m. 
Siberia (si-be'ri-a) , Russian dominion, 

in N. Asia. Area 4,883,496sq. m. 
Sicily (sis'i-li), Italian island, in the 

Mediterranean sea. A. 11,289 sq. m. 
Siena (se-a'na), or Sienna (se-en'a), 

city, Italy. 
Sierra I^eone (se-er'ra le-o'na), Brit. 

colony, W. coast of Africa. A. 15,00J. 
Sierra Nevada ( se-er'ra ne-va'da ) , 

mountains, Spain. Alt. 11,658 feet. 
Sierra Nevada, mountains, Califor- 
nia. Alt. 15,000 feet. 
Silesia (si-le'sha), territory of Central 

Europe, divided between Prussia and 

Austria. _ [head of Red Sea. 

Sinai ( si'na or se'ni), peninsula, at 
Singapore (sing'ga-por), British city 

and island S. of Malay Peninsula. 

Area 206 sq. m. [Baranof Island. 

Sitka (sit'ka), capital of Alaska, on 
Skager-Rack (skag'er-rak'), sea pas- 
sage bet. Norway and Jutland. 
Smyrna (smer'na), seaport of Asiatic 

Turkey, W. coast of Asia Minor. 
Snake River, divides Idaho from 

Oregon and Washington. 
Sofia (so-fe'a), capital of Bulgaria. 
Solomon Islands, group in Pacific, 

East of New Guinea, mostly German. 

Area 10,000 sq. m. 
Somali land (so-ma'le-land), territory 

in E. Africa, Italian. 
Sorrento (sor-ren'to), town, Italy, on 

Gulf of Naples. 
Soudan (so-dan'), vast region in cen- 
tral Africa. 
South Carolina (kar-o-li'na), one of 

the U. S. Cap. Columbia, A. 30,048. 
South Dakota (da-ko'ta), one of the 

U. S. Cap. Pierre. Area 17,580 sq. m. 
Spa (spa) or Spaa ( spa) , town and 

watering place, Belgium. 
Spaiu (span), kingdom, S. W. Europe. 

Area 191,808 sq. m. [Greece. 

Sparta ( spar'ta ), ancient city, in 
Spitsbergen (spits'berg-en), island, 

Arctic Ocean. [Illinois. 

Spring-field (spring'feld), capital of 
Staten (stat'en) Island, island sepa- 
rating upper and lower New York 

Bays. A. 58 sq. m. 
Stettin (stet-ten'), seaport, Prussia, 

cap. of Pomerania, on the Oder. 
Stockholm (stok'holm), capital of 

Sweden. 
Straits Settlements, British colony 

on Strait of Malacca, East Indies. 

Area 1,472 sq. m. 



Strasburg ( stras'burg ), city, Ger- 
many, capital of Alsace-Lorraine. 

Stratford-on-Avon(strat'ford-on-a'- 
vun), tn., England. 

Stuttgart (stot'gart), cap. of Wur- 
temberg, Germany, on the Neckar. 

Styria (stir'i-a), duchy, Austria. Area 
8,659 sq. m. [on Red Sea. 

Suakim (swa'-kim), seaport, Nubia, 

Suez (so-ez'), seaport, Egypt, on Red 
Sea, at S. extremity of Suez canal. 

Suez Canal, Egypt, joins Mediter- 
ranean and Red Seas; opened 1869. 

Sulu (so'16) Islands, bet. Borneo and 
Philippine Islands, ceded by Spain to 
U. S. in 1898. 

Sumatra ( sb'ma-tra or so-ma'tra, ), 
island, Malay Archipelago. Area 
170,000 sq. m. Duteh. 

Superior (su-pe'ri-ur) Iiake, one of 
the great American lakes; largest 
body of fresh water on the globe. A. 
32,000 sq. rat. 

Susquehanna (sus-kwe-han'a), river, 
New York and Pennsylvania, enters 
Chesapeake Bay._ 

Swansea (swon'se), seaport, Wales. 

Swaziland (swa'zi-land), country, S. 
Africa, S. of Transvaal colony. 

Sweden (swe'den), kingdom, N. Eu- 
rope, E. of Norway. A. 173,966 sq.m. 

Switzerland (swit'zer-land), republic, 
Central Europe. Area 15,964 sq. m. 

Sydney (sid'ni), cap. of New S. Waled. 

Syracuse (sir-a-kus'), city, Sicily, on 
the E. coast. [Onondaga Lake. 

Syracuse, city, New York state, on 

Syria (sir'i-a), country. W. Asia, part 
of Turkey in Asia. 



Tacoma (ta-ko'ma), city, Washington, 
at S. extremity of Puget Sound. 

Tahiti (ta-he'te), chief island of the 
Society Islands. Area 403 sq. m. 

Takn (ta-ko'), town, China, on Pe- 
chi-li Gulf, at mouth of Peiho river. 

Tallahassee (tal-a-has'se), capital of 
Florida. 

Tanganyika ( tang-gan-ye'ka ), lake 
E. Africa, length 420 m., breadth 15 
to 80 m. [on Strait of Gibraltar. 

Tangier (tan-jer'), seaport, Morocco, 

Tasmania (taz-ma'ni-a), island, S. of 
Victoria, Australia. A. 26,375 sq. m. 

Teheran (te-hran'), capital of Persia, 
70 m. S. of the Caspian. [Islands. 

Teneriffe (ten-er-if ') , largest of Canary 

Tennessee (ten-e-se'),one of the U. S. 
Cap. Nashville. Area, 42,056 sq. m. 

Tennessee River, in Tennessee, Ala- 
bama and Kentucky, falls into Ohio. 

Texas (teks'as), one of the U. S. Cap. 
Austin. Area 266,011sq.m. 



Cite, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf* 
mute, nut, bunu; oil, owl* *Aea. 



Thames 



739 



Volga 



Thames (temz), river in England, 

flows E. to North Sea. 
Thebes ( thebz ), ancient capital of 

Upper Egypt, on the Nile. 
Thebes, city, Boeotia, ancient Greece. 
Thessaly (thes'a-li), division of an- 
cient Greece, S. of Macedonia and E. 

of Epirus. 
Tiber (ti'ber), river in Italy. 
Tibet or Thibet (ti-bef), country in 

Central Asia, bet. China and India. 
Tientsin (ten-tsen'), city, river port, 

China, onthePeiho. [on the Kur. 
Tiflis (tif-les'), cap. Russian Caucasia, 
Tigris (ti'gris), river, Asiatic Turkey, 

flows 1150 m. S. E. to the Euphrates. 
Timbuctoo (tini-bok-to'), tn., Soudan, 

on border of the Sahara. 
Togo ( to'go ) Land, German posses- 
sion, W. Africa, Slave Coast. Chief 

port, Lome._ Area 33,000 sq. m, 
Tokay ( to-ka' ), tn., Hungary, on the 

Theiss river. 
Tokio ( to'ke-o), seaport, cap. of Japan, 

on S. E coast of main island. 
Toledo ( to-la'tho), city in Spain, on 

the Tagus. _ [mee river 

Toledo (to-le'do), city, Ohio, on Mau- 
Tonquin, or Tonkin ( ton -ken'). 

French possession in Indo-China. A. 

34,700 sq m. [on Kansas river. 

Topeka ( to-pe'kaj, cap. of Kansas, 
Toronto (to-ron'to), cap. of the prov. 

of Ontario, Canada. 
Toulon (to-lang'), seaport and arsenal, 

France, on the Mediterranean. 
Tonlonse (to-16z'), city in S France. 
Tours (tor'), city in France, on Loire. 
Trafalgar (traf-al-gar') Cape, prom- 

ontary, Spain, oh Strait of Gibraltar. 
Transvaal (trans-vaT) Colony, form- 
erly S. African Republic, S. Africa. 
Trebizond (treb-i-zond') , seaport, 

Asia Minor, on Black Sea. 
Treves (trevz), city Rhenish Prussia, 

on the Moselle. Ger. Trier (trer). 
Trieste (tre-esf), seaport, Austria, at 

head of the Adriatic. 
Trinidad (trin-i-dad'), Brit. W. Indian 

island. Area 1,755 sq m. 
Tripoli (trip'o-li), city and province 

of the Ottoman Empire, N. Africa. 
Troyes (trwa) , cap. of depart, of Auhe, 

France, on the Seine. 
Tunis (to'nis), French city and protect- 
orate in N. Africa. A. 51,000 sq. m. 
Turin (to'rin), city in N. Italy. 
Turkestan (tor-ke-stan'), Russian 

Central Asia, [rope and W. Asia. 

Turkey (tur'ki), empire in S. E. Eu- 
Tuseany (tus'ka-ni), a department in 

Italy, formerly a grand-duchy. 
Tyrol (tir'ol, Ger. ti-rol'), crown-land 

of Austria. Area 10,302 sq. m. 



Uganda (6-gan'da), native kingdom 
in British E. Africa, on the Victoria 
Nyanza. [the Danube. 

Vim (blm), town in Wiirtemberg, on 

Ulster (ui'ster), the North province of 
Ireland. Area 8,568 sq. m. 

United States of America, federal 
republic, N. Am. A. 3,816,644 sq. m. 

Upsala (op-sa'la), city, Sweden, 31 m. 
N. W.of Stockholm. 

Ural (u'ral) Mountains, separate 
Europe from Asia. Highest peak 
5,540 feet. 

Uruguay (o-ro-gwi'), republic, S Amer- 
ica. Cap Montevideo. A. 72,170 sq.m. 

Utah (u'ta), one of the U. S. Capital 
Salt Lake City. Area 84,928 sq. m. 

Utrecht (u'trekt. Dut. b'tvekht), city 
in Netherlands, seat of university 



Vaal (val), river, S. Africa, bet. Trans 

vaal and Orange River Colonies. 
Valencia (va-leu'shi-a) , seaport, in 

Spain, on the Mediterranean. 
Valencia, capital of Carabobo state, 

Venezuela. 
Valladolid (val-ya-do-leth'), fortified 

city, Spain, on the Pisuerga river. 
Valparaiso ( val-pa-ri'so ) , seaport, 

Chile. 
Vancouver ( van-ko'ver ) Island, 

Pacific Ocean, British Columbia. 
Venezuela ( ven-e-zwe'la ) repuhlic, 

S. America. Area 593,943 sq, m 
Venice ( ven'is ) , city , Italy, on the 

Adriatic. [ Mexico, on E. coast. 

Vera Cruz ( va'ra kros' ) , seaport , 
Vermont (ver-monf), one of the U. S- 

Cap. Montpelier. Area 9,563 sq. m. 
Verona (ve-ro'na), city, Italy, on t-h« 

Adige river. 
Versailles (ver_-salz')» city, France. 
Vesuvius (ve-su'vi-us), volcano, Italy, 

on Bay of Naples. Alt. 4,206 feet. 
Vichy (ve-she'), town in France. 
Vicksburg (viks'burg) , city, Missis- 

sippi, on the Mississippi river. 
Victoria (vik-to'ri-a), British Colony, 

Australia. Area 87,884 sq. m. 
Victoria, capital of British Columbia, 

on Vancouver's Island. 
Victoria Nyanza (-n'yan'za) , fresh- 
water lake, Africa, on the Equator 

Area 30,000 sq. m. 
Vienna (ve-en'a), cap. of Austria-Hun- 
gary, on the Danube. [Rhone. 
Vienne (ve-en'), tn. in France, on the 
Virginia (ver-jin'i-a), one of the TJ. S. 

Cap. Richmond. Area 44,330. sq. m. 
Vladivostok(vla-di-vos-tok'), seaport, 

Asiatic Russia, on Sea of Japan 
Volga (vol'ga), river, Russia, falls into 

the Caspian Sea. 



fate, fftt. task, far, fail, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf ; 
mate, hut, born; oil, owl, (Ago, 



Vosges 



"40 



Zwoile 



Vosges (vozh), Ger. Vogeseil ( vo-ga'- 
zen), range of mountains in N. E 
France and W. Germany, 120 m. long. 
Highest peak, 4,680 feet. 



Wabash (wa'bash), river in Ohio, Indi- 
ana. Illinois, tributary of the Ohio. 

Wadai (wa-di'), negro state in Central 
Soudan. Area 170,000 sq. m. 

Wales ( walz ), principality, in S. W. 
of Great Britain. Area 7,442 sq. m. 

Warsaw (war'sa), city, Russia, former 
capital of Poland, on the Vistula. 

Washington ( wosh'ing-tuh ) ? one of 
the U. S. Cap. Olympia. A. 70,574. 

Washington, city, District of Colum- 
bia, cap. of U. S., on Potomac river. 

Waterloo (wa'ter-1 6), village, Belgium, 
scene of battle June 18, 1815. 

Wei-hei-wei (wi-hi-wi'), port of N. 
China, on the Shantung Promontory. 

Weimar (vi'mar), cap. of grand-duchy 
Saxe-Weimar, Germany. 

WelJington (wel'ing-tun), capital of 
New Zealand. 

Western Australia, state in Austra- 
lia. A. 975,920 sq m. [S.America. 

West Indies, archipelago, bet. N. and 

Westphalia (west-fa'li-a), province of 
Prussia. Area 7,800 sq m. 

West Point, U. S. military post and 
school. New York, on Hudson river. 

West Virginia, one of the U. S, Cap. 
Charleston. Area 24,504 sq. m. 

Wheeling (hwel'ing), capital of West 
Virginia, on Ohio river. 

White Mountains, New Hampshire, 
part of Appalachian system. Highest 
peak, Mount Washington, 6,288 feet. 

White Sea, N. Russia. Frozen seven 
months of the year. A. 47,346 sti. m. 

Wiesbaden (wes'na-den), town, pi-ov. 
of Hesse- Nassau, Prussia. 

Wight (wit), Isle of, in the English 
Channel. Area 93,341 acres. 

Windsor (win'ziir), city, England, on 
the Thames. 

Winnebago (win-e-ba'g5), lake, Wis., 
traversed by the Fox river. 

Winnipeg (win'i-peg), cap. of Mani- 
toba, Canada. [1,936 sq m. 

Winnipeg, I*ake, in Manitoba. Area 

Wisconsin(wis-kon'sin), one of the U. 
S. Cap. Madison. Area 65,805 sq. m. 

Woolwich(worich). town in England, 
on the Thames. Site of Royal Arsenal. 

Worcester (wbs'ter), towh in Eng- 
land, on the Severn river. 

Worcester, city in Massachusetts, on 
Blackstone river. 

Worms (wiirmz), city in Hesse-Darm- 
stadt, Germany. 



Wurtemberg (vur'tem-berM), king. 

W&hK 1 * Cap - stuttgart 

Wurzbnrg(vurts'borM), town, N. W 
Bavaria, Germany, On the Main. 

Wyoming (wi-o'ming), one of the IT. 
S. Cap. Cheyenne. Area 97,878 sq. m. 

Xeres (ha'res), town in S. Spain. 
Xingu (shen-go'), river, Brazil, tribu- 
tary of the Amazon. 

Yakima(yak'i-ma),river, Washington, 
tributary of the Columbia. 

Yang-tse-Kiang (yang-tse-ke-ang') f 
river. China, 3000 m. long. 

Yarmouth. (yar'mUth), seaport, Isle 
of Wight. 

Yarmouth, Great, seaport, Eng- 
land, on Yare river. 

Yellow Sea, arm of the Pacific Ocean 
on N. E. coast of China. 

Yellowstone National Part, 
Wyoming. Area 5,500 sq. m. 

Yokohama (yo-ko-ha'ma), seaport of 
Japan, on the main island. [land. 

York, (yark), city in Yorkshire, Eng- 

Yorktown , tn. in Virginia, on York 
river, 7 m. W. of Chesapeake Bay. 

Yosemite (yo-sem'i-te) Valley, Cali- 
fornia, 7 m. long, 2 m. wide. 

Yucatan (yo-ka-tan'), state in MexicOc 
Area 28,185 sq. m. 

Yukon (yu'kon),great river of Alaska, 
flows 2000 m. W. to Bering Sea. 

Yunnan (yon-nan') , province, S. W. 
China. Area 122,000 sq. m. 



Zacatecas (za-ka-ta'kas), capital of 

state of same name L Mexico. 
Zambezi ( zam-ba'ze ), river, Africa, 

flows to Mozambique Channel. 
Zamora(tha-mo'ra),capital of Zamora 

providence, Spain, on the Douro. 
Zanzibar(zan'zi-bar), town, E. Africa, 

on Zanzibar Island. 
Zara (za'ra), seaport, capital of Dal- 

matia, Austria. 
Zealand (ze'land), island, Denmark, 

between Baltic Sea and Cattegat. 
Zuider Zee (zoi'der za), gulf of North 

Sea, in the Netherlands. 
Zululand (zo'16-land), British protect- 
orate, N. of Natal. Area 8,220 sq. m. 
Zurich (tsii'riM), capital of canton 

of same name, Switzerland. 
Zurich, Lake of, Switzerland, 25 m. 

long, 2% m. wide. 
Zwolle (zwol'le), city in Netherlands, 

on the Zwarte river. 



Ifte, fet, tmU, f&T, tail, tare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, WOlt; 

s»ute e but, barn; oil, owl, Sfteu, 



^^m^MS^ 





plETioisiAHY 

BqtanV 



N. B.— Botanical words too technical to appear in the body of the book, 
together with terms requiring exhaustive definitions, will be found in the 
following glossary. Words in the definitions set in italics are fully defined in their 
alphabeticar-order in the vocabulary. The botanical signs are given on page 673. 



Classification.— For convenience of 
reference the following classification 
of plants is here given: I. SUB- 
KINGDOM ; II. PROVINCE ; III. 
CLASS : (Subclass and Cohort). IV. 
ORDER or FAMILY: (Suborder, Tribe, 
Subtribe). V. GENUS: (Subgenus or 
Section). VI. SPECIES: (Subspecies). 
VII. VARIETY: (Sub-variety). VIII. 
INDIVIDUALS. 

SUBKINGDOM I. Ph^NOGAMIA 
divided into Province I. Exogens or 
Dicotyledons, which includes Class I, 
Angiosperms embracing Cohort 1, 
Dialypetalee, Cohort 2. Gamopeta- 
lse and Cohort 3, Apetalse; Class II, 
Gymnosperms, embracing Cohort 4, 
Conoideas, or Cone-bearing Pines. 

Province II. Endogens or Monocot- 
yledons, which include Class lit, 
Petaliferas, embracing Cohort 5, 
Soadiciflorse and Cohort 6, Florideas ; 
CLASS IV, Glumiferge, embracing 
COHORT 7, Graminoidese. 

SUBKINGDOM II. Cryptogamia 
divided into Province I. Acrogens 
which include Class I, Angiospores 
embracing Cohort 1, Lycopadales, 
Cohort 2, Fiiicales and Cohort 3, 
Museules; again subdivided into: 

Province II. Thallogens, includ- 
ing Class II, Gymnospores, embrac- 
ing Cohort 4, Lichenales, Cohort 5 » 
Algales and Cohort 6, Fungales. 

There are two Subkingdoms, four 
Provinces, six Classes, and thirteen 
Cohorts. The Orders number three 
hundred, Genera 20,000 and Species, 
with Varieties, 100,000. The divisions 
named above are all described in the 
vocabulary, alphabetically arranged. 



Paris of a plant.— ORGANS OF NU- 
TRITION: 1. The ROOT, consisting 
of the root-stalk, caudex, and 
radicle, the latter divided into 
spongioles. 

2. The STEM, which is divided 
into branches, wihich are subdivided 
into branchlets and boughs; the petio- 
les and the peduncles, subdivided 
into pedicels. 

3. The BUD, with its scales. 

4. The LEAF, with its leaflets. 

5. The APPENDAGES, consisting 
of stipules; prickles; thorns; 
glands; stings; scales; tendrils; 
pubescence, and bracts. 

ORGANS OF REPRODUCTION :- 
1. The FLOWER, consisting of the 
calyx with its sepals; the corolla 
with its petals; the disk, part of the 
corolla, sometimes appearing as a 
separate organ; the stamen, with its 
filament, and the anther and its pol- 
len; the pistil with its stigmas, style, 
and the ovary, with its ovuies. 

2. The FRUIT, consisting of- the 
pericarp with its valves, cells and 
dissepiments, and the seed, with its 
nucleus, covered by the tegmen and 
testa, the hilum, and in some cases, the 
albumen, and the embryo, with its 
acending-axis or plumule and node, and 
the descending-axis or radicle, and the 
cotyledons. 

STAGES IN PLANT LIFE.- First: 
The Plant in the Embryo. Second: 
Germination. Third: Growth by 
multiplication, the development of 
buds, and the expansion into leaves 
and flowers. Fourth: Fructification, 
or the transformation of the flower by 
development of the pistil into the fruit. 



fate, fat, task, Car, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit ; note, not, move, 
wolf ; mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 

741 



742 



bark 



a-. Without, as in "acephalous," with- 
out a head. 

acquiescence ( ak-a-les'ens ), n. The 
absence of the aerial stein orcaulis; 
opposed to caulescence. 

accrescent (ak-kres'ent), a. Increas- 
ing in size after flowering, as with 
the calyx and corolla. See caducous, 

DECIDUOUS, PERSISTENT, MARESCENT. 

accumbent (ak-kum'bent), a. 1. Hav- 
ing the edges touch the radicle, as 
cotyledons. 2. Lying against another 
body, as one part against another. 

acerose (as'er-os), a. Needle-shaped, 
as the pointed leaves of the pine. 

acheniam (a-ke'ni-um), n. An indehis- 
cent, dry pericarp, free from its one 
seed, tipped with the remnants of the 
style, as in the Buttercup. 

acotyledon (a-kot-i-le'dun), n. Plant 
having no cotyledons or seed lobes, as 
the Cryptogamia. 

Acrog , en9(ak'ro-;jens),7&. A Province of 
the Cryptogamia, indicating method of 
growth and including the Class 
angiospores. Their stems, full 
formed, grow at the ends, as ferns. 

See EXOGENS, ENDOGENS and THALDO- 

gens. — acrog'cnons, a. 

aculeate (a-ku'le-at), a. Armed with 
sharp prickles, as a rose- stem. 

acuminate (a-ku'mi-nat), a. Having 
a long tapering point, as some leaves. 
See apex, [a sharp angle. See apex. 

acute, a. Having the apex ending with 

adherent, a. Having an organ joined 
with a dissimilar one, as the stamen 
with the pistil, as in the Lady's-slip- 
per.— adhesion, n. 

adnate, a. Attached to, or grown to 
gether, as an anther to one side of its 
filament. — adna'tion, n. 

adventitious, a. Growing in an ab- 
normal position, as the roots of the 
Banian Tree, which, springing from 
its branches, reach the ground and 
grow as secondary trunks. 

aggregate, a. Forming a cluster, as 
the flowers of the Snowball. 

alburnum (al-bur'num), n. The sap- 
wood or outer layer of exogenous 
trees. See duramen. 

algae (al'je), n. pi. Seaweeds, a Cohort 
of the Class gymnospores. 

alternate, a. Having only one branch 
from each node or joint on different 
sides of the stem, as in the Elm. 

anient, n. See catkin. 

ainphitropous (am-fit'ro-pus),a. Half 
inverted, as the ovule when its axis 
becomes parallel with the placenta. 

amplexicanl (am-pleks'i-kal), a. 
Having the petiole dilated at the base 
and partially embracing the stems. 



anatropous (a-nat'ro-pus), a. In- 
verted, as the ovule when reversed. 

ancipital (an-sip'i-tal), a. Two-edged. 

androecium (an-dre'shi-um), n. The 
male organs of a flower ; the stamens 
collectively. 

androgynous (an-droj'i-nus), a. Hav- 
ing both male and female flowers in 
the same inflorescence. 

Angiosperms (an-ji-6-sperms'),». The 
larger of the two classes of Exogens; 
plants whose seeds are enclosed in a 
protecting case or seed vessel, as the 
Apple. The Angiosperms are subdi- 
vided into three cohorts, Dialypetalae, 
Gamopetalae and Apetalae. 

Angiospores (an'ji-o-spors), n. The 
Class forming the Acrogens and hav- 
ing receptacles for enclosing the 
spores. They are divided into three 
Cohovts,Docopodales,Mlicales and Mus- 
cales. [season. 

annual, n. Plant that lives only one 

a n t h er, n. The essential part of the 
stamen containing the 
pollen. 

an thesis ( an-the'sis ), n. 
The actor period of 
flowering. 

Apetalae (a-pet'a-le), n. pi. 
A division of Dicotyle- 
dons having no petals and 
often no calyxes.— apet'- 
alous,a. Without petals. 

apex, i 1. Applied to 
the termination of a leaf; 
it may be acuminate, cuspu 
date, acute, mucronate, ob- 
tuse, truncate, refuse, emar- 
ginate or obcordate. 2., The 
tip of an organ. 

aphyllous (af-il'lus).- aphyl'lose, a. 
Without leaves. 

aril (ar'il), n. An accessory appendage 
investing seeds. 

arista (a-ris'ta), n. Awn. 

ascidia (as-sid'i-a), n. pi. Pitchers, or 
leaves resembling pitchers and hold- 
ing water. — ascid'iform,<z. 

anriculate, a. Ear-shaped. 

awn, n. A bearded appendage, as the 
beard of Barley. 

axial root, n. A downward extension 
of the radical in a main body with 
small branches, as the permanent 
root of the beet. See tap-root. 

axis, n. The stem or central portion of 
a plant bearing the appendages. It 
may be ascending, erect, procumbent, 
prostrate, trailing, decumbent or subter- 
ranean; or excurrent and solvent. 

baccate (bak'at), a. Berry-like ; pulpy. 

bark, n. The' covering of woody 
branches, stems, etc. It consists of 




1. Anther. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her ; mite, mit ; note, not, move 
wolf ; mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



bast-cells 



743 



cerilerous 



the liber, or inner, white bark; the 
cellular, or middle, green bark, and 
the cortical, or outer, brown bark. 

bast-cells, n. The cells of the liber or 
inner white bark. [points. 

bicuspidate, a. Having two ensps or 

bidentate, a. Having two teeth. 

biennial, n. (2.) A plant which ger- 
minates, and bears leaves the first 
year, blossoms and fruit the second, 
and then dies, as the Turnip. 

bifid (bi'fid), o. Forked; cleft; divided 
halfway into two parts. 

bifoliate, a._ Having two leaflets. 

binate (bi'nat), a. Double; growing in 
pairs, as two leaflets at the end of a 
common petiole. 

bipinnate (bl-pin'at), a. Having the 
primary and secondary divisions of a 
pinnate leaf again pinnate. 

biternate (bi-ter'nat), a. Having the 
leaflets of a ternate leaf give place to 
ternate leaves ; compound ternate. 

bloom, ?t. 1. Blossom or state of 
blossoming. 2. Fine, white powdery 
coat on some plants and fruits. 

bracbiate (bra'ki-at), a. Having op- 
posite, spreading branches. 

bract (brakt), n. Small, reduced leaf 
form, growing near the flower.— 
brac'teate, a. 

bracteole (brak'te-61), n. A small 
bract growing upon a pedicel. 

caducous (ka-du'kus), a. Falling off 
early, as the calyx of the Poppy. 

calceolate ( kal'se-olat ), a. Having 
the form of a slipper. 

calyculate (ka-lik'u-lat), a. Having 
an outer calyx or bract resembling a 
calyx.— calyc'ulated, a. 

calyx (kal'iks or ka'liks), n. The outer 
envelope of 
a flower 
consisting \ k\A 
of a whorl 

of 1 e a v e s 1 11 Mffi 
called se- 
pals. See 

COROLLA 

and flor- 
al - b N VEL- Calyxes. 
OPE. 

cambium (kam'bi-um), n. A layer of 
delicate cells between the wood and 
bark, which develop on one side into 
wood, and on the other, into bark. 

campanulate (kam-pan'u-lat), a. 
Bell-shaped, as the Harebell. 

campylotropous(kam-pi-lot'ro-pus), 
a. Having the ovule curved upon 
itself, as in the Pinks. 

canaliculate (kan-a-lik'u-lat), a. 
Channeled; having a longitudinal 
groove.— canaliculus, n. Canal. 




canescent (ka-nes'ent), a. White or 
whitish; hoary. 

capillary. I. a. Hair- like; resem- 
bling or growing like hair. II. n. 
Plant having no main stalk, bearing 
seeds in tuf i s on back of their leaves. 

capitalization. The names of the 
order, sub-order or tribe, and of the 
genus should always be capitalized. 
Species never, unless derived from a 
person, place, or when a noun. 

capitate (kap'i-tat), a. Head-shaped; 
growing in clusters or heads. 

capitnlum (ka-pit'u-lum), n. A little 
or close head of sessileflowers. 

capreolate (kap're o-lat), a. Having 
tendrils. [which opens at maturity. 

capsule (kap'sul), n. A seed vessel 

carina (ka-ri-na), n. The keel, or two 
lower, inferior petals of Papiliona- 
ceous flowers. — carinate (kar'i-nat), 
a. Keeled ; having a longitudinal ridge 
like a keel.— cari'nal, a. 

carpel (kar'pel), n. A modified leaf 
forming the pistil.— car'pellary, a. 

carpophore(kar'po-for),w. l.Aslender 
column or prolongation of the axis, 
bearing the carpels, as in the Gera- 
nium. 2. The stalk of a sporocarp. 

caryophylla ceous (kar-i-o-fil-la- 
shi-us), a. Having five petals with 
long, erect claws and spreading lam- 
inae, as the Pink. 

caryopsis (kar-i-op'sis), n. Small, dry, 
thin seed-coat, adherent to the seed, 
as in the Grasses and Grains. 

catkin (kat'kin), n. Ament; a pendent, 
slender spike of uni- 
sexual flowers, all 
falling together, as in 
the Birch. 

caudesc (ka'deks), n. 
The trunk of a palm 
or tree fern, rarely di- 
viding, its sides 
marked by the scars of 
fallen leaf stalks. 

caulis (ka'lis), n. The 
stem of a plant.— 
caules'cent, a. Hav- 
ing a caulis or arterial 
stem ; opposed to acau- 
lescent.— cau'line, a. 
Growing froma stem. 

cellulose (sel'u-los), n. 
The material consti- 
tuting the outer cell 
walls and secondary 
layers of plants. 

cepbalous ( sef'a-lus ), a. Capitate ; 
Having a head. [grain. 

cereal ( se're-al ), a. Pertaining to 

ceriferous (ser-if'er-us),a. Resembling 
yellow wax in color 




Catkin. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit ; note, not, move, 
wolf ; mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



eernuous 



-44 



cretaceous 



eernuous (ser'nu-us) , a. Less inclina- 
tion than pendulous; nodding. 

chaff, n. In the Grasses, the bract, or 
the husk of grain.— chaffy, a. 

cbalaza (ka-la'za), n. The point of 
juncture of the ovule's nucleus with 
the stalk or funiculus. 

ehartaceons ( kar-ta'shus), a. Like 
or resembling paper. 

chlorophyl (klo'ro-fil), n. The green 
coloring matter in plants; also the 
part of the protoplasm colored by this 
matter; in the Indigo plant, blue. 

ch oris is (ko'ri-sis), n. The multiplica- 
tion of a flower by division, and in 
clusters rather than by circles. 

cienchyma (si-en'ki-ma), n. System 
of vessels secreting the peculiar juice 
of a plant; lactiferous tissue. See 
parenchyma. [ginal hairs. 

ciliate (sil'i-at), a. Fringed with mar- 

cion. See scion. [ashy. 

cinereous (si-ne're^usj.a. Ash-colored; 

circinate (ser'si-nat), a. Having the 
leaf coiled downward from the apex 
like a crook, as in the fronds of ferns; 
gyrate.— cir'cinal, a. 

circnrascissile (ser-kum-sis'il),a. De- 
hiscent by having the top of the 
ovary open or fall off, as a lid. 

cirrus (sir'us), n. A tendril. 

class (lnas), n. Next division below 
series and above order. Divided in- 
to Subclass and Cohort. It includes 
the orders, which by general traces of 
resemblance can be associated in 
groups. See order. 

el a vate (kla'vat), a. Shaped like a club, 

coarctate (ko-ark'tat), a. Compact; 
pressed together. 

coccus (kok'us), n. A berry. 

cochleate (kok'le-at), a. Spiral, as a 
snail's shell. 

cohesion, n. Having the parts congen- 
itally united. If similar parts, it is 
called coalescence; if dissimilar, adna- 
tion. Cohesion of stamens may be 
monadelphou8, diadelphom, polyadel- 
phous or syngenesious. 

cohort (ko'hart), n. A group of indef- 
inite grade; "a subdivision of class. 

collum (kol'um), n. The part where 
the root meets the stem. 

coma (k5'ma), n. 1. A seed vesture 
with long hairs, as that of the cotton- 
seed. 2. A leafy top or head termin- 
ating in a stem, as of thePineapple. 

Compositse (kom-poz'i-te), n. pi. The 
largest natural order of plants. It 
contains over 750 genera and more 
than 10,000 species. 

compound-flower, n. One of the 
compositae; flowers crowded on the 
same torus surrounded by an invol- 



ucre of many bracts. — c.-leaf, n. One 
made up of several leaflets on a pet- 
iole.— c.-ovary, n. One having more 
than one carpel.— c. -pistil. One body 
formed by the coalescence of two or 
more carpels.— c- raceme. A pan- 
icle.— c.-stem, n. One dividing into 
branches.— c.-um b el, n. One having 
its rays all bearing umbellules. 

condu plicate, a. Having the leaves 
in the bud folded on themselves 
lengthwise. — eonduplica'tion, n. 

conglomerate, a. Densely clustered. 

Coniferae(k o-nif'e-re) , n.pl. The Pines ; 
a Cohort of the class Gymnosperms. 

coniferous (ko-nif'er-us), a. Bearing 
cones, as many of the Gymnosperms. 

conjugate, a. Joined by pairs unit- 
ing to form a zygospore. 

connate (kon'at), a. Having two oppo- 
site sessile leaves united at the bases. 

connectile, n. Part connecting the 
lobes of the anther and the filament. 

connivent (kon-m'vent), a. Converg- 
ent; coming together, as the petals of 
a flower. [a stem with no joints. 

continuous, a. Not interrupted, as 

contorted, a. Convoluted, as the ar- 
rangment of floral envelopes in buds 

convolute (kon'vo-16t), a. Rolled to- 
gether, as a leaf in the bud. See in- 
volute av<d revolcte. 

cordate (kar'dat), a. Heart shaped; 
applied to leaves.— cor 'diform, a. 

coriaceous (ko-ri-a'shus), a. Leather- 
like; applied to the texture of leaves. 

corm (karm), n. A bulb-like stem, pro- 
ducing 'roots from the lower side and 
leaves and buds from the upper side. 

corolla (ko-rol'a),ra. The interior en- 
velope of the "flower, consisting of 
leaves called petals which surround 
the stamen _and pistils. 

corona (ko-ro'na), n. An appendage 
crowning a corolla, as in the Passion- 
flower, or an organ, as in the Dande- 
lion, [to rind or bark, 

cortical; «• Resembling or belonging 

corymb (kor'imb or-im), n. A form of 
inflorescence, differing from the race- 
me, in having lengthened lower pedic- 
les, bringing all the flowers to the 
same level.— corym'bous, a. 

costate (kos'tat), a L Ribbed, as a leaf. 

cotyledon (kot-i-le'dun), n. The rudi- 
mentary leaf of the embryo. 

cremocarp (krem'o-karp), n. The fruit 
of Umbelllferae, splitting apart into 
closed carpels (merocarps) when ma- 
ture, [notched, as a leaf. 

crenate (kre'nat), a. Scalloped or 

crest (krest), n. Ridge or elevation 
upon the summit of an organ. 

cretaceous (kre-ta'shus), a. Chalky. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her ; mite, mit 
wolf ,- mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



note, not, move, 



crispate 



745 



dissepiment 




crlspate (kris'pat), a. Crisp; having a 
superabundance of marginal tissue, 
said of leaves. [thin and hard. 

crustaceous (krus-ta'shus), a. Brittle; 

Cryptogamia ( krip-to-ga'- 
mi-a), n.pl. The second great 
Series in Linnean classifica- 
tion. It includes all the 
fiowerless plants. They in- 
clude the Acrogens and the 

THALLOGBNS. 

cueUllate(ku-kul'at), a. Re- 
sembling a hood. 

culm (kulm), n. The stem of 
the Grasses and Sedges, 
often hollow and generally 
jointed. 

enneate (ku'ne-at), a. Wedge- 
shaped, assorne leaves. 

cupule (ku'pul), n. An in- 
volucre holding the glans or 
nut, as in the acorn. 

cuspidate (kus'pi-dat), a. 
Having the apex of a leaf ACryp- 
terminate in a sharp, slen- togam. 
der point, as in thistles. 

cuticle (ku'ti-kl), n. A continuous 
film or outer wall of the epidermis of 
plants. [including 3,11 shades of blue. 

cyanic(si-an'ik),a. Of a series of colors, 

cyathiform (si-ath'-i-farm), a. Cup- 
shaped, [fluids in plants. 

cyclosis (si-klo'sis), n. Circulation of 

cyme (slm), n. Any inflorescence with 
centrifugal evolutions especially, flat- 
topped, as in the Elder. 

cyrabiform (sim'bi-farm), a. Resem- 
bling a boat. [ing an aduate calyx. 

cypsela (sip'se-la), n. Anachenehav- 

cy toblast (si'to-blast), or cytioblast 
(sit'i-o-blast), n. The cell nucleus. 

deciduous (de-sid'u-us), a. Falling off 
at the end of the season; falling with 
the stamens. [as a leaf. 

decompound, a. Divided many times, 

decumbent, a. Having the ascend- 
ing axis reclining upon the ground 
after having arisen above it. 

decurrent, a. Having the base of a 
leaf extended down the stem beyond 
the place of insertion. 

decussate (de-kus'at), a. Having the 
leaves opposite, the stairs alternately 
crossing each other at right angles. 

definite, a. Having not more than 
twenty stamens ; opposed to indefinite. 

defoliation, n. The falling of leaves. 

dehiscence (de-his'ens), n. The open- 
ing of the pericarp or seedpod to dis- 
charge the seeds, or of an anther to dis- 
charge its pollen. Dehiscence may be 
valvular, as in Chick weed, porous as in 
the Poppy, or circumscissile, as in the 
Plantain. See indehiscent. 



dendroid(den'droid), a. Arborescent; 
tree-like in form. 

dentate (den'tat), a. Having a notched 
or toothed margin, as a Jeaf. 

depauperate ( de-pa'per-at ), a. Not 
perfectly developed ; impoverished. 

dextrine (deks'trin), n. A product 
of the chemical process incident to 
vegetable growth and cell-formation. 

dextrorse (deks-trars' ), a. Twining 
from right to left. 

di- Greek prefix, meaning two. 

diadelpbous (di-a-del'fus), a. Hav- 
ing the stamens united by their fila- 
ments in two, equal or unequal, sets, 
as in the Pea. See cohesion. 

Dialypelala^ (di-a-li-pet'a-le), n. pi. A 
polypetalous Cohort of the Angio- 
sperms.— dialypet'alous, a. 

diandrous (di-an'drus), a. Having two 
stamens. See definite. 

diastaste (dl'as-tas), n. One of the 
chemical products t>f germination. 
Capable of transforming starch into 
dextrine and then into sugar. 

dicbotomous (di-kot'o-mus), a. Di- 
viding into two; forked; consisting of 
a pair of pairs. — dichotomy, n. 
Branching by constant forking. 

diclinous (dik'li-nus), a, Deficient in 
the essential organs, as having only 
pistils or stamens. See dioecious and 

MONOECIOUS. 

dicotyledons (di- kot-i-le'duns), n. 
Plants, the seeds of which have two 
cotyledons, as the Bean. They are 
also called Exogens, which see. 

didymous (did'i-mus), a. Double; two- 
fold ; formed in pairs. 

didynamous (di-din'a-mus), a. Hav- 
ing four stamens in two pairs, un- 
equal in size.— didy'namy, n. 

digitate (dijl-tat), a. 1. Having leaves 
or roots in finger-like divisions. 2. 
Having leaflets at the apex of the 
petiole; applied to compound leaves. 

dimerous (dim'er-us), a. Having t T » o 
parts in each whorl. 

dimidiate (di-mid'i-at), a. Divided lr - 
to two parts, as the lobes of the anther 
when separated, forming two halved 
anthers on one filament. 

dioecious, diecious (di-e'shus), a. 
Unisexual; having pistils without 
stamens, the latter found on different 
plants of the same species. See di- 
clinous and monoecious. 

dipterous (dip'ter-us), a. Having two 
appendages like wings. 

disk, n. The central, circular head of 
a flower as distinct from the rays. 

dissepiment (dis-sep'i-ment), n. A 
partition; especially a dividing wall 
within an ovary. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit ; note, not, move- 
wolf ; mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



distichous 



746 



floral-envelopes 



distichous (dis'tik-us), a. Having no 
rows or ranks,as an alternate arrange- 
ment of leaves, upon opposite sides 
of an axis, in two vertical ranks. 

divaricate (di-var'i-kat), a. Divergent; 
straggling; branching off almost at 
a right angle; wide spread. 

drupe (drop); n. A stone fruit. It has 
three coats, the outer (epidermis), 
called the epicarp; the inner (nucleus 
or stone), endocarp; the middle, sarco- 
carp.— drupaceous, a. 

duramen (do-ra'men), n. The heart- 
wood of exogenous trees, which varies 
in color. The part of a tree used for 
timber. See alburnum. 

ebracteate (e-brak te-at), a. Without 
bracts. [or sharp points. 

echinate (ek'i-nat), a. Having prickles 

elater (el'a-ter), n. One of the spiral 
elastic threads attached to or accom- 
panying certain spores._ 

einarginate (e-mar'ji-nat), a. Having 
the marginal apex of a leaf notched. 

embryo, n. The product of the action 
of the pollen upon the ovule, forming 
the rudimentary plant in the seed. It 
cousists of the radicle and the plumule. 

endocarp (en'do-karp), n. The inner 
coat of a pericarp ; the stone. See drupe. 

endochrome(en'do-krom), n. The col- 
oring matter of plants, other than 
green. See Chlorophyll. 

Endogens (en'do-jens), n. Plants be- 
longing to the Monocotyledon Prov- 
ince, called "inside growers," as corn; 
opposed to. the Exogens or "outside 
growers." Endogens are divided into 
twoclasses: Petaliferce and Glumiferce. 

endopleura. See tegmen. [shaped. 

easiform (en'si-farm), a. Sword - 

epicarp (ep'i-karp), ri. The outer coat 
of a pericarp. See drupe. 

epigynous (e-pij'i-nus), a. The ap- 
parent insertion of the organs upon 
or above the ovary, as the stamens 
and corolla of the Cranberry. 

epipetalous (ep-i-pet'a-lus),a. Having 
the stamens on the corolla, as in the 
Phlox. See position. 

epiphytes (ep'i-fits ),n. Plants, which, 
growing upon other plants, do not 
derive their nourishment from them. 

episperm(ep'i-sperm), n. The outer 
skin of a seed, the middle coat being 
the endoplura ; inner, the endosperm. 

erose (e-ros'), a. Having the margin, 
as a leaf, appear as if gnawed. 

estivation -(es-ti-va'shun), n. The ar- 
rangement of the parts or leaves in 
fhe flower-bud ; prefloration. It 
may be valvate, induplicate, involute, 
reduplicate, convolute or contorted, im- 
bricate, plicate or supervolute. 



etiolated (e'ti-o-la-ted), a. Whitened 
through the absence of coloring mat- 
ter ; bleached by exclusion of light. 

excrarrent, a. Branching, applied to 
trees in which the trunk extends 
through to the summit, as in the Oak; 
opposed to solvent {axis). 

Exogens (eks'o-jens), n. Plants belong- 
ing to the Dicotyledon Province called 
"outside growers" as forest trees; 
opposed to the Endogens, "inside grow- 
ers." Exogens are divided into two 
classes, A ngtosperms and Gymnosperms. 

exserted (eks-ser'ted), a. Projecting ; 
protruded. [out stipules. 

exstipulate (eks-stip'u-lat), a. With- 

extrorse (eks-trars'), a. Turned out- 
ward ; having the lines of dehiscence 
look toward the corolla, as in the Iris. 

falcate (fal'kat), a. Resembling a 
scythe or a sickle; hooked. 

fascile (fas'i-kl), n. A condensed clus- 
ter, as of flowers, leaves, etc. ; a mod- 
ification of the cyme, as in Sweet Wil- 
liam.— fasciculate, a. Applied to 
position of leaves, as many in a clus- 
ter in the axil, as in the Pine. 

ferruginous (fer-ro'ji-nus), a. Reddish 
brown; of a rusty iron color. 

fertile, a. Applied to a flower having 
pistils without stamens. 

fertilization, n. The process of mak- 
ing reproductive through the action 
of the pollen upon the ovules. 

fibrils ( fi'brils ), n. Minute hair-like 
growths which clothe the younger 
root fibers and absorb nourishment. 

filament, n. A slender stalk sustain- 
ing the anther and with it forming 
the stamen; pendulous in the Grasses. 

Filicales (nTi-kals), n. pi. A Cohort of 
the Class, Angios pores; the Ferns. 

filiform, a. Threadlike. 

fimbriate ( fim'bri-at ), a. Bordered 
with hair-like processes; fringed. 

fistular (fis'tu-ler), a. Hollow; pipe- 
like, as the onion leaf. 

flahelliform (fla-bel'i-farm), a. Fan- 
shaped, as the leaves of the Palm. 

flagelliform (fla- jell-farm), a. Re- 
sembling a whip in form'. 

flavescent (fla-yes'ent), a. Yellowish. 

flexuous (fleks'u-us), a. Bent or curved 
alternately in opposite directions ; 
wavy. [of woolly hairs. 

floccus (flok'us), n. [pi. flocci.] A tuft 

Flora (flo'ra), n. 1. The aggregate 
plants of a particular region or coun- 
try. 2. A written description of them. 

floral-envelopes, n. The whorls of 
leaves which surround the essential 
organs of a flower, called theperianth. 
The outer wall is called the calyx, and 
the other, if any, the corolla. 



i$bQ } t&t } task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit ; note, not, move, 
wolf ; mute, hut, burn ; oil, owj, ^e^, 



floret 



'47 



fry a 11 tiro us 



floret, n. The flower of a cluster. 

Floridese (flo-rid'e-e), n. pi. A Cohort 
of the Endogens, of the class Petaliferce. 

flower, n. The organ for the produc- 
tion of seed, consisting of a floral en- 
velope, made up of the calyx and the 
corolla, aud the essential organs, con- 
sisting of the stamens and pistils, all 
held in the torus. 

foliaceous ( fo-li-a'shus ), a. Leafy; 
having the texture or form of a leaf. 

foliation ( fo-li-a'shun ), n. Foliage; 
the act of leating. 

follicle (fol'i-kl),re. A one-celled, single- 
carpeled seed-vessel, indehiscent at 
the ventral suture, as the Larkspur. 

foramen, n. See micropvle. 

frond, n. 1. Any organ consisting of 
both stem and leaf, as the foliage of 
the Fern. 2. The leaves of Palms. 

frondescent (fron-des'ent), a. Burst- 
ing, or appearing to burst, into leaf. 

fructification, n. 1. Flowerand fruit 
as a whole. 2. The act of bearing fruit. 

fruit, n. The perfected ovary devel- 
oped through the fertilization of the 
anthers by the pollen, constituting 
the fourth stage of plant life. Fruit 
consists of the pericarp, the envelope 
of the seed, with its carpels, and the 
seed. [or becoming shrubby. 

fmtescent (fro-tes'ent), a. Shrubby, 

fuliginous (fu-lij'i-nus), a. Smoky ; 
sooty; very dark. 

fulvous (ful'vus), a. Reddish-yellow. 

Fungales(fun-ga-lez),rc. pi. The Fungi; 
a Cohort of the Class Gymnospores. 

funiculus (fu-nik'u-lus), n. The fun- 
iele or stalk supporting the ovule. 

furcate (fur'kat), a. Forked. 

furfur a ceous (fur-f u-ra'shus), a. 
Scurfy; covered with minute particles. 

fuscous (fus'kus), a. Grayish-brown. 

fusiform (fu'si-farm), a. Spindle- 
shaped; applied to roots, tapering 
both downward and a short distance 
upward, as the Radish. 

galeate (ga'le-at), a. Having the shape 
of a helmet, as labiate flowers when 
the upper lip is concave, as the Cat- 
mint; hollow and vaulted. 

Oamopetalee (gam-6-pet'a-le),n. One 
of the three Cohorts constituting the 
Angiosperms, the corolla being mon- 
opetalus; opposed to the Dialypetalce. 

gamopetalous (gam-6-pet'a-lus), a. 
Having petals united by their edges, 
as in the Gamopetalce. 

gamophyllous (gam-6-nrus),a. Hav- 
ing leaves united by their edges. 

gamosepalous ( gam-o-sep'a-lus ), a. 
Having united sepals. 

geminate ( jem'i-nat ), a. Binate; in 
pairs, as leaves. 



gemmation (j em- ma' shun), n. Actor 
process of bud_ding._ 

geniculate (je-nik'u-lat), a. Having 
joints resembling the bended knee. 

Genus, ft. Next division below ORDER 
and above SPECIES, which see. Sub- 
divided into Subgenera or Sections. 
Genera consists of species related by 
close similarity in the construction 
of essential parts. The Pear, Apple 
and Quince are separate SPECIES 
but belong to the same GENUS; the 
White and the Red Clover, the same. 
Names of GENERA are principally 
from the Latin. Many of them in- 
dicate some property, form or color 
peculiar to the plant, leaf or flower, or 
the name of some Botanist or dis- 
coverer; e.g. Hepatica, liver shaped ; 
Sanguinaria, blood-root, etc. 

germination, n. The beginning of 
the development of the embryo in the 
seed.— gerni'inative, a. 

gibbous (gib'us), a. Having a pro- 
tuberance at the base or side. 

glabrous (gla'brus), a. Having a 
smooth surface ; not hairy. 

gladiate, a. See ensiforh. 

glands, n. Cellular structures con- 
taining the plant secretions. 

glans, n. Nut, as the acorn. 

glaucous (gla'kus), a. Sea-green. 

globous, a. Spherical, or nearly so. 

glomerate (glom'er-at), a. Gathered 
in clusters or iu a dense head. 

glomernle (glom'er-61), n. A form of 
terminal inflorescence, having an ax- 
illary cluster, with a centrifugal 
evolution. [in Grasses. 

glume (glom), n. The floral_ envelopes 

Glnmi ferae ( glom-if'er-e ), n. The 
second class of the Endogens distin- 
guished from the Petaliferce by jointed 
culms and glumaceous flowers. 

Gramineae ( gra-min'e-e ), n. Next 
to the orchids, the largest order of the 
Endogens, equivalent to the Glumif- 
erce and embracing tfc.e Grasses, 
Sedges and Grains. 

gramineous (gra-min'e-us), a. Like 
gras3 or belonging to the Graminece. 

gymno- A prefix, meaning "naked." 

Oymnosperms ( jim'no-sperms), n. 
The second class of the Exogens, 
characterized by naked seeds. See An- 
giosperms. — gymnosper'mons, a. 

Gymnospores ( jim'no-spors ), n. 
A Class constituting the Thallogens, 
characterized by naked spores. Con- 
trast with Angiospores, which see. 

gyandrOus ( ji-an'drus), a. Relating 
to the position of stamens, as having 
the stamens adnate to the pistil, as in 
the Orchis.— gyan'der, a. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her ; mite, mit 
wolf ; mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



note. not. aiSve, 



gynoecium 



748 



labiate 



gynoecium ( ji-ne'si-um ), n. The 
female organ of a plant. See Androe- 
cium. [tion of a flower's receptacle. 

gynophore (jin'o-for), n. An elonga- 

gyrate, a. Same as circinate. 

gyr©se(;ji'ros),_a. Crooked; waved. 

hastate (has'tat), a. Halberd- shaped, 
as the leaf of the sheep-sorrel. 

heart-wood, n. The duramen. 

herb, n. A. plant that dies, at least, 
down to the ground, annually; dis- 
tinguished from a shrub or tree by 
its stem, which does not become 
woody.— herbaceous, a. 

herbarium (her-ba'ri-um), n. A col- 
lection of dried plants, or a receptacle 
or place for keeping them. The stan- 
dard herbarium sheet in the U. S. 
is 16y 2 by liy 2 in. wide. 

hespe ridiuin ( hes-pe-rid'i-um ), n. 
A succulent, fleshy fruit with leathery 
rind, separable from the pulpy in- 
terior, as the Orange. 

hermaphrodite, n. A flower having 
both stamensandpistils. 

hetserio (he-te'ri-o), n. An aggregate 
fruit, having a collection of indehis- 
cent carpels, as the Raspberry, Black- 
berry and Strawberry. 

hetero- A Greek prefix, meaning 
"other" or "different." 

heterocephalous, ( het- e - ro - sef'a- 
lus), a. Having both male and female 
heads in the same individual. 

heterogamous ( het-e-rog'a-mus ), a. 
Bearing flowers of both sexes. 

liexa- Greek numeral six. 

hexamerous (heks-am'er-us), a. Hav- 
ing six parts to a flower, [six'stamens. 

hexandroas (heks-an'drus), a. Having 

hilium (hi'lum), n. [pi. HDuA.] The seed 
scar produced by its separation from 
the funiculus. [long hairs. 

hirsute (her-suf), a. Hairy; having 

hispid (his'pid), a. Having short, stiff 
hairs. [ing all the flowers alike. 

homogamus (ho-mog'a-mus), a. Hav- 

humisfuse (hu'mis-fuz), a. Spreading 
over the ground. [glassy. 

hyaline (hi'a-lin), a. Transparent; 

hybrid, n. The product of different 
varieties, species or genera. 

hypo- Greek prefix, meaning under. 

hypocrateriform (hi - po - kra - ter'i- 
farm), a. Salver-shaped; applied to 
the corolla when having a straight 
tube ending abruptly in a horizontal 
border, as in the Petunia. 

hypogean (hl-po-je'an), a. Growing 
beneath the surface, as the truffle. 

hypogynous (hi-poj'i-nus), a. Beneath 
the pistil; having the organs inserted 
into the torus under, or at the base of, 
the pistil or ovary. 



imbricate (im'bri-kat), a. Having 
overlapping edges, as the petals of a 
leaf-bud.— imbric'ative, a. 

immarg-ioate (im-mar'ji-nat), a. Hav- 
ing no border or rim. 

inaxial, a. Having lateral, slender 
roots not continuous with the stem. 
They are fibrous, tubercular, nodulous, 
moniliform, coralline and fibro -tuber- 
ous. See axial, [appear as if cut. 

incised, a. Having the leaf margins 

incrassate (in-kras'at), a. Thickened; 
swelling by degrees. 

incumbent, a. In relation to the po- 
sition of the embryo, having the coty- 
ledons folded so as to bring the back 
of one against the radicle. 

indehiscent, a. Not opening; having 
the seeds released by germination, or 
decay of the pericarp. 

indefinite, a. Having more than 
twenty stamens. See definite. 

induplicate, a. Pertaining to val- 
vate estivation, when each piece has 
two margins rolled inward, as in 
the Clematis; opposed to reduplicate. 

i n d u s i um ( in-du'zhi-um ), n. Cov- 
ering of the sort. 

individuals* Plants which go to 
to make up a species. 

inflorescence, n. The position and 
arrangement of flowers upon the 
plant; indicated by two classes, axil- 
lary, indefinite or centripetal, having 
the flowers arise from the axillary 
buds, and terminal, definite or centrifu- 
gal, having all flower buds terminal. 
In the former, inflorescence proceeds 
from the circumference to the center, 
and in the latter from the center to 
the circumference. Special forms are 
the spike, spadix, catkin, raceme, umbel, 
panicle, capitulum, cyme and glomerule. 

infundibuliform ( in - fun - dib'u - li - 
farm), a. Funnel-shaped, as the cor- 
olla of the Morning-glory. 

innate, a. Having the anther on top 
of the filament, centrally erect. 

internode (in'ter-nod), n. The space 
between the nodes or joints of a stem. 

introrse (in-trars'), «• Having the an- 
ther's lines of dehiscence turned in- 
ward, toward the pistil, as in the Vio- 
let, [round a flower cluster. 

involucre (in'vo-16-ker), n. The bracts 

involute, a. Having the edges rolled 
inward, as a leaf, [as a pair of leaflets. 

jugnm (jo'gum), n. [pi. juga.] A pair, 

heeled. See carinate. 

labellum(la-berum), n. The odd or 
outer petal "of an Orchid, usually en- 
larged and become anterior, and a 
similar petal in other flowers. 

labiate, a. Lip-shaped ; bilabiata 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, mSvey 
wolf ; mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



laciniate 



749 



muticons 



laciniate (la-sin'i-at), a. Having jag- 
ged margins, as a leaf. 

lactescent (lak-tes'ent), a. Containing 
milk, as the Milkweed. 

laennos (la-ku'nos), a. Having shal- 
low pits or'depressions. 

lacustrine ( la-kus'trin ), a. Growing 
in ponds or lakes. 

lamina (lam'i-na), n. [pi. laminae.] The 
blade or expanded part of a leaf, 
either sessile or petiolate. 

lanceolate ( lan'se-o-lat ), a. Lance- 
shaped, as some leaves. [downy. 

lanuginous (la-nu'ji-nus), a. Woolly; 

latex (la'teks), n. Milk-like liquid in 
some plants, as the Poppy. 

leaf, n. The verdure of plants, acting 
as the organ of digestion and respira- 
tion. It consists of the petiole, the 
lamina and the stipules. [leaf. 

leaflet, n. A division of a compound 

legume, n. Single-carpeled, one-celled 
pod, bearing its seed along the vent- 
ral suture, as the Beani 

lenticulate, a. Lens-shaped. 

liber (li'ber), n. The white, or inner, 
bark. See babk. [Lichens. 

Lichenales ( li-ken-a'lez), n. pi. The 

licben ( li'ken or lik'en ), n. One of 
the Cohorts constituting the Class 
Gymnospores, belonging to the Pro- 
vince of Thallogens, or moss-growers. 
Characterized by its dry appearance 
and greenish, brown or gray color. 

lignlate (lig'u-lat), a. Strap-shaped. 

ligule (lig'ul), n. In the Grasses, an 
appendage projecting from the sum- 
mit of the leaf sheath. [Lilies. 

liliaceous (lil-i-a'shus), a. Like the 

limb, n. The border of a petal, or 
sepal, or of a monopetalous corolla. 

lobate, a. Lobed, as a leaf. 

loculicidal (lok'u-li-sid-al), a. Dehis- 
cent by the dorsal suture of the car- 
pel, as the Lily. [grasses. 

locusta (15-kus'ta), n. The spikelet of 

lament (lo'ment), n. A jointed legume 
or pod separating across into one- 
seeded parts. [shaped. 

lorate (lo'rat), a. Thong- or strap- 
lunate (lu'nat), a. Crescent-shaped. 

lyrate (li'rat), a. Lyre-shaped, as a 
pinnatifid leaf, having larger upper 
than lower, lobes. 

Iiycopodales (li-ko-po'da-lez), n. pi. 
A Cohort of the class Angiospores. 

maculate (mak'u-lat), a. Spotted. 

marcescent (mar-ses'ent), a. Wither- 
ing without falling off. 

marginate (mar'ji-nat), a. Having a 
distinct or different margin. 

medulla (me-dul'a), n. Pith. 

medullary-rays (med'ul-la-ri-ras), ft. 
Radiating plates of parenchyma, di- 



viding the wood into sectors.— m.- 
sbeath, n. Delicate tissue immedi- 
ately surrounding the pith. 

merocarp (mer'6-karp), n. One of the 
halves of a cremocarp. 

micropyle (mi'kro-pil), n. The mark 
left by the closing of the foramen of 
the ovule in the seed, marking the po- 
sition of the radicle. 

midvein, n. A prolongation of the 
petiole from base to apex of a leaf. 
Its branches are veinleis and its sec- 
ondary branches veinulets. 

mitri f o rm (mi'tri-f arm), a. Miter- 
shaped; conical, hollow, and open at 
the base. [single. 

mono- Greek prefix, meaning one or 

monadelphous ( mon-a-del'fus ), a. 
Having the stamens united by their 
filament into one set. See cohesion. 

monandrous (mo-nan'drus), a. Hav- 
ing a single stamen. See stamen. 

moniliform (mo-nil'i-farm), a. In the 
form of a necklace or string of beads, 
as inaxial roots having enlargements 
at regular intervals._ 

monocarp (mon'o-karp), n. Plant 
that dies after bearing fruit, as the 
Century-plant. 

monocblamydeous (mon-o-kla-mT- 
de-us), a. Apetalous; having only one 
of the floral envelopes. 

Monocotyledons (mon - 6 - kot - i- le'- 
dons), n. pi. Endogens; a class of 
plants having only one cotyledon. 

monoecious, monecious (mo-ne'- 
shus ), a. Having stamens without 
pistils. See dioecious, [ing one pistil. 

inonogynous (mo-noj'i-nus), a. Hav- 

Monopetalse. See Oamopetalse. 

monopetalous (mon-5-pet'a-lus), a. 
Having petals united by their edges. 

monoptayllous(mon-o-nTus), a. Hav- 
ing only one leaf. 

monosepalous ( mon-o-sep'a-lus ), a. 
Having sepals united by their edges. 

morphology (mar-fol'o-ji), n. The 
science of f orm,regardlessof function. 

macro (mu'kro), n. [pi. muorones.] A 
sharp tip or point. 

mucronate (mu'kro-nat), a. Applied 
to the apex of the leaf, when tipped 
with a sharp point. See apex. 

multi- Prefix, meaning many. 

multifid (mul'ti-fid), a. Divided into 
many segments or parts. 

muricate(mu'ri-kat),a. Having rough 
excrescences. See echinate. 

muriform ( mu-ri-farm ), a. Resem- 
bling the arrangement of bricks in 
masonry. [Mosses. 

Muscules (mus'-ku-lez), n. pi. The 

muticous (mu'ti-kus), a. Without 
points, as the apex of a leaf. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit ; note, not, move, 
wolf ; mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



mycelium 



750 



pectinate 



mycelium (ml-se'li-um), n. The fili- 
form cells of the thallus of fungi. 

napiform(na'pi-farm), a. Turnip- 
shaped, said of tuberous tap-roots. 

natant (na'tant), a. Swimming on the 
surface of water, or wholly immersed, 
as the leaves of aquatic plants. 

naturalized, a. Not native. 

Natural-System, n. System of Jus- 
sieu in which the classification is 
based upon natural affinity; opposed 
to the artificial method of Linneeus, 
founded on characteristics relating to 
the organs of fructification. 

nectar, n. The honey of a flower.— 
nec'tary, n. Part of a flower secret- 
ing the honey.— nectariferous, a. 

neutral flower, n. A flower having 
neither stamens nor pistils, as the 
Snow-ball. [ternode. 

node (nod), ». Joint of a stem. See in- 

nodous, a. Large-jointed; knotted. 
— nod'uious, a. Knotty. 

nucsform (nu'si-farm),a. Nut-shaped. 

nucleus (nu'kle-us),ra. Kernel. 

nut, n. See gdans. 

nutant(nu'tant), a. Nodding; Having 
the apex hanging downward. 

Number of stamens. See definite; 

INDEFINITE ; MONANDROUS ; D I A N - 
DROUSJ PENTANDROUS and POLYAN- 

drous. [verted. 

ob- A prefix, meaning reversed; in- 

obcompressed, a. Flattened back- 
wards, instead of laterally. 

obcordate (ob'kar'dat), a. Having a 
deep notch at the apex; inversely 
heart-shaped, the notch being apical, 
as the leaf of the Yellow Wood-sorrel. 

ob lanceolate (ob-lan'se-o-lat), a. 
Shaped like a lance point reversed. 

obovate (ob-6'vat), a. Having the 
broad end upward, as some leaves. 

obtuse, a. Rounded at the point, as 
the apex of some leaves. 

ob volute (ob'vo-lot), a. Turned in, 
in vernation. Having one half of each 
leaf exterior and the other interior. 

ochroleucous (ok-ro-16'kus), a. Yel- 
lowish-white; buff. 

ocrea (ok're-a), n. A sheath enclosing 
the stem and formed of two stipules 
cohering by their two margins. 

octo- Greek prefix, meaning eight. 

octandrous (ok-tan'drus), a. Having 
eight stamens. [eight pistils. 

fretogynous (ok-toj'i-nus), a. Having 

offset, n, A scion; a lateral shoot used 
for propagating.— off'sboot, n. 

oligo- Prefix, meaning few. 

oligandrous (ol-i-gan'drus), a. Hav- 
ing a few (less than twenty) stamens. 

olivaceous ( ol-i-va'shus ), a. Olive- 
green; brownish-green. 



opercular (o-per'kular), a. Dehiscent 
by a lid opening upward. 

orbicular (ar-bik'u-lar), a. Circular, 
with a fiat surface, as some leaves. 

orchidaceous (ar-ki-da'shus), a. In 
the form of the" irregular perianth 
peculiar to the Orchis. 

Order (ar'der), or Family (fam'i-li), n. 
Next division below CLASS and 
above GENUS, which see. Subdivided 
into Suborder, Tribe and Subtribe. 
It consists of groups of GENERA 
resembling each other, as the Birches 
and the Alders, the Apple and the 
Quince. Order and Family are gen- 
erally synonymous, although Order 
is the more technical term. When 
distinguished, Family is lower than 
Order. Names of Orders are in the pi ur- 
al and are generally formed by adding 
the plural suffix to the Genus to which 
they belong, e. g. Crowfoot or Ranun- 
culus (genus) becomes Ranunculacece, 
when the order is indicated. 

o r t fa o tropous ( ar-thot'ro-pus ), a. 
Growing straight; relating to the po- 
sition of the ovule. 

ovate, a. Egg-shaped,as certain leaves. 

ovary, n. The lower part of the pistil; 
the receptacle for the ovules. 

ovoid, a. Egg-shaped. 

ovule (o'viil), n. The rudimentary seed 
in the ovary. The number in an ovary 
varies from one to several hundred. 

palea (pa'le-a), n. pi. In the Grasses, 
two brae tie ts at the base of each flow- 
er in a spikelet._ [like; chaffy. 

paleaceous ( pa-le-a'shus ), a. Chaff- 
pan duriform (pan-du'ri-farm), a. 
Fiddle-shaped. 

panicle (pan'i-kl), n. An irregular 
branching, the pedicles of the raceme 
forming a compound inflorescence, as 
in Oats.— pamc'ulate, a. 

papilionaceous(pa-pil-i-o-na'shus),a. 
Having the shape of a butterfly, as 
the corolla of the Pea. 

pappus (pap'us), n. Thistle-down; a 
tuft, or the down crowning the ache- 
nium, or any form taking the place of 
the limb of the calyx on the achenes 
of the Compositee and kindred orders. 

parenchyma (pa-reng'ki-ma), n. The 
commonest or cellular form of tissue, 
found in all plants. See pleurenchy- 

MA, TRACHENCHYMA and CIENCHYMA. 

parietal (pa-ri'et-al), a. Pertaining to a 
wall, as ovules when proceeding from 
the walls of the ovary or on them. 

patulous (pat'u-lus), a. Spreading; 
having the flowers dispersed. 

pectinate ( pek'ti-nat ), a. Combed ; 
having teeth-like projections, or ar- 
ranged like teeth. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; nnte, mit ; note, not, move, 
wolf ; mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



pedate 



51 



p In mule 




Peduncle. 



pedate (ped'at), a. Resembling a bird's 
foot, as certain leaves. 

pedicel (ped'i-sel) pedicle (ped'i-kl), 
n. A peduncle, or the final division 
of a peduncle. [stalk 

peduncle ( pe-dung'kl ), 71. A flower 

peltate (pel'tat), a. 
Shield-shaped. Hav- 
ing the petiole pene- 
trating the under side 
of the lamina, near 
the center; attached 
to the stalk, within 
the margin. 

penicillate (pen-i-sil'- 
at), a. Having a tuft 
of hairs resembling a 
pencil ; pencil-shaped. 

pente- Greek prefix, 
meaning five. 

pentamerous ( pen - 
tam'er-us), a. Having 
five parts. 

pentandrous* (pen- 
tan'drus), a. Having 
five stamens. 

pepo (pe'pd), n. A mel- 
on or gourd-like fruit. 

perennial* I. a. Last- 
ing more than two 
years. II. n. (1|) A plant 
which continues to 
live, year after year. _ 

perfoliate ( per-fo'li-at ), a. Applied 
to leaves, when the stem appears to 
pass through the blade. 

peri- Greek prefix, meaning around. 

perianth (per'i-anth), n. The floral 
envelope without distinction of calyx 
and corolla. In form, it may be poly- 
petalous or gamopetalous; secondly, 
regular or irregular. 

pericarp (per'i-karp), n. The ripened 
ovary or seed-vessel, membranous, cor- 
iaceous or woody, when dry, or succu- 
lent, as in the Grape. The fleshy peri- 
carp is always indehiscent. 

perigynium ( per-i-jin'i-um ), n. A 
sac-like form surrounding the pistil 
of the genus Carex. 

perigynous ( pe-rij'i-nus ), a. Sur- 
rounding the pistil; applied to the 
stamens and petals. See position. 

per isper in (per'i-sperm) , n. Albumen 
stored outside the embryo-sac. 

persistent, a. Applied to the dura- 
tion of calyx and corolla, when either 
remain until the fruit ripens. 

personate, a. Mask-like, as in the 
Snapdragon; applied to the gamo- 
petalous, irregular corolla. See peri- 
anth, [corolla. 

petal, n. One of the leaves of the 

petala'tus, a. Having petals. 



Petalifarre (pet-a-lif'are), n. pi. The 
first Class of the Endogens, distin- 
guished from the Glumiferas by con- 
tinuous stems and petaloid flowers. 

petaloid (pet'a-loid), a. Resembling 
petals, in color, form and texture. 

petiole (pet'i-ol), n. The stalk which 
attaches the leaf-blade to the stem. 
Compressed, when vertically flattened, 
as in the Poplar ; Winged, when later- 
ally expanded into a margin, as in 
the Asters ; Decurrent, when the mar- 
gins extend down the stem. See also 

AMPLEXICAUL atldPETIOLULE. 

petiolate (pet'i-o-lat), a. Having the 
blade attached to the stem by a 
petiole, as a leaf. 

petiolule (pet'i-6-161), n. A little pet- 
iole belonging to a leaflet of a com- 
pound leaf. See petiole. 

Phaenoganiia (fe-no : ga/mi-a), Phan- 
erog-aniia ( f an-er-o-ga'mi-a ), n. pi. 
One of the two great divisions of the 
vegetable kingdom, consisting of the 
flowering plants. They include the 
exogens or dicotyledons, made 
up of the two Classes, Angiosperms 
and Gymnosperms; and the endogens 
or monocotyledons, made up of the 
two Classes, Petaliferoz and Glumiferoz. 

phyllodium (fil-lo'di-um), n. A pet- 
iole assuming the functions and form 
of a leaf blade, as in the Acacia. 

phy Hot axis (fil-lo-taks'is), n. The ar- 
rangement of leaves upon their stems. 

pileorhiza (pi-le-o-ri'za), n. A root 
cap, or hood which covers the termi- 
nations or extremities of root fibres. 

pilous (pi'lus), a. Having the surface 
covered with soft, short hairs. 

pinnate (pin'at), a. Feather-shaped, 
as certain leaves, having a row of leaf- 
lets on each side of the petiole. 

pinnatifid (pin-nat'i-fid),a. Pinnately 
divided, with the divisions about half- 
way down, and with narrow lobes. 

pistil (pis'til), n. The seed -bearing 
organ of a flower, consisting of the 
ovary, style and stigma. The pistils 
collectively are called the gyncecium. 
The number of pistils is denoted as, 
monogynous{l),trigynous(3), and polyg- 
ynous (many). [bearing the ovules. 

placenta, n. The part of the ovary 

pleurenchyma (plo-reng'ki-ma), n. 
Woody or fibrous tissue of plants. See 

PARENCHYMA. — pleuvodiS'COUS, <Z. 

Attached to the sides of a disc, as an ap- 
pendage, [like a fan, as in vernation. 
plicate (pli'kat), a. Plaited, or folded 
plumose (plo'mos), a. Feathery. 
plumule (plo'mul), n. The stem-bud 
from which arises the ascending-axis 
of the embryo ; opposed to the radicle. 



fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit ; note, not, move, 
wolf ; mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then, 



pollen 



752 



resupinate 



pollen, n. A yellowish powder, pro- 
duced in the cells of the anther for 
the fertilization of the flower. 

pollinium (pol-lin'i-um), n. [pi. pol- 
linia.] A mass of pollen in an anther 
loculus, as in the Orchids. 

poly- Greek prefix, meaning many. 

polyadelphous (pol-i-a-del'fus), a. 
Having more than three stamens 
united. See cohesion. 

polyandf oas (pol-i-an'drus), a. Hav- 
ing more than twenty stamens. 

polygamous, a. Having hermaph- 
roditic flowers in the same species. 

polygynous, a. Having many pistils. 

Polypetalae (pol-i-pet'a-le), n. pi. A 
group of plantSj having distinct pet- 
als, forming a circle inside the calyx; 
one of the Cohorts of the Angiosperms. 
— polypet'alou** a. 

pome (pom), n. An indehiscent peri- 
carp, composed of the thickened walls 
of the adnate calyx, as the Pear. 

position of stamens. See hypogy- 
hous; perigynous; epipetalous; epigy- 
nous; gynandrous; tetradynamous and 
didynamous. [axis. 

posterior, a. On the side next to the 

precocious, a. Bearing flowers before 
the leaves appear. 

premorse (pre-mars'), a. Having an 
abrupt termination, as though bitten 
off, as the Trillium's root. 

porous dehiscence, n. Having the 
seeds escape from orifices near the top 
of the fruit, as the Poppy. 

primine (pri'min), n. The'testa. 

primordial utricle, n. The inner 
layer of the new vegetable cell. 

procumbent (pr5-kum'bent), a. Trail- 
ing; growing along the ground with- 
out rooting. [ducing. 

proliferous (pro-lif'er-us), a. Repro- 

protoplasm, n. The esssential sub- 
stance constituting the physical basis 
of all plants. 

Province, n. A division separating 
the PhjsnogAmia into Exogens and 
Endogehs, and the Cryptogamia into 
Acrogens and Thallogens. 

pruinose (pro'i-nos) a. Frosted or 
covered with bloom [soft hairs. 

pubescent, a. Cohered with short, 

punctate ( pungk'tat ), a. Dotted; pit- 
ted; studded with translucent glands. 

putamen (pu-ta'men), n. A nut's shell. 

py riform (pir'i-farm), a. Pear-shaped. 

pyxis (piks'is), (pi. pixides.] A seed 
vessel, opening like a lid by a circum- 
scissile dehiscence; Mosstheca. 

quadri- Prefix, meaning four. 

quadrangular (kwod-rang'u-lar), a. 
Having four angles. [FoUr-leaved. 

quadrifoliate (kwod-ri-fo'li-at), a. 



quad rijugate(kwod-ri-;j6'gat),a. With 
four pairs of leaflets. 

quadrilateral ( kwod-ri-lat'er-al ), a. 
Having four sides. 

quinque- Five, [ilar parts together. 

quinate (kwi'nat), a. Having five sim- 

quincuncial (kwin-kun'shal), a. 
Having five leaves ; denoting arrange- 
ment in estivation. 

quintuple (kwin'lo-pl), a. Fivefold. 

race, n. A permanent variety, as Red- 
cabbage. 

raceme (ra-sem'), n. An 
elongated axis bearing 
its flowers on distinct, 
simple pedicels, as in 
the Currant. See In- 
florescence. 

rachis (r a ' k i s), n. [ pi. 
ra'chides. ] The axis 
of inflorescence. 

radical, a. Having the 
leaves grow out of the 
stem or appearing to 
grow from the roots. — 
radical number, n. 
The number indicating 
the parts composing 
each whorl. 

radicle, n. The rootlet of 
embryos. See plumule. 

ramial, a. Having the 
leaves growing from 
the branches. 

raphe (ra'fe), n. A ridge in the anatro- 
pous ovule, from the chalaza to the 
hilum, caused by the funiculus adher- 
ing to the testa. 

rays, n. pi. 1. The primary pedicels of 
a compound umbel. 2. The marginal 
part of a flower-cluster, when differ- 
ent in structure from the disk. 

receptacle, n. The torus. 

recurved, a. Bent backward but not 
rolled. [rolled outward. 

reduplicate, a. Having the margin 

reflexed, a. Having an excessive back- 
ward curve, [as if broken. 

refracted, a. Bent abruptly backward, 

regma (reg'ma), n. [pi. regmata] A 
capsule having dehiscent carper 1 
which separate elastically, attached 
to carpophore, as the Geranium.— re'- 
gmaCarp, n. Dry, dehiscent fruit. 

regular, a. Having the organs of the 
same name alike in form, size, posi- 
tion, etc. ; applied to a flower, [a leaf. 

reniform, n. Shaped like a kidney, as 

repand (re-pand'), a. Having a wavy 
margin, as in some leaves. 

repent (re'pent), a. Creeping; extend- 
ing horizontally, in all directions, be- 
neath the soil, as some roots. 

resupinate (re-su'pi-nat), a. Inverted. 




A Raceme. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, 
wolf ; mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



reticulate 



siliqna 



reticulate (re-tik'u-lat), a. Resembling 
net- work; as some leaves. Reticulate 
venation may be Feather-veined, Ra- 
diate-veined or Tripli- veined. 

retrorse (re-trars'), a. Backward ; 
downward ^directed back or down. 

refuse (re-tus'), a. Obtuse, with a slight 
depression where the point should be; 
applied to the apex or leaves. 

revolute ( rev'o-lot ), a. Having the 
margins rolled outward and back- 
ward; said of leaves. 

rhizome ( ri'zom ), a. A short, thick, 
rooting, scaly stem, having partially 
developed internodes, growing un- 
derground, as in the Blood-root. 

ribs, n. pi. The principal or primary 
veins and ridges of a leaf. 

ringent (rin' jent), a. Gaping; with 
mouth wide open; said of certain 
labiate flowers.-ringentiforua'is, a. 

root, n. The basic and sustaining part 
of a plant, growing downward into 
the soil. Its parts are the collum, spong- 
ioles and fibrils. Its mode of develop- 
ment is either axial or inaxial. 

rosaceous ( ro-za'shus), a. Rose-like; 
applied to corollas, as in the Rose. 

rostrate ( ros*trat ), a. Resembling a 
bird's beak ; narrowed into a point. 

rosulate (roz'u-lat), a. Arranged in 
clusters, as the petals of a rose. 

rot ate, a. S tar or wheel-shaped ; appl ied 
to gamopetalous-regular perianths. 

rotation, n. The peculiar movement 
of fluids within certain cells. 

rugose ( ro'gos ), a. Wrinkled, said of 
the texture of leaves. 

ruminate (ro'min-at), a. Having many 
folds; appearing as if chewed. 

r uncinate (run'si-nat), a. Pointed and 
curved backward; said of a pinnatifid 
leaf; saw-toothed. 

runner, n. A plant or stem having 
filiform branches extending along the 
surface of the ground, with buds at the 
ends sending out roots and leaves. 

sagittate ( saj'i-tat ), a. Arrow-shaped. 

samara ( sa-ma'ra ), n. A winged, dry, 
one-seeded, indehiscent fruit, as in the 
Elm or Maple; Key»fruit. 

sarcocarp (sar'ko-karp), n. The inter- 
vening or pulpy layer of the drupe. 

scabrous (ska'brus), a. Scabby; having 
a rough surface, as certain leaves. 

scalar i form ( ska-lar-'i-farm ), a. Lad- 
der-like; said of" cells when the ar- 
rangement gives the appearance of 
bars between them. 

scape, n. A flower-stalk from an un- 
derground stem in acaulescent plants. 

scorpioid (skar'pi-oid), a. Having the 
raceme coiled, unrolling as it blos- 
soms ; descriptive of a form of cyme. 



scrobiculate (skro-bik'u-lat), a. Hav- 
ing pits or depressions. 

secuncl (se'kund),a. Unilateral ; turned 
oneway or arranged ou one side only. 

seed, n. The ovule perfected and con- 
taining the rudiments of a new plant. 
It consists of a 
kernel or nu- 
cleus, an outer 
covering, the 
testa, and the in- 1 
ner or tegmen. 

semi- Prefix, 
meaning half. 

semilunar, n. 
Half moon- 




sepal (sep'al or 
se'pal), n. "One 
of the pieces or 

leaves Of the The Sepal. 

Calyx. — sep'» 
aloid, a. Resembling sepals, [tition. 

septum(sep'tum),7i. [ pi. septa.] a par- 

septicidal (sep'ti-si-dal), a. Dehiscent 
by rupture of the septums. 

septifragal (sep-tif'ra-gal), a. Dehis- 
cent by a separation of the valves 
from the dissepiments, which remain 
united in the axis. 

series (se'rez), n. In botanical classifi- 
cation, the Subkingdom known as 
Phazntogamia, flowering plants, and 
Cryptogamia, or flowerless plants,each 
of which embraces three Classes. 

sericeous (se-rish'us), a. Silky, as the 
surface of leaves having a satin-like 
appearance. [the season. 

serotinous (se-rot'i-nus ), a. Late in 

serrate (ser'at), a. Toothed; having 
notched edges, as certain leaves. 

serrulate, a. Having finer indenta- 
tions than serrate margins. 

sessile (ses'il), a. 1. Without the sty le t 
as the stigma when 
sessile upon the 
ovary. 2. Attached 
to the stem by its 
base, as a sessile leaf. 

seta (se'ta), [n. pi. 
sw£M.\ A bristle; a 
stiff hair ; the re- 
duced perianth of 
the Sedges. 

setaceous, a. Bristle- 
like or bristle- 
shaped.— s e 't o u s, 
se'tose, a. Bristly. 

shrub, n. A small 
tree not over twenty 
feet high, branching Sessile Leaves, 
near the ground. 

siliqua (sil'i-kwa), silique (si-lek'), n. 
Long seed vessel or pod of the Cruci- 




fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit ; note, not, mSvH, 
wolf ; mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



sinistrorse 



54 



Subkingdom 



ferse.— silicle (sil'i-kl), a. A short, 
silique, nearly as wide as long. 

sinistrorse (sin'is-trars), a. Twining 
from left to right. See dextrorse. 

sinuate (sin'u-at), a. Strongly wavy, 
as the margin of a leaf. 

solvent-axis, n. Having the trunk 
divided into branches at different de- 
grees of divergence, as in the Elm. 
See EXCURRENT. 

sorosis (so-ro'sis), n. Confluent fruit 
in which the inflorescence is devel- 
oped into a mass of united pericarps, 
as the Pineapple. 

sorns (so'rus), n. [pi. sori.] An aggre- 
gation; one of the fruit dots on ferns. 

Spadiciflorse ( spa-di-si-flo're ), w. pi. 
One of the two Cohorts constituting 
the petalifer^e, characterized by 
flowers borne on a spadix. 

spadix (spa'diks), n. A form of inflo- 
rescence having the flowers in the 
form of a spike, with a thickened 
rachis, as the Calla. 

spathe ( spa^ ), n. A large bract en- 
veloping the inflorescence, and often 
colored, as in the Calla. 

spatnlate (spat'u-lat), a. Having a 
rounded apex, broader than the base. 

Species (spe'shez), n. Next division 
below GENUS, and above VARIETY, 
which see. Subdivided into subspecies. 
Species is the unit in botanical class- 
ification, and embraces plants des- 
cending from the same stock and 
possessing the same properties as at 
the beginning, as the White Clover is 
a species representing thousands of 
individuals, but the White and the 
Red clover are of the same genus, but 
form different species. The name of a 
species consists of one word appended 
to the name of the genus, and is gen- 
erally an adjective, i. e. Sanguinaria 
(genus) Canadensis (species), Canadian 
Blood-root. There are 100,000 Species. 

spike (spik), n. An elongated rachis 
with clustered or scattered sessile 
flowers, as the Plantain.-spike'letjW. 

spines, n. pi. Sharp-pointed processes 
originating from leaves. -spi'nous,a. 

spongioses (spon'ji-ols;, n. pi. The 
ends of root fibers. 

spores (spors), n. pi. The reproductive 
bodies of the Ciypotogamia, analo- 
gous to seeds in flowering plants, ex- 
cept that they have no embryo. 

spurs, n. pi. Tubular processes of the 
flower, projecting from it, as in the 
Larkspur, or corolla of the Violet. 

squarrose (skwor'os), a. Widely 
spread, as bracts of the involucres of 
some Compositae.— squar'rulose, a. 
Diminutive of squarrose. 



stamens (sta'mens), n. pi. Thread- 
like, male or fertilizing organs of the 
plants, collectively called androecium. 
They number from one to more th:tn 
one hundred. When not more than 
twenty, they are called definite; if 
more, indefinite. See diandrotjs, pen- 

TANDROTTS and POIiYANDROTTS. Also 

see position.— A stamen consists of 
the filament, or stalk, and the anther. 

stamlnodium (stam-in-6'di-um), n. A 
sterile or abortive stamen, as the 
fringe of the Passion-flower. 

stellate (stel'at), a. Resembling in 
form, a star; radiating like the points 
of a star, said of some leaves — stellif - 
eras, a. Star-bearing— stel'lnla, n. 
A small rosette; a whorl of perigonial 
leaves in the Mosses. 

stem- Main ascending-axis. See axis. 

sterile, a. 1. Not bearing seeds. 2. 
Having stamens without pistils. 

stigma, n. The summit of a simple 
pistil, or when the style is absent, the 
ovary's surface which receives the 
pollen. The stigma in this case is 
sessile. — stigmatif erous, a. 

stings, n. pi. Hollow, sharp-pointed 
hairs, connected with a gland secret- 
ing an irritating fluid, as in the Nettle. 

stipe (s tip), n. A stalk. 

stlpels ( sti'pels ), n. pi. Secondary sti- 
pules in the leaflets of compound 
leaves.— stipulate, a. 

stipule (stip'ul ), n. Leaf-like append- 
ages at the base of the petiole of some 
leaves.— stipulate, a. 

stolon ( sto'lon ), n. A branch which, 
reaching the ground, takes root, sends 
up shoots and becomes a new plant, as 
the Black : raspberry. 

stoma (sto'ma), n. [pi. stomata]. A 
pore in the epidermis connecting the 
intercellular tissue with the air, and 
opened or closed by a pair of reniform 
cells; a breathing pore or aperture. 

strict, a. Very erect. 

strigose ( stri'gos ), a. Having close, 
sharp, rigid hairs as some leaves. 

strobile (strob'il), n. A cone; conical 
or oval, aggregate fruit having imbri- 
cated scales.— strobila'ceous, a. 

stropniole ( stro'fi-ol ), n. An append- 
age about the hilum of some seeds. 

style, n. The intervening or tube-like 
portion of the simple pistil, between 
the stigma and the ovary. Generally 
caducous. It conveys the pollen from 
the stigma to the ovules. 

sub— Under; in a lower degree. 

suberous (su'ber-us), a. Corky. 

suberose (su'ber-6s), a. Appearing as 
if gnawed. [Crytogamia. 

Subkingdoni. SeePH^NOGAMiA.and 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mitj note, not, move 
wolf j mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 



subulate 



755 



tuber 



subulate fsu'bu-lat), a. Awl-shapea, as 
the leaves of the Cedar. 

succulent, a. Fleshy; juicy, said of 
tbe texture of leaves and also of fruit. 

sucker, n. Branch, from a root, send- 
ing out new roots and leaves, finally 
becoming an independent plant, as 
tue Rose. 

suffrutescent (s u f - r o -te s' e n t), a. 
Woody at the base. [grooved. 

silicate ( s u 1 ' ka tj, a. Furrowed or 

supcrvolute (su-per-vo-lof), a. Inesti- 
vation, having the folds all obliqully 
turned in the same direction, as in 
the Morning-glory. 

surface. The surface of leaves and 
plants may be glabrous ; scabrous; pu- 
bescent; villous; sericeous; lanuginous ; 
floccose; also hirsute; pilous; hispid; 
setous; spinous and pruinous. 

suspended, a. Having the ovule grow- 
ing directly downward from the top 
of the cell.— suspen'sor, n. 

sutnral, a. Pertaining to a mode of 
Valvular dehiscence, when it takes 
place at the sutures, as in the Pea. 

syconium ( si-ko'ni-um ), n. [pi. syko- 
nia.] An aggregate fruit consisting 
of a fleshy hollow receptacle enclosing 
many seed-like pericarps, as the Fig. 

symmetrical flower, n. One having 
same number of organs in each circle 
or set.— syin'metry, n. 

syn— Prefix, meaning together. 

syncarpe (sin'karp), n. An aggregate 
fruit, as that of the Magnolia, 

syng-eneslous (sin-je-ne'shus), a. In 
Cohesion, having the stamens united 
by their anthers in a ring. 

tap-root, n. An axial root, including 
the ramous, fusiform, napiform and 
conical forms of development. The 
last three are often tuberous. 

teamen (teg'men), n. The inner coat 
of the ovule; endoplura. 

teratology (ter-a-tol'o-ji), n. Science of 
malformations. " [cylindrical. 

terete (te-ret')_, a. Tapering; slender; 

ternate(ter'nat), a. Having three parts 
or arranged in threes, as compound 
leaves with three leaflets; trifoliate. 

tessellated, a. Checkered. [ovule. 

testa (tes'ta), n. The outer coat of the 

tetra- Prefix, meaning four. 

tetradynamous (tet-ra-din'a-mus), a. 
Having six stamens, four of which 
are longer than the other two. 

tetragonal (te-trag'o-nal), a. Having 
four angles. ' [four pistils. 

tot ragy nous (te-traj'-i-HUS),a. Having 

Thallog-ens (tbal'o-jens), a. Province 
of the Cryptogamia characterized by 
consisting of a thallus only, not 
showing distinction as to root or 



stem and known as Mass-growers; 
They include the Class, Gymnospores. 

thallus (thal'us), n. Plant body with 
true root, stem or leaf as the vegeta- 
tive body composing the Thallogens. 

theca (the'ka), n. A case or sac; t^e 
anther cell; spore case. 

thyrse (thers), n. A compound, oblong, 
compact), pyramidal panicle, as in the 
Grape.— thyrsif erqus, a. 

tomentose (to-men'tos), a. Felt-like; 
matted, as thesurfaceof certain leaves 

tissue, n. Vegetation consists of cells 
combined in a definite form and man- 
ner, denoted as Parenchyma, (cellular 
tissue), Pleurenchyma, ( fibrous tissue ) 
Trachenchyma, (vascular tissue) and 
Cienchyma, (lactiferous tissue). 

torus (to'rus), n. [pi. tori.] The recep- 
tacle or axis of a flower, situated at 
the summit of the stalk. 

trachenchyma (tra-keng'ki-ma), n. 
Vascular tissue of plants. See tissue. 

transpiration ( tran-spi-ra'shun), n. 
The action of leaves in exhaling water 
through their surfaces. 

tri- Prefix, meaning three. 

triadelphous (tri-a-del'fus), a. Hav- 
ing the stamens in three sets. 

triandrous (tri-an'drus), a. Having 
three stamens.— trian'drian, a. 

trigynous(trij'i-nus), a. Having three 
styles or pistils. See gynoectum. 

triennial. I. a. Enduring three years. 
II. n. Any plant living three years. 

trifid (tri'fid), a. Three-cleft; split half- 
way into three parts. 

trifoliate, a. See ternate. 

trilobate (tri-15'bat), a. Having three 
lobes, as certain leaves. 

trimerous (trim'er-us), a. Having 
three parts in each whorl. [parts. 

tripartible, a. Separable into three 

tripli-veined, a. Having the lowest 
pair of veinlets extending to the sum- 
mit with the midvein, and stronger 
than the others. See venation. 

triquetrous (tri-kwet'rus), a. Trian- 
gular; in imbricate vernation, where 
thebudin sectionis triangular and the 
leaves overlapping at each angle. 

tripinnate, a. Thrice pinnate. 

triternate, a. Thrice ternate. 

truncate (trung'kat), a. Having the 
apex appear as if cut off square. 

tryma (tri'ma), n. A dryish kind of 
drupe, with two coats, a stony endo- 
carp, and a fleshy, fibrous or leathery 
pericarp, as the Walnut. 

tube, n. The lower part of the monosep- 
alous calyx or mouopetalous corolla; 
any hollow, elongated body or part. 

tuber, n. The short, thickened part of 
a stem growing under ground, set 



£ate ? fat. tasls, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit ; note, not, move, 
W9l£ ; mijte. hut, burn ; oil, owl, then, 



tunicate 



756 



zygospore 




Umbel. 



with axillary buds from which new 
plants grow the second year, as the 
Potato.-tu'berele, a. A little tuber.- 
tuber'cular, a.Having little tubers. 

tunicate (tu'ni-kat), a. Having entire 
concentric layers, as the Onion. 

turion ( tu'ri-un ), n. A scaly shoot 
from an underground stem. 

umbel (um'bel), n, A form of inflores- 
c e n c e 
having a 
number 
of pedi- 
cles r a - 
diating 
from a 
common 
point, 
and 
nearly 
equal in 
length, 
as Milk- 
weed.— 
umbel- 
1 e t', n. 
Second- 
ary umbel, or umbel formed from the 
pedicel of an umbel. _ 

umbellate ( um'bel-lat ), a. Having, 
resembling, or arranged as,_umbels. 

Uuibelliferse (um-bel-lif'e-re), n. pi. A 
polypetalous order of shrubs and 
herbs, as the Parsley, embracing 179 
Genera and 1400 Species. 

umbllicate (um-bil'i-kat), a. Having a 
^harp depression at the end. [a bush. 

undershrub, n. Plant smaller than 

ung-uiculate ( un-gwik'u-lat ), a. 
Clawed; claw-like at the base. 

mil- Prefix meaning one. [leaflet. 

unifoliate, a. Having one leaf or 

unilateral, a. One-sided. 

unilocular (u-ni-lok'u-lar), a. Having 
only one cavity or cell. 

univalved, a. Haying only one valve. 

urceolate (ur'se-6-lat), a. Pitcher- 
shaped, as a calyx or corolla. 

utricle (u'tri-kl), n. A thin pericarp, 
loosely covering its one seed. 

valvate, a. Having the edges meet as 
in vernation. See in- and re-duplicate. 

-valvular dehiscence, "When "valves 
are formed by the opening of the peri- 
carp vertically along the sutures. 
There are four modes:— sutural, septi- 
cidal, loculicidal and septif ragdl. 

Varieties, n. A subdivison of species. 
Species is distinct and definite and un- 
changing ;variety, ind.eB.nite and Chang 
ing. The leaves of the White Oak, 
although alike on the same tree, are 
found to vary in shape on different 
trees, thus presenting varieties of the 



same species. Varieties are given 
specific names, preceded by the abbre- 
viation var., e. g. Ranunculus ( genus ) 
Mammula, (species) v&r.,reptans ^creep- 
ing variety.) Varieties may be sub- 
divided into races or strongly mark- 
ed varieties bearing true to seed, as 
peas, wheat, radishes, annuals and 
herbs. Bud varieties which germi- 
nate from the bud; Cross-Breeds, va- 
riations from cross-fertilization and 
hybrids from the crossing of species. 

vascular (vas-ku-lar), a. Well supplied 
with sap vessels or ducts.— v« tissue, 
n. Tissue supplied with these vessels. 

veins, n.pl. Woody tubes in leaves con- 
veying nourishment.— midvein, n. 
A prolongation of the petiole. — 

veinlet, n. Branch from, or an ulti- 
mate division of, a vein. See VENATION. 

venation (ve-na'shun), n. The mode of 
distribution of veins in the leaf. It is 

RETICULATE, Or NET-VEINED, PARAL- 
LEL-VEINED and FORKED-VEINED. 

ventricose (ven'tri-kos), n. Distended 
on one side.— ventric'ulose, a. 

vernation, n. The manner of arrange- 
ment of leaves in the bud, distin- 
guished as either valvate or imbricate. 

ventral (ven'tral), a. Belonging to the 
front; opposite to the dorsal. 

verrucous (ver'6-kus), a. "Warty. 

versatile, a. Having the anther at' 
tached to the filament at the top by a 
single point ; freely swinging. 

vertex (ver'teks), n. The apex. 

verticillaster ('ver-ti-si-las'ter), n. A 
form of inflorescence arranged in a 
circle around an axis; _whorl. 

verticillate (ver-ti-sil'at), a. 1. Whorl- 
ed. 2. Having three or more branches 
encircling the stem at each node. 

vexillary (veks'il-la-ri), a. Having an 
exterior petal, larger than others, and 
folding around them. 

vexillum (veks-il'um), n. The exterior 
upper and largest petal of the Papili- 
onaceous corolla. 

villous, a. Having long, weak hairs. 

vimineous(vi-miu'e-us),a. Consisting 
of, or having,_long, flexible twigs. 

virgate (ver'gat), a. Wand-shaped. 

vitta (vit'a), n. An oil tube of the fruits 
of the Umbelliferse. [ing. 

volva (vol'va), n. An external cover- 
whorl ( hwerl or hwarl ), n. A circle of 
similar organs, as the arrangement 
of more than two leaves, upon the 
same plane, around a common center. 

zoospore (zo'd-spor), n. A spore cap- 
able of moving around. 

zygospore (zi'go-spor), n. A spore 
formed by the union of two similar 
protoplasmic masses as, in some algae. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her ; mite, mit ; note, not, mSve, 
wolf ,• mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then, 




N. B. — In this department the pronunciation indicated is the foreign 
one, while the English is generally given the preference in the body of the book- 



A-APP 



a (It. a), prep. To, by, for, in, with, etc. 
a capella (It. a kap-pel'la). In church 

style, without accompaniment. 
accelerando (It. a-cha-la-ran'do ). 

Hastening the movement. 
accessory notes. Notes situated 

one degree 

WRITTEN 



above or 
below the 
principal 
one of a 
turn. 



-&T 



I 



PLAYED 



\ §m \ 'i-m 



I 



Acciaccatura (1) before a note of a chord. 

acciaccatnra (It. ach-yak-ka-to'ra) . 

1. Grace note one-half step below a 

principal note. 2. Short appoggia- 

tura. 
accompaniment. Parts added to 

a solo, to enhance its effect. 
adagio (It. a-da'jo). Slow. _ 
adagissimo (It. a-da-jis'se-mo). As 

slow as possible. [low the staff. 

added line. Short line above or be- 
ad libitum (Ij. ad lib'i-tom). As you 

please. [tenderness. 

aflettuoso (It. af-fet-to-o'zo ). With 
agilita (It. a-jil-i-ta/). Agility. 
agitato ( It. aj_-e-ta'to ). Agitatedly. 
al fine (It. al fe'na). To the end. 
al, alio, alia (It. al, al'lo, al'la). To 

the, in, at, in the style of, etc. 
alia breve (It. ai'labra'va). 2/2 time. 



allargando (It. al-lar-gan'do). Grad- 
ually broader, slower and louder. 

allegretto ( It. al-la-gret'to). Cheer- 
fully, not so fast as_ allegro. 

allegrezza (It.al-la-gret'sa). Jo^. 

allegro (It. al-la'gro). Quick, lively. 

allemande (Fi\ all-mangd'). One of 
the principal movements of the old 
French suite. 

airimproviso (It. al-lim-pro-ve'zo). 
Improvized; without preparation. 

al loco (It. al 16'ko). At the previous 
position. 

al segno or seg. (It. al san'yo). Re- 
turn to the sign :S: and play from 
there to the word fine or the mark 
T over a double bar. 

alta or 8va._(It. al'ta). See ottava. 

alto (It. al'to). Viola. Lowest female 
voice. [more. 

ancora ( It. an-ko'ra2. Repeat once 

andante (It. an-dan'ta). Rather slow. 

andantino (It. an-dan-te'no). Slower 
than andante. 

animato, con anima (It. a-ne-nia'- 
to, kon a'ne-ma ). With animation. 

anthem. Vocal composition gener- 
ally of a religious character. 

a piacere (It. apya-cha'ra). Same as 
ad libitum. 



% 



% 




Long appoggiatura. Short appoggiatura. 

appoggiatnra (It. ap-poch-ya-to'ra). 
Musical embellishment usually writ- 
ten in small notes. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, bum; oil, owl, t hen. 

757 



APP 



"58 



D. C. 



appoggiato (It. ap-poch-ya'to). Dwelt 
or leaned upon. 

aria (It. a're-a). Air or song for a 
single voice. 

arpeggio ( It. ar-pech'o ). The notes 
of a chord played in succession in- 
stead of together. 

assai (It. as-sa'e). Very. [time. 

a tempo ( It. a tem'po ). In strict 

attacca, attacca subito (It. at-tak'- 
ka so'be-to). Commence following 
movement atonce. 

aubade (Fr. o-bad'). Morning music. 

ballad. Simple song, usually con- 
taining a short story. 

bar. Line drawn across the staff to 
indicate the heavy beat of the meas- 
ure, [by Venetian gondoliers. 

barcarole (It. bar'ka-rol). Song sung 

barytone ( Fr. bar'-i-ton). Male voice 
between tenor and bass. 

bass. The lowest male voice; lowest 
part in a composition. 

ben (It. ben). Well; as ben marcato, 
well marked. 

bereense (Fr. bar-suz'). Cradle song. 

bewegt(Ger. ba-vagt'). Moved ;excited. 

bis (It. bis). Twice ^repeat. 

bolero (Sp. bo-la'ro). Spanish dance 
in triple measure, with strongly 
marked accent. 

bourree (Fr. bor-ra'). Dance in com- 
mon time, comes from Biscay. 

brillante (It. bril-lan'ta). Brilliantly. 

brio, con brio ( It. kon bre'6). Ani- 
matedly, with spirit. 

buffo (It. bof'fo). Comic. 

cadence (ka'dens). Close of a piece, 
composed of two or three chords. 

cadenza (It. ka-den'tsa). Ornamental 
passage introduced into a piece or 
song. 

calando (It.ka-lan'do). Slowly dimin- 
ishing in tone and speed. 

canon. Perpetual fugue, or melody 
the different parts of which are sung 
or played at the same time by the 
different voices or instruments. 

cantabile (It. kan-ta'be-la). Grace- 
fully, in a singing style. 

cantata (It. kan-ta'ta). Vocal compo- 
sition, for chorus, solo voices and 
orchestra. 

canto (It. kan'td). Melody; song. 

cantor (It. kan'tor). Precentor. 

cantns firmus (L. kan'tos fir'mos). 
Fixed melody. 

canzona (It. kan-tso'na). Short song. 

capelle (Ger. ka-pel'le). Chapel ;music 
band. 

capriccio (It. ka-prich'e-o), capric- 
cioso (6'zo). Fanciful composition. 



carillon ( Fr. ka-re-yong' ). Chima. 
carillons, peal of bells. 

cabaletta ( It. ka-ba-let'ta). Short, 
lively aria. 

carol. Christmas ballad. 

eaten. Vocal piece in several parts, of 
a humorous character, so arranged 
as to produce a play upon the words. 
The singers catch up each other's 
sentences, hence thename. 

cavatina (It. ka-va-te'na). Air or song 
of one movement, sometimes pre- 
ceded by a recitative. 

C clef. Indicates middle C, on what- 
ever line it is placed. 

cello (It. chel'lo). Violoncello. 

cbaconne ( Fr. sha-k5n' ). Spanish 
movement in % time. The first and 
third beats of each bar are accented. 

chant. Simple melody to which are 
sung portions of the Bible. 

cbest tones. Lowest register of the 
voice. 

chromatic. Proceeding by half -steps. 

coda (It. ko'da). A few bars added to 
the end of a composition. 

col, colla, con (kol, kol'la, kon). 
With. Used with other words. 

coloratura (It. ko-lo-ra-to'ra). Bril- 
liant passages in 
vocal music. 

common chord. 
One with funda- 
mental, third and 
fifth. 

concerto (It. kon- 
char'to ). Composi- 
tion for a solo in- 
strument, with an accompaniment. 

concord. Harmonious blending of 
tones together. 

con dolore (It. kon do-lo'ra). With 
sadness. [grace. 

con grazia (It. kon gra'tse-a). With 

consecutive fifths. Parallel pro- 
gression of two voices at the interval 
of perfect fifths. 

cOntralto. Same as alto. 

counterpoint (Lit. Point against 
point). Art of inventing and adding 
melodies to a given theme (cantus 
firmus). [in triple measure. 

eourante (Fr. ko-rangt'). Old dance 

Cremona (It. kra-mo'na). Violin made 
in Cremona, Italy, by Amati, Stradi- 
vari or Guaneri. 

crescendo or cres. (It. kresh-en'do). 
Gradual increase of volume of ton_. 

da capo (It. daka'po). Repeat from 

the beginning. 
dal (It. dal). From, of, by, etc., as doA 

segno, from the sign; repeat. 
d. c. Da capo. 



m 



Common chord. 



(ate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mitj note, not, move, wolf j 
mute, hut, barn; oil, owl, Men. 



DEC 



759 



GRA 



decrescendo ( It. da-kresh-en'do ). 
Gradual decrease in tone. 

delicato (It. da-le-ka'to). De]icately. 

diminueudo or dim. (It. de-me-no- 
en'do). Gradually diminishing. 

diminished intervals. Those which 
are one half step smaller than minor 
or perfect intervals. 

di molto (It. de mol'to). Much; very. 

dirge. Solemn composition for a 
funeral. 

dolce or dol. (It. dol'cha). Softly. 

dolcezza. (It. dol-chet'sa). Sweetness. 

dolente (It. dq-len'ta) , \ S o f 1 1 y and 

doloroso(It. do-lo-ro'zo) [pathetically. 

dominant. Fifth degree of scale. 

dot after a note adds one half to its 
value; over or under a note it indi- 
cates staccato. 

double. A double sharp ( X ) raises a 
tone two half-steps; a double flat (2 
flats) lowers atone two half-steps. 

dritta ( It. drit'ta ) . Right. Afano 
dritti, right hand. 

drone. Large and continuously sound- 
ing tubeof the bag-pipe. 

duple (du'pl). Having two beats to 
the measure. 

dur (Ger. dor). Major. 

durchfuehrung(Ger.dorM'fu-ronk). 
Development, elaboration. 

dynamics. Science of the gradations 
of tone-power. 

e (It. a). And. 

eilend (Ger. Il'ent). Hurrying. 

einfach (Ger. In'faM). Plain; simple. 

elegante,_ coneleganza, (It. a-la- 
gan'ta, kon a-la-gan'tsa). Gracefully; 
with elegance. [ing ; sentiment. 

empfindung (Ger^em-flii'donk). Feel- 

energico (It. a-nar'je-ko). ' Energeti- 
cally. 

enharmonic changeis one in which 
the notation is changed but not the 
tone, for ex. F-sharp and G-flat. 

ensemble(Fr. ang-sang'bl). The whole; 
the working together of several per- 
formers. 

entr'acte (Fr. ang-trakt'). Music be- 
tween the acts of adrama. 

eroico (It. a-ro'e-ko). Heroic. 

essential harmony. Principal 
chords of a key, the tonic, dominant, 
and subdominant. 

espressivo, conespressione (It. 
es-pres-se'vo , kon es-pres-syo'na ). 
With expression. 

etude (Fr. a-tiid'). Exercise or study 
in the form of a piece. 

extempore (L. ex-tem'po-ra). With- 
out premeditation or preparation. 

extreme intervals. Augmented or 
diminished ntervals. 



fackeltanz (Ger. fak'l-tants). Torch- 
light dance in Polonaise rhythm. 

fagot t (Ger. fa-got'), fagotto (It. fa- 
got'to). Bassoon. 

falsett (Ger. fal-zet'), falsetto (It, 
fal-set'to). Head-voice, as distin- 
guished from chest-voice. 

fandango (Span, fan-dan'go). Dance 
in triple measure, ■with castagnets. 

fantasia (It. f au-ta-se'a). Composition 
in which the author gives free play to 
his imagination, unrestricted by the 
rules governing other compositions. 

farandoule (Fr. fa-rang-dol'). Pro- 
vencal dance in 6-8 measure. 

faschingsschwank (Ger. fash'ings- 
shwank). Carnival prank. 

F-clef. Bas« clef. [grandly. 

feierlich (Ger. fi'er-liM). Festive, 

feurig (Ger. foi'riM). Passionate. 

fife. Smallest flute. 

finale (It.fe-na'la). The end. 

fine (It. fe'na). The end. Used after 
D. C, showing where the piece ends. 

flat. Character ([, ) lowering the pitch 
of a note a half step. 

florid. Embellished, ornamented. 

forte, for. or f. (Ic. fqr'ta). Loud. 

fortissimo(It,for-tis'se-mo).Veryloudc 

forzando, forz., fz., or > (It. for 
tsan'do). Sudden emphasis. 

freude (Ger. froi'de). Joy. 

frisch (Ger. frish). Lively, brisk. 

froeblich (Ger. fre'liM). Gay. 

fugue (fug). Composition in which the 
parts follow each other, each, in 
order, repeating what the other has 
performed. There are simple, double, 
and counter fugues. 

fuoco (It. fo-6'ko). Fire, passion. 

fuocoso (It. fo-o-ko^zo). Vehemently. 

furioso (It. fb-ryo'zo). Furiously. 

gavotte (Fr. ga-vot') Music for an 
old French dance resembling the mi- 
nuet, stately, quick and in 2/2 time. 

O-clef. Treble clef. [tied. 

gebunden (Ger. ga-bon'd'n). Legato, 

gehalten (Ger. ga-hal't'n). Held; sus- 
tained, [dante tempo. 

gehend (Ger.ga'end). Walking; an- 

gesang (Ger. ga-sang'). Singing, mel- 
ody, song. [tained. 

getragen (Ger. ga-tra'g'n). Well-«us- 

gigue (Fr. zheg). Jig. 

giusto (It. jos'to). In exact time. 

glissando (It. glis-san'do). Gliding; 
passing the fingers in a smooth, man- 
ner over the keys or strings. 

grace note. Ornamental note, such 
as the appoggiatura, mordant, in- 
verted mordant, turn, and trill. 

gracioso (It. gra-tse-o'zo). Graceful. 

grandioso (It.gran-dyo'zo). Grandly. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hat, burn; oil, owl, then. 



GRA 



760 



MOR 



% 



gravamente ( It 

Grave, dignified 
grave ( It. 

gra'va ). 

Slow and 

solemn. 
g-razia ( It. 

gra'tse-a ). 

Grace, ele- 
gance. 
€9tregorian 

( gre-go-ri- 

an)chant. 

Chant used 

in the 6th 

century by 

Pope Greg- 
ory. 
gnippetto 

(It. grop-pet't5). 



gra-va-men'ta ). 

putter Played 

% — 



WRITTEN 

1_ 



I 



Played 
-3- 



Gruppetto. 



Group of notes. 
gusto, con gusto, gustoso (It. kon 
gbs'to, gos-to'zo). With taste. 

half step. Smallest interval used in 
music. 

harmonics. 1. Over-tones forming 
part of a simple tone. 2. Soft tones 
of a string touched with the finger. 

harmony. Science of chords, their 
relationship and connection. 

head-voice. Highest register of the 
voice; falsetto register. 

heftig (Ger. hef'ti&ft). Vehemently. 

heimlich (Ger. him'li£/i). Secretly. 

heiter (Ger. hi'ter). Cheerful. 

hold. This sign T* over a note indi- 
cates to prolong it. [made of brass. 

horn. Finest orchestral instrument 

imitation. The more or less exact 
repetition of a few short motives. 

impresario ( It. im-pra-za're-o ) . 
Manager of operas or concerts. 

im|>rovissatore(It.-im-pro-ves-sa-t5'- 
ra). One who performs extempora- 
neously, [porized production. 

impromptu (im-promp'tu). Extern- 
instrumentation. Art of writing 
for orchestra. 

interlude. 1. Music played between 
the acts. 2. Music played between 
the verses of a hymn or song. 

interval. Difference of pitch between 
two tones, the fundamental one being 
the first degree. 

intonation. Proper pitch of tones. 

invention. Old name for prelude or 
short fantasia. 

inversion. Interval where lower tone 
is placed an octave above. 

key. Family of chords, having fixed 

relationship to main chord, the tonic. 

klang (Ger. klangk). Quality of tone. 



lagrimoso (It. la-gre-mo'zo. Weep* 
ing; sad. 

langsam (Ger. langk'zam). Slowly. 

larghetto (It. lar-get'to). Rather slow. 

largo (It. lar^go). Very slow. 

legato (It. la-ga'to). Smooth and con- 
nectedly. 

leggermente (It. lej-er-men'ta),Ieg- 
giero (It. lej-a'ro). Lightly, nimbly. 

leicht (Ger. liMt). Light, easy. 

leidenschaft (Ger. li'd'n-shaft). Pas- 
sion, [creasing slowness. 

lentando (It. len-tan'do). With in- 

lento, Hentemente (It. len'to, len- 
ta-men'ta). Slow time; slower than 
adagio. 

Pistesso (It. lis-tes'so). The same. 

loco (It. lo'ko). At its place (cancellat- 
ion of octave-sign). 

ma (It. ma). But; as andante ma non 
troppo, slow but not too slow, [cally. 

maestoso (It. ma-es-to'zo). Majesti- 

inain (Fr. mang). Hand ; as Main droite 
( dro-at' ), m. d., right hand, Main 
gauche (gosh), m. g., left hand. 

major. Greater, larger. 

malincolico ( It. ma-lin-ko'le-ko >. 
Melancholy. 

marcato (It. mar-ka'to). Marked. 

martele (Fr. mar-ta-l_a'). Hammered 

marziale (It. mar-tse-a'la). Martial. 

mazurka (Ger. ma-tsor'ka). Polish 
dance in triple time. 

measure. Group of beats, also dis- 
tance from one accent to another. 

meno (It. ma'no). Less. 

mezzo (It. mat'so). Medium; half; 
moderately. Mezzo soprano, female 
voice between alto and soprano. 

minor key. Scale founded on the 6th 
degree of the major scale. 

modulation. 



Transition 
from one key 
to another. 

moll (Ger.mol). 
Minor. 

molto (It. mol'- 
to). Much; ex- 
tremely. 



Written 



i 



i 



i 



Played 
> > 



s^ 



* 



-p-p- 



Mordent. 

mordent (It. m5r'dent). Ornament 
consisting of principal tone, small 
under-second and principal tone. 



fate, fat, task, far, f $11, fare, above » me, met, her; mite, mit ; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, t ftea. 



MOR 



761 



SCO 



morendo (It. mS-ren'do). Gradually 
dying away. 

mosso (It. mos'sq). Rapid. 

motivo (It. mo-te'vo). Motive; small- 
est part of a melody; musical figure. 

moto (It. mo'to). Spirited movement. 

movement. Rapidity or slowness of 
the performance. 

in it ii tor (Ger. mon'ter). Briskly. 

musicale (Fr. mo-se-kal'). Recital. 

mnte. Damper of a string or wind 
instrument. 

natural. Character (H) used to can- 
cel the effect of a sharp or flat. 

ninth. An octave and one degree. 

nocturne (n ok' turn), or notturno 
(It. not-tor'no). Piece of a dreamy and 
sentimental character. 

non (It. non). Not. 

nonetto (It. no-net'to). Composition 
for nine parts. 

notation. Written characters repre- 
senting music. 

note. Sign for a tone. 

obligato (It. 5b-le-ga'to). Indispen- 
sable accompaniment written for one 
instrument, so as to give a finished 
effect to the solo or concerto. 

octet. Eight part composition. 

opera. Drama set to music. 

opus (Li. o'pos). Work. 

oratorio ( It. 6-ra-to're-6 ) . Sacred 
drama set to music. 

organ-point. .Long bass tone, upon 
whichis formed a series of chords. 

©ssia (It. os'se-a). Or; otherwise. 

ottavaor 8va (It. ^t-ta'va). Octave. 
Ottava alta (or bassa), means that the 
passage must be played an octave 
higher (or lower) than written. 

parlando (It. par-lan'do). Declama- 
tory style. 

patetico (It. pa-ta'te-ko), patheti- 
que (Fr. pa-ta-tek'). Sorrowful. 

pedale, or ped. (It. pa-da'la). Pedal. 

pentatonic scale. Scotch scale, of 
five tones. 

perdendo (It. par-den'do), perden- 
dosi (par-den'do-ze). Dying away. 

pen (Fr. pe). A little. 

phrase. Independent member of a 
musical thought. 

phrasing. Proper expression of mu- 
sical thoughts, including proper 
punctuation. 

piacere (It. pe-a-tsha'ra) . Pleasure. _ 

pianissimo, or pp. (It. pe-a-nis'se- 
mo). Extremely soft. 

piano, or p. (It. pe-a'-no). Soft. 

pitch. Highness or lowness of tones. 

piu (It. pu). More. Piu tosto. Quicker. 



* 



&- 



Portamento. 



pizzicato (It. pitse-ka'to). Violin 

strings plucked with the fingers. 
poco (It. po'k5). 

A little ; some- 
what. Poco a 

poco. Little by 

little, by degrees. 
polonaise ( Fr. 

po-lo-naz'). Slow 

Polish dance in 

3-4 time. 
portamento (It. por-ta-men'to). Glid 

ing from tone to tone. 
posato (It. po-za'to). In a dignified 

quiet style. 
preghiera (It. pra-ge-a'ra)^ Prayer 
prestissimo (It. pres-tis'se-mo). As 

rapidly as possible. 
presto (It. pres'to). Quick. 
prima (It. pre'ma). First; principal. 
prime (prim). First degree of a scale. 

quasi ( It. kwa'ze). In the style of. 
as quasi allegretto, like an allegretto. 
quaver. An eighth note. 

rallentando (It. ral-len-tan'do). Re- 
tarding. 

rapsody. Instrumental composition 
of irregular form, usually containing 
primitive national melodies. 

recitative (res-i^ta-tev'), recitativo 
( It. re-che-ta-te'vo ). Musical decla- 
mation. 

rinforzando ( It. rin-for-tsan'do ), 
rinforzato ( It. rin-for-tsa'to ), of 
rinf., or rf. With emphasis; strong- 
er and stronger. 

risoluto (It. re-zo-_lo'to). Resolutely. 

ritardando (It. re-tar-dan'do). Same 

as RALLENTANDO. 

ritenuto ( It. re-ta-no'to ). Holding 
back the time at once. 

romance, romanza (It. ro-man'tsa). 
Short lyric tale set to music. 

rondeau (Fr. rong-do'), rondo (It. 
ron'do ). Composition of several 
strains; at the end of each strain the 
first part, or subject, is repeated. 

roulade (Fr. ro-lad'). Florid passage 
of runs. [time 

rubato (It. ro-ba'td). Robbed; free in 

saltarello (It. sal-ta-rel'16). Skipping 
dance in triple time. 

sarahanda (Sp. sa-ra-ban'da). Stately 
Spanish dance in slow triple measure 
with an accent on the second beat. 

scale. Series of tones arranged ac- 
cording to their pitch. 

scherzando, or scherz. (It. skar- 
tsan'do). Playfully; lightly. 

score. Orchestral parts arranged to- 
gether upon parallel staves. 



Cite, fat, task, far, 



1, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
^♦.mute, aai| bum; oil, owl, ttan. / 



SEC 



^P 



French Sixth. 



m 



German Sixth. 



le-le-a'na). Move- a'j ]>^J 

ent of a slow, \" y ffi ^ f 

liet pastoral §V . ¥~ fjt 

laracter in 6-8 -*Hl — P-™- 

me. - 7 

t.fi. Wrench, ninth. V 



second. Next degree above the funda- 
mental or prime tone. 

semplice (It. sem'ple-cha). Simply; 
chastely. 

sempre (It. sem'pra). Always. 

sforzato, sfor. 
zando (It. sfor- 
t s a't o, sfor-tsan'- 
do). Sudden em- 
phasis. [TBILLO. 

^hake. Same as 

£harp. Character 
( $ ) which raises 
the pitch of a note 
a half-step. 

shaped note. 
Form of note 
showing relation- 
ship to the key by 
means of a sol fa 
letter. 

<9iciliana ( It, 
che- 
ment 
quiet 
ch 
time. 

sixth. French sixth 
one form of third- Italian Sixth, 
fourth-sixth chord 

augmented. Qermansixth, major chord 
with augmented sixth. Italian sixth, 
sixth chord, augmented. 

smoreudo, smorzando ( It. smo- 
ren'do, smor-tsan'do). Slowly fading 
away. 

soave (It. so-a'va). Sweet,_delicate. 

s©Io(It. so'lo, plural soli,so'le). Music 
written for one voice or instrument. 

sonata (It. so-na'ta). A composition 
of several movements, usually writ- 
ten for one instrument. 

soprano (It. so-pra'no). Highest 
female voice. [tained; smoothly. 

sostenuto (It. sos-_ta-_no'to ). Sus- 

sotto voce (It. sot'tovo'tsha). In an 
undertone. [simple. 

spianato (It. spe-a-na'to ). .Legato, 

staccato (It. stak-ka'to). Disconnected. 

staff. Five parallel lines on and be- 
tween which notes are written. 

stringendo (It. strin-gen'do). Hurry- 
ing the time. [scale. 

subdominanf. Fourth degree of a 

subito (It. so'be-to). Suddenly. 

suspension. Holding back a tone 
from the previous chord. 

symphony. Orchestral composition 
in many parts. 

syncopation. Connecting the last 
note of one bar to the first note of 
the next, making one note of a dura- 
tion equal to both, and displacing the 
accent. 



762 ZAR 

taht (Ger. takt). Measure, time. 
taJstfest (Ger. takt'fest). Keenine 

strict time. ° 

tardamente (It. tar- da- men' t a). 

Growing slow. 
taut© (It. tan'to). So much. 
tempo (It. tem'po). Time. 
teneramente, tenero, con tene- 

rezza_ (It. ta-na-ra-men'ta, ta'na-ro, 

kon ta-na-ret'sa). Tenderly. 
tenor. Highest male voice. 
tenth. Interval of one octave and 

two degrees^ 
tenuto (It. ta-no'to). Sustained. 
terzetto (It. tar-tset'to). Three part 

compobition. 
thorough-bass. Figured bass, a 

species of musical shorthand. 
tie. Curved line joining two notes of 

like pitch, the second continuing the 

first. 
tonic sol fa. A system of notation 

founded by John Curwen. 
traiiqnillo_, traiiquillamente, 

(It. tran-kwil'o, tran-kwil-a-men'ta). 

Tranquilly. 
treble. Soprano part. 
tremando, tremolate, tremolo 

(It^ tra-man'do, 

%&£&)?£ WRITTEN 

iterating a note 
or chord, with 
great rapidity; 
tremulous. 
trillo (It. tril'lo). 
Repeated quick 



a — . 

m w*wh 



alteration 
of a tone 
with its 
small or 
large over- 
second ; trill. 

troppo_ (It. 
trop'po). Too 
much. 

turn. Ornament 



PL-AYHT5 



W 



Turn. 



(CO) consisting of 
the principal and its accessory notes 
above and below. 
tutta forza (It. tot'tafor'tsa). As loud 
as possible. 

un (It. on). A, as in un poco, a little. 

veloce (It. va-lo'cha). Quickly. 
vig-oroso (It. ve-go-ro'zo). Vigorous. 
virtuoso (It. vir-to-o'zo). Skillful 

performer. 
vivace (It. ve-va'cha ). Cheerfully, 

briskly. [rapid manner. 

volante ( It. vo-lan'ta ) . In a light, 
volti (It. vol'te). Turn. 

zart (Ger. tsart). Delicate; tender. 



fate, fat, task, far, fftll, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



DICTIONARY 




N. B.— This vocabulary embraces the more important legal terms in general use 
not found in the body of the dictionary, i. e., lis pendens, pending suit. 



abstract 



attestation 



abstract of title. A synopsis of the 
various instruments forming a chain 
of title to land. See muniments. 

abuttals. The boundaries of land 
on streets, highways or other lands. 

acceptor. Party who agrees to pay a 
bill of exchange, usually the drawee. 

act of God. Something arising from 
causes which operate without human 
interference. Frequently employed 
to denote unforeseen and inevitable 
accidents. 

ad damnum. A term used in plead- 
to denote the amount of the plain- 
tiff's injury. 

adjudication. A judgment; the act 
of pronouncing judgment. 

administration. Management of 
the estates of decedents or living per 
sons under legal disability. 

administrator. A person appointed 
to manage the estate of an intestate 
and make distribution thereof. 

admiralty* A court invested with 
jurisdiction of maritime cases. 

adoption. Act by which one person 
takes the child of another and makes 
him a legal heir. 

adverse enjoyment. Possession of 
land or the exercise of a privilege 
therein, under a claim of right, 
against the true owner. 

adverse possession. Occupation of 
land, under an assertion of title, in 
opposition to the claims of others. 

aforethought. Premeditated. Used 
in criminal law to aggravate the 
character of offenses. 

agister. One who receives horses and 
cattle to keep for a consideration to 
be paid by the owner. 

aiding and abetting. Offense com- 
mitted by those who render assistance 
to the actual perpetrators of a crime. 



alias. Another. Used in practice to 
indicate at another time; before. 

alibi. Elsewhere. Method of defense 
by which it is shown that a defendant 
was in a different place from that 
where the. act in question was com- 
mitted. 

alimony. Allowance to a wife for 
her maintenance while living apart 
from her husband. 

ameliorations. Improvements* 
placed on land, increasing its value. 

amercement. Pecuniary penalty im- 
posed upon an offender by a court. 

amotion. To remove. The unlawful 
taking of real or personal property 
from the possession of the owner. 
The removal of an officer before the 
expiration of his term. 

animus. Mind. The intention with 
which an act is done. 

animus testandi. An intention to 
make a will. A necessary ingredient 
in testamentary dispositions. 

ante litem motam. Before the com- 
mencement of the suit. 

ante-nuptial. Before marriage. 

arraign. To call a prisoner to the 
bar of a court to answer a charge. 

assigns. Those to whom a convey- 
ance of property is made. 

assumpsit. Promise or undertaking 
to perform an agreement. A form 
of action. 

attachment. Taking into legal cus- 
tody either the person or property. 
A writ issued for such purpose. 

attainder. The extinction of civil 
rights and capacities. 

attestation. Act of witnessing an in- 
strument in writing and certifying 
to this by subscribing the document. 



76.'} 



bail 



764 



conspiracy 



bail. Persons who become sureties for 
the appearance of another in court. 

bail bond* Instrument by which the 
defendant and his sureties become 
bound in a penal sum for the appear- 
ance in court of such defendant. 

bailee. One who receives goods of 
another to hold according to the pur- 
pose of delivery- 
bailiff. One intrusted with some 
authority, care or jurisdiction. A 
shei-iff's deputy. 

bailiwick. Jurisdiction of a sheriff 
or bailiff. 

bailor. The person making a deliv- 
ery to a bailee. 

banc. Used of a court sitting for the 
determination of questions of law, 
not ®f facts. 

bankrupt. One unable to meet his 
financial obligations. 

bench warrant. An order issued by 
a judge directly for the attachment 
or arrest of a person. 

beneficiary. One for whose benefit 
a trust is created. [property. 

bequest. A gift by will of personal 

betterments. Improvements upon 
land which enhance its value. 

bill. A complaint in writing addressed 
to a chancelloi with prayer for relief. 

bill of costs. Statement of the items 
which a party litigant is required to 
pay in the suit, taxed by a proper 
officer of the court. 

bill of exceptions. Written state- 
ment of objections to the decision of 
court on points of law. 

bill of particulars. Detailed state- 
ment of a plaintiff's cause of action 
or of defendant's set-off. 

bill of sale. A written agreement for 
the transfer of chattels. 

bona. Goods; personal property. 

bona fides. Good faith; honesty. 

bond. An obligation expressed in 
writing and under seal. 

breach. The violation of an obliga- 
tion, engagement or duty. 

brief. Abridged statement of a party's 
case: a summary of the legal points 
relied upon by counsel in presenting 
an appeal. 

burden of proof. The duty of prov- 
ing the facts in dispute. 



capias. Writ directing the sheriff to 
take the defendant into custody. 

capital crime. One for which the 
punishment is death. 

capital stock. Sum raised by sub- 
scription of the members of a corpo- 
ration. Usually divided into shares. 

caption. The heading of a legal docu- 
ment. 

caveat. A notice not to do some act. 



certiorari. Writ issued by a superior 
to an inferior court, directing the 
latter to send up to the former the 
record of some proceeding. 

challenge. Exception to the jurors 
who have been arrayed to pass upon 
a cause on its trial. 

chattels. Personal property. 

chattel mortgage. Pledge of goods 
or personal property. 

circuit. District set apart for judicial 
purposes and visited by a judge for 
the trial of causes. 

circuit court* Court with general 
jurisdiction in an assigned district. 

citation. Writ commanding a per- 
son to appear on a day named and do 
something therein mentioned, or 
show cause why he should not. 

civil action. On6 whose object is the 
Recovery of private or civil rights or 
compensation for their infraction. 

civil law. Generally all law not penal 
in its nature. 

close* Piece of land. Interest in land 
which confers upon the owner the 
right to exclude all others therefrom. 

code. Body of law established by the 
legislature of the state. 

codicil. Some addition to or qualifi- 
cation of a last will. 

collateral security. Separate obli- 
gation accompanying another con- 
tract to guarantee its performance. 

comity. Courtesy; a disposition to 
accommodate. Applied to the recogni- 
tion or enforcement of foreign laws. 

commercial law. Phrase employed 
to denote those branches of the law 
which relate to rights of property 
and the relations of persons engaged 
in commerce. The common expres- 
sion, "business law," is a barbarism. 

commitment. The warrant which 
directs a ministerial officer to take a 
person to prison. 

common carriers. Those who car- 
ry goods or person for hire. 

common law. Usages and rules 
which do not rest for their authority 
upon any express legislative action. 

complainant. Plaintiff in a suit in 
chancery. 

compounding a felony. Act of 
the one aggrieved, who agrees that 
he will not prosecute if a return is 
made of stolen goods. 

consequential damages* Damages 
for losses which arise not from the 
immediate act of the party, but indi- 
rectly in consequence of this act. 

conspiracy. A combination of two 
or more persons to accomplish some 
unlawful purpose, or to accomplish 
some purpose, not in itself unlawful, 
by unlawful means. 



contempt 



765 



eviction 



contempt of court. Willful disre- 
gard of the rules, orders, process or 
decorum of a court, or willful disturb- 
ance of or interference with judicial 
proceedings. [tate. 

conveyance. The transfer of an es- 

corpus delicti. Body of the wrong. 
The essential feature of a crime. 

costs. Expenses incurred by the par- 
ties in a suit and allowed by the court 
to the prevailing party. 

court of chancery. A court of gen- 
eral equity jurisdiction. 

covenant. A promise in writing and 
under seal. 



damages. Indemnity recoverable for 
an injury. 

damnum absque injuria. Injury 
without wrong. Wrong for which the 
law provides no remedy. 

days of grace. Additional time al- 
lowed for payment of a note or draft. 

declaration. A narration of the cir- 
cumstances constituting the plain- 
tiff's cause of action, 

decree. The judgment or order of a 
court of equity. 

dedivnus potestatem. Name of 
warrant to some private person to do 
some act in the place of a judge; as 
to tafce the deposition of a witness. 

deed. "Written agreement under seal ; 
specifically for conveying real estate. 

de facto. A term used to denote a 
thing actually done or existing. 

default. The non-performance of a 
duty; the non-appearance at court 
within a time specified. 

defeasance. Instrument which de- 
feats the force or operation of some 
other deed. 

defendant. The one called upon to 
answer a legal charge; specifically in 
a civil action. 

de jure. Lawfully; by legal title. 

demise. Conveyance of an estate. 

demonstrative legacy. Legacy 
coupled with a direction that it be 
paid out of a particular fund. 

demurrer. In pleading, admitting 
the facts stated to be true, no cause 
of action has been shown, hence the 
party demurring should not be com- 
pelled to proceed further. 

deposition. Testimony of witness 
reduced to writing by virtue of a 
commission from a court. 

descent. Hereditary succession. The 
title by which an heir holds his land. 

detainer. Withholding of the pos- 
session of property from the owner. 

devise. A gift of real property by 
last will and testament. 

devisee. A person to whom a devise 
has been made. 



devisor. A testator. One who makes 

a devise. [tice in the courts. 

disbar. Revocation of license to prac- 
distrain. To seize and hold as pledge 

the property of another until he shall 

perform some obligation, [relation. 
divorce. Dissolution of the marriage 
docket. A formal record of judicial 

proceeding. 
donatio mortis causa. Gift made 

in contemplation or prospect of death 
donee. Person to whom a gift is made. 
donor. Person making a gift. 
dower. The provision which the law 

makes for the support of a widow 

out of her deceased husband's estate. 
drawee. Person on whom a draft or 

bill of exchange is drawn. 
drawer. Person who makes a draft 

or bill of exchange. 
duress. Personal restraint, or fear 

of personal injury or imprisonment. 



easement. A right in the owner of 
one parcel of land, by reason of such 
ownership, to use the land of another 
for a special purpose. 

effects. Property, generally other 
than land. 

ejectment. To evict. Form of action 
to determine the title to land and 
right of possession thereof. 

embezzlement. Felonious appro- 

f>riation to one's own use of property 
ntrusted to him. 

emblements. Annual products of 
land which a tenant may carry away 
after his tenancy is ended. 

eminent domain. Power of the 
state to take the property of a citizen 
for a public use. 

entail. Limitation of an estate to 
certain persons or classes of issue. 

equity. Branch of justice developed 
to supply the deficiencies of the com- 
mon law. 

escheat. An accidental reverting of 
lands to the original proprietor; an 
inheritance by the state in default of 
known kindred. 

escrow. Deed delivered to a disinter- 
ested party, to be delivered to the 
grantee on the fulfillment of some 
condition. [property. 

estate. A person's interest in real 

estate in common. One held in joint 
possession by two or more persons 
at the same time. 

estate in severalty. One held by 
one person in his own right. 

estoppel. Preclusion which prevents 
a person from asserting a fact in con- 
sequence of his own previous act or 
assertion of a contrary tenor. 

eviction. Depriving one of the pos- 
session of his lands or tenements. 



evidenee 



'66 



ignoramus 



evidence. That which tends to prove 
or disprove the truth of any matter 
in dispute, or to indorse a belief re- 
specting it. 

execution. Formalities for perfect- 
ing a deed or other document; put- 
ting a convict to death; carrying into 
effect the judgment of a court. Also 
the writ by which such judgment is 
made effective. 

executor (fern, executrix). Person 
named in a will to carry out the 
directions of the testator. 

exemplification. Copy of an official 
record relating to matter in question. 

exemption. Right given by law to a 
debtor to retain a portion of his prop- 
erty free from the demands of his 
creditors. 

ex officio. Applied to powers not 
expressly granted but which are ex- 
ercised through necessary implica- 
tion by persons holding an office. 

ex parte. From one side only. 

ex post facto law. Statute which 
would render an act punishable in a 
manner in which it was not punish- 
able when it was committed. 

eye-witness. One who saw the act 
to which he testifies. 

false imprisonment. Unlawful re- 
straint of a man's liberty. 

false pretences* False representa- 
tions and statements made with a 
design to obtain property with intent 
to cheat. 

fee simple. An estate of inheritance. 
The most ample estate that can be 
had in land. 

felon. One convicted of an infamous 
crime and sentenced to punishment. 

felony. Crime exceeding the grade of 
misdemeanor; highest of the classes 
in which crimes are divided by statute 

fiduciary. Any person exercising an 
office founded on confidence and trust. 

flagranti delicto. In the very act 
of committing the crime. 

flotsam. Goods which float upon the 
sea when cast overboard for the 
safety of the ship. 

foreclosure. Proceeding by which 
the mortgagor's rights in mortgaged 
property are barred and forever 
closed. _ [speaker of a jury. 

foreman. The^residing member or 

forgery. False making or fraudulent 
alteration of a writing to the preju- 
dice of another. 

fraud. This term the law refuses to 
define less the craft of men find means 
to evade it. Generally, the absence 
of good faith, or honest purpose. 

fraudulent conveyance. Convey- 
ance made with intent to hinder, delay 



or defraud creditors, or which has 

that tendency or effect. [duration. 

freehold. Estate of indeterminate 

fugitive from justice. One who 

having committed a crime flees from 
the jurisdiction within which it was 
committed to escape punishment. 
full age. Period of majority. This 
is arbitrary, and is fixed by statute. 
At common law the age of 21. 



game laws. Laws regulating the 
time and manner of taking or killing 
birds, beasts and fishes, as game, 

garnishee. One who has money or 
property in his possession belonging 
to a defendant, which has been at- 
tached. 

general issue. Denial of the plain- 
tiff's right of action and of all that he 
has alleged. 

grant. Generic term applicable to all 
transfers of real property. 

grantee. One to whom a grant is 
made. [made. 

grantor. One by whom a grant is 

guaranty. An undertaking to answer 
for another's liability, and collateral 
thereto. 

guardian ad litem. Guardian ap- 
pointed for the purposes at a suit. 



habeas corpus. Writ directed to a 
person having the custody of another 
and commanding him to produce the 
body of the prisoner before the court, 
with the cause of his detention. 

hearsay. Species of evidence which 
does not derive its value solely from 
the credit to be given to the witness, 
but rests, in part, on the veracity and 
competency of some other person. 

heir. The person whom the law nom- 
inates to take the estate of an ances- 
tor at his death. 

heir apparent. One who has an in- 
defeasible right to an inheritance, 
provided he outlives the ancestor. 

heir presumptive. Any remote 
kinsman whose right to inherit may 
be defeated by the birth of a nearer 
relative. 

hereditaments. Anything forming 
the subject matter of inheritance. 

homicide. The killing of any human 
creature. 

housebreaking. Entering the dwell- 
ing-house of another by night or day 
with intent to commit some felony. 



ignoramus. Return by a grand jury 
where no sufficient evidence has been 
presented to authorize it to find a 
true bill. 



imparlance 



;•<;? 



letters rogatory 



imparlance. Time given by a court 
to either party to answer the plead- 
ing of his opponent. 

indebitatus assumpsit. Form of 
action for a debt which the defendant 
has promised to pay. 

indenture. A deed. A. formal writ- 
ten instrument evidencing an agree- 
ment between two or more persons 
having different interests. 

indictment. Written accusation of 
crime presented by a jury. 

indirect evidence. Evidence which 
does not prove the fact in question, 
but from which an inference of such 
fact may be drawn. 

in extremis. Last moments. In im- 
mediate contemplation of death. 

infra. Below; under. 

inheritance. Succession to the rights 
of a deceased person. Applied only 
to lands or real property. 

in judicio. In a legal proceeding; 
in court. 

injunction. A prohibitory writ; a 
restraining order. [any kind. 

injury. Infringement of a right of 

inquest. A judicial inquiry. 

in pari delicto. Equal in guilt. 

in personam. Proceeding against 
the person, as distinguished from a 
proceeding with reference to specific 
things (in rem). 

in propria persona. Said of one who 
appears In court without counsel. 

in rem. Proceeding against or with 
reference to a specific thing. 

in statu quo. In the same condi- 
tion; an unchanged situation. 

interlocutory. Something done du- 
ring the progress of a suit. Applied 
to decisions and orders not final in 
their nature. 

international law. Rules of con- 
duct observed by civilized states in 
their intercourse with each other. 

intestate. Person who has died with- 
out making a will, or who leaves 
property which he has not disposed 
of by will. 

in transitu. During removal from 
one place to another. 



jeofail. Statute permitting a pleader 
who has committed an error to amend 
or reform his pleading- 
jetsam. Part of the lading thrown 
out of a ship, in cases of extremity, 
and which sinks when cast into the 
water. Much the same as jettison. 
joint tenants. Two or more persons 
who hold land as though they were 
but one person. 
jointress. Woman who has an estate 
settled on her by her husband, to hold 
during her life if she survive him. 



judge. Officer authorized to hear and 
decide litigated questions. 

judge advocate. Officer of a court- 
martial who represents the govern- 
ment in the trial of offenders. 

judgment. Conclusion of law upon 
facts found or admitted in the course 
of a suit; the decision or sentence of 
a court. 

judgment note. Promissory note 
in usual form with a warrant of 
attorney to appear and confess judg- 
ment for the sum therein named. 

judicial decisions. Opinions and 
detei minations of the judges in causes 
submitted to them. 

judicial sale. Sale made under the 
express authority of a court. 

jurat. That part of an affidavit which 
contains the certificate of the officer 
before whom same was made. 

jurisdiction. The right to hear and 
determine a cause ; the territory 
within which the determinations of 
a court may be enforced. 

jurisprudence. The science of law. 

jurist. One versed in the science of 
law. [jury. 

juror. Person sworn to serve on a 

jury. Body of men sworn to declare the 
facts of a case as they shall ascertain 
same from the evidence presented. 

justice of the peace. Minor judicial 
officer with a limited civil jurisdic- 
tion, invested with power to prevent 
and punish breeches of the peace. 

kindred. Relations by blood. 

laches. Neglect; negligence. 

landlord. Owner of land who grants 
to another the possession and profits 
of same. 

larceny. Wrongful taking of the 
the goods of another with intent to 
convert them to the taker's use. 

last will and testament. Disposi- 
tion of property to take effect at the 
death of the giver. 

leading question. Question which 
plainly suggests the answer desired. 

lease. Contract for the possession 
and profits of land. 

lesracy. Gift of personal property by 
last will and testament. [given. 

legatee. Person to whom a legacy is 

legitimate. According to law. 

letters of administration. Writ- 
ten authority granted by a court to 
collect, settle and distribute the 
estate of a deceased person who died 
intestate. 

letters rogatory. Commission sent 
by one court to another for the ex- 
amination of a witness within the 
jurisdiction of the latter. 



letters testamentary 



768 



pleading- 



letters testamentary. Written con- 
firmation by a court of the authority 
of a person named in a last will as 
executor thereof. 

levy. Seizure to raise money where- 
with to satisfy an execution. 

lien. Claim which one person has 
upon the property of another as a 
security for some debt or charge. 

lis pendens. A pending suit. 



malefactor. One who has been guilty 
of some crime; one who has been con- 
victed of crime. 

malice aforethought. Wicked and 
premeditated purpose. 

malicious mischief. Wanton or 
reckless destruction of property; in- 
jury arising from a spirit of wanton 
cruelty or of revenge. 

malicions prosecution. Suit insti- 
tuted without probable cause. Usual- 
ly applied to criminal proceedings. 

mandamus- Command. A high pre- 
rogative writ directed to a person, 
corporation or inferior court, requir- 
ing them to do some particular thing 
pertaining to their office or duty. 

manslaughter. The unlawful killing 
of a human being without malice. 

master in chancery. Officer who 
acts as assistant to the chancellor. 

mayhem. Unlawful deprivation of 
the use of any of the members of the 
human body. 

meliorations. Improvements on 
land which tend to enhance its value. 

merger* The absorption of a lesser 
estate by a greater. 

minority. State or condition of one 
under legal age; infancy. 

misdemeanor. Every indictable 
offense less than felony. 

misjoinder. Improper union of par- 
ties or causes of action in a law suit. 

misprision. Concealment of a crime. 

mittimus. Precept to the keeper of 
prison directing him to receive and 
safely keep a person therein named. 

mortgage. Conveyance of property 
by way ctf security for the payment 
of a debt. 

mortgagee. The grantee or person 
to whom a mortgage is made. 

mortgagor* The grantor or person 
who makes a mortgage. 

muniments. Documents by which 
claims are defended or maintained; 
title deeds, charter, etc. 

murder. Unlawful and willful killing 
of *a human with malice aforethought. 



ne exeat republica. Writ issued to 
a sheriff commanding him to take the 
person of a defendant about to leave 



the state and cause him to give bail 
for his appearance. 

nihil dicit. A judgment against a 
defendant who has failed to answer. 

nolle prosequi. Entry made on the 
record by which the prosecutor or 
plaintiff declares he will not proceed 
further; the dismissal of a criminal 
charge. 

nonsuit. Judgment given against a 
plaintiff who is unable to prove his 
case. 

notary public. Officer with special 
powers appointed by the executive. 

nudum pactum. Contract entered 
into without consideration. 

nuisance. Anything that unlawfully 
works injury, inconvenience or dam- 
age. 

nulla bona. Return made by the 
sheriff to an execution when he has 
been unable to find any property of 
the defendant on which he could levy. 

nuncupative will. Oral disposition 
of personal property made by a per- 
son at the point of death. 



obligation. Legal duty; a promise. 

obligee. Person for whose benefit an 
obligation is assumed. 

obligor. Person who has assumed 
some obligation. 

onus proband!. Burden of proof. 

ouster. Expelling of a person from 
his land; keeping an owner out of 
possession. 

oyez (hear ye). Introduction to a pro- 
clamation by a public crier. 



panel. List of the jurors returned to 
try causes in court. 

parol. Any form of contract or other 
matter not under seal. 

parol evidence. The testimony of 
a witness delivered verbally. 

pauper. Destitute person supported 
at public expense ; a litigant to whom 
costs are remitted as a poor person, 
said to sue in forma pauperis. 

payee. Person to whom a draft is 
made payable. 

pendente lite. Pending the conti- 
nuance of an action; while litigation 
continues. 

per curiam. By the court. 

personal property. Property other 
than real estate. 

petit jury. Ordinary trial jury of 
twelve men, as opposed to the grand 
jury composed of a larger number. 

plaintiff. Person who seeks a legal 
remedy for some invasion of right. 

pleading* Formal written allega- 
tions or statements of the respective 
parties to a legal action. 



posse <»o nil tat us 



769 



stay oi execution 



posse comitatus. The power of the 
county. As where the sheriff calls to 
his assitance any persons he may re- 
quire to effect a capture or preserve 
the peace. 

post mortem. After death. 

posthumous child. One born after 
the death of its father. 

power of attorney. An instrument 
empowering a person to act as the 
agent of the person granting same. 

prescription. A method of acquir- 
ing title to property by long conti- 
nued possession. 

presents. A writing then actually 
made and spoken of. 

prima facie. At first view. 

privy. One who is a partaker or has 
a direct interest in any action, mat- 
ter or thing. 

prize court. Branch of admiralty 
which adjudicates upon cases of 
maritime captures made in time of 
war. 

pro confesso. A judgment entered 
where the defendant has failed to 
appear. 

probate. Applied specially to the 
proof of wills, and generally to pro- 
ceedings relating to the estates of 
decedents. 

promissory note. Written uncon- 
ditional promise to pay a certain sum 
at some future time. 



quash. To destroy or annul. As to 
quash an indictment. 

quasi. Almost; partly. Frequently 
employed in connection with other 
words, as quasi-criminal. 

quid pro quo. What for what. The 
consideration of a contract. 

quit-claim. Form of deed which re- 
leases present interests only. 

quo warranto. By what authority. 
A writ by which the state commences 
an action to recover an office or fran- 
chise from the person or corporation 
in possession of it. 



real property. Comprehensive term 

for land and interests therein as well 

as rights annexed thereto. 
realty. Real property or that which 

savors of real property. 
receiver. Person appointed by a 

court to hold property in dispute and 

conserve same for the benefit of all 

the parties. 
recognizance. Obligation entered 

into before a court or magistrate, 

conditioned to do some act therein 

specified; a bail bond. 
record. Written memorial made by 

a public officer, and intended to serve 



as evidence of something written, 
said or done. 

referee. Person to whom a matter in 
dispute is referred for settlement. 

rejoinder. The defendant's answer 
to the plaintiff's replication. 

relator. One who brings an informa- 
tion in the nature of a quo warranto. 

reliction Land uncovered by the 
recession of the sea or a river. 

remedy. Legal means employed to 
enforce a right or redress an injury. 

replevin. Form of action for the re- 
covery of the possession of specific 
personal property. 

replication. The plaintiff's reply to 
the defendant's plea or answer. 

rescission. Annullment; abrogation. 
As the recission of a contract. 

residuary clause. That part of a 
will which disposes of what remains 
of a testator's estate after satisfying 
previous bequests and devises. 

residuary legatee. Person to whom 
the residuum of a testator's estate is 
given. 

respondeat superior. The master 
must answer for the acts of the serv- 
ant. 

retainer. Act of a client by which he 
engages an attorney to manage a 
cause. 

retorno habendo. Writ to compel 
a party to return property to the par- 
ty to whom it has been adjudged to 
belong, in the action of replevin. 

retraxit. Act by which the plaintiff 
discontinues his suit. 

reversion. Residue of an estate left 
in a grantor, to commence in posses- 
sion on the determination of inter- 
mediate estate granted by him. 

riparian rights. Legal privileges 
accruing to the owners of lands 
bounding upon a water-course. 



salvage. Compensation given for res- 
cuing property from loss at sea. 

sanction. That part of a law which 
prescribes a penalty for violation or 
promises a reward for observance. 

scilicet. Be it known. Usually abbre- 
viated ss; or translated to wit, 

separate maintenance. Allowance 
made by a husband for his wife who is 
living apart from him without fault. 

specialty. A promise or obligation 
witnessed by a writing under seal. 

specific performance. Actual ac- 
complishment of a contract by the 
person bound to fulfill it. 

status. Condition of a person or thing. 

statute. Law enacted by the legisla- 
tive power of the state. 

stay of execution. Period during 
which no execution can issue on a 



stoppage in transitu 



770 



waste 



judgment; usually on condition of 
giving security for the amount of the 
judgment. 

stoppage in transitu. Resumption 
by the seller of the possession of. 
goods sold but not paid for, while in 
transit to the purchaser, and before 
he has acquired possession of them. 

sub-letting. Grant by a tenant of 
some part of what is held by him; 
an under-leasing. 

Subornation of perjury. Procur- 
ing another person to commit perjury 

subpoena. Legal process requiring a 
party or a witness to appear in court 
under a penalty for neglect or refusal 
so to do. 

subpoena duces tecum. Writ re- 
quiring a witness to appear in court 
and bring with him books, papers, etc 

subrogation. The substitution of 
another person in place of a creditor 
to whose rights he succeeds. 

sui juris. Said of persons who are 
not incapacitated or imcompetent to 
make contracts and the like. 

summons. Writ commanding the 
sheriff to notify a person to appear in 
court and answer a complaint. 

supersedeas. Writ commanding a 
stay of proceedings. 

supreme court. A court of review; 
a court of last resort. 

surety. One binding himself for the 
performance of some act by another. 

surrogate. Name of a judge who is 
exercising probate jurisdiction. 



talesmen. Jurors added to a defi- 
cient panel, usually drawn from the 
by-standers. 

tenant. One who holds or possesses 
lands or some interest or estate 
therein. 

tenement. Anything of a permanent 
nature that may be holden. 

tenure. Terms or conditions upon 
which an estate is held. 

testator, fern, testatrix. One who 
has made a last will. 

testimony. Proof offered in a court 
of justice ; statements made by a 
witness under oath * 

title. Authority by which an owner 
of a thing maintains his possession ; 
the method of acquisition of a thing. 

title-deeds. Documentary evidences 
of the title to an estate. 

tort. Private or civil wrong or in- 
jury arising independent of contract. 

trespass. Unlawful act committed 
with violence, actual or implied, to 
the person, property or right of an- 
other; unauthorized entry upon the 
lands of another; a form of action to 
recover damages for an injury sus- 



tained as the consequence of some 
wrongful act. 

trespass on tlae case. Action to re- 
cover damages for an indirect injury. 

trespasser. One who does an unlaw- 
ful act, or a lawful act in an unlawful 
manner, to the injury of another. 

trover. Action to recover damages 
from one who has, without right, 
converted to his own use the goods 
of another. 

true bill. Words indorsed on a bill 
of indictment by a grand jury when 
it is of opinion an offender should be 
held to trial. 

trust. Right of property, real or per- 
sonal, held by one person for the 
benefit of another. 

trustee. Person in whom some inter- 
est or power in or affecting property 
is vested for the benefit of another. 

ultra vires. Applied to acts of cor- 
porations beyond the scope of their 
charter powers. [married. 

uxor. A wife; a woman lawfully 

vendee. A purchaser ; a buyer. 

venditioni exponas. Writ direct- 
ing the sheriff to sell goods at public 
sale, [anything for a consideration. 

vendor. Seller; one who disposes of 

vendor's lien. Lien allowed to a ven- 
dor for unpaid purchase money, where 
the deed expresses, contrary to the 
fact, that the money has been paid. 

venire facias juratores. Usually 
called venire simply. Writ issued to 
summons citizens to act as jurors. 

venue. Place at which facts are al- 
leged to have occurred. 

verdict. Unanimous decision of a 
jury on some matter submitted to 
them in the trial of a cause. [vs. 

versus. Against. Usually abbreviated 

vis major. Superior force. In law 
it signifies inevitable accident ; the 
act of God. 

voir dire. Preliminary examination 
of a witness to ascertain his compe- 
tency. 

voluntary conveyance. Transfer 
of an estate without adequate consi- 
deration. 

warrant. Writ issued by a magis- 
trate for the arrest of an alleged 
offender. 

warranty deed. Deed containing 
personal covenants of the grantor to 
indemnify the grantee in case *he 
title should fail. 

waste. Spoil or destruction, done or 
permitted, to lands, houses or other 
form of corporeal property, to Ihe 
prejudice of the heir or person own- 
ing some future estate. 




N. B. — Vocabulary in this department includes many important medical 
words considered too technical for the body of the book; i. e. algesia 
al-je'shi-a), acute sensitiveness to pain. 



Addison's disease 



cathartic 



Addison's disease. Disease charac- 
terized by brownish discoloration of 
the skin, prostration and anaemia. 
So called from Thomas Addison, who 
discovered it. 
adipose (ad'i-poz). Connective tissue 
containing fat cells. [ness to pain. 
algesia (al-je'zhi-a)._ Acute sensitive- 
alterative (al'ter-a-tiv). Medicine 
which changes the processes of nutri- 
tion and excretion to normal action. 
amnesia (am-ne'zhi-a). Loss of mem- 
ory due to a morbid condition. 
analgesia (an-al-je'zhi-a). Incapacity 

of feeling pain. 
anaemia (a-ne'mi-a), Deficiency of red 
blood. [ducing insensibility. 

anaesthetic (an-es-thet'ik). Drug pro- 
aneurism (an'u-rizm). Dilation of an 
artery. [two bones. 

ankylosis (ang-ki-16'sis). Fusion of 
anodyne (an'o-din). Drug which re- 
lieves pain. [which kills germs. 
antiseptic (an-ti-sep'tik). Substance 
antitoxin (an-ti-tok'sin). Fluid from 
serum of a horse for inoculating 
against diphtheria. 
aphasia (a-fa'zi-a). Loss of speech. 
apoplexy" ( ap'6-pleks-i ). Cerebral 
shock or lesion impairing conscious- 
ness and voluntary motion. 
appendicitis(ap-pen-di-si'tis). Inflam- 
mation of the vermiform appendix. 
astigmatism (as-tig'ma-tizm). Condi- 
tion iu which rays of light fail to con- 
verge to a point on the retina. 
astringent (as-trin'jent). Drug which 
contracts, arresting excessive dis- 
charge. 
ataxia-locomotor ( a-taks'i-a 15-ko- 
mo'tur). Disease of the posterior col- 
umns of the spinal cord affecting the 




Atomizer. 



co-ordination of voluntary muscular 
action. 
atomizer (af- 

um-i-zer). In- 
strument 
which re- 
duces a liquid 
to a spray. 
auscultation 
( as-k u 1-ta'- 
shim). Diag- 
nosing the 
condition of 
an organ by 
listening to sounds produced by it. 

bacillus (ba-sil'us). Microscopic vege- 
table orgahisrn; bacterium. 

bacteria (bak-te'ria). Micro-organisms 
concerned in putrefactive processes. 

bicuspids (bi-kus'pids). The two teeth 
above and below on each side between 
the molars and canines. 

bile (bil). Gall; a bitter, yellowish 
secretion_ of the liver. 

bolus ( bolus ). Large soft pill like 
mass, to be swallowed at once. 

bronchitis (brong-ki'tis). Inflamma- 
tion of the bronchial membrane. 

cancer (kan'ser). Malignant tumor; 
carcinoma. 

capillaries, (kap'i-lar-es). Small ves- 
sels carrying the blood, and connect- 
ing the veins with the arteries. 

catalepsy (kat-a-lep'si). Abnormal 
muscular rigidity with hysterical 
coma. [mucous membrane. 

catarrh (ka-tar'). Inflammation of 

cathartic (kath-art'ik). Purgative 
medicine. 



}, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; ine, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 

771 , ...... 



cecum 



772 



febrifacient 



cecum, caecum (se-kum). Blind pouch 
at the commencement of the ascend- 
ing colon._ 

chorea (ko-re'a). St. Vitus' dance. 

chyle (kil). Milky fluid.in the lacteals 
during digestion. 

chyme (kim). Contents of the stom- 
ach after gastric digestion, before 
being acted upon by other secretions. 

colon (ko'lon). The large intestines. 

coma (ko'ma). Abnormal deep sleep 
or stupor. 

congestion (kon-jest'yun). Excess of 
blood in a part. [that contracts. 

constrictor (kon-strikt'ur ). Muscle 

cornea (kar'ne-a). Transparent, ante- 
rior portion of the eye-ball. 

cowpox (kow'poks).Pustular eruption 
on teats or bag of a cow, containing 
virus which may produce smallpox 
in a human being. [ease. 

crisis (kri'sis). Turning point of a dis- 

cyst (sist). Membranous sac; a blad- 
der: a vesicle. 



debilitant (de-bil'i-tant). Remedy to 
reduce excitement. ' [swallowing. 

deglutition (deg-16-tish'un). Act of 

demulcent (de-mul'sent). Medicine 
allaying irritation, [moving smells. 

deodorant (de-o-dur-ant). Agent re- 
depilatory (de-pil'a-tbr-i). Agent for 
the removal of hair. 

depressant (de-pres'ant). A sedative. 

depurant (dep'u-rant). Medicine that 
purifies. [tion of the skin. 

dermatitis (der-ma-ti'tis). Inflamma- 

detergent (de-ter'jent). Medicine that 
purges. 

diabetes (dl-a-be'tez). Affection of the 
kidneys characterized by abnormal 
flow of urine or an excessive amount 
of sugar in the urine. 

diaphragm (di'a-fram). Musculo- 
membranous wall separating the ab- 
domen from the chest cavity. 

diphtheria (dif-the'ri-a). Infectious 
disease characterized by the forma- 
tion of a false membrane in the throat, 
accompanied by fever and great pros- 
tration. 

dipsomania (dip-so-ma'ni-a). Abnor- 
mal craving for intoxicants. 

douche (dosh). Current of vapor or 
water directed against a part. 

dropsy (drop'si). Morbid accumula- 
tion of water in the tissues and cavi- 
ties. 

duct (dukt). Vessel conveying the 
fluids and secretions of the body. 

duodenum (du-5-de'num). First part 
of the small intestines; connecting 
with the stomach. 



eczema (ek'ze-ma). Inflammation and 
eruption of lymph from the skin. 

efferent (ef'fer-ent). Carrying from 
the center.— E. nerves. Those which 
send impulses from a ganglion to a 
muscle or part. 

emesis (em'e-sis). Vomiting. 

emunctory (e-mungk'tur-i). Organs 
or ducts having excretory functions; 
pores of the skin. 

endemic (en-dem'ik). Peculiar to a 
certain people or race. 

enteritis (en-te-ri'tis). Inflammation 
of the intestines. _ 

enuresis ( en-u-re'sis ). Involuntary 
discharge of urine. 

epidermis (ep-i-der'mis). Outer layer 
of skin ; the cuticle. 

epiglottis (ep-i-glot'is). Valve-like 
organ over the larynx, which pre- 
vents the entrance of food or liquid 
into the larynx. 

epilepsy (ep'i-lep-si). Disease of the 
brain with muscular spasms and loss 
of consciousness. 

erysipelas (er-i-sip'e-las). Spreading 
inflammation of the skin and subcu- 
taneous tissue, with fever. 

esophagus (e-sof'a-gus). The gullet. 
The musculo-membranous canal be- 
tween the pharynx and s_tomach. _ 

eustachian tube (u-sta'ki-an tub). 
Canal from the middle ear to the 
pharynx. [extends a part. 

extensor (eks-tens'ur). Muscle that 

eye (i). Organ of vision. 




Divisions of the Eye. 



fascia (fas'si-a). Fibrous membrane 

covering, supporting and separating 

muscles. 
fauces (fa'sez). Back part of mouth 

leading into the pharynx. 
febrifacient (feb-ri-fa'shi-ent). That 

which produces fever. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; rne, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf j 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, Men. 



febrifuge 



773 



internment 



febrifuge ( feb'ri-fuj ). That which 
lessens fever. [thigh. 

femoral (fem'o-ral). Pertaining to the 

femur (fe'mur) ' Thigh bone, extend- 
ing from the hip to the knee joint. 

fibula (fib'u-la). Outer bone of the leg, 
extending from the ankle to the knee. 

flatulence (flat'u-lens). Gas in the 
digestive tract. [part. 

flexor (fleks'ur). Muscle that bends a 

frigorific (frig-o-rif'ik). That which 
generates cold. 



gall (gal). Bile. — G. bladder. Pear- 
. shaped cyst for the storage of bile 

from the liver. 
ganglion (gang'gli-un). Enlargement 

on the end of a nerve. 
gangrene (gang'gren). Putrefaction 

of soft tissue. [stomach. 

gastralgia (gas-tral'ji-a). Pain in the 
gastric (gas'trik). Pertaining to the 

stomach. — G. fever. Fever accom- 
panied by gastric derangement. — O. 

juice. The secretion of the stomach. 
gastritis (gas-tri'tis). Inflammation 

of the stomach. [destroys germs. 

germicide (jer'mi-sid). That which 
gland (gland). A secretory part or 

organ. [vocal cords. 

glottis (glot'is). Fissure between the 
gout (gowt). Painful inflammation of 

the joints, especially in the large toe. 
groin (groin). Hollow on each side 

between thigh and abdomen, [taste. 
gustation (gus-ta'shun). Sense of 



hallucination ( hal-lu-sin-a'shun ). 
False impression upon the visual or 
auditory ceh- 



ters. 






heart (hart) 




Principal 




EJKQWP.S. 


organ of the 




cava| ' rj 


circulation; 




SUR C ^^-^^ 


about 5x3.5- 






x2 inches in 




/'"^^^nTtmlf \ 


size. 


wF JM ^fc^ 


hemiplegia 


/RIGHT Jful ^8? 


( hem-i-ple'- , 


f AURICLE jT m. ^ 


ji-a) Paraly- J 


j>«T J 


sis' of only \ 


one half of 


WvJlX>" R,GHT "*J?i 


the body. 


Tf3Tnk VENTRICLE /jy 


hemorrh- 




age (hem'- 




or-aj ). Ab- 




normal dis- 




charge of 




blood. 


The Heart. 


hepatie(hep- 




at'ik). Pertainii 


ig to the liver. 



hernia (her'ni-a). Displacement and 
protrusion of a part projecting ex- 
ternally. 

histology (his-tol'o-ji). Study of the 
microscopic structure of tissues. 

humerus (hii'me-rus). Upper bone of 
the arm. 

hydropathy (hi-drop'a-thi). Appli- 
cation of water in the treatment of 
disease. [of blood. 

hyperemia (hi-per-e'mi-a). Excess , 

hyperopia (hi-per-o'pi-a). Far-sight- 
ed ; focusing behind the retina. 

hypnosis (hip-no'sis). Subconscious 
condition in which the objective is 
more or less inactive, accompanied by 
abnormal sensibility to impressions 
and suggestions. 

hypodermic (hip-o-der'mik). Beneath 
the skin. Term applied to the injec- 
tion of fluids under the skin. 

hysteria (his-ter'i-a). Nervous affec- 
tion accompanied by abnormal sen- 
sations and desires. 



ileocecal (il-e-o se'kl). Pertaining to 
the ileum and caecum. — I. valve. 
Valve between the ileum and caecum. 

ileum (il'e-um). Lower three fifths of 
the small intestines. 

ilium (il'i-um). Upper part of the 
innominate bone. 

impaction (im-pak'-shun). 1. Con- 
cussion. 2. Stoppage of the bowels 
through fixation of the feces. 

incisors (in-si'zurz). The four front 
teeth in both jaws. [middle ear. 

incus (in'kus). Middle bone of the 

inflammation (in-flam-a'shun). Con- 
dition of hyperemia of a part with 
swelling, redness, heat, pain and 
functional derangement. 

influenza (in-flo-en'za). La Grippe; 
epidemic, contagious catarrh, accom- 
panied by fever and general prostra- 
tion. 

infusion (in-fu'zhun). 1. Substance 
that is steeped. 2. Injection of liquid 
into a vein. 

inhibition (in-hi-bish'un). Interfer- 
ence with nerve impulse, thus re- 
straining organic activity. 

innervation (in-ner-va'shun). Stimu- 
lation of a part through the nerves. 

innominate bones ( in-nom'i-nat 
bonz). The two hip bones. 

inoculation (in-ok-u-la'shun). In- 
jection of a virus into the system as 
a preventative against disease. 

insecticide (in-sekt'i-sld). An agent 
that kills insects. 

integument ( in-teg'u-ment ). The 
sk:'.n. That which covers. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, abcve; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 

mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



intermittent 



774 



metatarsus 



intermittent (in-ter-mit'ent). Ceas- 
ing ac intervals. — I. lever. Fever 
characterized by intervals of cold 
aud fever periods. 

iris (l'ris). Colored membrane of the 
eye, separating the anterior and pos- 
terior chambers. [iris. 

iritis (i-ri'tis). Inflammation of the 

jaundice (jan'dis). Disease due to 
changes in the liver, characterized by 
yellow skin and whites of the eyes, 
lassitude and loss of appetite. 

jejunum (je-ju'num). Upper two 
fifths of the small intestines, said to 
be empty after death. 

jugular (jo'gu-lar). Pertaining to the 
throat. — J. veins. Veins in the 
throat that collect the blood from 
the head. 

jury-mast (jor'i-mast). Arrangement 
for supporting the head in spinal dis- 
eases. 

kleptomania (klep-to-ma'ni-a) Mor- 
bid desire to steal. 

Kneippism (nip'izm). System of hy- 
dropathy. The application of water 
in various forms, in the treatment of 
disease. 

kumiss, kumyss (ko'mis). 1. Cow's 
milk with sugar and yeast, after 
fermentation. 2. Fermented mare's 
milk. 

kyphosis ( ki-fo'sis ). Convex back- 
ward curvature of the spine; hump- 
back. 

labyrinth (lab'i-rinth). Internal ear. 

lachrymal (lak'ri-mal). Pertaining 

to or secreting tears. — It. glands. 

Tear sacs. 



ligature (lig'a-tur). Cord used in 
tying a blood vessel. 

litmus (lit'mus). Specially prepared 
blue paper which turns red when in 
contact with acids. Used for testing 
the presence of acid in the urine. 

liver (liv'er). Largest gland in the 
body. On the right side, beneath the 
diaphragm. Secretes bile. Weight 
50 to 60 ounces. [organ. 

lobe (lob). Globular division of an 

loins (loinz). Lower part of the back. 

lumbar (lum'bar). Pertaining to the 
loins. 



Lancet. 

lancet (lan'set). Two-edged surgical 

knife. [tion of the larynx. 

laryngitis (lar-in-ji'tis ). Inflamma- 
larynx (lar'ingks). Enlarged upper 

end of the trachea ; organ of the voice. 
lateral (lat'er-al). Belonging to the 

side. [medicine, 

laxative (lax' a- tiv). Mild purgative 
lesion (le'zhun). Morbid change in 

the structure of an organ or tissue. 
levator (lev'a-tur). Muscle that raises 

a part. 
ligament (lig'a-ment ). Connective 

tissue binding one part to another. 




Lungs. 

lungs (lungz). Two spongy organs of 
respiration connected with the phar- 
ynx through the thrachea. The blood 
passing through them gives off car- 
bon-dioxid and receives oxygen. 

luxation (luks-a'shun). A dislocation 
of a joint. [in the lymphatics. 

lymph (limf). Colorless, alkaline fluid 

malar (ma'lar). 1. The cheek. 2. 
The cheek bone. 

malaria (ma-la'ri-a). Remittent and 
intermittent fever due to contamin- 
ated air or water. 

malleus (mal'le-us). Outer bone of 
the tympanic cavity of the ear. 

mammary (mam'a-ri). Pertaining 
to the breast. — M. glands. Glands 
secreting milk. 

maxillary (maks'il-ary). Pertaining 
to the jaws; the jaw-bones. 

meninges (me-nin'jez). Three mem- 
branes investing the brain and spinal 
cord. 

meningitis (men-in-ji'tis). Inflam- 
mation of the membrane of the spinal 
cord or brain. 

metacarpus (met-a-kar'pus). Bones 
of the palms of the'h'and. 

metatarsus (met-a-tar'sus). Bones 
of the instep. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; n>e, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, but, burn; oil, owl, then. 



microbe 



pericarditis 



microbe (mi'krob). 1. Minute form of 
life not distinguishable as to its ani- 
mal or vegetable origin. 2. Bacterium. 

migraine (mi'gran). Periodic head- 
ache on one side of the head, with 
nausea. [teeth. 

molar (mo'lar). Grinding or back 

molecule (m'ol'e-kul). Smallest part 
of a substance that can exist by itself. 

mucus (mu'kus). Viscid fluid secreted 
by a mucous membrane. 

mumps (mumps). Inflammation of 
the parotid gland. 

myopia (mi-o'pi-a). Near sightedness. 



nausea (na'she-a)_. Desire to vomit. 

necrosis (ne-kro'sis). Death of cer- 
tain areas of tissue. 

nephritis (ne-fri'tis). Inflammation 
of the kidneys. 

nervine (nerv'in). That which quick- 
ens the nervous system. [nerves. 

neuralgia (nu-ral'ji-a). Pain in the 

neurasthenia (nu-ras-the'ni-a). Dis- 
ease due to nerve exhaustion." 

neuritis (nu-ri'tis). Inflammation of 
a nerve. 

nutrition (nu-trish'un). Absorption 
of food and transformation into liv- 
ing tissue. 



obesity ( ©-bes'i-ti). Fatness; corpu- 
lency, [pregnance and parturition. 

obstetrics (ob-stet'riks). Science of 

occipital (ok-sip'it-al). Back part of 
the head. 

occlusion (ok-klu'zhun). Closure of 
a cavity, vessel or hollow-organ. 

oculist (ok'u-list). One who makes a 
specialty of diseases of the eye. 

olfactory (ol-fak'tor-i). Pertaining 
to smell. [tion of the conjunctiva. 

ophthalmia (of-thal'mi-a).Inflamma- 

opiate ( o'pi-at ). Substance which 
causes sleep. 

ostalgia (os-tal'ji-a). Pain in a bone. 

osteitis (os-te-i'tis). Inflammation of 
a bone. [the bones. 

osteology (os-te-oro-ji). Science of 

ostheopathy (os-te-op'a-thi). Treat- 
ment of diseases by various manipu- 
lations, other than massage, for the 
purpose of removing interference 
with nerve action and free circulation. 

otalgia (o : tal';ji-a)- Earache. [ear. 

otitis (o-ti'tis). Inflammation of the 

ovary (6'var-i). One of two glands on 
each side of the uterus, producing 
the ova or female germ. 

ovulation (6-vu-la'shun). The lunar 
monthly ripening and discharge of 
an ovum. 



palate (pal'at). Roof of mouth and 

floor of nose. [alleviates. 

palliative ( pal'i-a-tiv). That whicn 

palpitation (pal'pi-ta-shun). 

nial pulsation of the heart. 



Abnor- 



frCASTRlC ARTERY. 9-LOVrtR END OF CESOPHAC-US 




7-5PERMATIC VESSELS 
Pancreas 

pancreas (pan'kre-as). Gland in the 
abdomen, near the stomach, which 
secretes a viscid liquid and pours it 
into the duodenum. 

paralysis (par-al'i-sis). Partial or total 
loss of motion or sensation or both. 

paranoia (par-a-noi'a). Chronic in- 
sanity with delusions, "out otherwise 
normal mentality. »_[of lower limbs. 

paraplegia (par-a-ple'ji-a). Paralysis 

parasite (par'a-sit). Organism that 
lives at the expense of another. 

paresis ( par'e-sis ). Incomplete or 
slight paralysis. 

parietal ( pa-i-i'et-al). Pertaining to 
the wall of a cavity. — P. bones. A 
bone on each side of the cranium. 

parotid (par-ot'id). Secretory gland 
discharging saliva into the mouth. 

paroxysm (par'oks-izm) Convulsive 
spasm or fit. [giving birth to young. 

parturition (par-tu-rish'un)._ Act of 

pasteurization (pas'tur-iz-a-shun ). 

1. Destruction of microbes by heat. 

2. Inoculation of a specific virus for 
the cure of hydrophobia. 

pathology (pa-tbol'o-jij. Science of 
disease. 

pelvis (pel'vis). Tne innominate bones 
and sacrum, forming a hollow basin 
for the support of the abdominal vis- 
cera. 

pepsin (pep'sin). Ferment of gastric 
j uice, which aids digestion. 

percussion (per-kush'un). Diagnosis 
by tapping or striking the surface 
over an organ. 

pericarditis (per-i-kar-di-tis). In- 
flammation of the pericardium. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



pericardium 



776 



saline 



pericardium (per-i-kard'i-um). Mem 
branous sac enclosing the heart. 

periosteum ( per-i-os'te-um). Mem- 
brane lining the surfaces of bones. 

peristalsis (per-i-stal'sis). Involun- 
tary worm like motion of the alimen- 
tary canal and bowels. 

peritoneum (per-i-to-ne'um). Serous 
membrane lining the abdominal cav- 
ity, [mation ofthe peritoneum. 

peritonitis (per-i-to-ni^tis). Inflam- 

pharyngitis (far-ingks-i'tis). Inflam- 
mation of the pharynx. 

pharynx (far'ingks). Membranous 
pouch at the back of the throat. 

phthisis (thi'sis). Consumption. 

pleura (plo'ra). Membrane envelop- 
ing the lungs and lining the chest. 

pleurisy (plo'ri-si). Inflammation of 
the pleura. [tion of the lungs. 

pneumonia (nu-no'ni-a). Infiamma- 

posterior (pos-te^ri-ur) . Behind. 

prescription (pre-skrip'shun). Writ- 
ten direction for the preparation of a 
medicine. 



® 



Terms and symbols used: 
Take. 



C CVo- Si & na - Mark or let it be 
o or oZ£\ labeled. Indicates the di- 
rections to be marked on the package. 
Subscription..— The directions to the 
druggist: 

a a meaning "of each." 

a. c. before meals. 

cap. let him take. 

Ott. or Outtce, drops. 

noct. at night. 

Solv. dissolve. 

Quantities; 
gf. grain. 

^7 Scruple. ^) Drachm. 

5 Ounce. ID. Pound. 

Fluid Measures. 

M nr KAJ Minim; a drop; 1/60 of a 
m or m\ fluid drachm> 

/ 3 fluid drachm. O pint. 

/ 5 fluid ounce. C. gallon. > 

purgative (pur'ga-tiv). Medicine caus- 
ing evacuation of the bowels. 

pylorus (pi-lo'rus). Lower opening 
of the stomach. 



quarantine (kwor'au-ten). Period of 
detention of a ship or person during 
the contagious stage of a disease. 



quinsy (kwin'zi). Acute inflamma- 
tion of the tonsils, with fever; ton- 
sillitis, {ical studies. 

quiz (kwiz). Oral examination in med- 



radius (ra'di-us). Outer bone of the 
forearm. 

rale (ral). Abnormal bubbling sound 
heard in the lungs in disease. 

ray (ra). Beam of light.— Actinic r. 
Solar ray capable of producing chem- 
ical changes. — X-r. Roentgen rays, 
See X-RAY, page 739.— 5T»r. Radiant 
energy emitted by active nerves and 
muscles affecting a fluorecent screen 
similarly to X-rays. 

receptaculum chyli (re-sep-tak u- 
lum ki'li). Dilated portion of the 
thoracic duct near the first lumbar 
vertebra into which certain lymphat 
ics discharge. 

regurgitation (re-gur'ji-ta-shun). 1. 
Raising of solids and fluids back into 
the mouth. 2. Reflex of blood through 
the heart valves. 

remittent (re-mit'ent). Abating and 
returning. — R. fever. Fever with 
alternate periods of higher and lower 
temperature, but not below normal. 

rheumatism (rom'a-tizm). An in- 
flammatory swelling of joints and 
muscles, accompanied by pain and 
fever. 

rachitis (ra-ki'tis). Rickets. Constitu- 
tional disease affecting children char- 
acterized by deformities, increased 
growth of bone and other changes. 

rigor (rig'iir). Rigidity of death; rigor 
mortis. 

roseola (ro-ze'o-la). Rose-colored rash. 

rubefacient (ro-be-fa'shi-ent). Medi- 
cine that reduces redness. 

rubella (ro-bel'a), German measles. 
Infectious disease of childhood, ac- 
companied by rose colored eruptions 
and catarrhalsymptoms. 

rubeola (ro-be'o-la). Measles. Conta- 
gious disease accompanied by inflam- 
mation of mucous membranes of eyes 
and respiratory passages with rose 
colored eruptions of the skin. 



scapula (skap'u-la). Shoulder blade. 

sacrum (sa'krum). Five united bones 
between the lumbar and coccygeal 
vertebras. 

sagittal (saj'it-al). Arrow-shaped.— 
S. suture. Suture between the pari- 
etal bones. 

saline (sa'lin). Having the nature of 
salt. — S. solution. Weak solution 
of salt injected into the circulation. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf* 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



scaphoid 



trapezoid 



scaphoid (skaf'oid). Bone of the car- 
pus; also bone of the tarsus. 

scarlatina ( skar-la-te'na ). Scarlet 
fever. [sciatic nerve. 

sciatica (si-at'i-ka). Neuralgia of the 

sclerosis (skle-ro'sis). Hardening of 
connective tissue. 

scrofula (skrof'u-la). Constitutional 
disease characterized by glandular 
swelling in the neck and inflammation 
of joints and mucous membranes. 

scurvy (skurv'i). Disease presenting 
swollen easily bleeding gums, hard- 
ness of muscles, anasmia, sub-cutane- 
ous hemorrhages and prostration. 

sebaceous (se-ba'shus). Having the 
nature of fat.— S. glands. Those se- 
creting lubricant for the skin and hair. 

sepsis (sep'sis). Septicemia; putrefac- 
tion. 

septicemia (sep-ti-se'mi-a). Abnormal 
condition produced by absorption of 
putrid matter. 

signa (sig'na). Term used in writing 
prescriptions, meaning "mark." Usu- 
ally written S or Sig. See prescrip- 
tion. 

signature (sig'na-tur). Directions on 
a prescription. ' [tation. 

sinus (si'nus). Hollow, cavity or dila- 

skiagraph (ski'a-graf). X-raypicture. 

solvent (solv'ent). Medicine capable 
of dissolving substances. 

sphincter (sfingk'ter). Circular mus- 
cle contracting an oiifice. 

spleen (splen). Glandular oval organ 
on the left side of the abdomen, the 
function of which is supposed to be 
concerned with the white blood car- 
ousel es. 

sporadic (spo-rad'ik ). Scattered or 
found in isolated cases. 

sternum (ster-num). Breastbone. 

stethoscope (steth'6-skop). Tube for 
conveying sound in auscultation. 

stirpieulture (sterp'i-kul-tur) . Scien- 
tific breeding. 

stomach (sium'ak). Dilated portion 
of the alimentary canal, about 12x4 
inches, situated below the diaphragm 
and constituting the principal organ 
of digestion. [hemorrhage, 

styptic (stip'tik). Drug that checks 

subscription (sub-skrip'shun). Direc- 
tions to a pharmacist on a prescrip- 
tion, [induces sweating. 

sudorific (su-dur-if'ik). Medicine that 

suppuration ( sup-u-ra'shun). The 
formation of pus. 

suture (sut'ur). Seam or articulation 
between the bones of the skull. 

syncope (sing'ko-pe). Loss of con- 
sciousness or suspended respiration 
or circulation. 



synovial membrane (sin 5'vi-al), 

Membrane lining certain joints' of 

the bones. 
synovitis (sin-o-vi'tis). Inflammation 

of the synovialmembraue. 
systole (sis'to-le). Contraction of the 

heart and arteries. 



talipes (tal'i-pez). Crab-foot caused by 
abnormal contraction of certain ten- 
dons and muscles. [lint or cotton. 

tampon (tam'pon). Plug, usually of 

tarsus (tar'sus). Bones of the instep. 

tendon (ten'dun). Fibrous tissue serv- 
ing for the attachment of muscles. 

tetanus (tet'a-nus). Violent, rigid 
spasms of voluntary muscles, lock- 
jaw being a form of tetanus, 

therapeutics (ther-a-pu'tiks). Per- 
taining to the treatment of disease 
and the administration of remedies. 

thermalgesia ( ther-mal-je'zhi-a ). 
Pain caused by heat. 

thorax (tho'raks). Region and cavity 
between the neck and abdomen. 

thymus (thi'mus). Ductless gland 
near the root of the tongue, the func- 
tion of which is unknown. 

thyroid (thi'roid ). Large vascular 
glana at the upper part of the trachea, 
the function of which is unknown, 
its enlargement is called goiter. 

tic (tik). Twitching. — T. doulou- 
reux. Spasmodic facial neuralgia. 

tincture (tingk'tur). Essential ele- 
ments of a substance. 

tissue (tish'u). Collection of similar 
cells and fibers forming a definite 
structure. 

tonic (ton'ik). 1. Pertaining to tone. 
2. Medicine that gives tone. 

tonsils (ton'silz). Two glandular bod- 
ies, one on each side of the fauces. 

tonsillitis (ton-sil-i'tis). Inflammation 
of the tonsils. 

torticollis (tar-ti-kol'is). Wry neck. 
Backward inclination of the head, 
with neck and chin twisted in an 
opposite direction. 

tourniquet (tor'ni-ket). Instrument 
to compress an artery in order to 
arrest bleeding. 

toxemia (toks-e'mi-a). Poisonous con- 
dition of the blood. ' 

toxic (toks'ik). Pertaining to poisons 

trachea (tra-ke'a). The windpipe. 

trachoma (tra-kb'ma). Granular con- 
dition of the conjunctiva of the 
eyelids. 

trapezium ( tra-pe'zi-um). The first 
bone of the second carpal row. 

trapezoid ( trap'e-zoid). One of the 
boaes of the wrist. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, abc-'e; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf j 

mute, hut, huruj oil, owl, fftea, 



zymotic 



trauma (tra'ma). 1. A wound. 2. 
Abnormal condition due to external 
violence. 

trichinosis ( trik-i-no'sis). Disease 
caused by the injection of trichina 
spiralis through eating raw meat of 
infected swine. 

tricuspid (tri-kus'pid). Right auri- 
culo-ventricular valve of the heart. 

trigeminus (tri-jem'i-nus). The fifth 
cranial nerve. 

tuberculosis (tu-ber-kii-lo'sis). For- 
mation of tubercles on any tissue due 
to the presence of a specific bacillus. 
—Pulmonary t. Consumption. 

tumor (tu'mur). 1. A swelling or ab- 
normal enlargement. 2. Abnormal 
prominence not due to inflammation. 

tympanum ( tim'pan-um ). The ear- 
drum; cavity of the middle ear. 

typhoid (ti-foid). Acute infectious 
fever with eruptions and intestinal 
lesions. 

typhus (ti-fus). Contagious epidemic 
fever with eruptions and. prostration 
itnd delirium, but free from lesions. 

ulcer (ul'ser). Open sore in any soft 
part of the body. 

ulna (nl'na). Inner large bone of the 
forearm between the wrist and the 
elbow. 

umbilicus (um-bil'ik-us). The navel. 

unciform bones (un'si-farm bonz), 
Hook-like bones of the carpus. 

unguent (ung'gwent). An ointment. 

unilateral (u-ni-lat'e-ral). Pertaining 
to one side. [of the urine. 

urea (u're-a). Chief solid constituent 

uremia (u-'re'mi-a). Poisonous condi- 
tion of the blood'caused by the reten- 
tion of theurea. 

ureter (u-re'ter). One of two slender 
tubes, 15 to 18 inches long connect- 
ing the kidneys with the bladder for 
passage of_ the urine. 

urethra (u-re'thra). Canal from the 
bladder to the exterior. 

urinalysis (u-rin-al'i-sis). Chemical 
analysis of the urine. (neys. 

urine (u'rin). Excretions of the kid- 
uterus (u'ter-us). .The womb; a pear- 
shaped hollow organ in the female 
pelvic basin. The organ of gestation. 

vaccination (vak-si-na'shnn). Inocu- 
lation of the virus of cowpox as a 
preventitive of smallpox. 

vaccine (vak'sin). Virus of cowpox; 
lymph from a cowpox vesicle. 

vagus (va'gus). Tenth cranial nerve. 

valve (valv). Fold obstructing a pas- 
sage in one direction. 



varicella (var-i-sel'a). Chicken-pox. 

varicose (var'i-koz).' Dilated or swol- 
len veins. _ 

variola (va'ri-o-la). Smallpox. 

vas (vas). A vessel. 

vascular (vas'ku-lar). Pertaining tc 
vessels conveying fluids. 

vasomotors (vas-c-mo'turz). Nerves 
which regulate the tension of blood 
vessels ; vasoconstrictors, contract- 
ing, andvasodilators, dilating. 

veins (vanz). Vessels carrying blood 
to the heart. 

ventricle (ven'tri-kl). One of the two 
lower cavities of the heart. 

vermicide (ver'mi-sid). That which 
kills worms. [like. 

vermicular (ver-mik'u-lar). Worm- 
vermiform ( ver'mi-f arm ). Worm 
form. — V. appendix. Small tube 
about the size of a goose quill open- 
ing into the caecum. 

vertebra ( vert'e-bra). One of the 
bones of the spinal column. 

vertigo (vert'i-go). Dizziness. 

vesical (ves'i-kal). Pertaining to the 
bladder or a vesicle. [sac or cell 

vesicle (ves'i-kl). Small bladder-like 

virus (vi'rus). Morbid matter. 

viscera (vis'er-a). The organs, tissues 
and vessels of the interior of the body. 

vivisection (viv-i-sek'shun). Dissec- 
tion of living animals for physiologi- 
cal investigation. 

volatile (vol'a-til). Having the prop- 
erty of evaporation. 

wart (wart). Overgrowth"; of papillae 

and epidermis, 
wen (wen). A sebaceous cyst- 
whitlow (hwit'16). Felon; suppura- 
tion and inflammation of the deep 
tissue of a finger. 
wrist (rist). The carpus; the part 
between the forearm and the hand. 



X-ray (ex-ra). Roentgen rays. Ether 
rays discovered by Prof. Roentgen. 
The rays from the kathode of a vacu- 
um tube, possessing great penetra- 
tive qualities. 



yellow fever (yel'6 fe'ver). Infectious 
epidemic disease of warm climates, 
characterized by high fever, black 
vomit and jaundice. 



zymotic (zi-mot'ik). Pertaining to 
fermentation. — Z. disease. One 

due to living germs introduced into 
the body. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 




Pronunciation marks in this department conform to those found in body of book. 
Abaris — ^Eolus 



Abaris (ab'a-ris), a Scythian in the age 
of Croesus, who traveled through the 
air on an arrow received from Apollo. 

Acestes (a-ses'tez), a Sicilian king who 
assisted Priam in the Trojan war and 
entertained ^Eneas. 

Achseus ( a-ke'us), a king of Lydia, 
hung for extortion; Son of Xuthus. 

Achilles (a-kil'lez), Greek hero in the 
Trojan war; chief character of 
Homer's Iliad; son of Peleus, king of 
Thessaly ; his mother, Thetis, plunged 
him, when an iniant, into the Stygian 
pool, which made him invulnerable, 
but the heel by which he was held 
was not wetted; shot with an arrow 
in the heel by Paris, at siege of Troy, 
and died of his wound. 

Actseon (ak-te'on), a famous Greek 
hunter, changed into a stag for watch- 
ing Diana bathing; he was devoured 
by his own dogsj son of Aristeeus. 

Ad in etna (ad-me'tus), a king of Thes- 
saly, redeemed from death by the 
sacrifice of his wife, Alcestis. 

Adonis (a-do'nis) , the beautiful at- 
tendantof Venus, who heldher train; 
killed by a boar, and turned by Venus 
into an anemone; also said that his 
blood merely stained the flower. 

Aeacus (e'a-kus), son of Zeus and 
^Egina; king of Oenopia, whose in- 
habitants were destroyed by pesti- 
lence. Zeus repeopled the kingdom 
by changing all the ants in an old oak 
into men. At his death he was made 
one of the judges in Hades. 

fflger (e'jer), Scand. God of the Ocean. 
Ran a his wife. They had nine daugh- 
ters, clad in white, who represented 
the white capped billows. 

^Egens (e'ji-us), Gr. King of Athens, 
lrom whom the ^Egean Sea is sup- 



posed to have received its name, and 
in which he drowned himself, believ- 
ing his son Theseus was dead. 

Mgis (e'jis), Jupiter's shield covered 
with goats' skins, given to Pallas ; 
placed upon Medusa's head; all who 
looked upon it were turned into 
3tone. 

iEgisthus(e-jis'thus),sonofThyestes. 
Left by Agamemnon, his cousin, to 
care for his wife Clytemnestra, dur- 
ing his absence. False to his trust he 
incited Clytemnestra to murder her 
husband. He became king of Argos, 
married his cousin's wife and was 
murdered by his stepson Orestes. 

JSgyptus (e-jip'tus), son of Belus. 
Gave his fifty sons in marriage to the 
fifty daughters of his brother Danaus. 
All but Lynceus were murdered by 
their wives on their nuptial night 
through their father's jealousy. 

iEneas (e-ne'as), the subject of Vir- 
gil's ^Eneid ; the son of Anchises 
and Venus, who escaped the destruc- 
tion of Troy ; behaved with great 
valor, encountering Achilles himself; 
when the Grecians had set the city 
on fire, ^neas took his aged father on 
his shoulders; his son, Ascanius, and 
his wife, Creusa, clung to his gar- 
ments; after wandering about for 
several years, he reached Italy, where 
he was hospitably received by the 
Latins, and became their king. 

JBolns (e'o-lus), the god of winds; son 
of Hippotas; represented as holding 
the winds confined in a cavern, and 
occasionally giving them liberty to 
blow over the world; when Ulysses 
visited him on his return from Troy 
he gave him, tied up in a bag, all the 
winds that could prevent his voyage 



f&te, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; cote, not, move, wolfj 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, than, 

779 



jEscuIapius 



780 



Argus 



from being prosperous; the compan- 
ions of Ulysses, fancying that the bag- 
contained treasure, cut it open, just 
as they came in sight of Ithaca, and 
the contrary winds rushing out, drove 
back the ship many leagues. 

JBsculapius (es J ku-la'pi-us), the god 
of medicine ; a son of Apollo, phy- 
sician to the Argonauts. Pluto be- 
came jealous, and requested Jupiter 
to kill him with a thunderbolt ; to 
avenge his son's death Apollo slew the 
Cyclops who had forged the bolt. 

Agamemnon ( ag-a-mem'non) , king 
of Argos. Married Clytemnestra. 
Brother of Menelaus, who married the 
famous Helen. Leader of Greeks 
against Troy. Murdered by his wife 
as he came from his bath. 

Ajax (a'jaks),l. Son of Telamon; one of 
the bravest and largest of the Greek 
warriors in the Trojan war. In a fit 
of rage he stabbed himself, and his 
blood, which ran upon the ground, 
was changed in to the flower hyacinth; 
slain by Paris. 2. Son of Oileus, king 
of Locris ; one of Helen's suitors ; 
called the Lesser Ajax. 

Alcestis (al-ses'tis), wife of Admetus: 
one of her father's murderesses; 
sacrificed herself for her husband ; 
restored from Hades by Hercules. . 

Alcmena (alk-me'na), mother of Her- 
cules, by Zeus; wife of Amphitryon. 

Alcyone (al-si'o-ne), or Halcyon e 
(hal), daughter of Aeolus; her hus- 
band, Ceyx, was drowned and she 
threw herself into the sea; both of 
them were changed into birds. 

41ecto ( a-lek'to), one of the three 
Paries ; depicted with flaming torches 
and serpents instead of hair, and sup- 
posed to breed pestilence. 

Aipheus (al-fe'us), river used by Her- 
cules to clean the Augean stables. 

Amazons ( am'a-zonz ) , a nation of 
women soldiers "in Scythia; Hercules 
totally defeated them and gave Hip- 
polyte, their queen, to Theseus for a 
wife. The race seems to have been 
exterminated after this battle. 

Ambrosia. Fabled food of the gods. 

Amnion (am'mon). 1. The Egyptian 
Jupiter or Zeus. 2. A king of Libya, 
father to Bacchus. 

Ainphion (am-fi'on), a son of Jupiter 
greatly skilled in music; at the sound 
of his lute the stones arranged them- 
selves so regularly as to make the 
walls of the city of Thebes. 

Amphitrite (am-fl-tri'te). 1. The wife 
of Neptune and a daughter of Oceanus 
and Tethys ; the mother of Triton. 
2. One of the Nereides. 



Amphitryon (am-fit'ri-on), husband 
of Alcmena, whose hand he won by 
avenging the death of Electryon's 
sons; son of Alcasus. 

Ancaeus (an-se'us), son of Lycurgus; 
was with the Argonauts; about to 
taste a cup of wine, he was called to 
the chase and killed by a boar as pre- 
dicted by a servant. 

Andromache (an-drom'a-ke), Hec- 
tor's wife, famed for her domesticity. 

Andromeda (an-drom'e-da), daugh- 
ter of Cepheus, by Cassiope ; tied to 
a rock and exposed to a sea monster; 
rescued and married by Perseus. 

Antaeus (an-te'us), a Libyan giant van- 
quished by Hercules; each time that 
Hercules threw him the giant gained 
fresh strength from touching the 
earth, so Hercules lifted him off the 
ground and squeezed him to death. 

Antigone (an-tig'o-ne), daughter of 
Oedipus, king of Thebes, by Jocasta; 
famous for her filial devotion; sub- 
ject of one of Sophocles tragedies. 

Anabis (a-nu'bis), Egyptian; son of 
Osiris, represented as a human with 
a dog's head ; he accompanied the 
spiritsx>f the dead to the nether world. 

Aphrodite (af-ro-di'te), Grecian name 
of Venus. 

Apis ( a-pis ), also called Serapis, the 
greatest god of the Egyptians, wor- 
shiped under the form of a bull. 

Apollo (a-pol'o), god of all fine arts, 
including medicine; the son of Jupi- 
ter and Latona; also called Sol (the 
sun) ; also Delphicus from his connec- 
tion with his splendid temple at Del- 
phi, where he uttered the famous 
oracles. It is recorded that this oracle 
became dumb when Christ was born. 

Arachne(a-rak'ne), a Lydian princess, 
who challenged Minerva or Athene to 
a spinning contest; unsuccessful, she 
hanged herself, but Minerva changed 
her into a spider. 

Arethusa (ar-e-thu'sa), one of the 
nymphs of Diana; she fled from Ai- 
pheus, a river god, and escaped him 
by being turned by Diana into a foun- 
tain ; the god in the form of the River 
Aipheus mingled with the waters of 
the fountain. 

Argonauts ( ar-go-nats), the fifty 
heroes who sailed to Colchis in the 
ship Argo under the command of 
Jason, to fetch the Golden Fleece. 

Argus (iir'gus), a god with a hundred 
eyes that slept and watched by turns; 
chai-ged by Juno (or Hera) to watch 
her rival io, but being slain by Mer- 
cury (or Hermes), Hera placed his 
eyes on the tail of a peacock. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, hum; oil, owl, then* 



Ariadne 



SI 



Briareus 



Ariadne ( a-ri-ad'ne), daughter of 
Miuos, King of Crete; after enabling 
Theseus to get out of the Labyrinth 
by means of a ball of thread, she fled 
with him toNaxos, where he ungrate- 
fully deserted her. 

Arion (a-n'on), a famous lyric poet of 
the Island of Lesbos, where he gained 
riches by his art; when traveling his 
companions robbed him, and proposed 
to throw him into the sea; he en- 
treated the seamen to let him play 
upon his harp before they threw him 
overboard, and he played so sweetly 
that the dolphins flocked round the 
vessel; he then threw himself into 
the sea, and one of the dolphins took 
him up and carried him to Corinth. 
For this act the dolphin was raised to 
heaven as a constellation. 

Artemis (ar'te-mis), Gre(k name of 
Diana; daughter of Zeus and Leto; 
she protected mortals from danger 
and punished evil with her arrows. 

Arthur's Round Table, King 1 ; the 
enchanted table of a mythical English 
king of the fifth century. 

Ascalapbus (as-kal'a-fus), son of 
Acheron and Nox; turned into an owl 
by Ceres for informing Pluto that 
Proserpine had eaten some grains of 
pomegranate. 

Asgard (as'gard), Scand. The world 
of the gods, Valhalla being one of its 
regions; situated in center of the uni- 
verse and reached by the bridge Bi- 
frost (rainbow). 

Ashtoreth (ask'to-reth ), Canaanite 
god of love; counterpart of Baal. 

Asmodens (as-mo-de'us), Hebrew. 
Evil spirit of vanity; king of devils; 
destroyer of domestic happiness. 

Astrsea (as-tre'a), called Justice; last 
god to leave the earth. 

Atalanta (at-a-lan'ta), daughter of 
Schoeneus, being very beautiful, she 
had many suitors; she was a very 
swift runner, and to get rid of her 
admirers she promised to marry any 
one of them who should outstrip her 
in a race, but all who were defeated 
should be slain; Venus gave Hip- 
pomenes three golden apples, one of 
which he dropped whenever Atalanta 
caught up to him in the race. She 
stopped to pick them up, and so he 
won the raceand married her. 

Athene (a-the'ne), Greek name of Mi- 
nerva, goddess of wisdom, war and 
science; Athens' tutelary diety. 

Atlas (at'las), a Titan, King of Mauri- 
tania, refusing hospitality to Per- 
seus, he was shown Medusa's head 
and changed into a mountain and 



condemned to support the world ; At- 
lantic Ocean named from him. 

Atropos (at'ro-pos),oneof theParcae; 
daughter of Nox and Erebus, who cut 
the thread of life. 

Aug-eas (a'je-as), a king of Elis, the 
owner of the stable which Hercules 
cleansed after 3,000 oxen bad been 
kept in it for 30 years; cleansed by 
running the river Alpheus through 
it. Augeas promised to give Hercules 
a tenth part of his cattle for his 
trouble, but, neglecting to keep his 
promise, Hercules killed him. 

Aurora (a-ro'ra), Latin goddess of 
dawn; daughter of Sol, the sun; same 
as Greek Eos. 

Axrsel (az'ra-el), Arab. Angel who, at 
the moment of death, separates the 
soul from the body. 



Baal (ba'al), sun god of the Canaan- 
ites; made counterpart of Ashtoreth. 

Bacchantes (bak-kan'tez), the priest- 
esses of Bacchus. 

Bacchus (bak'us), god of wine, and a 
son of Jupiter; said to have married 
Ariadne, after she was deserted by 
Theseus; one of their children was 
Hymen, the god of marriage. 

Baidur (bal'dur), or Balder (bal'der), 
Norse. Son of Odin, so beautiful and 
bright that he emanates light. 

Beelzebub (be-el'ze-bub, 1. A Philis- 
tine god, destroyer of insects. 2. A 
lord of the infernal regions under 
Lucifer. 

Bellerophon (bel-ler'6-fon), son of 
Glaucus; refusing advances of King 
Proetus' wife, she caused his banish- 
ment; Proetus sent him with sealed 
letter asking his father-in-law, Job- 
ates, to put him to death; Jobates 
sent him to conquer the monster, 
Chimera; with the aid of Pegasus, the 
winged horse, he succeeded, and mar- 
ried Jobates' daughter. 

Bellona (bel-16'na), the goddess of 
war, and represented as sister, com- 
panion and wife of Mars; the 24th of 
March was called by the Romans 
Bellona's Day, when her votaries cut 
themselves with knives and drank 
the blood of the sacrifices. 

Bona Dea(bo'nade'a). Roman goddess 
of fruitfulness; her festivals cele- 
brated onlyjn the night by women. 

Boreas (bo're-as), the north wind rep- 
resented with wines and white hair. 

Brahma (bra'ma), Hindu. The Creator 
and first person of the holy triad. 

Briareus (bri-a're-us), a giant with 50 
heads and 100 hands; son of Uranus 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met. her; mite, mit; note, not, move, woit; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



Brn^lsild 



Dana? 



Brunbild (brun'hild), Norse. A val- 
kyr won by Sigurd for Gunnar. In 
the Nibelungenlied, wife of King 
Gunther for whom she is won by 
Siegfried. [Buddhism. 

Buddha (bod'a), Hindu. Founder of 
Busiris (bu-sl'ris), son of Neptune, 
King of Egypt; he killed all foreign 
visitors to Egypt; slain by Hercules. 



Cadmus (kad'mus), the reputed in- 
ventor of letters; his alphabet con- 
sisted of sixteen letters; he slew the 
Boeotian dragon, and sowed its teeth 
in the ground, from each of which 
sprang up an armed man; son of Ag- 
enor, King of Phoenicia. 

Caduceus (ka-du'se-us), the rod car- 
ried by Mercury; it has two winged 
serpents entwined round the top end, 
supposed to have the power of pro- 
ducing sleep. 

Catenas (kal'kas), soothsayer, son of 
Thestor ; unable to tell number of 
figs on a tree, he died through grief . 

Calliope (kal-li'o-pe), the muse pre- 
siding over epic poetry and rhetoric. 

Callisto (kal-lis'to), daughter of Ly- 
caon, King of Arcadia; one of Diana's 
attendants ; beloved by Zeus and 
changed into a bear to conceal her 
from Hera ; slain by Artemis, and 
bpcame the constellation Arctos. 

Calydonian bunt (kal-i-do'ni-an), 
Artemis (Diana) sent a boar to rav- 
age Calydon, where Oeneus reigned; 
all the princes of the age took part, 
and the king's son killed the animal. 

Calypso (ka-lip'so), an Oceanide, 
goddess of silence ; she entertained 
Ulysses on the island of Ogygia and 
offered him immortality if he would 
become her husband. 

Capaneras(ka'pa'ne-us),or(kap'a-nus), 
one of seven heroes who fought 
against Thebes; struck dead by Zeus 
(Jupiter), for his impiety. 

Cassandra (kas-san'dra), daughter of 
Priam and Hecuba; was granted by 
Apollo the power of seeing into fu- 
turity, but he prevented the Trojans 
from believing her predictions. 

Castalia (kas'ta'li-a), fountain of Par- 
nassus, sacred to muses; its waters 
inspired all who drank of them. 

Castor (kas'tar), twin brother of Pol- 
lux, son of Jupiter by Leda, wife of 
Tyndarus; famous for his horseman- 
ship; killed by Idas; restored to life 
on ear.th every other day. 

Cecrops (se'krops), founder and first 
king of Athens; instituted forms of 
civilization, marriage, religion, etc. 



Centaurs (sen'tarz), huntsmen whe 
had forepart like a man and the re- 
mainder of body like a horse. 

Cepheus (se'fus), or (se'fe-us), King 
of Ethiopia; father of Andromeda. 

Cerberus ( ser'be-rus), three-headed 
dog of Pluto stationed at entrance to 
Had es to prevent living from entering 
or dead from escaping. 

Ceres (se'rez), sister of Jfcipiter and 
mother of Proserpine ; goddess of 
agriculture and fruits; she taught 
Triptolemus to grow corn and sent 
him to teach the earth's inhabitants. 

Cbaron (ka'ron), conveyed the spirits 
of the dead over the rivers Acheron 
and Styx to Hades; his toll was a coin 
put in the hands of the dead. 

Charybdis (ka-rib'dis), a dangerous 
whirlpool off Sicily, opposite another 
called Scylla; caused by daughter of 
Poseidon, hurled by a thunderbolt of 
Zeus, into the sea; spewing the water 
out of her mouth she caused the 
whirlpool to exist. 

Chimaera (ki-me'ra), a wild monster 
in Lycia slain by Bellerophon; it had 
the head and breast of a lion, the body 
of a goat, and the tail of a serpent; it 
was said to vomit fire. 

Clio (kli'o), muse of history; carried a 
half opened roll. 

Clotbo(klo'tho), youngestof the Pates, 
supposed to preside over birth; she 
spins the thread of life. 

Clytaemnestra(klit-em-nes'tra), wife 
and murderess of Agamemnon: after- 
ward married ^Egysthus, and both 
were murdered by Orestes. 

Croesus (kre'sus), King of Lydia, 
patron oj ^Esop, richest of mankind. 

Cupid (ku'pid), son of Mars and Vonus, 
god of love. 

Cyclops or Cyclopes (si-klo'pez), the 
gigantic one-eyed workmen of Vul- 
can, who made Jove's thunderbolts, 
and lived in a cave under Mt. ^Etna. 



Baedalus (ded'a-lus), a great archi- 
tect and sculptor; invented the wedge, 
the axe, the level, and the gimlet and 
was the first to use sails; he con- 
structed the famous labyrinth of 
Crete; was confined there with his 
son, Icarus, but escaped with wings 
which he built. 

Damon (da'mon), a Pythagorean con- 
demned to death by Dionysius, for 
whom Pythias, his friend, acted as a 
voluntary ho_stage. 

Dana? (dan'a-e), daughter of Acrisius, 
King of Ar'gos; mother of Perseus by 
Zeus, who visited her while impris- 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



Danaides 



\s:-{ 



Fortnna 



onecl in a brazen tower by her father, 
in the form of_a golden shower. 

Danaides (dan-a'i-dez), the 50 daugh- 
ters of Danaus who married the 50 
sons of ^Egyptus and who, with the 
exception of Hypermnestra, mur- 
dered their husbands on their wed- 
ding night ; condemned to forever 
pour water through sieves in Hades. 

Dardanus (dar'da-nus), founder of 
Troy; son ofjupiter and Electra. 

Deianira (de-i-a-ni'ra) or Dejanira 
(dej-a-ni'ra), wife of' Hercules; inno- 
cently killed her husband by sending 
him a poisoned shirt given her by 
Nessus; she hung herself for grief. 

Demeter (de-me'ter), Greek goddess 
of vegetation. 

Deucalion (du-ka-li-on), son of Prom- 
eiheus ; saved from a deluge in a 
chest with his wife Pyrrha and landed 
at Mount Parnassus; to repeople the 
earth they threw stones behind them . 
those of Deucalion becoming men and 
those of his wife women. 

Diana (dl-an'a), same as Greek Arte- 
mis; goddess'of hunting and of chas- 
tity ; the sister of I Apollo; was 
honored as a celestial divinity (Luna) : 
as a terrestrial goddess (Diana), and 
in the infernal regions as Hecate. 

Dioined (di-o-me'de) or Diomedes 
(di-o-rne'des), 1. A Grecian chief in 
the Trojan war; went with Ulysses 
to steal the palladium from the tem- 
ple of Minerva at Troy. 2. A king cf 
Trace; fed his horses with human 
flesh. 

I'ionysns (dl-o-ni'sus), Greek god of 
wine; son of Zeus and Semele; also 
called by his original surname Bac- 
chus; introduced culture of the vine 
and spent many years wandering 
about the earth. 

Discordia (dis-kar'di-a), daughter of 
Nox. goddess of discord; driven from 
heaven for causing dissension. 

Dryad (dn'ad), a deity who presided 
over the woods; a wood-nymph. 



Echo (ek'o), a nymph who fell in love 
with Narcissus; when he died, or as 
some say, because she was slighted, 
she pined away from grief and died 
also, preserving nothing but her 
voice, which repeats every sound that 
reaches her. [of the virtuous souls. 
Elysium (e-lizh'i-um) . a blissful abode 
Endymion (en-dim'i-on), a beautiful 
shepard enamored of the moon; Jupi- 
ter granted him to be always young 
and to sleep as much as he would. 



Ephialtes (ef-i-al'tez), a giant son of 
Poseidon (Neptune), who grew nine 
inches every month; with Otus, his 
brother, he fought the Olympian 
gods; was slain by Apollo. 

Erebus (er'e-bus), 1. Son of Chaos and 
Darkness; an infernal deity. 2. A 
cavern through which the shades 
passed on their way to Hades. 

Erinnys (e-rin'nis), the Roman FuriaB 
or Bivse; avengers of iniquity; rep- 
resented with snakes and lighted 
torches. 

Eros (e'ros), the Greek god of love and 
friendship; Cupid. 

Euphrosyne (u-fros'i-ne), one of the 
three graces or charities. 

Enropa (u-ro'pa). daughter of Phoenix, 
or of Agenor, and mother by Zeus of 
Minos and Rhadamanthus; carried 
over the sea to Crete by Zeus, who 
assumed the form of a white bull. 

Eurydice ( u-rid'i-se), died from a 
snake bite; Orpheus, her husband, 
descended to Hades and so charmed 
Pluto with his music that he con- 
sented to restore her to life ou condi- 
tion thafe she walk back of her hus- 
band, who was not to look back. Or- 
pheus, however, looked back, and, so 
Eurydice was sent back to Hades. 

Euterpe (u-ter'pe), daughter of Jupi- 
ter and Mnemosyne; inventress of 
flute and all wind instruments and 
muse of instrumental music. 



Fates (fatz), or Parcae (par'se), the 
three daughters of Necessity. Their 
names were Clotho, who held the dis- 
taff; Lachesis, who turned the spin- 
dle; and Atropos, who cut the thread 
with the fatal shears. 

Faun (fan), a rural divinity, half man 
and half goat; similar to the Satyr; 
the Fauns attended the god Pan, and 
the Satyrs attended Bacchus. 

Faust (fowst), or Faustus (fowst'us), 
a semi-mythical German character 
carried off by the devil; principal 
character of Goethe's tragedy by that 
name. [wolf which slew Odin. 

Fenris- wolf (fen'ris), Norse. A water 

Flora (flo'ra), goddess of flowers and 
gardens, and wife of Zephvrus; she 
enjoyed perpetual youth. 

Flying- Dutchman, a spectral ship, 
believed by superstitious seamen to 
haunt the seas in stormy weather, 
near Cape of Good Hope. 

Fortnna (far-tu'na), the goddess of 
fortune; had a temple erected to her 
by King Servius Tullius of Rome; 
usually represented as standing on a 



£&t», tat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



Frey 



784 



Helena 



wheel, with a bandage over her eyes, 
and holding a cornucopia. 

Frey (fri), Norse. God of the earth's 
fruitfulness; son of Njord. 

Frey a (fri' a), sister of Frey; goddess 
of fruitfulness and love ; wife of Odin ; 
her chariot was drawn by two cats ; 
those slain in battle belonged to her. 

Furies, the Erinnys, daughters of Nox, 
Tisiphone, Magsera and Alecto, per- 
sonifying rage, slaughter, envy. 



Gabriel, Hebrew. Prince of fire and 
thunder, and angel of death. 

Ganymede (gan-i-me'de), son of Tros, 
and a beautiful Trojan youth; suc- 
ceeded Hebe as cupbearer to Jupiter; 
transferred by Zeus in the form of an 
eagle to Olympus. [Buddha. 

Gautama (gow'ta-ma), family name of 

Genii (je'ni-i), were domestic divini- 
ties; every man was supposed to have 
two of them accompanying him; one 
bringing happiness, the other misery. 

Geryon (je'ri-on), a three-headed 
monster with three bodies killed by 
Hercules, who carried off his cattle; 
King of Erythea, an island off Spain. 

Gnome (nom), guardian of mines and 
quarries living in the earth. 

Golden Fleece, the hide of the ram 
Chrysomallus, and the object of the 
Argonauts' expedition to Colchis. 

Gordius (gar'di-us), a husbandman, 
who became King of Phrygia; pro- 
claimed by an oracle who met him 
riding in a wagon; the oracle said 
that whoever could untie the knot 
which held the yoke to the tongue 
should be master of Asia; unable to 
unravel it, Alexander the Great cut it 
with his sword. 

Gorgons, The (gar'gonz), three sis- 
ters, named Sth'eno, Euryale, and 
Medusa, daughters of Phorcys and 
Ceto ; petrified every one they looked 
at; instead of hair Medusa's head was 
covered with vipers; Perseus con- 
quered them, and cut off the head of 
Medusa, which was placed on the 
shield of Minerva, and all who looked 
at it were turned_into stone. 

Graces, The (gra'sez), virgin daugh- 
ters of Zeus and Eurynome; the at- 
tendants of Venus, named Aglaia 
(beauty and goodness), Thalia (per- 
petual bloom), and Euphrosyne (cheer- 
fulness) ; generally depicted as three 
cheerful maidens with hands joined, 
and either nude or only wearing trans- 
parent robes; supposed to teach the 
duties of gratitude and friendship, 
and to promote love and harmony. 



Grail, Holy (gral), an emerald cup, 
supposed to have been used by Christ 
at the Last Supper; having been lost, 
it was sought by all true knights who 
were perfectly chaste, particularly 
those of the Round Table. 

Gyges (ji'jez), 1. Son of Collus, who 
made war against the gods; he had a 
hundred hands and fifty heads. 2. A 
Lydian who, because he saw King 
Candaules' wife when naked, was 
compelled to kill himself or the king; 
he killed the king and ascended the 
throne by means of an enchanted ring, 
which cduld make him invisible. 



Hades (ha'dez), 1. Sovereign of the 
dead ; brother of Zeus and husband of 
Persephone; son of Cronos and Rhea. 
2. The abode of the dead, including 
Tartarus and Elysium. 

Halcyons (hal'si-onz), seabirds, sup- 
posed to be the Greek kingfishers; 
made their nests on the waves, and 
during the period of incubation the 
sea was always calm; hence the mod- 
ern term "halcyon days. " 

Harpies (har'piz), Greek. ^Ello, Ocy- 
pete and Celeno, demons of the storm 
and of death; they had the face of a 
woman, body of a vulture, and feet 
and fingers armed with claws. 

Hebe (.he'be), the goddess of youth and 
cupbearer to the Olympian gods until 
she so displeased Jupiter that Gany- 
mede was appointed in her stead. 

Hecate (hek'a-te), daughter of Perses 
and Asteria, called Luna in Heaven, 
Diana on earth, and Hecate in hell; 
a Titan goddess of marriage, presid- 
ing over magic, roads,doors and gates, 
conferring honor and riches. 

Hector (hek'tur)', son of Hecuba and 
King Priam, the most valiant of the 
Trojan chiefs; husband of Androm- 
ache ; killed by Achilles, who dragged 
his body round the walls of Troy. 

Hecuba (hek'u-ba), mother of Hector, 
Paris and Cassandra; wife of Priam; 
taken as a slave by Achilles at the 
fall of Troy. In revenge for the mur- 
der of her children, she killed Poiym- 
nestor's two children, and put out his 
eyes; was turned into a dog, which 
jumped into the ocean and perished. 

Hel (hel), the giantess Angurboda, 
daughter of Loki and goddess of 
Niflheim, the realm of the dead. 

Helena (hel'e-na) or Helen (hel'en), 
daughter of Leda and Zeus (Jupiter) 
or of Tyndarus and Leda; most beau- 
tiful woman of her age; wife of Men- 
elaus, King of Sparta; eloping with 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



Helle 



Lethe 



Paris, she thus caused the Trojan war, 
after which she returned to Greece 
with Menelaus. 

Helle (hel'le), daughter of Athamas 
andNephele; fleeing through the air 
on a golden ram, from Ino, her step- 
mother, she became giddy and fell 
into the Dardanelles, which then re- 
ceived the nameHellespont. 

Hercules (her'ku-lez), or Heracles 
(her'ak-lez), son of Zeus (Jupiter) and 
Alcmene; subject to King of Argos, 
who compelled him to perform his 
famous twelve labors ; celebrated for 
bis virtue and strength ; rewarded 
with immortality. 

Hero (he'ro), a priestess of Venus be- 
loved by Leander, who swam the 
Hellespont every night to see her; 
finally drowned, Hero threw herself 
in the sea. 

Hesperitles (hes-per'i-dez), three 
daughters of Hesperus, who guarded 
the golden apples which Juno gave to 
Zeus and Her a. [son of Osiris and Isis. 

Horns (ho'rus), Egyptian solar deity, 

Hyacinthns (hi-a-sm'thus), a beauti- 
ful youth, killed while playing quoits 
with Apollo; from his blood the god 
caused the hyacinth to grow, or caused 
its petals to be marked with the Greek 
word for "woe." 

Hydra (hl'dra), a famous monster ser- 
pent, which bad many heads, the 
middle one immortal ; it lived in Lake 
Lerna and was slain by Hercules. 

Hygeia (hi-je'yaA or Hygieia (hi-ji- 
e'ya), daughter of iEsculapius, and 
goddess of health. 

Hymen (hi'men) or Hymenaens 
(him-e-ne'us), son of Bacchus and 
Venus, or of Apollo and Calliope; 
Greek god of marriage. 

learns (ik'a-rus),son of Daedalus, who 
made himself wings with which to fly 
from Crete; these were fixed to the 
shoulders by wax ; Icarus flew too 
near the sun, and the heat melting 
the wax, he fell and was drowned. 

Io (i'6), daughter of King of Argos; 
changed by Hera (Juno) into a white 
heifer and placed in care of the Argus ; 
pursued by a gadfly, she wandered to 
Egypt and recovered her original 
shape, was worshiped as Isis and be- 
came the ancestress of the royal 
families of that country. 

Iphigenia (if-i-je-ni'a), daughter of 
Agamemnon and Clytemnestra ; 
changed into a goat when her father 
attempted to sacrifice her to Artemis. 

Iris (i'ris), an oceanide, messenger of 
the gods and daughter of Electra. 



Ishtar (ish'tar) or Istar (is'tar), 
Assyro-Babylonian goddess of war 
and love, ruler of the morning and 
evening star. 

Isis (i'sis) , Egyptian goddess reigning 
with Osiris, the moon and sun; she 
had the power of granting possessions 
in the nether world. 

Janns (ja'nus), a king of Italy who 
sheltered Saturn when driven from 
Heaven by Jupiter; god of highways, 
gates and locks; usually represented 
with two faces; a brazen temple was 
erected to him in Rome; always open 
in time of war; closed during peace. 

Jason (ja'sun), son of ^Eson; leader of 
expedition against Colchis, and 
brought away the golden fleece with 
Medea, whom he married. 

Jocasta (jo-kas'ta), mother of CEdipus, 
whom shein ignorance married. 

Juno (ju'no), daughter of Saturn, and 
married to Jupiter; queen of all the 
gods and mistress of heaven and 
earth; generally represented riding 
in a chariot drawn by peacocks, a dia- 
dem on her head, and a sceptre in her 
hand; identified with the Greek Hera. 

Jnpiter (ju'pi-ter), the god of gods; 
son of Saturn; born on Mount Ida, in 
Crete; with the help of Hercules de- 
feated the giants, the sons of earth, 
when they made war against heaven; 
the Africans called him Ammon, the 
Babylonians, Belus, and the Egyp- 
tians, Osiris ; identified with the Greek 
Zeus. 

Karma (kar'ma), Hindu. 1. Condition 
after death, determined by acts in this 
world. 2. In theosophy ; doctrine of 
fate; the inevitable consequence. _ 

Kriemhild or Chriemhild (krem'- 
hild), heroine of the "Nibelungen- 
lied"; wife of Siegfried ; counterpart 
of Gudrun in the Norse. 

Lachesis (lak'e-sis), a Parcas; one of 
the Fates, presiding over futurity. 

Laocoon ( la-ok'o-on), a priest of 
Apollo, son of Priam and Hecuba ; 
with his two sons, crushed to death by 
serpents, because he opposed the ad- 
mission of the wooden horse to Troy. 

Lares (la'rez), inferior Roman gods 
presiding over houses and families; 
their statues were placed within the 
doors or over the hearths. 

Lema (ler'na), the marsh where Her* 
cules slew the many headed monster. 

Lethe (le'the), 1. A river of Hades, of 
which the souls of the departed drank 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



Lilith 



786 



Muses 



to forget the past. 2. Daughter of 
Eris, personification of Oblivion. 

Lilith (lil'ith), Hebrew. Said to have 
been Adam's first wife; turned from 
Paradise and made a spectre; a great 
enemy _of newborn babes. 

Loki (lo'ke), Norse. God of destruc- 
tion ; father of the midgard-serpent, 
the fenris-wolf, and Hel. 

.Lohengrin (lo'en-grin), German. Son 
of Parzival, a knight of the Holy 
Grail; carried to Antwerp in a boat 
drawn by a swan; became the hus- 
band of the Princess of Brabant on 
condition that she never ask his 
name; she breaks the agreement and 
he is carried away by the swan; the 
basis of Wagner's drama. 

IiOrelei (lo're-li), the legendary abode 
of a river siren, between St. Goar and 
Oberwesel; a dangerous cliff on the 
Rhine; subject of an opera by Men- 
delssohn and a poem by Heine. 

Lucifer _(lu'si-fer), Satan. 

Luna (lu'na), Roman goddess of the 
moon. [of fertility. 

Lu;>ercus (lu-per'kus)^ old Roman god 

Lycomedes (lik-o-me'dez), King of 
Scyros; Achilles was disguised as a 
girl among his daughters to avoid 
going to the Trojan war. 



Mars (marz), the Roman god of war; a 
son of Jupiter and Juno; identified 
with Greek Ares. 

Mausolus (ma-so'lus), King of Crete; 
his wife, Artemisia, at his death, 
drank up his ashes; erected grandest 
monument of antiquity to his mem- 
ory; one of the " seven wonders." 

Medea (me-de'a), wife of Jason; daugh- 
ter of *^Eetes,'who assisted Jason in 
getting the golden fleece. 

Medusa (me-du'sa), one of the Gor- 
gens; Minerva changed her beautiful 
hair into serpents; conquered by Per- 
seus; her head cut off and placed on 
Minerva's shield ; everyone who 
looked at head was turned into stone. 

Meleager (me-le'a-jer), son of Oeneus 
and Althaea; destined to live as long 
as a certain brand remained uncon- 
sumed; it was burned by his mother 
to revenge Meleager's murder of his 
brother /[of Jupiter; muse of tragedy. 

Melpomene (mel-pom'e-ne) , daughter 

Memnon(mem'noD\l.Son of Tithonus 
and Aurora; King of Ethiopia; 
nephew of Priam, whom he assisted 
during the Trojan war ; killed by 
Achilles. 2. A station near Thebes, 
erected in his memory, which gave 
forth a melodious sound at sunrise. 



Menelaus { men-e-la'us). brother of 
Agamemnon and King of Sparta; hus- 
band of Helen. 

Mentor (men'tar), a friend of Ulysses 
left in charge of his household and of 
his son Telemachus. 

Mercury (mer'ku-ri), the son of Jupi- 
ter and Maia; messenger of the gods 
and conductor of the souls of the dead 
to Hades; he was the supposed in- 
ventor of weights and measures, and 
presided over orators and merchants ; 
Mercury was accounted the god of 
thieves; identified with Hermes. 

Midas (mi'das), a king of Phrygia; 
begged of Bacchus the gift that every- 
thing he touched might turn into 
gold; the request was granted, but 
food also was turned to gold, and so 
he asked the god to withdraw the 
power; he bathed in the River Pac- 
tolus, and its sands were golden ever 
since; his ears were changed to those 
of an ass for declaring Pan's musical 
ability greater than Apollo's. 

Midgardsorm (mid'gard-sor m ), 
Norse. A monster serpent encircling 
the earth in its surrounding waters; 
slain by Thor, who was poisoned 
from its breath. 

Minerva (mi-ner'va), the goddess of 
wisdom, war and the liberal arts; also 
called Pallas; said to have sprung 
fully armed, from the head of Jupiter; 
the tutelar deity of the city of Athens, 
and her temple at Athens, the Parth- 
enon, still remains. 

Minos (mi'nos), 1. Son of Zeus (Jupi- 
ter) and Europa, and King of Crete ; 
a great lawgiver, and after death a 
judge in the nether world. 2. Son of 
Minos I, who annually sacrificed 
7 boys and 7 virgins to the minotaur. 

Minotaur (min'o-tar), a monster, half 
man, half bull, who devoured Minos' 
human sacrifices; killed by Theseus. 

Mitnra (mith'ra), a Persian divinity, 
god of light; later of the sun. 

Mnemosyne ( ne-mos'i-ne), the god- 
dess of memory; mother of Muses. 

Mjollnir (myel'nir), Norse. Thor's 
hammer, "the crusher," made by 
dwarfs. 

Moloch (m5'lok), a god of the Cu,naan- 
itish and Semitic races, to whom 
human victims, principally children, 
were sacrificed. 

Momus (mo'mus), the god of mirth, 
laughter and sarcasm; son of Nox. 

Morpheus (mar'fe-us, or mar'fus), the 
god of sleep and dreams; "the son of 
Somnus. 

Muses, nine daughters of Zeus and 
Mnemosyne — Calliope, Clio, Erato, 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf j 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, t /ten. 



Naiads 



Palladium 



Thalia, Melpomene, Terpichore, Eu- 
terpe, Polyhymnia and Urania, pre- 
siding over poetry, music, the arts 
and sciences. 



Naiads (na'yadz), nymphs presiding 
over springs, fountains and wells. 

Narcissus ( nar-sis'sus), a beautiful 
youth that fell in love with his reflec- 
tion in a fountain, imagining that it 
must be some beautiful nymph, and 
in his despair he killed himself; there 
sprang from his blood a flower which 
was named after him, Narcissus. 

Nastrond (na'strend), Norse. Place 
of punishment for the wicked. 

Nemesis (nem'e-sis), goddess of ven- 
geance and justice; daughter of Nox, 
and an infernal deity. 

Neptune (nep'tun), god of the sea; 
husband of Amphitrite, and father of 
Triton ; son of Saturn and Ops ; 
brother to Jupiter, Pluto and Juno; 
identified with Poseidon. 

Nereids (ne're-iciz), fifty sea nymphs ; 
daughters of Nereus. 

Nestor (nes'tar), King of Pylos, and 
son of Neleus and Chloris; distin- 
guished for wisdom and justice; he 
outlived three generations. 

Nibelungenlied (ne'be-long-en-led ), 
German epic poem written in the 13th 
centui'y ; its hero is a mythical prince, 
later King of Niderland; married 
Kriemhild, sister of the Burgundian 
KingGunther; based on the Volsunga 
Saga and the Edda. 

Nibelung-s ( ne'be-longz), a race of 
Northern dwarfs named from their 
kings ; applied to Siegfried's fol- 
lowers. 

Nid^ug 1 (nid'hog), Norse. A serpent 
or monster incessantly gnawing at 
the root of the tree Yggdrasil. 

Niflheim (nifl-Mm), Norse. The 
cold world of fog in the North ; in 
the midst was the spring from which 
flowed ten rivers. 

Niflhel (nif'1-hel), Norse. Abode of 
dead below the earth, surrounded by 
a wall and a swift river running over 
bed of swords ; approached by bridge 
guarded by the maiden Modgud. 

Niobe (ni'6-be), is the personification 
of grief; by her husband, Amphion, 
she had ten sons a,nd ten daughters: 
in punishment for her arrogance to 
Latona the ten sons were killed by 
Apollo, and the daughters (except 
Chloris) by Diana ; Niobe, over- 
whelmed with grief, was turned into 
a marble statue. 



Nirvana (nir-va'na), the ideal state to 
which the Buddhist saint aspires; 
originally extinction of existence. 

Njord (nyerd), ruler of the wind and 
sea; god of the sailors and fishermen ; 
father of Frey and Freyja. 

Nox (noks), the daughter of ®haos, 
and sister of Erebus and Mors; per- 
sonified night, and was the mother of 
Nemesis and the Fates. 

Nymphs (nimfs), inferior female 
deities; attendants of the gods; some 
presided over springs, woods and the 
sea ; they are spoken of as land 
nymphs or Naiads, and sea or water 
nymphs or Nereides ; the Dryades 
lived in forests and the Hamadryades 
were found in groves of oak trees. 

Oceanides (o-se-an'i-dez), sea nymphs, 
daughters of Oceanus and Tethys. 

Oceanns ( o-se'a-nus ). son of Ccelus 
and Terra; husband of Tethys; father 
of the Oceanides; he also personified 
the immense stream which was sup- 
posed to surround the earth, and into 
which the sun and moon and other 
heavenly bodies sank every day. 

Odin (o'din), Norse. Chief god of the 
Ases; identified with Woden. 

CEdipns (ed'i-pus), son of Laius and 
Jocasta ; King of Thebes ; involun- 
tarily killed his father and married 
his mother; he solved the riddle of the 
sphinx, went mad, and put out his 
own eyes. 

Olympus (o-lim'pus), the magnificent 
mountain on the coast of Thessaly, 
9,750 feet high, where the gods were 
supposed to reside. 

Orestes (o-res'tez), slayer of his 
mother, Clyteemnestra; son of Aga- 
memnon. 

Orion (o-ri'on), a giant; suitor of 
Merope, whose father blinded him ; 
was restored by gazing at the sun. 

Ormuzd (ar'mozd), Persian. Ahura 
Mazda, or" the Good Spirit, who will 
ultimately triumph over evil. 

Orpheus (ar'fus), or ar-fe'us), hus- 
band of Eurydice (which see); with 
his lyre he charmed the mountains 
and streams. 

Osiris(o-si'ris), Egyptian. The Creator, 
in constant conflict with his brother 
or son, Set, god of evil; husband of 
Isis, god of dead, and of the Nile. 

Ossa (os'sa), a mountain piled upon 
Pelion by'the giants in order to scale 
Olympus. 

Palladium (pal-la'di-um), a wooden 
image of Pallas (Minerva), its pres- 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



Pan 



Python 



ervation insured the safety of Troy; 
stolen by Ulysses and Diomedes. 

Pan (pan), god of shepherds and hunts- 
men; represented as part man, part 
goat, playing a reed-pipe. 

Pallas (pal'las), Athene; identified 
with Roman Minerva. 

Pandora (pan-do'ra), the first woman 
made by Hephaestus (Vulcan) ; en- 
dowed by the gods with beauty and 
the arts; Zeus (Jupiter) gave her a 
box of misfortunes, which curiosity 
prompted her to open ; all but Hope 
flew out of the box. 

Paris (pa'ris, or par'is), son of Priam, 
King of Troy; under tbe inspiration 
of Venus, to who.vt he had awarded 
the golden apple of supreme beauty, 
he eloped with Helen the wife of Men- 
elaus, King of Sparta, and this gave 
rise to the Trojan war; he fell during 
or after the siege. 

Parzival ( part'se-fal), a knight of 
Arthur's Round Table; he loses the 
sovereignty of the Holy Grail, but 
after a life of abstinence in search of 
it, he is declared worthy to become its 
sovereign. 

Pegasus (peg'a-sus), the famous 
winged horse sprung from the blood 
of Medusa; by striking the ground 
with his hoof, he caused to spring 
forth the fountain called Hippocrene. 

Pelops (pe'lops), killed by his father, 
Tantalus, King of Phrygia, and served 
to the gods at a feast; restored to life 
by the gods, who gave him an ivory 
shoulder to replace the one eaten by 
Ceres (Demeter)^ 

Penates (pe-na'tez), Roman. House- 
hold gods (see Lares). 

Penelope (pe-nel'o-pe), Ulysses' wife; 
faithful during her husband's absence 
of 20 years ; put off suitors by refus- 
ing an answer until she had finished 
weaving a web, unwinding at night 
what she had wove during the day. 

Persephone (per-sef'o-ne), or Pro- 
serpina (pro-ser'pi-na), daughter of 
Jupiter and Ceres ; wife of Pluto; 
personification of the seasons ; six 
months of the year she passed in 
Hades and six on earth. 

Perseus (per'sus), a son of Jupiter 
(Zeus) and Danae; his first famous 
exploit was against Medusa; assisted 
by Pluto, who gave him a helmet 
which would make him invisible, by 
Pallas, who lent him her shield, and 
Mercury, who supplied him with 
wings, he cut off Medusa's head, and 
from the blood sprang the winged 
horse Pegasus. 



Phaethon (fa'e-thon), or Phaeton 
(fa'e-ton), a son of Apollo (Helios); 
anxious to display his skill in horse- 
manship, he was allowed to drive the 
chariot of the Sun for one day. The 
horses became unmanageable, and 
overturned the chariot. Jove, to stop 
the impending disaster to heaven and 
earth, killed him with a thunderbolt. 

Phenix or Phoenix (fe'niks), A beau- 
tiful bird who lived over 500 years, 
the only one of its kind; about to die, 
it burned itself to ashes, from which 
a young phenix arose, or the bird re- 
vived in the freshness of youth. 

Pleiades, The (ple'ya-dez), seven 
daughters of Atlas, named Electra, 
Alcyone, Celaano, Maia, Sterope, Tay- 
gete, andMerope. 

Pluto (plu'to), king of the infernal 
regions; a son of Saturn; brother of 
Jupiter and husband of Prosperine. 
Represented as holding a trident with 
two teeth and with keys in his hand. 

Plutus (plu'tus), the god of riches, and 
son of Jason and Ceres; described as 
blind and lame. 

Pollux (pol'luks), twin brother of 
Castor, and son of Jupiter. [trees. 

Pomona (po-mo'na), goddess of fruit 

Poseidon (po-si'don), brother of Zeus, 
lord of the sea; son of Cronos and 
Rhea; identified with the Roman 
Neptune. 

Priam (pri'am), last king of Troy; 
Hecuba's husband; father of Hector 
and Paris. 

Procrustes (pro-krus'tez), a highway- 
man who tied his captors on a bed ; if 
too long to fit the couch, he cut off 
part of their limbs; if too short, he 
stretched them. 

Prometheus (pro-me'the-us), son of 
Iapetus; for stealing fire from heaven 
Zeus ordered him chained to a rock 
in Mt. Caucasus, where his liver was 
daily consumed by an eagle, growing 
again at night; released by Hercules. 

Proteus (pro'te-us), a marine deity 
who foretold events, and could trans- 
form himself into all shapes. 

Psyche (si'ke), personification of the 
soul; wife of Eros (Cupid). 

Pygmalion (pig-ma'li-on), a famous 
sculptor who made such a beautiful 
statue that he finally begged Venus 
to give it life; his request granted, he 
married the animated statue. 

Pythias (pith'i-as), friend of Damon. 

Python (pi'thon), a celebrated ser- 
pent killed by Apollo, who instituted 
the Pythian games in commemora- 
tion of the event. 



fftte, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, nut; cote, not, move, wolf j 

mute, hut ? buyu; oil ? owl, Men, * 



Ra 



789 



Trojan War 



Raor Re (ra), Egyptian sun god, pro- 
tector of men; emblem of supreme 
power. 

Ragnarok (rag-na-ruk'), the destruc- 
tion of the universe, the gods, and 
evil-doers by fire, followed by the 
regeneration of all things. 

Remus (re'mus), twin brother of Rom- 
ulus, by whom he was slain. 

Romulus (rom'u-lus), founder of 
Rome; a son of Mars, and a twin 
brother of Remus; thrown into the 
Tiber, but miraculously saved, and 
suckled by a she-wolf till found by a 
shepherd, who brought them up ; 
Remus was killed in a quarrel with 
his brother, and Romulus became sole 
chief of the future great nation. 



Saturn (sat'urn), father of Jupiter, 
Neptune and Pluto; son of Coelus or 
Uranus, by Terra, and husband of 
Rhea; banished from heaven by Jupi- 
ter, he fled to Italy, where he taught 
the people agriculture ; this period 
was henceforth called the Golden Age. 

Satyrs (sat'erz), identified with Roman 
Fauni. 

Scylla (sil'la), a beautiful nymph, 
changed into" a frightful sea-monster, 
rising unexpectedly from the deep; 
in reality it was a dangerous whirl- 
pool and an alternative danger with 
the rock Charybdis. 

Shiva (shi'va), Hindu. The destroyer 
and third person of the holy triad. 

Siegfried or Sigfrid (zeg'fret), hero 
of the " Nibelungenlied "; husband of 
Kriemhild. 

Sigurd (ze'gurd), Norse. The Sieg- 
fried in the Volsunga Saga. 

Sirens (si'renz), three sea nymphs 
whose music lured mariners to de- 
struction; when nearing their abode 
Ulysses had the ears of his compan- 
ions stopped with wax, and himself 
tied to the mast of his ship. 

Skanda (skan'da), Hindu. The 
younger of the two sons of Shiva. 

Skadi ( ska'de) , Norse. Daughter of 
the giant Thjazi; wife of Njord. 

Sol (sol), the sun god. [of Nox. 

Somnus (som'nus), god of sleep; son 

Sphinx (sfinks), a monster near 
Thebes who devoured all unable to 
solve her riddles ; GEdipus succeeding, 
she killed herself. 

Stentor (sten'tar), a Trojan herald 
whose voice was equal to that of 50 
men. 

Styx (stiks), the leading river of hell; 
held in such high esteem by the gods 



that they always swore " By the 
Styx," an oath never violated. 
Surya (sor'ya), the Hindu god corre- 
sponding to the Roman Sol, the sun. 



Tannhauser (tan'hoi-zer), German. A 
legendary character, and the subject 
of Wagner's opera of that name. 

Tantalus ( tan'ta-lus), as a punish- 
ment for serving up his son Pelops at 
a feast to the gods, was placed in a 
pool of water in the infernal regions, 
under a tree with delicious fruits, but 
the waters and fruit receded from him 
whenever he attempted to satisfy his 
longings for food or water. 

Tartarus (tar'ta-rus), place of punish- 
ment for the wicked, below Hades; 
often used synonymously. 

Telamon (tel'a-raon), first to scale the 
walls of Troy; King of Salamis, and 
an Argonaut. 

Teleniachus (te-lem'a-kus), only son 
of Ulysses and Penelope. 

Terminus ( ter'mi-nus ), the Roman 
god of boundaries. 

Terpsichore (terp-sik'o-re), the muse 
who presided over dancing. 

Terra (ter'ra), identified with Greek 

Gaea, goddess of the earth. 

Tethys (te'this), mother of the river 
gods and sea nymphs ; wife of 
Oceanus. 

Theseus (the'sus, or the'se-us), one of 
the most famous of the Greek heroes ; 
a son of ^Egeus, King of Athens. 

Thetis (the'tis), a sea goddess and the 
mother of the famous Achilles (q v.), 
whom she rendered all but invulner- 
able by dipping him into the Styx. 

Thor(thar), Norse. God of thunder; 
son of Odin; always carried a heavy 
hammer (mjollnir), which returned 
to his hand as often as he threw it, 
and he had a girdle that constantly 
renewed his strength. 

Thoth (thoth or tot), Egyptian. God 
of speech, letters, time, and source 
of all wisdom, corresponding to the 
GrGBk TTftTrn~i£S» 

Titans (ti'tanz), children of Uranus 
and Gasa (Heaven and Earth) ; cast 
into Tartarus by Zeus ; guarded by 
the hundred armed giants. 

Triton (tri'ton), 1. Son of Poseidon, 
who dwelt in a palace at the bottom 
of the sea. 2. Later the Tritons ap- 
pear as sea gods. 

Trojan "War, a ten year Grsek war, 
under Agamemnon, against the 
Trojans, for recovery of Helen, wife 
of Menelaus, King of Sparta, carried 
off by Paris, son of the Trojan king. 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, ab.ove; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf j 
mute, hut, bum; oil, owl, then. 



Typhoeus 



790 



Zeus 



Typhceus (ti-fe'us), a hundred headed 
giant who made war against the gods ; 
Jupiter struck him with his holts and 
crushed him under Mt. Etna. 

Typhou (ti'fon), 1. Son of Typhosus, 
later confused with him; father of the 
winds. 2. Egyptian. The god who 
undoes all the good effected by Osiris. 



Undine (un-den' or un'den), German. 
A water spirit who, through her mar- 
riage to a mortal, is endowed with a 
soul. 

Ulysses (u-lis'sez, or Odysseus), a king 
of Ithaca, whose exploits in connec- 
tion with the Trojan war, and his ad- 
ventures on his return therefrom, are 
the subject of Homer's Odyssey; his 
wife, Penelope, was a pattern of con- 
stancy, for though Ulysses was re- 
ported to be dead, she would not 
marry anyone else, and had the satis- 
faction of finding her husband return 
after an absence of about 20 years. 

Uranus (u-ra/nus), identified with 
Ccelus; son of Gsea, and father of the 
Titans ; dethroned by Cronus. 



Vanderdecken (van'der-dek-en), cap- 
tain of the Flying Dutchman, con- 
demned for his sins to sail around 
Cape of Good Hope forever ; according 
to the English version his ship was 
not spectral. 

Valhalla (val-hal'a), Norse. The Scan- 
dinavian temple of immortality, in- 
habited by the souls of heroes slain in 
battle. 

Valkyrs (val'kirz), Norse. Odin's 
handmaidens; they rode through the 
air, and with their spears designated 
the heroes to be slain in battle. 

Vana (va'na), Norse. Gods originally at 
war with the Asas, but subsequently 
received by them into Asgard. 

Varuna (var-r5'na), the Hindu Nep- 
tune ; represented as a white man 
riding on a sea-horse, carrying a club 
in one hand and a rope in the other ; 
ruler of the night. 

Venus (ve'nus), goddess of love and 
beauty; sprung from the foam of the 
sea; Vulcan married her, but she ac- 
cepted the attentions of other gods: 
mother of Cupid. 

Veda (va'da), collection of Hindu 
sacred literature. 



Venusberg, the caverns between 
Eisenach and Gotha,. where Venus 
was said to have held her court; no 
one who was charmed by her music 
and allurements, ever returned, ex- 
cept Tannhauser. 

Vertumnus (ver-tum'nus), god of 
spring, and the husband of Pomona, 
the goddess of orchards. 

Vesta (ves'ta), the goddess presiding 
over family altars ; had under her 
special care a famous statue of Mi- 
nerva, before which the vestal virgins 
kept a fire constantly burning. 

Vishnu (vish'no), Hindu. The pre- 
server ; one of the triad, Brahma, 
Vishnu and Shiva; a popular god of 
modern Hindu worship. 

Yolsnnga Saga ( vol'song-ga sa'ga), 
Norse. Mythical history of the Vol- 
sungs and Nibelungs. 

Vulcan ( vul'kan ), the god of fire of 
metal workers'; the son of Jupiter and 
Juno ; he offended Jupiter, was by 
him thrown out of heaven, and 
dropped with such violence that he 
broke his leg, and was lame forever 
after; was married to Venus. 



Wandering' Jew, a legendary char- 
acter, condemned to wander over the 

r earth until Christ's return for an act 
of disrespect when the Saviour was 
on His way to execution. 

Woden (wo'dn), the Anglo-Saxon for 
Odin; Wednesday is called after him. 



Yama (ya'ma), Hindu. Ruler over the 
blessed or of the dead; Yama and 
sister, Yami, first human pair. 

Yggdrasil ( ig'dra-sil ), Norse. The 
ash-tree whose roots bind together 
heaven, earth and hell ; called the 
Tree of the Universe. 

Ymir (e'mer), Norse. A sea giant, the 
first created being; slain by Odin and 
his brothers ; his flesh became the 
land, his blood the waters, his hair 
the forests, his skull the heavens, and 
his brain the clouds. 



Zephyrus (zef'i-rus), god of flowers; 

a son of ^Eolus and Aurora; the west 

wind. 
Zeus (ziis), husband of Hera, son of 

Cronos and Rhea; god of the heavens; 
identified with the Roman Jupiter. 



Sate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 




N. B. — The pronunciation in this department is marked uniformly with tfie 
body of the book, u = French u, German u; fch = German ch. 



Aal — Asgardl 



Aal (al) 
Aalar (a'a-lar) 
Aaron (af'un) 
Abaddon (a-bad'dun) 
Abadias (ab-a-di'as) 
Abana (ab'a-ha) ' [der) 
Abd-el-Kader (abd-el-ka'- 
Abdera (ab-de'ra) 
Abednego (a-bed'ne-go) 
Abel (aj)el) 
Abiah (a-bi'a) 
Abiathar(a-'bi'a-thar) 
Abiezer (a-bi-e'zer) 
Abigail (ab'i-gal) 
Abimael (a-bim'a-el) 
Abimelech ^a-bim'e-lek) 
Abinadab (a-bin'a-dab) 
Absalom (ab'sa-lom) 
Abu-Bekr (a'bo-bek^r) 
Acarnania (ak-ar-na-ni'a) 
Achaia (a-ka'ya) 
Achan (a'kan) 
Achates (a-ka'tez) 
Acheron (ak'e-ron) 
Achilles j;a-kil'lez) 
Achish (a'kish) 
Acra (a'kra) 
Actium (ak'shi-um) 
Aden (a'dn) 
Adoraim (ad-o-ra'im) 
Adlai(ad'la) [lek) 

Adrammelech (a-dram'e- 
Adullam (a-dul'lam) 
Algeria (e-je'ri-aj 
^Egina_(e-ji'na) 
^Egis (e'jis)_ 
<<Egyptus (e-jip'tus) 
^Emilius_ (e-_mil'i-us) 
-iEneas (e_-ne^as) 
^Eneis (e-nels)_ 
^Enobarbus(e-no-bar'bus) 
-^Eolis (e'o-lue) 



^Esculapius (es-kii-la'pi- 

us) 
^Ethiopia (g-thi-o'pi-a) 
Agamemnon (ag-a-mem'- 

non) 
Agathon (ag'a-thon) 
Agesilaus (a-jes-i-la'us) 
Aglaia (ag-la'i-a) 
Agora (ag'o-ra) 
Ahab (a'hab) 
Ahasuerus(a-has-u-e'rus), 
Ahiezer (a-hi-e'zer ) 
Ahimelech (a-him'e-lek) 
Ahitophel (a-hith'o-fel), 
Ahriman(a-re-man') 
Ajaleth/aj'a-leth) 
Aisne (an) 
Ajah (a'ja) 
Ajalon (aj'a-lon) 
Ajax(a'^ks) 
Aladdin (a-lad'din) 
Alcuin (al'kwin) 
Alderney (al'der-ni) 
Ali (a'le) " 

Allahabad (al-_la-ha-bad') 
Alphasus (al-fe'us)' 
Alpheus (al-fe'us) 
Amadeo (a-ma-da'o) 
Amalek (am'a-lek) 
Amalfi (a-mal'fe) 
Amaryllis (am-a-ril'lis) 
Amasa (am'a-sa) 
Amboise (ohgHbwaz) 
Amerigo (a-ma-re'go) 
Amherst (am'erst) 
Ammon (am'mon) 
Amoor(a-mor') 
Amos (a'mus) 
Amphitrite (am-fi-tri'te) 
Anabasis (a-nab'a-sis) 
Ananiah (an'a-ni : a) 
Anchises (an : ki'sez) 



Andromache ( an-drom'- 

a-ke) [da. 

Andromeda ( an-drqm'e- 
Andronicus ( an-dro-ni'- 

kus) 
Angouleme (on-go-lam') 
Anjou (ong-zho') 
Antaeus (an-te'us) 
Antenor (an-te'nor) 
Anthropophagi (an-thrd- 

pof'a-jl) 
Antigone (an-tig'o-ne) 
Antiochia (an-ti-o-ki'a) 
Antipater (an-tip'a-ter) 
Anubis (a-nu'bis)_ ' 
Apache (a-pa'cha) 
Apelles (a-pel'ez) 
Aphrodite (af-ro-dlte) 
Apis (a'pis) 
Apollo (a-pol'o) 
Apnius (ap'pi-us) 
Apuleia (ap-u-le'ya) 
Aranjuez (a-ran-hweth') 
Arbaces (ar'ba-sez) 
Arbela (ar-be'la) 
Archangel (ark-an'jel) 
Areopagus (a-re-op'a-gus) 
Argenteuil (ar : zhong-teT) 
Argivi (ar-ji'vi) 
Argonauts (ar'go-nats) 
Ariadne (a-ri-ad'ne)" 
Ariel (a'ri-el) 
Arimathea (ar'i-ma-the-a) 
Ariobarzanes (a-ri-o-bar- 

za'nez) 
Arion (a-ri'on) 
Aroostook (a-ros'tok) 
Art_abazanes(ar-ta-'ba-za'- 

nez) 
Artemis (ar'te-mis) 
Asclepius (as-kle'pi-us) 
Asgard (as'gard) 



fito, Cat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 

mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 

791 



Ashtabula 



792 



C'richfoil 



Ashtabula (ash-ta-bu'la) 
Ashtaroth (ash'taj'rotb) 
Asmodeus ( az-mo-de'us ) 
Aspasia (as-pa'zhi-a) 
Astaroth (as'ta-roth) 
Astarte (as-taf'te) 
Astrakhan (as-tra-kan') 
As ty an ax (as-ti'a-naks) 
Ate (a'te) 
Athene Ja-the'ne) 
Athos (a'thos) 
Atticus (at'i-kus) 
Auchiulech (af-flek' or 

a&Mn-lek') 
Auchmuty (ok'mu-ti) 
Auerbach (ow'er-baM) 
Augias(a-iras) 
Augustus (a'-gus'tus) 
Aurora (a- for a) 
Auvergne (o-vern') 
Auxerre (o-sar') 
Auxonne (o-son') 
Avernus (a-ver'nus) 
Avignon (a-ven-yong') 
Azof (a-zov') 
Azriel (az'ri-el) 



Baal (ba'al) 
Baalah (ba'a-la) 
Baasha (ba'a-sha) 
Baba, Ali (ale ba'ba) 
Babel (ba'bel) 
Bacchus (bak'us) 
Bagehotjbaj'ut) 
Baiee (ba'ye) 
Balaam (ba'lam) 
Baldr (bal'der) 
Basque (bask) 
Bathsheba (bath-she'ba) 
Batoum (ba-totu') 
Bayou (bi'6), 
Beauchamp (be'cham ; Fr. 

bo-shong') 
Beauclerc (bo'klerk) 
Beauharnais (bo-ar_-na') 
Beavjmarchais (bo-mar- 

sha') 
Beelzebub (be-el'ze-bub) 
Beer-sheba (be'er-she-ba) 
Belfort(bel-far') [foh) 

Bellerophon" ( bel-Ier'o- 
Belshazzar (bel-shaz'zar) 
Belvidere (bel-ve-der') 
Berenice (ber-e-m'se) 
Beresina (ber-e-ze'na) 
Berlioz (ber'li-6z) 
Bernadotte ( ber-na-dot') 
Berthi er (ber-te-a') 
Berwickshire ( b e r ' r i k- 

sher) 
Besancon (b'zong-song') 
Bethsaida (beth-sa'i-da) 
Bey root (ba'rot) 



Biarritz (be-ar-rets') 
Blenheim (blen'im) _ 
Boadicea (bo-ad-i-se'a) 
Boonerges_(_bo-a-ner'"jez) 
Boeotia (be^sh'i-a) 
Boethius (bo-e'thi-us) 
Boleyn (bol'in) [brok) 
Bolingbro'ke _( bo 1 ' i ri g- 
Bologna (bo_-lqn'ya) 
Bootes (b5-o'tez) 
Boreas (b5're-as) _ 
Borghese (bar-ga'za) 
Borgia (bar'j'a) 
Bottiger (bet'ie-ger) 
Boulanger (bo-long-zha') 
Bourbon (bor'bun) 
Boucicault (bo-se-kd'' 
Bouvier (b5_-vya') 
Bowdoin (bo'dn) 
Brahma (bra'ma) 
Brahmapootra (bra-ma- 

po'tra) 
Briudisi (brin-de'se) 
Broglie (broly) 
Bruyn (broin) 
Brynhild (brin'hild) 
Bucephalus (bu-sef 'a-lus) 
Bunsen (bon'sen) 
Bunzlau (bonts'low) 
Burg (burg) 
Burghley(bur'li) 
Busiris (bu-si'ris) 



Caaba (ka-a'ba) 
Csesarea jses-a-re'a) 
Caieta (ka-e'ta) 
Cagliostro (kal-yos'tro) 
Cain (kan) 
Caldea (kal-de^a) 
Callao (kal-ya'o) [kus) 
Callimachus ( kaHim'a- 
Calliope (kal-li'6-pe) 
Callisthenes ( kal-lis'the- 

nez) 
Calpurnius(kal-pur'ni-us) 
Calvary (kal'va-ri) 
Calypso (ka-lip'so) 
Cambronne (kong-bron') 
Cambyses (kam-bi'sez) 
Camoens (ka-mo'enz) 
Canaan (ka'nan) 
Canajoharie ( kan-a-jo- 

har'ri ) [gwa) 

Canandaigua (kan-an-da'- 
Canute (ka-nuf) 
Capet (ka'pet) 
Cappadocia ( kap-pa-do'- 

shi-a) 
Caria' (ka'ri-a)_ 
Castalia (kas-ta'li-a) 
Catullus (ka-tul'lus) 
Cavaignac (ka-van'yak), 
Cavour (ka-vor') 



Cayenne (ka-yen') 
Cecrops (se'krops) 
Centauri (sen-ta'rl) 
Cephalonia (sef a-lo-ni-a) 
Cephas (se'fas) 
Cerberus (ser'be-rus) 
Cercyra (ser-si'ra) 
Ceres (se'rez) 
Cervera (ther-va'ra) 
Chaeronea (ker-o-he'a) 
Chalibes (kal'i-bez) 
Chambord (shong-bor') 
Chamissq (sha-mis'o) 
Chaos (ka'os) 
Charon (ka'ron) 
Charybdis (ka-rib'dis) 
Cheops (ke'ops) 
Cherokee (cher-o-ke') 
Chihuahua (che-wa'wa) 
Chillicothe (chil-i-koth'e) 
Chisleu (kis'lu) 
Chittim (kit'im) 
Chloe (klo'e) 
Cholmondely (chum'li) 
Chorazin (ko-ra'zin) 
Chris tophorus (kris-tof- 

o-rus) 
Chronos (kro'nos) 
Cilicia (si-lish'i-a) 
Cimmeri (sim-m'e'rl) 
Cinq Mars (sangk-mars') 
CinquePorts(singk ports) 
Circe (ser'se)_ 
Cleanthes (kle-an'thez) 
Clearchus (kle-ar'kus) 
Cleopas (kle'6_-pas) 
Cleophas (kle'o-fas) 
Clio (kli'o) 
Cloe (klo'e) 
Cloelia (kle'li-a) 
Clusium (klu'shi-um) 
Clytemnestra (kli t'e ni- 
nes' tr a) 
Clytia (klish'i-a) 
Clytie (kli'ti) 
Cnidus (ni'dus) 
Cochituate (ko-chit'u-at) 
Coeur de Lion (ker-de-ir- 
un; Fr. ker-de-le-6ng') 
Colbert (kol-bar') 
Coligny (ko-len-yf) 
Colossae (ko-lps'se) 
Colquhoun (ko-hon') 
Comines (ko-men') 
Compiegne (kong-pe-an') 
Conde (kon'da; Fr. kong- 

da') 
Conemaugh (kon'e-ma) 
Courtenay (kert'na) 
Cowes (kowz) 
Cremona (kre-mo'na) 
Creon (kreVm) 
Creusa (kre-u'sa) 
Crichton (kri'tun) 



fat, task; far, fan, £are > above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf} 
mute, hut* burn; oil, owl, thou. 



Crifto 



793 



Falkenstein 



Crito (krl'to)_ 
Croatia (kro-a'shi-a) 
Ctenus (te'nus) 
Ctesilaus (tes-i-la'us) 
Ctesiphou (tes'i-fon) 
Culloden (kui-lo'den) 
Culm (kolm) 
Cuyahoga (ki-a-ho'ga) 
Cybele (sib'e-le) 
Cyclades (sik'la-dez) 
Cyclopes (si-klo'pez) 
Cyrene (si-re'ne) 
Cythera (sl-the'ra) 
Czaslau (chas'low) 
Czernigow (cher'ne-gof ) 



Dabareh (dab'a-re) 
Daedalus (ded'a-lus) 
Daghestan (da-ges-tan') 
Dalhousie (dal-ho'zi) 
Dalilah (da-U'la) 
Damocles (dam'o-klez) 
Danae (dan'a-e)^ 
Danaidae (da-na'i-de) 
Danaus (dan'a-us) 
Daphne (daf'rie) 
Darius (da-ri'us) 
Dartmouth (dart'muth) 
Davoust (da-vo') 
Debreczin (da-bret'sin. 
Debora ( deb'o-ra or de- 

bo'ra) 
Decimus (des'i-mus) 
Decius (de'shi-us) 
Deianira (de_I-a-ni[ra) 
Deioneus (de-i-o'ne-us) 
Dejanira (dej-a-ni'ra) 
Delatour (d'la-tor') 
Delaunay (d'lo-na') 
Delft (delft) 
Delilah (de-li'la) 
Demeter (de-me'ter) 
Demetrius (de-me'tri-us) 
Denbigh (den'bi) 
Denis, Saint (sang d'ne') 
Deodatu3 (de-od'a-tus) 
Depeyster (de-pis'ter) 
Derby (der'bi or dar'bi) 
De Ruyter (dej-ii'ter) 
Deschamps (da-shong') 
D'Estaing (des-tang') 
Deucalion (du-ka'li-on) 
DevereuX (dev'er-o) 
Devrient (da-vre-ongO 
Diana (dl-an'a) 
Dido (di'do) 
Didvmus (did'i-mus) 
Diebitsch(de'bich) 
Diego (de-a^go) 
Dietrich (de'triM) 
Dinah (dVna) 
Dinant (de-riong') 
Diodorus (di-6-do'rus) 



Diomede (dI-5-me'de) 
Dioscuri (di-os-ku'rl) 
Divitiacus (div-i-ti'a-kus) 
Dnieper (ne'per) 
Dniester (nes'ter) [nus) 
Domitianus(do mish-i-a'- 
Donatus (do-na'tus) 
Dorcas (dar'kas) 
Doi'dogne"(daf-don') 
Doubs (do) 
Douro (do^ro) 
Draco (dra'ko) 
Dreux (dre) 
Druides (dru'i-dez) 
Druses (dro'sez)_ 
Dryades (drl'a-dez) 
Dubois(do-bois') 
Dubuque (do-buk') 
Duchesne (dli-shan') 
Duero (do-a'ro) 
Dumfries (dum-fres')_ 
Dunsinane ( dun-sin-an' ) 
Duplessis (dii-pla-se') 
Duquesne (dii-kan') 
Durand ( du-rand' ; Fr. 

dii-rong') 
Durango (do-ran'go) 
Diirer (dii'rer) 
Durlach (dor'lak) 



Ebed (e'bed) 
Ebenezer (eb-en-e-zer) 
Ebiasaph (e-bl'a-saf) 
Ebro (e'bro) 
Echinae (e-ki'ne) 
Eden (e\3en) 
Edom (e'dom) 
Edrei (ed're-i) 
Egeria (e-je'ri-a) 
Eisenach (i'sen-aM) 
Elbrooz (el-broz') 
Eleazar (e-le^a'zer) 
Eleusa (el-e-u'sa) 
Eleiisis (e-lu'sis) 
Eleutheria (el-u-the'ri-a) 
Elgin, (Scot, el'gin; U. S. 

el'jin) 
Eli (e'li) 
Elias (e-li'as) 
Eliezer (e-li-e'zer) 
Elihu (e-li'hu) 
Elijah (e-li'ja) 
Elisha (e-li'sha) 
Elohim (ero-hem) 
Elysium (e-lizh'i-um) 
Elzevir (el'ze-ver) 
Emmanuel (em-man'u-el) 
Emmaus (em-ma'us) 
End or (en'dar) 
Endymion ( en-dim'i-on ) 
Eneas (e'ne-as) 
Enghien (ong-ge-ong') 
Enoch (e'nok) 



Epernay (a_-per-na'> 
Ephialtes (ef-i-al'te'z) 
Ephorus (ef'o-rus) 
Ephraim (e'fra-im) 
Epictetus (ep-ik-te'tus) 
Epicureans ( ep-i-ku-re- 

anz) 
Epiphanes (e-pif'a-nez) 
Epirus (e-pi'rus) 
Erato (er'a-to) 
Erebus (e'r'e-bus) 
Eretria (e-re'tri-a) 
Eric (er'ik) 
Erichtho (e-rik'tho) 
Erin (e/rin) 
Eros (e'ros) 
Eryciua (er-i-si'na) 
Esasias (e-za'yas)* 
Esau (e'sa) 

Escurial '(es-ko-re-al') 
Esquilinus (es-kwi-li'nus) 
Esquimalfc (es'kwi'mo) 
Esseui (es-se'ni) 
Esterhazy (es'ter-ha-zi) 
Ethan (e'than) 
Ethelbert (e'th'el-bert) 
Ethelred (eth'el-red) 
Ethelwolf (eth'el-Avolf) 
Etrusci (e-trus'si) 
Eu (e) 

Euagetus_ (u-a-je'tus) 
Euboea (u-be'a) 
Eudamus (u'da-mus) • 
Eudocia (u-do'shi'a) 
Eudora (u-do'ra) 
Euergetae (u-ef'je-te) 
Eumenes (u'nie-rez) 
Eunice (u-ni'se or u'nis) 
Eupator (u'pa-tar) 
Euphorion (u'-fo'ri-on) 
Euphrosyne (ufros'i-ne) 
Eurotas (u-ro'tas) 
Eurymede (u-rim'e-de) 
Eusebius (u-se'bi-us) 
Euterpe (u-ter'pe) 
.Euxine (uks'in)_ 
Evadne (e ; vad'ne) 
Evander (e-van'der) 
Evangelus (e-van'jeJus) 
Eve (ev) 
Ewart (u'art) 
Ewing (u'ing) 
Eyck (Ik) 
Eyre (ar) 
Ezekiel (e-ze'ki-el) 
Ezra (ez'ra) 



Paberius (fa-ber'i-us) 
Fabianus (fab-i-a'nus) 
Fabii (fa'bi-I) 
Fabyan (fa'bi-an) 
Fafnir (faf'nef) [stin) 
(falk'ken 



Falkenstein 



Cite, f*t. taafc, far. tail, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not. move, wodf : 
©ut©. but, burn ; oil, owl, tftea. 



Falerii 



794 



•foal) 



Falerii (fa-le'ri-I) 
Falkland (fak'land) 
Faneuil (fun'il) _ 
Faraday (far'a-d/W 
Farnese (far-hez') 
Fatima (fa-te'ma) 
Faunus (fa'nus) 
Faust (fowst) 
Faustina (fas-ti'na) 
Favre (favr) 
Fayal (fi-%1') 
Fecamp (f a-kong') 
Fenris (fen'ris) 
Ferrol (fer-rol') 
Feuerbach (foi'er-baM) 
Fieschi (fe-es'ke_) 
Fiesole (fyes'o-la) 
Fingal (flng'gal) 
Finistere (lin-is-tar') 
Formiae (far'mi-e) 
Forster (fer'ster) 
Forsyth (for-slth') [tus) 
Fortunatus ( far-tu-na'- 
Foscari (fos-ka're) 
Fouggres (fo-zbar') 
Franche Comte (frongsh 

kSng-ta/) 
Francois (f rong-swa') 
Freiligrath (fri'le-grat) 
Frelinghuysen ( f re'ling- 

hi-zen) 
Fresnel (fra-nel') 
Freytag (fri'tag) 
Friedland (fret'lant) 



Gaba (ga'ba) 
Gabbai (gab'a-I) 
Gabii (ga'bi-i) 
Gaea (je'a) 
Gaetuli (je-tu'li) 
Gaius (ga'yus) 
Galena (ga-le'na) 
Galignani (ga-len-ya'ne) 
Galilee (gal'i-le) 
Galileo (gal-i-le'o)_ 
Galvani (gal-va'ne) 
Gamaliel (ga-ma'li-el) _ 
Ganymede (ga_n-i-me'de) 
Gauthier (go-te-a') 
Gehenna (ge-hen'na) 
Gellert (gel'lert) 
Genesareth(je-nes'a-reth) 
Geneseo (jen-e-se'o) 
GengisKhan(jen'gis-kan) 
Genseric (jen'ser-ik) 
Georgica (je-or'ji-ka) 
Germanicus ( jer-man'i- 

kus) 
Gerry (ger'ri) 
Gesner (ges'ner) 
Gessler (ges'ler) 
Geyser (gi'ser) 
Giocondo (jo-kon'do) 



Giotto Cjot'q) 
Giovanni (jq-van'ni) 
Gironde (zhe-rongd') 
Gleim (glim) 
Gluck (glok) 
Goliath (go-H'ath) 
Gorgias (gar'ji-as) 
Goshen (go'sheri) 
Grattan (grat'n) 
Greenwich (grin'ij) 
Grosvenor (gro'ven-er) 
Grouchy (gro-she') _ 
Guayaquil (gwi-a-kel') 
Guelph (gwelf) 
Guglielmo (gol-yel'mo^ 

Habakkuk ( hab'ak-kuk ) 
Hades (ha'dez) 
Hafiz (ha'fiz) 
Hagar (ha'gar) 
Haggai (hag'ga-I) 
HaTiian (hi-nauj) 
Hainault (ha-no') 
Hakluyt (hak'lot) 
Halcyone (hal-si'6-ne) 
Hamilcar (ha-mil'kar) 
Haroun al Raschid (ha- 

ron-al-rash'id) 
Harwich (bar'ij) 
Haydn (ha'dn) 
Hazael (hazVel) 
Hazaiah (ha-za'ya) 
Hebe (he'be) 
Hebron (he'brun) 
Hecate (hek'a-te) 
Hecuba (hek'u-ba) 
Heimdal (him'dal) 
Hela (he'la) 
Helicon (hel'i-kon) 
Hellenes ( hel-le'nez or 

hel-lenz') 
Hengist (heng'gist) 
Hephzibah (hefzi-ba) 
Hera (he'ra) 
Heraclea (her-a-kle'a) 
Heracles (her'a-klez) 
Heraclius (her-a-kli'us) 
Herault (a-ro') 
Herculaneum (her-ku-la'- 

ne-um) 
Hercules (her'ku-lez) 
Hermione (her-mi'o-ne) 
Herodias {he-ro'di-as) 
Heron (he'ron) 
Hesiodus (he-si'o-dus) 
Hesperides (hes-per'i-dez) 
Hezekiah _(hez-e-ki'a) 
Hiero (hi'e-ro) 
Hippolyte,(hip-pol'i-te) 
Hodr (he'dr) 
Holbein (hol'bln) 
Holofernes (hol-o-fer'nez) 
Honfieur (ong-fier') 



Horeb (ho'reb) 
Hosea (ho-ze'a) 
Housatonic (tio-sa-ton'ik) 
Huesca (wes'ka) " 
Hydaspes (M-das'pez) 
Hyder Ali (hl-der-a'le) 

Iacchus (I-ak^kus) 
Iapetus (l-ap'e-tus) 
Iarbas (i-ar'bas) 
Ibrahim (ib-b'ra'hem) 
Icarus (ik'a-rus) 
Iccius (ik'shi-us) 
Ichabod (ik'a-bod) 
Ida (i'd a) 

Idomeneus (I-dom'e-nus) 
Idumeea (id-u-me'a) 
Ilias (il-i-as) 
Ilion (il'i-'on) 
Immanuel (im-man'u-_el) 
Indogenes (in-doj'e-nez) 
Io (i'o) 

Iolchos (i-ol'kos) 
Ion (I'on) 
Iona (I-o'na) 
Iphigenia (if-i-je-ni'a) 
Irene (i-re'ne) 
Iroquois (ir-5-kwoi') 
Isaac (l'zak) 
Isaiah (i-za'ya) 
Iscariot (is-kar'i-ut) 
Isis (i'sis) 
Isocles (is'o-klez) 
Isocrates (l-sok'ra-tez) 
Israel ftz'ra-el) 
Ituri (e-to'fe) 
Ivan (e-van') 

Jabez (ja'bez) 
Jacquard (zha'kar) 
Jairus (ja-i'rus) 
Jalapa (ha-la'pa) 
Janiculum (ja-nik'u-lum} 
Janin (zha-nang') 
Janus (ja'nus) 
Japheth (ja'feth) 
Jason (ja^sup) 
Jebusi (je-bu'si) 
Jedidiah (jed-i-di'a) 
Jeezer ( t ie-e'zer) 
Jehoshaphat ( je-hosh'a- 

fat) 
Jehovah (je-h5'va) 
Jehu (je'hu) 
Jeremiah Cjer-e-mi'a) 
Jerez (ha-reth') 
Jrricho (jer'i-ko) 
Jeroboam (jer-o'bo^m) 
Jerubbaal (je-rub'ba-al) 
Jerusha (je-ro'snay 
Jezebel (jez'e-bel) 
Joab O'o'ab) 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
. mute, but, burn; oil, owl, then. 



Joachim 

Joachim (jo'a-kim) 
Job (job) 
Joel (jo'el) 
Johanna (j5-han'a) 
Johannes (j5-han'ea) 
Jonah (jo'na)_ 
Joshua gosh'u-a) 
Josiah (jo-si'a) 
Jotunheim (je'ton-hlm) 
Jubal (ju'bal) 
Judas (ju'das) 
Judea (ju-de'a) 
Jungfrau (yohg'frow) 
Juno (ju'no) 
Jupiter (ju'pi-ter) 



Kanawha (ka-na'wa) 
Kavanagh (kav'a-na) 
Kearney (kar'ni) 
Kennebec (ken-e-bek'J 
Keokuk (ke'o-kuk) 
Kerguelen (kerg'e-len) 
Kharkov (kar-kof) 
Khartoom (kar-tom') 
Khorassan (ko-ras-san') 
Kickapoo (kik-a-po') 
Kidron (kid' r on) 
Kioto (ke-o'to) 
Kirkcudbright (ker-ko'- 

tore) 
Kitchitchi (kit-ke'ki) 
Kitron (kit'ron) 
Knut (knot) 
Koango (ko-an'go) 
Koniggratz (ke'nig-rets) 
Korah (ko'ra) 
Kotzebue (kbt'se-bu) 



Laadah (la'a-da) 
Laadan (la'a-dan) 
Labdacus (lab'da-kus) 
Lacedaemon (las-e-de'- 

tncnf 
Lacedas (la-se'das) 
Lackesis (lak'e-sis) 
Laertes (la-er'tez) 
La Mancha (la-man'cha) 
Lamech (la'mek) 
Laocoon (la-ok'o-on) 
Laodicea (la-od-i-se'a). 
Laomache (la-om'a-ke) 
Lapithsejlap'i-the) 
Latini (la^tl'ni) 
Latium (la'shi-um) 
Latona (la-to'na) 
Lazarus (laz'a-rus) 
Leah (le'a) 
Leander "(le-an'der) 
Lebanon (leb'a-non) 
Lefebvre (le-f avr') 
Leicester (les'ter) 
Leigh (le) 



Leighton (le'tun) 
Leinster (lm'ster) 
Lemuel (lem'u-el) 
Lenclos (long-klo') 
Lethe (le'the) 
Laucippe (lu-sip'pe) 
Levi (le'vi) 

Leviticus (le-vit'i-kus) 
Liburnia (li-btir'ni-a) 
Licinus (lis'i-nus) 
Limoges (le-mozh') 
Llandaff (lan-daf) 
Llanelly (la neth'li) 
Llangollen ()an-goih'len) 
Llanrwst (lan'rost) 
Lochaber (lok-a'ber) 
Lois (lo'is) 

Loki (lo'ki) [nus) 

Longimanus ( lon-jim'a- 
Longinus (lon-ji'nus) 
Lucius Ou'shi-us) . 
Lucretia (lu-kre'shi-a) 
Luke ()uk) 
Luna (lu'na)_ 
Lycaoa (li-ka'on) 
Lyceas (lis'e-as) 
Lycia (lish'i-a) 
Lydia (lid'i-a) 
Lysimachus(ll-sim'a-kus) 

Maadai (ma-ad/a) 
Macao (ma-ka'o) 
Maccabees (mak'a-bez) 
Macedo (mas'e-do) 
Maeedones(ma-sed'd-nez) 
Machbanai (mak'ba-na) 
Madarus (mad'a-rus) 
Maecenas (me_-se'nas) 
Meecianus (me-si-a'nus) 
Maenades (men'a-dez) 
Magog (ma'gog) 
Maia (mi'ya) [nong') 

Main tenon (mang-te- 
Malachi (mal'a-kl) 
Malchus (mal'kus)_ 
Malesherbes (mal zarb') 
Malibran (rnal-le-brong') 
Manasseh (ma-nas'se) 
Manetho (man'e-tho) 
Mariamne (ma-ri-am'ne) 
Marsala (mar-sa'la) 
Marsyas (mar'shi-as) 
Martel (mar-tel') 
Martius (mar'shi_-us) 
Massowah (mas'o-wa) 
Mathusala (ma-thu'sa-la) 
Matthew (math'u) 
Matthias (ma-thi'as) 
Maueh Chunk" (mak 

chunk') 
Maumee (ma-me') 
Maun a Loa (mow'na-lo'a) 
Mayo (ma'o) 



Neantlies 

Mazzini (mat-se'ne) 
Medea (ine-de'a)_ 
Megale (meg'ajle) 
Mehetabel (me-het'a-bel) 
Melchizadek ( mel-kiz'a- 

dek) [uej 

Melpomene ( mel-pom'e- 
Memphremagog ( ineru- 

fro-ma'gog) 
Menelaua (men-e-la'us) 
Menestheus (me-nes'thus) 
Meroe (mer'o-e) _ 
Merope (mer'o-pe) 
Merops (me'rops) 
Messala (mes-sa'la) 
Metaurus (ine-ta'rus) 
Methuselah ( me-thu'se- 

la) 
Miami (mi-am'i) 
Micah (mi'ka) 
Midas (mi'das) 
Midgard (mid'gard) 
Milcah (mil'ka) * 
Mimir (me'mer) 
Minerva (mi-ner'va) 
Minotaurus (mi h-6-t a'- 

rus) 
Miriam (mir'i-am) 
Mnemon (ne'mon) 
Mnemosyne (ne-mos'i-ne) 
Mnesilaus (nes-i-la'us) 
Moab (mojib) 
Moeris (me'ris) 
Moesia (me_'shi-a) 
Moloch (mo'lok) 
Mon_taigne(mon-tan'; Fr. 

mong-tang') 
Montij o (mon-te'ho) 
Mordecai (mar'de-ki) 
Moriah (mo-rVa) 
Morny (mor'ne) 
Morpheus (mar'phe-us) 
Moscheles_ (mosh'e-les) 
Moses (mo'zez) 
Moultrie (mo'tri) 
Mowatt (mo'at) 
Muravief (mo^ra-yef) 
Murillo (mo-rel'yo) 
Muscovy (mus'ko-vi) 
Muspelheim (mos'pel' 

him) 
Mycenae (mi-se'ne) 
Myra (mi'ra) 
Myrmidons(iner'mi-donz) 
Mysia(mizh'i-a) _ 
Mytilene (mit-i-le'ne) 



Naam (na'am) 
Naaman (na'a-man) 
Naboth (na'both)' 
Nahaliel (na-ha'li-el, 
Narcasus (nar-se'us)_ 
Neanthes (ne-an'thez) 



fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; n5t9, not, more, wolf ; 
mute, but, burn; oil, owl, then. 



ffebrachadnezasai* 



796 



Scuti&ri 



Nebuchadnezzar (neb-u- 

kad-nez'ar) 
Necho (ne'ko)_ 
Neemias (ne-e-ml'as) 
Nehemiab (ne-he-mi'a) 
Nephthali (nef'tha-li)' 
Nereis (ne're-is) 
Neuilly (ne-ye') 
Nevers (ne-var') 
Nicaea (ni-se'a) 
Nicodemus(nik-5-de^mus) 
Nicomedes(nik-o-me'dez) 
Niflheim (nif'1-hlm) 
Niobe (ni'o-be) 
Nornen (nar'nen) 
Numa (hu'ina) 
Numitor (nu/mi-tar)_ 
Nyangwe (ne-an'gwa) 
Nymwegen (nim'wa-gen) 

Oarses (6-ar'sez) 
Oaxuz (o-aks'us) 
Obadiah (5-ba-di'a) 
Obodas (ob'o-dasj 
Odin (o'din) 
Odoacer (5-d5'a-ser) 
Odysseus (o-dis'se-us) 
Oedipus (ed'i-pus) 
Ohad (o'had) 
Olophernes (ol-5-fer'nez) 
Ompbale (om'fa-le) 
Ornri (om'rl) 
Onesima (q-nes'i-ma) 
Onias (6-m'as) 
Ophir (d'fer)" 
Orestes (o-res'tez) 
Orgetorix (ar-jet'ojriks) 
Origenes (o-'rij'e-nez) 
Ormuzd (ar'mozd) 
Orpheus (ar'fus or ar-fe'- 

us) 
Osiris (o-sl'ris) 
Ossian (osh'an) 
Ostrogothi (bs-trog'o-thi) 

Paarai (pa'a-ra) 
Paestum (pes' turn) 
Pagiel (pa/ji-el) 
Palaemon (pa-le'mon) 
Palatium (pa-la'shi-um) 
Palestina (pal-es^ti'na) 
Palladium (pal-la'di-um) 
Palicus (pal'i-kus) 
Pandorajpan-do'ra) 
Paris (pa'ris) 
Pasiphae (pa-sif a-e) 
Patroclus (na-tro'klus) 
Paulus (pa'Ius) 
Pei-Ho (pa-ho') 
Peleg (pe'leg) 
Peloponnesus (pel-o-pon- 
ne'sus) 



Pelops (pe'lops)^ 
Pelusium (pe-Ju'_shi-um) 
Penates (pe^na'tez) _ 
Penelope (pe-nel'o-pe) 
Penzance (pen-zans') 
Perigoi-d (pa-re-gor') 
Pengueux (pa-re-ge') 
Persephone(per-sef'o-ne). 
Perseus (per'sus' or per'- 

se-usj 
.Phaeton (fa'e-ton) 
Pharao ^far'a-o) 
Pharaoh (fa'ro) 
Pharnaces (far'na-sez) 
Pharos (fa'ros) 
Phidias (fid'i-as) 
Philalethes (fii-a-le'thez) 
Philemon (fi-le'mon) 
Philippi (fi-lip'i) 
Philoctetes (fil-ok-te'tez) 
Philomela (fil-o-me'la) 
Phineas (fin'e-as) 
Phlegethon (fleg'e-thon) 
Phocion (f o'shi-oa) 
Phocis (fo^sis) 
Phcsbus (fe'bus) 
Phormio (far'mi-o) 
Phrygia (fr'ij'i-a) 
Phryne (fri'ne) 
Pichegru (pesh'gru) 
Pilate (pi'lat) 
Pisistratus(pi-sis'tra-tus) 
Plata3ae_ (pi a-te'e) 
Pceni (pe'ni) 
Polyhymnia ( pol-i-him'- 

ni-a) [mus) 

Polyphemus (pol-i-fe' 
Pompeii (pom-pa'ye) 
Pontius Pilate (pon'shi- 

us pi'lat) 
Porsenna (par-sen'na) 
Potiphar (pd't'j-far) _ 
Praeneste (pre-nes'te) 
Priamus (pri'a-mus) 
Procrustes (pro-krus'tez) 
Prometheus (pro-me'the- 

us) 
Propylasa (prop-i-le'a) 
Pseudolus (su'do-lus) 
Psyche (sl'ke) 
Ptolemais (tql-e-ma'is) 
Puteoli (pu-te'o^li) 
Pylades (pil'a-dez) 
Pyramus (pir'a-mus) 
Python (pi'thon) 



Quadratus (kwad-ra/tus) 
Quartinus (kw^r-tl'nus) 
Queretaro (ka-ra'ta-ro) 
Quesnel (ka-nel') 
Quirinalis (kwi-ri-na'lis) 
Quirinus (kwi-ri'nus) 
Quirites (kwi-rl'tez) 



Raab (rab) 
Rabboni (rab-bo'ni) 
Rabilus (re-bi'lus) 
Rachel (ra'chel) 
Racius (ra's^-us) 
Rameses (ra-me'sez) 
Ramoth (ra'inoth) 
Rebilus (re-bi'lus) 
Rechab (re'kab) 
Regina (re-ji'na) 
Rehoboam (re-ho-bo'am) 
Rensselaer (ren'se'ler] 
Reuben (ru'ben) 
Rha3ti (re'ti) 
Rhaetia (re'shi-a) 
Rhea (re'a) 
Rienzi (re-en'ze) 
Rizpah (riz'pa) 
Roman i (ro-ma'ni) 
Runnymede (run'i-med) 
Ruysdael (rois'dal) 
Ryswick (riz'wik) 

Saba (sa'ba) 
Sabaoth (sab'a-oth) 
Sabina (sa-b^na) 
Sabura (sa-bu'ra) 
Sadducees(sad'du-sez) 
Saevius (se'vi-us) 
Saga (sa'ga) 
Saint Cloud (sant klowd; 

Fr. sang klo) 
Saint Cyr (sang ser') 
Saint Denis (sang dne) 
Saint Leger (sil'in-jer) 
Sais (sa-is) 
Salia (saH-a) 
Salome (sa-lo^me) 
Samaritan (sa-mar'i-tan) 
Samson (sam'sun) 
San Joaquin (san ho-a- 
Saone (son) [ken') 

Saphir (saf'ir) 
Sapphira (saf-fl'ra) 
Sappho (saf'fo) 
Sardanapalus (sar-dan-a- 

pa'lus) 
Sardis (sar'dis) 
Sardones (sar'dojnez) 
Sarmatia (sar-ma'shi-a) 
Satanas (sat'a-nas) 
Saul (sal) [la) 

Savonarola (sa-vo-na-ro'- 
Scaevola (sev'o-la) 
Scaliger (skal'i-jer) 
Schoharie (sko-har'i) 
Schumla (shom'la) 
Schuyler (skl'ler) 
Schuylkill (skol'kil) 
Schwytz (shwits) 
Scione (si-q^ne) 
Scribe (skreb)_ 
Scuderi (sku-da-re') 



(ate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
invito, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 



Selene 


797 


Zoar 


Selene(se-le'ne) 


Tegula (teg'u-la) 


Veii (ve'yi) 


Seleucia (se-lu'shi-a) 


Teignmouth (tin'muth) 


Vendee, La (lavong-da') 


Seleucus (se-lu'kus) 


Telamon (tel'a-monj 


Vendome (vong-dom') 


Semele (sem'e-le) 


Telemachus (te-lem'a- 


Vestales (ves-ta'lez) 


Semiramis (se-mir'a-mis) 


kus) 


Virginia (ver-jin'i-a) 


Serapis (se-ra'pis) 


Telemus (te'le-mus) 


Virgiuius (ver-jin'i'-us) 


Sergius (ser'ji-us) 


Temesvar ( tem-esh-vjir' ) 


Vishnu (vish'nb) 


Sesosiris (se-sos'tris) 


Tenedos (ten'e-dus) 


Volhynia (vol-hin'i-a) 


Seychelles (sa-shel') 


Terpsichore(terp-sik'5-re) 


Volscius (vol'shi-usj 


Seymour (se'mur) 


Teucer (tu'ser) 


Volsinii (vol-sin'i-i) 


Sheba (she'ba) 


Teuton! (tu'to-ni) 


Volsung (vol'song) 


Sheboygan (she-boi'gan) 


Thaddeus (thad-de'us) 


Vulcanus (vul : ka'nus) 


Shilo (shi'16) 


Thais (tha'is) 




Shoshone (sho-sho'ne) 


Theiss (tis) 




Shuhite (sho'hlt) 


Themis (the'mis) 


Walhalla (val-hal'la) 


Sicheni (si'kem) 


Theophilus (the-of'i-lus) 


Warwick (wor 'ik or war' 


Siculi (sik'u-li) 


Theseus (the'sus or the'- 


wik) 


Sidon (sl'don) 


se-us) 


Waukesha (wa'ke-sha) 


Siegfried (seg'fred) 


Thessalonica (thes-sa-lo- 


Wilkesbarre (wilks'bar-I) 


Sigaeum (si-je'um) 


ni'ka) 


Willoughby (wil'6-bi) 


Sigmund (sig'nrund) 


Thetis (the' tis) 


Wodan (wo'dn) 


Sigurd (se'gord) 
Silas (si'las) 


Thracia (thra'shi-a) 


Wolcot (wol'kut) 


Ticino (te-che'no) 


Worms (vorins) 


Siloah (si-16'a) 


Tigranes (ti-gra'nez) 


Wrangel (rang'gel) 


Simonides (sl-mon'i-dez) 


Timoleon (ti-mo'le-on), 




Sirius (sir'i-us) 


Timon (ti'mun) 




Sisera (sis'e-ra) 


Tiresias (ti-re'shi-as) 


Xalapa (ha-la'pa) 


Sisyphus (sis'i-fus) 


Titan (ti'tan) 


Xantbia (zan'thi-a) 


Sodom (sod'om) 


Titania (ti-ta'ni-a) 


Xamhus (zan'thus) 


Sophrosyne (so-fros'i-ne) 
Sosipater (s5-sip'a-ter) 


Titus (ti'tus) 
Tobias (to-bi'as) 


Xanthippe (zan-tip'pe) 
Xavier (zav'i-er) 


Sosius (so'shi-us) 


Tophet (to'fet) 


Xenagoras (ze-nag'o-ras) 


Sotheby (suth'e-bi) 


Torquato(tar-kwa'to) 


Xenea (ze'ni-a) 


Southwark (suth'erk) 


Troas (tro'as) 


Xenia (ze'ni-a) 


Stephana (stef'a-na) 


Troilus (tro'i-lus) 


Ximene (zi-m'e'ne) 


Stephen (ste'veh) 
Stillicho (stil'i-ko) 


Troja (tro'ja) 


Ximenes (zi-me'nez) 


Trondhjem (trond'yem) 




Strabo (stra'bo) 


Tubal (tu'bal) 




Styria (stir'i-a) 


Tyre (tir) 


Yemen (yem'en) 


Suabia (swa'bi-a) 


Tyrtaeus (ter-te'us) 


Yenisei (yen-e-sa'e) 


Suevi (swe'vi) 




Yggdrasil (ig'dra-sil) 


Suffolk (suf'uk) 




Ystad (e'stad) 


Suidas (su'i-das) 


TJdine (o'de-na) 


Youghiogheni (yo-ho-ga'« 
Yvetot (ev-to') [ni) 


Suleiman (so-la-man'/ 


Ujiji (6-je'je) 


Susa (su-sa) 


Ulai (u'la-i) 




Susanna (su-zan'na) 


Ulysses (u-lis'sez) 




Suwanee (su-wa'ne) 


Undine (un'den) 


Zabbai (zab'ba) 


Sybaris (sib'a-ris) 


Urania (u-ra'ni-a) 


Zaccai (zak'a-i) 


Syene (si-e'ne) 


Uriah (u-ri'a) 


Zacchaeus (zak-ke'us) 


Symplegades (sim-pleg'- 


Urquhart (urk'art or 


Zacharias (zak-a-ri'as) 


a-dez) 


urch-art) 


Zachary (zak'a-ri) 


Synope (si-no'pe) 


Ursanius (ur-sa'ni-us) 


Zacynthus (za-sin'thus) 


Syria (sir'i-a) 


Ursicinus (ur-si-si'nus) 


Zama (za'ma) 




Uzziel (uz'i-el) 


Zebadiah (zeb-a-di'a) 
Zebedee (zeb'e-de) 


Tabeal (ta'be-al) 




Zebulun (zeb'u-lun) 


Tabitha (tab'i-tha) 


Vacuna (va-ku'na) 


Zedekiah (zed-e-ki'a) 


Tabor (ta/bur) 


Valois (val-wa') 


Zephaniah (zef-a-ni'a) 


Tanager (tan'a-jer) 


Varanes (va-ra'nez) 


Zephyrus (zefi-rus)' 
Zeuxis (zuks'is) 


Tanagra (tan'a-gra) 


Vaucluse (vo-kliiz') 


Tantalus (tan'ta-lus) 


Vaughan (van) 


Zion (zi'on) 


Tarpeia (tar-pe'ya) 


Veda (va'daj 


Ziph (zif) 


Tartarus (lar'ta-rus) 


Vedius (ve'di-us) 


Zoar (zo'ar) 


Tebaliah (teb-a-li'a) 


Veia (ve'ya) 





fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, net, move, wolf; 
mute, hut, burn.; oil, owl, then, - 




N. B. To find a rhyme look for the last three letters of the word. For instance, persuades 
under acle will be found the words rhyming with persuade. 



AB-AINT 



Ab. Bab, blab, cab, crab, dab, drab, 
gab, nab, slab, stab, scab. 

Abe. Babe. Ac. See ack. 

Ace. Ace, dace, brace, face, grace, 
lace, mace, pace, place, race, space, 
trace, apace, deface, efface, disgrace, 
displace, misplace, embrace, grimace, 
interlace, replace, retrace, populace, 
base, case, chase, abase, debase. 

Ach. Attach, detach, batch, catch, 
latch, match, hatch, scratch, patch. 

Ache. See Ake. 

Ack. Back, hack, jack, lack, pack, 
quack, sack, tack, rack, black, clack, 
crack, knack, slack, snack, stack, 
track, wrack, attack, zodiac, demo- 
niac, symposiac, almanac, maniac. 

Act. Act, fact, pact, tract, attract, 
abstract, extract, compact, contract, 
detract, distract, exact, protract, en- 
act, infract, subtract, transact. 

Ad. Add, bad, dad, gad, had, lad, mad, 
pad, sad, brad, clad, glad. plad. 

Ad. Also see Od. 

Ade. Cade, fade, jade, lade, made, 
wade, blade, glade, shade, spade, 
trade, degrade, evade, dissuade, in- 
vade, persuade, blockade, brigade, 
esplanade, cavalcade, masquerade, 
iSaegade, retrograde, serenade, am- 
buscade, cannonade, palisade, etc. 
Aid, maid, braid, afraid, upbraid, 
played, obeyed, weighed, etc. 

Afe. Chafe, safe, vouchsafe, waif, etc. 

Aff. Gaff, chaff, draff, quaff, staff, epi- 
taph, eentograph, paragraph. 

Aft. Haft, raft, waft, craft, shaft,, 
abaft, graft, draft, ingraft, handi- 
craft, draught, quaffed, laughed; etc. 



Ag. Bag, cag, fag, gag, nag, quag, rag, 
tag, wag, brag, crag, drag, flag, 
knag, shag, snag, stag, wrag, scrag. 

Age. Cage, page, rage, sage, wage, 
stage, swage, assuage, engage, dis- 
engage, enrage, presage, appenage, 
concubinage, heritage, hermitage, 
parentage, parsonage, personage, 
pasturage, patronage, pilgrimage. 

Agn. See am . Agne. See ain. 

Ague. Plague, vague. 

Ah. Ah, bah, shah, hurra, sangfroid. 

Aid. See ade. Aif. See afe. Aight. 
See ate. Aign. See ain. 

Ail. Bail, fail, hail, jail, mail, nail, 
pail, quail, rail, sail, tail, wail, flail, 
frail, snail, trail, assail, avail, be- 
wail, entail, prevail, retail, counter- 
vail, etc. Ale, bale, dale, gale, hale, 
male, pale, sale, tale, vale, wale, 
scale, stale, swale, whale, impale, ex- 
hale, regale, nightingale, etc. 

Aim. See Ame. 

Ain. Cain, blain, brain, chain, fain, 
gain, grain, lain, main, pain, rain 
vain, wain, drain, plain, slain, Spain 
stain, swain, train, twain, sprain 
strain, abstain, amain, attain, com 
plain, contain, detain, disdain, dis 
train, enchain, entertain, explain 
maintain, ordain, pertain, obtain, re 
frain, regain, remain, restrain, re 
train, sustain, appertain, bane, cane 
dane, crane, fane, jane, lane, mane, 
plane, vane, wane, profane, hurrl 
cane, etc., arraign, campaign, etc., 
feign, reign, vein, etc. 

Arnt. Faint, paint, plaint, quaint 
98 



AIR 



m 



ARF 



saint, taint, acquaint, attaint, com- 
plaint, constraint, restraint, etc. 

Air. See are. Airn. Bairn, cairn. 
Aise. See aze. Aft. See ate. Aith, 
saith. wraith. Aize. See aze. 

Ake. Bake, sake, lake, make, quake, 
rake, sake, take, wake, brake, drake, 
flake, shake, snake, stake, strake, 
spake, awake, retake, forsake, mis- 
take, partake, overtake, undertake, 
bespake, break, steak, etc. 

Al. Cabal, canal, animal, admiral, can- 
nibal, capital, cardinal, comical, Con- 
jugal, corporal, criminal, critical, 
festival, funeral, general, hospital, in- 
terval, liberal, madrigal, literal, mag • 
ical, mineral, mystical, musical, na- 
tural, original, pastoral, pedestal, per- 
sonal, physical, poetical, political. 

Aid. Bald, scald, emerald, etc. Called, 
crawled, mauled, etc. 

Ale. See Ail. 

Alf. Calf, half, behalf, etc. (Allowable 
rhymes, staff, laugh, etc. See Aff. ) 

Alk. Balk, chalk, stalk, talk, calk, 
walk, etc. Hawk, auk, squawk, etc. 

All. Ball, call, fall, tall, etc. Cawl, 
bawl, brawl, crawl, sprawl, squawl. 

Aim. Calm, balm, becalm, psalm, 
palm, embalm. 

Alt. Halt, malt, exalt, salt, default, 
fault, assault. 

Alve. Calve, halve, salve, valve. 

Am. Amb, am, clam, dam, ham, ram, 
Sam, cram, dram, flam, sham, 
swam, epigram, anagram, damn, 
telegram, lamb, jamb. 

Ame. Blame, came, dame, same, 
flame, fame, frame,- game, lame, 
name, tame, shame, inflame, became, 
defame, misname, misbecame, over- 
came, etc. Aim, claim, maim, ac- 
claim, declaim, exclaim, proclaim. 

Amp. Camp, champ, cramp, damp, 
stamp, vamp, lamp, clamp, decamp. 

An. Ban. can, dan, nan, pan, ran, tan, 
van, bran, plan, scan, span, than, 
unman, foreran, began, trepan, par- 
tisan, artisan, pelican, caravan, etc. 

Ance. Chance, dance, glance, lance, 
trance, prance, entrance, romance, 
advance, mischance, complaisance, 
circumstance, countenance, deliver- 
ance, consonance, dissonance, extrav- 
agance, ignorance, inheritance, main- 
tenance, temperance, intemperance, 
exorbitance, ordinance, concordance, 
sufferance, sustenance, utterance, ar- 
rogance, vigilance, expanse, enhance. 

Anch. Branch, stanch, lanch, blanch, 
ranch, staunch. Launch, paunch. 

And. Band, hand, land, rand, sand, 



brand, bland, grand, gland, stand, 
strand, command, demand, counter- 
mand, disband, expand, withstand, 
understand, reprimand, contraband. 

Ane. See Ain. 

Ang. Bang, fang, gang, hang, pang, 
tang, twang, sang, rang, ciang. 

Ang«. Change, grange, range, strange, 
estrange, arrange, exchange. 

Ank. Rank, blank, shank, clank, dank, 
drank, slank, frank, spank, stank, 
lank, plank, prank, thank, disrank, 
mountebank, etc. 

Anse. See Ance. 

Ant. Cant, chant, grant, pant, plant, 
rant, slant, aslant, complaisant, dis- 
plant, enchant, gallant, implant, re- 
cant, supplant, transplant, adamant, 
arrogant, combatant, consonant, cor- 
morant, protestant, significant, visi- 
tant, covenant, dissonant, disputant, 
elegant, elephant, exorbitant, conver- 
sant, extravagant, ignorant, insigni- 
ficant, inhabitant, militant, predom- 
inant, sycophant, vigilant, petulant. 

Ap. Cap, gap, hap, lap, map, pap, rap, 
sap, tap, chap, clap, trap, flap, knap, 
slap, snap, wrap, scrap, strap, en- 
wrap, entrap, mishap, etc. 

Ape. Cape, chape, grape, rape, scrape, 
shape, escape, mape, crape, tape, etc. 

Aph. 'See Aff. 

Apse. Lapse, elapse, relapse, perhaps, 
caps, maps, saps, traps, etc. 

Apt. Adapt, tapped, slapped, rapped. 

Ar. Bar, car, far, jar, mar, par, tar, 
spar, scar, star, char, afar, debar, 
unbar, catarrh, particular, perpen- 
dicular, secular, angular, regular, 
popular, singular, titular, vinegar, 
scimetar, calendar, are. 

Arb. Barb, garb, rhubarb, etc. 

Arce. Farce, parse, etc. 

Arch. March, parch, starch, counter- 
march, etc. 

Ard. Bard, card, guard, hard, lard, 
nard, shard, yard, bombard, discard, 
regard, interlard, retard, disregard, 
barred, scarred, tarred, etc. 

Ard. Ward, award, reward, etc. Card. 

Are. Bare, care, dare, fare, hare, mare, 
pare, tare, rare, ware, flare, glare, 
scare, share, snare, spare, square, 
stare, sware, prepare, aware, beware, 
compare, declare, ensnare. Air, fair, 
hair, lair, pair, chair, stair, affair, 
debonnair, despair, impair, repair, 
etc. Bear, pear, swear, tear, wear, 
forbear, forswear, etc. There, were, 
where, ere, elsewhere, etc. Heir, co- 
heir, their. 

Ares. Unawares, cares, pairs, heirs. 

Arf. Scarf. Allowable rhymes, dwarf. 



ARGE 



800 AY 



Arge. Barge, charge, large, discharge, 
surcharge, enlarge. 

Ark. Bark, cark, dark, dark, lark, 
mark, park, sharp, spark, stark, em- 
bark, remark, etc. 

Arl. Snarl, marl, carl. 

Arm. Barm, charm, farm, harm, 
alarm, disarm. 

Arn. Barn, darn, tarn, yarn, etc. 
Warn, forewarn, horn, morn, adorn. 

Arp. Carp, harp, sharp, etc. 

Arsh. Harsh, marsh, etc. 

Art. Hart, cart, dart, mart, part, 
smart, tart, start, apart, depart, im- 
part, counterpart. Heart, etc. 

Art. (sounded Ort. ) Wart, thwart, 
etc. Short, retort, etc. 

Arve. Carve, starve, etc 

As. Was. Allowable rhymes, has, as. 

Ass. Brass, class, grass, lass, mass, 
pass, alas, cuirass, repass, surpass. 

Ase. See Ace, 

Ash. Cash, dash, clash, crash, flash, 
gash, quash, hash, lash, plash, rash, 
thrash, slash, trash, abash, etc. 

Ash. Wash, quash, squash, etc. 

Ask. Bask, cask, flash, mask, task. 

Asp. Clasp, gasp, grasp, hasp. 

Ast. Cast, last, blast, mast, past, vast, 
fast, aghast, avast, forecast, v over- 
cast, outcast, repast, classed, passed. 

Aste. Baste, chaste, haste, paste, 
taste, waste, distaste. Waist, faced. 

At. Bat, cat, hat, fat, mat, pat, rat, 
sat, tat, vat, brat, chat, flat, sprat. 

Atch. See Ach. 

Ate. Bate, date,, fate, gate, grate, hate, 
tate, mate, pate, plate, rate, sate, 
state, skate, slate, abate, belate, col- 
late, create, debate, elate, dilate, es- 
tate, ingrate, innate, rebate, relate, 
sedate, translate, abdicate, abominate, 
abrogate, accelerate, accommodate, 
accumulate, accurate, adequate, af- 
fectionate, advocate, adulterate, ag- 
gravate, agitate, alienate, animate, 
annihilate, antedate, anticipate, an- 
tiquate, arbitrate, arrogate, articu- 
late, assassinate, calculate, capitu- 
late, capitivate, celebrate, circulate, 
coagulate, commemorate, commiser- 

I ate, communicate, compassionate, 
confederate, congratulate, congre- 
gate, consecrate, contaminate, corro- 
borate, cultivate, candidate, co-oper- 

I ate, celebrate, considerate, consulate, 
capacitate, deliberate, dedicate, de- 
generate, delegate, deliberate, de- 
nominate, depopulate, dislocate, de- 
preciate, discriminate, derogate, dis- 
sipate, delicate, disconsolate, desper- 
ate, depreciate, educate, effeminate, 
elevate, emulate, estimate, elabor- 



at, equivocate, eradicate, evaporate, 
exaggerate, exasperate, expostulate, 
exterminate, extricate, felicitate, for- 
tunate, generate, gratulate, hesitate, 
illiterate, illuminate, irritate, imi- 
tate, immoderate, importunate, im- 
precate, inanimate, innovate, insti- 
gate, intemperate, intimate, intimi- 
date, intoxicate, invalidate, inveter* 
ate. inviolate, legitimate, magistrate, 
meditate, mitigate, moderate, necessi- 
tate, nominate, obstinate, participate, 
passionate, penetrate, perpe- 

trate, personate, potentate, precipi- 
tate, predestinate, predominate, pre- 
meditate, prevaricate, procrastinate, 
profligate, prognosticate, propagate, 
profligate, prognosticate, propagate. 
Bait, plait, strait, wait, await, great, 
eight, weight, straight. 

Ath. Bath, hath, path, wrath, etc. 

Athe. Bathe, swathe, lathe, etc. 

Aub. See Ob. Auce. See Ause. Auch. 

And. Fraud, laud, applaud, defraud. 
Broad, abroad, sawed, gnawed, etc. 

Ave. Brave, cave, gave, grave, crave, 
lave, nave, pave, knave, rave, save, 
shave, slave, stave, wave, behave, 
deprave, engrave, outbrave, forgave. 

Augh. See Aff. Aught. See Ought. 
Ault. See Alt. 

Aunch. Launch, paunch, haunch, 
staunch, etc. See Anch. 

Aunce. See Onse. 

Aunt. Daunt, gaunt, haunt, jaunt, 
taunt, vaunt, avaunt. 

Ause. Cause, pause, clause, applause, 
because, laws, draws, saws, etc. 
(Allowable rhyme), was. 

Aust. See Ost. 

Aw. Craw, draw, law, chaw, claw, 
draw, flaw, gnaw, jaw, law, maw, 
paw, raw, saw, straw, thaw, with- 
draw, foresaw. 

Awk. See Aud. Awk. See Alk. 

Awl. Bawl, brawl, drawl, scrawl, 
sprawl, squall. Ball, call, fall, gall, 
small, hall, pall, tall, squall, wall, 
stall, install, forestall, thrall. 

Awn. Dawn, brawn, pawn, spawn, 
drawn, yawn, lawn, withdrawn. 

Ax. Tax, wax, flax, relax. Backs, 
sacks, tacks, lacks, packs, cracks. 

Ay. Bray, clay, day, dray, tray, flay, 
slay, stay, stray, sway, affray, al- 
fray, gay, bay, jay, lay, may, nay, 
pay, play, ray. say, way, pray, spay, 
lay, array, astray, away, belay, be- 
wray, betray, decay, defray, delay, 
disarray, display, dismay, essay, 
gainsay, inlay, relay, repay, round- 



AZE 



801 



IlExv 



elay. Neigh, weigh, inveigh, etc. 
Prey, they, convey, obey, purvey, 
survey, disobey, grey. 

Aze. Craze, daze, blaze, gaze, glaze, 
raze, amaze, maze, graze. Raise, 
praise, dispraise, etc. Phrase, par- 
aphrase, days, inveighs, obeys, etc 

E and Ea.. See Ee. 

Eace. See Ease. 

Each. Beach, breach, bleach, peach, 
preach, teach, impeach. Beech, 
leech, speech, beseech, leech. 

Ead. See Ede and Eed. Eaf. See Ief. 

Eague. League, teague, etc. Intrigue, 
fatigue, etc. 

Eak, See Ake. Beak, speak, bleak, 
creak, freak, peak, sneak, squeak, 
streak, weak, tweak, wreak,, be- 
speak. Cheek, leek, creek, meek, 
reek, seek, week, pique, shriek. 

Eal. Deal, heal, meal, peal, seal, 
steal, teal, veal, weal, zeal, squeal, 
repeal, reveal, conceal, congeal, an- 
neal, appeal. Eel, heel, feel, keel, 
kneel, peel, reel, steel, wheel. 

Ealm. See Elm. 

Eallh. Health, wealth, stealth, com- 
monwealth, etc. 

Earn. Beam, cream, gleam, seam, 
scream, steam, stream, team, beam, 
dream. Scheme, theme, blaspheme, 
extreme, supreme; deem, teem, be- 
seem, misdeem, esteem, redeem. 

Ean. Bean, clean, dean, glean, lean, 
mean, wean, yean, demean, unclean, 
Convene, demesne, intervene, mien; 
machine, keen, screen, seen, spleen, 
between, careen, forseen, serene, ob- 
scene, terrene, queen, spleen, etc. 

Eans. See Ense. Eant. See Ent. Eap. 
See Eep and Ep. Ear. See Eer. 

Eard. Heard, herd, etc. Erred, pre- 
ferred, etc. Gird, third. 

Earch. Search, research, perch, 

smirch, etc. (Allowable rhymes, 
church, lurch, etc. ) 

Earl. Pearl, girl, whirl, etc. (Allow- 
able rhymes, churl, furl, curl, etc.) 

Earn. See Ern. Earse. See Erse. Eart. 
See Art. 

Earth. Earth, dearth, birth, mirth, 
etc. (Allowable rhyme, worth.) 

Ease. (Sounded Eace. ) Cease, lease, 
release, grease, decrease, increase, 
release, surcease. Peace, piece, 
fleece, geese, apiece, frontispiece, etc. 

Eash. See Esh. 

£ast. Feast, beast, least, deceased, in- 
creased, etc. 
tat. Bleat, feat, heat, meat, neat, 
seat, treat, wheat, beat, cheat, de- 
ifefc.*. sscheat, «ntrea-t. retreat. Ob- 



solete, replete, concrete, complete. 
Feet, fleet, gleet, greet, meet, sheet, 
sleet, street, sweet, discreet, etc. 

Eath. Breath, death, saith, etc. 

Eathe. Breathe, sheathe, wreathe, be- 
queath, beneath, seethe, etc. 

Eave. Cleave, heave, interweave, leave, 
weave, bereave, inweave. Receive, 
conceive, deceive, perceive, eve, 
grieve, sleeve, thieve, agrieve, 
achieve, believe, disbelieve, relieve, 
reprieve, retrieve. 

Ebb. Web, ebb, etc. 

Eck. Beck, neck, check; deck, speck. 

Ect. Sect, abject, affect, correct, in- 
correct, collect, deject, detect, di- 
rect, disrespect, disaffect, dissect, ef- 
fect, elect, eject, erect, expect, in- 
direct, infect, inspect, neglect, ob- 
ject, project, protect, recollect, re- 
flect, reject, respect, select, suspect, 
architect, circumspect, dialect, in- 
tellect. Decked, checked, etc. 

Ed. Bed, bled, fed, fled, bred, led, red, 
shred, shed, sped, wed, abed, in- 
bred, misled. Said, bread, dread, 
dead, head, lead, read, spread, 
thread, tread, behead, o'erspread. 

Ede. See Eed. 

Edge. Wedge, Sedge, hedge, ledge, 
pledge, sedge, allege. 

Ee. Bee, free, glee, knee, see, three, 
thee, tree, gree, decree, degree, dis- 
agree, foresee, oversee, pedigree, he, 
me, we, she, be, jubilee, lee, sea, 
plea, flea, tea, key. 

Eece. See Ease. Eech. See Each. 

Eed. Creed, deed, indeed, bleed, breed, 
feed, heed, meed, need, reed, speed, 
seed, steed, weed, proceed, succeed, 
exceed, knead, read, intercede, pre- 
cede, recede, concede, impede, su- 
percede, etc. Bead, lead, mead, 
plead, etc. 

Eef. See Ief. Eek. See Eak. Eel. See 
Eal. Eem. See Em. Een. See Ean. 

Eep. Creep, deep, sleep, peep, sheep, 
steep, sweep, weep, asleep. Cheap, 
heap, neap, etc. 

Eer. Beer, deer, fleer, geer, jeer, peer, 
meer, leer, sheer, steer, sneer, cheer, 
veer, domineer, cannoneer, compeer, 
engineer, mutineer, pioneer, priva- 
teer, charioteer, chanticleer, career, 
mountaineer. Here, sphere, adhere, 
cohere, interfere, persevere, revere, 
austere, severe, sincere, hemisphere, 
etc. Ear, clear, dear, fear, hear, 
near, sear, smear, spear, tear, rear, 
year, appear, besmear, disappear, 



EESE 



802 



ERSE 



fiese. See Eeze. Eet. See Eat. Eeth. 
See Eath. Eeve. See Eave. 

Eeze. Breeze, freeze, wheeze, sneeze, 
squeeze, bees, sees, ease, appease, 
disease, displease, tease, seize, teas, 
pleas, etc. Images, monarchies, etc. 

Eft. Cleft, left, theft, weft, bereft. 

Eg. Leg, beg, peg, egg. (Allowable 
rhymes, vague, plague, etc. ) 

Eigh. See Ay. Eight. See Ate. Eign. 
See Ain. Edl. See Ail. Ein. See Ain. 
Eint. See Aint. Eir. See Are. Eit. 
See Eat. Eive. See Eave. Eize. See 
Eeze. 

Ell. Dwell, fell, hell, knell, quell, sell, 
bell, cell, tell, swell, spell, smell, 
shell, parallel, sentinel, infidel, cita- 
del, repel, rebel, impel, expel. 

Eld. Held, geld, withheld, upheld, be- 
held, etc. Swelled, felled, etc. 

Elf. Pelf, self, shelf, himself, etc. 

Elk. Whelk, etc. 

Elm. Helm, realm, whelm over- 
whelm, etc. 

Elp. Help, whelp, yelp, etc. 

Elt. Belt, gelt, felt, welt, smelt, pelt. 

Elve. Delve, helve, twelve, shelve, etc. 

Elves. Themselves, delves, shelves. 

Em. Gem, hem, stem, them, diadem, 
stratagem, etc. Condemn, contemn. 

Eme. See Earn. 

Emn. Condemn, contemn, etc. Gem. 

Empt. Tempt, exempt, attempt, con- 
tempt. 

En. Den, hen, fen, ken, men, pen, ten, 
then, when, wren, etc. 

Ence. Fence, hence, pence, thence, 
whence, defence, expense, offence, 
pretence, commence, abstinence, cir- 
cumference, conference, confidence, 
consequence, continence, benevolence, 
concupiscence, difference, diffidence^ 
diligence, eloquence, eminence, evi- 
dence, excellence, impertinence, im- 
penitence, impotence, impudence, im- 
providence, incontinence, indiffer- 
ence, indigence, indolence, infer- 
ence, intelligence, innocence, magni- 
ficence, munificence, negligence, om- 
nipotence, penitjence, preference, 
providence, recompense, reference. 

Ench. Bench, drench, retrench, quench, 
clench, stench, trench, wench, wrench. 

Etad. Bend, mend, blend, end, fend, 
pend, lend, vend, send, spend, tend, 
amend, attend, ascend, commend, 
contend, depend, descend, distend, 
expend, extend, forefend, impend, 
misspend, obtend, offend, portend, 
pretend, suspend, transcend, unbend, 
apprehend, comprehend, condescend, 
discommend, recommend, reprehend, 
dividend, reverend. 



Ends. Amends, friends, attends. 
Ene. See Ean. 
Enge. Avenge, revenge, etc. 
Ength. Length, strength, etc. 
Ense. (Sounded Enze. ) Cleanse, hens, 
fens, pens, etc. 

Ent. Bent, lent, rent, pent, scent, sent, 
snent, spent, tent, vent, went, ab- 
sent, meant, ascent, assent, attent, 
augment, cement, content, consent, de- 
-scent, dissent, event, extent, foment, 
frequent, indent, intent, invent, la- 
ment, misspent, o'erspent, prevent, 
relent, repent, resent, ostent, ferment, 
outwent, discontent, unbent, circum- 
vent, represent, abstinent, accident, 
accomplishment, admonishment, ac- 
knowledgbent, ailment, arbitrament, 
argument, banishment, battlement, 
blandishment, astonishment, benevo- 
lent, chastisement, competent, com- 
pliment, complement, confident, con- 
tinent, corpulent, detriment, differ- 
ent, diffident, diligent, disparagement, 
document, element, eloquent, emi- 
nent, equivalent, establishment, evi- 
dent, excellent, excrement, exigent, 
experiment, firmament, fraudulent, 
government, embellishment, immi- 
nent, impertinent, impenitent, imple- 
ment, impotent, imprisonment, im- 
provident, impudent, incident, in- 
competent, incontinent, indifferent, 
indigent, innocent, insolent. 

Eats. Accouterments, assents, scents. 

Ep. Step, nep, rep, etc. 

Ept. Accept, adept, except, intercept, 
crept, slept, wept, kept. 

Err. Aver, defer, infer, deter, inter, 
refer, transfer, confer, prefer, par- 
terre, administer, wagoner, islander, 
arbiter, character, villager, cottager, 
dowager, forager, pillager, voyager, 
massacre, gardener, slanderer, flat- 
terer, idolater, provender, theater, 
amphitheater, foreigner, lavender, 
messenger, passenger, socerer, inter- 
preter, officer, mariner, harbinger, 
minister, register, canister, choris- 
ter, sophister, presbyter, lawgiver, 
philosopher, astrologer, loiterer, 
prisoner, grasshopper, astronomer, 
sepulchre, thunderer, traveler, mur- 
derer, usurer. Sir, fir, myrrh, etc. 

Erch. See Earch. Erce. See Erse. Erd. 
See Eard. Ere. See Eer. 

Erge. Verge, absterge, emerge, Dirge, 
(Allowable rhymes, urge, purge, 
surge. ) 

Ern. Fern, stern, discern, concern. 
Learn, earn, yearn, etc. (Allowable 
rhymes, burn, turn, etc. ) 

Erse. Verse, herse, absterse, ad- 
verse, averse, converse, disperse, im- 



ERT 



803 



IGE 



merse, perverse, reverse, traverse, as- 
perse, intersperse, universe. Amerce 
coerce, etc. 

Ert. Wert, advert, assert, avert, con- 
cert, convert, contravert, desert, di- 
vert, exert, expert, insert, invert, 
pervert, subvert. 

Erve. Serve, nerve, swerve, preserve, 
deserve, conserve, observe, reserve, 

Ess. Bless, dress, cess, chess, guess, 
less, mess, press, tress, acquiesce, 
access, address, assess, compress, 
confess, caress, depress, digress, dis- 
possess, distress, excess, express, im- 
press, oppress, possess, profess, recess, 
repress, redress, success, transgress, 
bashfulness, bitterness, cheerfulness, 
comfortless, comeliness, dizziness, 
drowsiness, eagerness, easiness, empti- 
ness, evenness, fatherless, filthiness, 
foolishness, forgetfulness. forward- 
ness, frowardness, fruitfulness, ful- 
someness, giddiness, greediness, gen- 
tleness, governess, happiness, haugh- 
tiness, heaviness, idleness, heinous- 
ness, lawfulness, laziness, littleness, 
liveliness, loftiness, lioness, lowliness, 
manliness, masterless. mightiness, 
motherless, motionless, nakedness, 
neediness, noisomeness, numberless. 

Ese. See Eeze. 

Esh. Flesh, fresh, refresh, mesh, 
afresh, thresh. 

Esk. Desk, grotesque, burlesque, pic- 
turesque, etc. 

Est. Best, chest, crest, guest, jest, 
nest, pest, quest, rest, test, vest, 
west, arrest, attest, bequest, contest, 
detest, digest, divest, invest, infest, 
interest, manifest, etc. Breast, 

abreast, dressed, pressed, expressed. 

Et. Bet, jet, fret, get, let, met, net, 
set, wet, whet, yet, abet, beget, be- 
set, forget, regret, alphabet, amulet, 
anchoret, cabinet, epithet, parapet, 
rivulet, violet, coronet, etc. Sweat, 
threat, etc. 

Etch. Fetch, stretch, sketch, wretch. 

Ete. See Eat. Eve. See Eave. Eum. 
See Ume. 

Ew. Blew, chew, dew, brew, drew, 
flew, few, grew, new, knew, hew, 
Jew, mew, threw, yew, crew, slew, 
anew, askew, bedew, eschew, renew, 
withdrew, view, review, interview. 
Blue, clue, due, cue, glue, hue, rue, 
sue, true, accrue, ensue, endue, im- 
bue, imbrue, pursue, subdue, adieu, 
purlieu, perdue, residue, avenue, rev- 
enue, retinue. Through, too, do, 
who, you, etc. 

Ewd. See Eud. Ewn. See Une. 



Ex. Sex, vex, annex, convex, complex, 
perplex, circumflex, checks, pecks. 

Ext. Next, pretext, vexed, perplexed. 

Ey. See Ay. 

lb. Bib, crib, squib, drib, glib, nib, rib. 

Ibe. Bribe, tribe, scribe, ascribe, de- 
scribe, superscribe, prescribe, pro- 
scribe, subscribe, transcribe, inscribe. 

Ice. Dice, mice, nice, price, .vice, 
splice, slice, thrice, trice, advice, 
entice, vice, device, etc. Concise, 
precise, paradise, etc. 

Ich. See Itch. 

Ick. Brick, sick, chick, kick, lick, 
nick, pick, quick, stick, thick, arith- 
metic, etc. 

let. Strict, addict, afflict, convict, in- 
flict, contradict. Licked, kicked. 

Id. Bid, chid, hid, kid, lid, slid, rid, 
bestrid, pyramid, forbid, etc. 

Ide. Bide chide, hide, glide, pride, 
ride, slide, side, stride, tide, wide, 
bride, abide, guide, astride, beside, 
bestride, betide, confide, deride, di- 
vide, preside, provide, subside, mis- 
guide, subdivide, etc. Died, re- 
plied, sighed, etc. 

Ides. Besides, rides, tides, etc. 

Idg-e. Bridge, ridge, abridge, etc. 

tdst. Midst, amidst, etc. 

Ie. Or Y. Fie, hie, lie, pie, die, dry, 
eye, fry, ply, pry, rye, shy, sly, spry, 
sky, stry, tie, vie, why, ally, apply, 
awry, bely, comply, decry, defy, des- 
cry, deny, imply, espy, outvie, out- 
fly, rely, reply, supply, untie, ampli- 
fy, beautify, certify, crucify, deify, 
dignify, edify, falsify, fortify, gratify, 
glorify, indemnify, justify, magnify, 
modify, mollify, mortify, pacify, 
petrify, purify, putrify, qualify, rat- 
ify, rectify, sanctify, satisfy, scar- 
ify, signify, specify, stupify, terrify, 
testify, verify, villify, vitrify, vivify, 
prophesy. High, nigh, sigh, thigh. 

Ieee. See Ease. 

Ief. Grief, chief, fief, thief, brief, be- 
lief, relief, etc. Beef, reef, sheef, 
leaf, etc. 

lege. Liege, siege, besiege, etc. 

Ield. Field, yield, shield, wield, 

afield, healed, repealed, wheeled. 

Ien. See Een. lend. See End. Ieree. 
See Erse. lest. See East. Ieve. See 
Eave. 

Ife. Rife, fife, knife, wife, strife, life. 

Iff. Cliff, skiff, stiff, whiff, if. etc. 

Ift. Gift, drift, shift, lift, rift, sift, 
thrift, adrift, miffed, whiffed, etc. 

Ig:. Big, dig, gig, fig, pig, rig, sprig, 
twig, swig. 

Ige. See lege. 



IGH 



804 



ITE 



Igh, See Ie. 

Ight. See Ite. 

Ign. See Ine. 

Igue. See Eague. 

Ike. Dike, like, pike, spike, strike, 
alike, dislike, oblique. 

111. Bill, chill, fill, drill, gill, hill, kill, 
mill, pill quill, rill, shrill, frill, 
skill, spill, still, swill, thrill, trill, 
will, distill, fullfil, instil, codicil, daf- 
fodil; volatile, etc. 

Ild. Child, mild, wild, filed, reviled, 
piled, etc. 

IM. Gild, build, filled, willed, etc. 

lie. Bile, chyle, file, guile, isle, mile, 
pile, stile, style, tile, vile, while, 
awhile, compile, revile, defile, exile, 
erewhile, reconcile, beguile. 

Ilk. Milk, silk, bilk, etc. 

lit. Gilt, jilt, built, quilt, guilt, hilt, 
spilt, stilt, tilt. 

Ilth. Filth, tilth, etc. 

Im. Brim, dim, grim, him, rim, 
skim, slim, trim, whim, prim. Limb, 
hymn, him. 

Imb. See Im. 

Ime. Chime, time, grime, climb, 
clime, crime, prime, mime, rhyme, 
slime, thyme, lime, sublime. 

Imes. Betimes, sometimes; rhymes, 
chimes, times, crimes, etc. 

linn. See Im. 

Imp. Limp, gimp, scrimp, etc. 

Fmpse. Glimpse, imps, limps, etc. 

In. Chin, din, fin, gin, grin, in, inn, 
kin, pin, shin, sin, spin, skin, thin, 
tin, win, within, javelin, begin. 

Inoe. Mince, prince, since, quince, 
rince, wince, evince, convince. 

Inch. Cinch, clinch, finch, pinch. 

Inct. Instinct, distinct, extinct, pre- 
cinct, succinct, etc. ; linked, pinked, 

Ind. Bind, find, mind, blind, hind, 
kind, grind, rind, wind, behind, un- 
kind, remind, etc. 

Ine. Dine, brine, mine, chine, fine, 
line, nine, pine; shine, shrine, kine, 
thine, trine, twine, wine, vine, 
whine, combine, confine, decline, de- 
fine, incline, inshrine, intwine, 

' opine, calcine, recline, refine, re- 
pine, superfine, interline, counter- 
mine, undermine, supine, concubine, 
porcupine, divine. Sign, consign, de- 
sign, etc. 

Ing. Bring, sing, cling, fling, king, 
ring, sling, spring, sting, string, 
swing, wing, wring, thing, altering, 
recovering, etc. 

Inge. Cringe, fringe, hinge, singe, 
springe, swinge^ tinge, twinge, in- 
fringe. 



Ink. Flink, wink, drink, blink, 

brink, chink, clink, link, pink, 
shrink, sink, slink, stink, bethink, 
forethink. 

Int. Dint, mint, hint, flint, lint, print, 
squint, asquint, imprint. 

Ip. Chip, lip, hip, clip, dip r drip, lip, 
nip, sip, rip, scrip, ship, skip, slip, 
snip, strip, tip, trip, whip, equip, 
eldership, fellowship, workmanship. 

Ipe. Gripe, pipe, ripe, snipe, stripe, 
wipe, type, archetype, prototype! 

Ipse. Eclipse, lips, ships, tips, etc. 

Ir. See Ur. Irch. See Urch. Ird. See 
Urd. 

Ire. Fire, dire, ,,hire, ire, mire, lyre, 
quire, sire, spire, squire, wire, tire, 
attire, acquire, admire, aspire, con- 
spire, desire, inquire, entire, expire, 
inspire, require, retire, transpire. 
Tyre. Friar, liar, brier, crier, dyer, 
nigher, etc. 

Irg. See Erge. 

Irl. Girl, whirl, twirl, etc. (Allowable 
rhymes, curl, furl, churl, etc.) 

Irni. Firm, affirm, confirm, infirm; 
term, sperm, etc. (Allowable rhyme, 
worm. ) 

Irst. See Urst. Irt. See Urt. 

Irth. Birth, mirth; earth, dearth, etc. 
(Allowable rhyme), worth. 

Iss. Bliss, miss, kiss, hiss, this, abyss, 
amiss, submiss, remiss. 

Is. (pronounced Iz. ) His, whiz. 

Ise. See Ice and Ize. 

Ish. Dish, fish, pish, wish. 

Isk. Brisk, frisk, disk, risk, whisk, 
basalisk, tamarisk. 

Isp. Crisp, lisp, wisp. 

1st. Fist, list, -mist, twist, wrist, assist, 
consist, desist, exist, insist, persist, re- 
sist, subsist, alchemist, amethyst. 
anatomist, antagonist, annalist, evan- 
gelist, enchantist, exorcist, herbalist 
humorist, oculist, organist, satirist! 

It. Bit, cit, hit, fit, grit, flit, knit, nit, 
pit, quit, sit, split, twit, wit, whit, 
writ, admit, acquit, commit, emit, 
omit, outwit, permit, remit, submit, 
transmit, refit, benefit, perquisite. 

Itch, and Ich. Ditch, pitch, rich, fitch, 
bitch, which, itch, flitch, hitch- 
stitch, switch, twitch, witch, be- 
witch, nich, enrich. 

Ite. and Ight. Bite, cite, kite, blite, 
mite, quite, rite, smite, spite, trite, 
white, write, contrite, disunite, des- 
pite, indite, invite, excite, incite, po- 
lite, requite, recite, unite, reunited, 
aconite, appetite, parasite, proselyte, 
expedite. Blight, benight, bright, 
fight, flight, fright, height, light, 
knight, night, might, plight, right, 



ITH 



805 



OOP 



tight, slight, sight, spright, wight, 
affright, alight, aright, foresight, de- 
light, despite, upright. 

Ith. Pith, smith, frith. 

Ithe. Hithe, blithe, tithe, scythe, 
writhe, lithe. 

Ive. Five, dive, alive, gyve, hive, 
drive, vive, shrive, strive, thrive, 
arrive, connive, contrive, deprive, 
derive, revive, survive. 

Ix. Fix. six, mix, affix, prefix, trans- 
fix, intermix, crucifix. Wicks, licks, 
kicks, bricks, picks, sticks. 

Ixt. Betwixt, fixed, mixed, etc. 

Ise. and Ize. Prize, wise, rise, size, 
guise, disguise, advise, authorize, 
canonize, chastise, civilize, comprise, 
criticise, despise, devise, enterprise, 
excise, exercise, idolize, immortalize, 
premise, revise, signalize, solemnize, 
surprise, surmise, suffice, sacrifice, 
sympathize, tyrannize, apologize, 
baptize, theorize. Pies, lies, replies. 

O. S~ee Oo. and Ow. 

Oach. Broach, croach, poach, approach, 
encroach, reproach, coach. 

Oad. See Aud. and Ode. Oaf. See Off. 
Oak. See Oke. Oal. See Ole. Oam. 
See Ome. Oan. See One. Oap. See Ope. 
Oar. See Ore. Oard. See Ord. Oast. 
See Ost. Oat. See Ote. Oath. See Oth. 

Ob. Fob, bob, mob, knob, sob, rob, 
throb, swab, squab, etc. 

Obe. Globe, probe, robe. Oce. See Ose. 

Ock. Block, lock, cock, clock, crock, 
dock frock, flock, knock, mock, 
rock, shock, stock, sock, etc." 

Oct. Concoct, blocked, locked, cocked. 

Od. Clod, God, rod, sod, trod, nod, 
plod, rod, shod, etc. 

Ode. and Oad. Bode, ode, codermode 
rode, abode, corrode, explode, fore- 
bode, commode, incommode, episode. 

Oe. See Ow. 

Off. and Ough. Scoff, cough, trough. 

Oft. Croft, soft, aloft, scoffed, etc. 

Og. Hog, bog, cog, dog, clog, fog, 
frog, log, jog, dialogue, epilogue, 
agog, synagogue, catalogue, peda- 
gogue. 

Oice. Choice, voice, rejoice, etc. 

Oid. Void, avoid, devoid, buoyd, 

cloyed, etc. 

Oil. Boil, coil, moil, soil, spoil, toil, 
despoil, embroil, recoil, turmoil, dis- 
embroil. 

Oin. Coin, join, subjoin, groin, loin, 
adjoin, conjoin, disjoin, enjoin pur- 
loin, rejoin. 

Oint. Joint, point, disjoint, anoint, ap- 
point, disappoint, counterpoint. 

Oise. Poise, noise, counterpoise, equi- 
poise; boys, cloys, toys, etc. 



Oist. Hoist, moist, foist; rejoiced, in- 
voiced, etc. 

Oit. Coit, exploit, adroit, etc. 

Oke. Broke, choke, smoke, spoke, 
stroke, yoke, bespoke, invoke, pro- 
voke, revoke, etc. Oak, cloak, soak. 

Ol. Loll, doll, etc. 

Ol. Droll, poll, roll, scroll, toll, etc. 

Old. Old, bold, cold, gold, hold, mold, 
scold, told, behold, enfold, unfold, 
uphold, withhold, foretold, manifold, 
marigold, etc. ; rolled, cajoled, foaled, 
bowled, etc. 

Ole. Bole, dole, jole, hole, mole, pole, 
sole, stole, whole, shole, cajole, 
condole, parole, patrol, etc. Coal, 
foal, goal, soul, bowl, droll, roll, 
scroll, toll, troll, control, enroll, etc. 

Olen. Stolen, swollen. 

Olt. Bolt, colt, jolt, holt, dolt, molt, 
revolt, thunderbolt. 

Olve. Solve, absolve, resolve, con- 
volve, involve, devolve, dissolve, re- 
volve. 

Om, See Um. 

Ome. Dome, home, tome; foam, loam.. 

Ome. Lome, dome, home, tome; foam, 

Omb. See Oom. Ompt. See Ount. On. 
See Un. 

On. Don, con, upon, anon, etc. 

Ond. Pond, bond, fond, beyond, ab- 
scond, correspond, despond, diamond, 
vagabond, etc. ; donned, conned, etc. 

Once. See Onse and Unce. 

One. Prone, bone, drone, throne, alone, 
stone, tone, lone, zone, atone, en- 
throne, dethrone, postpone, etc. 

Ong. Long, prong, song, throng, 

strong, thong, wrong, along, belong. 

Ongne. See Ung. Onk. See Unk. 

Onse. Response; ensconce, nonce. 

Ont. Font, Vermont, etc. 

00. Coo, woo; shoe, two, too, who, do, 
to, ado, undo, through, you, true.' 
blue, flew, strew, etc. See Ew. 

Ood. Brood, mood, food, rood; cooed, 
wooed, etc.; feud, illude, habitude. 

Oof. Hoof, proof, roof, woof, aloof, 
disproof, reproof, behoof, etc. 

Ook. Book, brook, cook, crook, hook, 
look, rook, shook, took, mistook. 

001. Cool, fool, pool, school, stool, 
tool, befool, etc. (Allowable rhymes, 
pule, rule, etc.) 

Om. Gloom, groom, loom, room, 

spoom, bloom, doom, etc. Tomb, 
Oon. Boon, soon, moon, noon, spoon. 

swoon, buffoon, lampoon, poltroon. 

(Allowable rhymes, fune, prune, etc.) 
Oop. Loop, poop, scoop, stoop, troop, 

droop, whoop, coop, hoop, etc. 



OCR 



806 



ow 



Oor. Boor, poor, moor, etc. Tour, 
contour, etc. 

Oose. Goose, loose, deuce, use, pro- 
fuse, etc. 

Oot. Root, boot, coot, hoot, shoot, suit, 
fruit, etc.; lute, impute, etc. 

Ooth. Booth, soothe, smooth, etc. 

Ooze. Noose, snooze; use, abuse, etc. 

Op. Chop, hop, drop, crop, fop, top, 
pop, prop, flop, shop, slop, sop, stop. 

Ope. Hope, cope, mope, grope, pope, 
rope, scope, slope, tope, trope, aslope, 
elope, interlope, telescope, vitas- 
cope, heliotrope, horoscope, antelope. 

Opt. Adopt, hopped, lopped, stopped. 

Or. For, creditor, counsellor, confessoi, 
competitor, conspirator, successor, 
conqueror, governor, abhor, meta- 
phor, bachelor, senator, etc. 

^>oze. Noose, snooze, use, abuse. 

>)p. Crop, shop, stop. 

Ope. Cope, mope, elope, heliotrope, an- 
telope. 

Opt. Adopt, hopped, stopped. 

Or. Confessor, abhor, governor. 

Orch. Scorch, torch. 

Orce. Force, course, source. 

Ord. Cord, ford, abhorred. 

Ore. Bore, ashore, deplore. 

Orge. Disgorge, George. 

Orch. Scorch, torch, etc. 

Orce. Force, divorce, enforce, perforce, 
etc. Corse, coarse, hoarse, course 
discourse, recourse, intercourse. 

Ore. Bore, core, gore, lore, mors, *>re r 
pore, score, shore, snore, sore, store. 

Orge. George, disgorge, regorge, etc. 

Ork. Cork, fork, stork, etc. 

Orld. "World, hurled, curled, etc. 

Orm. Form, storm, conform, deform, 
inform, perform, reform, misinform, 
uniform, multiform, transform. 

Orn. Born, corn, morn, horn, scorn, 
adorn, suborn, unicorn, Capricorn. 

Orn. Torn, shorn, worn, sworn, for- 
sworn, borne, forborne, mourn. 

Brse. See Orce. Horse, endorse, unhorse. 

Drst. See Urst. Ort. See Art. 

Ort. Short, sort, exhort, consort, dis- 
tort, extort, resort, retort, snort. 

Ort. Fort, port, sport, comport, dis- 
port, export, import, support, trans- 
port, report. 

Orth. Forth, fourth. (Allowable 

rhyme, north.) 

Ose. Close, dose, jocose; morose, 
gross, engross, verbose. 

Ose. Hose, close, pose, chose, doze, 
froze, nose, prose, those, rose, com- 
pose, depose, disclose, dispose, dis- 
compose, expose, impose, inclose, in- 
terpose, oppose, propose, recompose. 



Oss. Boss, loss, cro«s, dross, moss, toss, 
across, emboss. 

Ost. Cost, frost, lost, accost, etc. 
Embossed, crossed, etc. 

Ot. Clot, cot, blot, hot, got, lot, not, 
plot, pot, scot, shot, sot, spot, apri- 
cot, trot, rot, grot, begot, forgot, al- 
lot, besot, complot, counterplot. 

Otch. Botch, notch, etc. Watch. 

Ote. Note, vote, mote, quote, rote, 
wrote, smote, denote, promote, re- 
mote, devote, anecdote, antidote, etc 
Boat, coat, bloat, doat, float, gloat, 
goat, oat, afloat, throat, moat, etc. 

Ou. See Oo. and Ow. Oubt. See Out. 

Ouch. Couch, pouch, vouch, slouch, 
avouch, crouch. 

Oud. Shroud, cloud, proud, loud, aloud, 
crowd, bowed, vowed, etc. 

Ove. "Wove, inwove, interwove, alcove, 
clove, grove, rove, stove, drove. 

Ove. Dove, love, shove, glove, above. 

Ough. See Off., Ow., and Uff. 

Ought. Bought, thought, ought, fore- 
thought, brought, fought, nought, 
sought, wrought, besought, bethought. 

Oul. See Ole. and Owl. 

Ould. Mould, fold, old, cold, bowled, 
tolled, cajoled, etc. 

Ounce. Bounce, flounce, renounce, 
pounce, ounce, denounce, pronounce. 

Ound. Bound, found, mound, ground, 
hound, pound, round, sound, wound, 
abound, aground, around, confound. 

Oung. See Ung. 

Ount. Count, mount, fount, amount, 
dismount, remount, account, discount, 
miscount, recount. 

Oup. See Oop. 

Our. Hour, lour, sour, our, scour, de- 
vour, etc. Bower, cower, flower, 
power, shower, tower, etc. 

Oourge. See Urge. 

Ourn. See Orn and Urn. 

Ours. Hours, scours, flowers, showers. 

Ours. Yours, cures, endures, etc. 

Ourse. See Orce. Ourt. See Ort. Ourth. 
See Orth. Ous. See Us. 

Ous. (Pronounced Ouce. ) House, mouse, 

Ouse. See Owze. 

Out. Bout, lout, out, clout, pout, gout, 
grout, rout, scout, shout, snout, spout, 
stout, sprout, about, devout, without. 

Outh. Mouth, south, etc. 

Ove. Dove, love, shove, glove, above. 

Ove. Wove, inwove, interwove, alcove, 
clove, grove, rove, stove, strove. 

Ow. Now, bow, how, mow, cow, brow, 
plow, sow, vow, prow, avow, allow, 

Ow. Blow, stow, crow, bow, flow, glow, 
grow, know, low, mow, row, show, 
sow, strow, stow, slow, snow, throw. 



OWL 



807 



Owl. (See Ole. ) Cowl, growl, owl, 
fowl, howl, prowl, etc. foul, etc. 

Own. (See One.) Brown, town, clown, 
crown, down, drown, frown, gown. 

Owse. (See Ouse. ) Blowse, browse, 
rouse, spouse, carouse, souse, es- 
pouse, house, mouse, allows, brows. 

Ox. Box, fox, equinox, orthodox, etc. 

Oy. Boy. buoy, coy, employ, cloy, joy, 
toy, alloy, annoy, convoy, decoy, de- 
stroy, enjoy, employ. 

Oze. See Ose. 

Ub. Cub, club, dub, chub, drub, grub, 
rub, snub, shrub, tub. 

TJbe. Cube, tube. 

Uce. Truce, spruce, deuce, conduce, de- 
duce, induce, introduce, produce, se- 
duce, traduce, reduce, sluice, juice. 

Teh. See Utch. 

Uck. Buck, luck, pluck, suck, struck, 
tuck, truck, duck. 

Uct. Conduct, deduct, instruct, obstruct, 
acqueduct. 

Ud. Bud, scud, mud, stud, cud, blood, 
flood, 

Ude. Rude, crude, prude, allude, con- 
clude, delude, elude, exclude, exude. 

Udge. Judge, drudge, grudge, trudge, 
adjudge, prejudge. 

Ue. See Ew, 

Uff. Buff, cuff, bluff, gruff, luff, puff, 
snuff, stuff, ruff, rebuff, counterbuff. 

Uft. ,Tuft, cuffed, stuffed, etc. 

Ug. Lug, bug. dug, drug, hug, rug, 
slug, snug, mug, pug. 

Uice. See Use. Uise. See Ise and Use. 
Uie. See Ie. 

Uke. Duke, puke, rebuke, etc. 

TJ1. and TU. Cull, dull, gull, hull, lull, 
mull, null, trull, skull, annul. 

Tie. Mule, pule, yule, rule, overrule, rid- 
icule, misrule. (Allowable rhymes), 
pool, fool, cool, tool, etc. 

Ulge. Bulge, indulge, divulge, etc. 

Ulk. Bulk, hulk, skulk. 

Ose. Pulse, repulse, impulse, expulse, 
convulse. 

Hit. Result, adult, exult, consult, oc- 
cult, insult, difficult, etc. 

Urn. Crum, drum, grum, gum, hum, 
mum, scum, plum, stum, sum, swum. 

Dme. Purae, plume, assume, consume, 
perfume, resume, presume. 

Cmp. Bump, pump, jump, lump, rump, 
plump, stump, trump, thump. 

Fn. Dun, gun, nun, pun, run, sun, run, 
shun, tun, stun, spun, begun, son. 

Unce. Dunce, once, etc. 

Uneh. Bunch, punch, hunch, lunch, 
munch. 

Und. Fund, refund, shunned, stunned. 

Cne. June, tune, untune, jejune, prune, 



importune, etc. (Allowable rhymes), 
moon, soon, etc. 

Ung. Clung, dung, flung, hung, rung, 
strung, sung, sprung, slung, stung, 

Unge. Plunge, spunge, expunge, etc. 

Unk. Drunk, sunk, shrunk, stunk, punk, 
spunk, trunk, slunk, monk. 

Unt. Brunt, blunt, hunt, runt, grunt. 

Up. Cup, sup. up, etc. 

Upt. Abrupt, corrupt, interrupt, supped. 

Ur. Blur, cur, bur, fur, slur, spur, con- 
cur, demur, incur. Sir, stir, fir, etc. 
Infer, confer, etc. 

Urb. Curb, disturb, etc. Herb, verb. 

Ureh. Church, lurch; birch, search. 

Urd. Curd, absurd, bird, word, stirred, 
spurred, etc. 

Ure. Cure, pure, dure, lure, sure, ad- 
jure, allure, assure, demure, conjure, 

Urf. Turf, scurf, etc. 

Urge. Purge, urge, surge, scourge, 
verge, diverge, etc. 

Urk. Lurk, Turk, work, jerk, etc. 

Url. (See Irl. ) Churl, curl, furl, hurl, 
purl, uncurl, unfurl,. (Allowable 
rhymes, girl, twirl, pearl, etc. ) 

Urn. Burn, churn, spurn, turn, urn, 
return, overturn, sojourn, adjourn. 

Urse. Nurse, curse, purse, accurse, dis- 
burse, reimburse. Worse, etc. (Al- 
lowable rhymes), verse, disperse, etc. 

Urst. Burst, curst, durst, accurst, etc. 
Worst, first, thirst, etc. 

Urt. Blurt, hurt, curt, spurt, etc. Dirt, 
shirt, flirt, squirt, etc. 

Us. Thus, buss, truss, discuss, incubus, 
overplus, amorous, boisterous, clam- 
orous, credulous, dangerous, gener- 
ous, emulous, fabulous, frivolous, haz- 
ardous, idolatrous, infamous, miracu- 
lous, mischievous, mountainous, mu- 
tinous, necessitous, numerous, omin- 
ous, perilous, poisonous, populous. 

Use. Use, disuse, abuse, deuce, truce, 
loose, goose, noose, moose. 

Use. Muse, use, abuse, amuse, diffuse, 
excuse, infuse, misuse, peruse, refuse, 
suffuse, transfuse, accuse. Bruise. 

Ush. Blush, brush, crush, gush, flush, 
mush, rush, hush. 

Usk. Busk, tusk, dusk, husk, musk. 

Ust. Bust, crust, dust, just, must, lust, 
rust, thrust, trust, adjust, disgust. 

lit. But, butt, cut, hut, gut, glut, nui, 
shut, strut, rut, scut, slut, smut, abut. 

Utch. Hutch, crutch, Dutch, much, 
such, touch, etc. 

Ute. Brute, lute, flute, mute, acute, 
compute, confute, dispute, dilute, de- 
pute, impute, minute, pollute, refute 

Ux. Flux, ducks, trucks, etc. 

Y. See Ie. 



m 



r i ASSICA1 and MODE&n 
FOREIGN PHRASESV 



& 



N. B. — See page VIII.— Current abbreviations are indicated in brackets. 

ABA — ANN 



abas, Pr. Down; down with. 

ab extra, L. From without. 

ab incunabilis, L. From the cradle. 

ab initio, L. From the beginning. 

a bisogni si conoscon gli amid, It. 
Friends are known in time of need; a 
friend in need is a friend indeed. 

abonchat, bonrat, Fr. (lit., to a good 
cat, a good rat), Tit for tat. 

a bon marche, Fr. Cheap; at a good bar- 
gain, [mencement. 

ab origine, L. From the origin or com- 

ab ovo, L. From the egg ; from the 
very beginning. 

a bras ouverts, Fr. With open arms. 

absence d' esprit, Fr. Absence of mind. 

ab uno disce omnes, L. From one ex- 
ample judge of the rest. 

ab urbe condita, L. From the building 
of the city, i. e. Rome. [A. U. C] 

a capite ad calcem, L. From head to heel. 

a cheval, Fr. On horseback. 

achevuole, nonmancano modi, It. Where 
there's a will there's a way. 

a compte, Fr. On account. 

a cruce salus, L. Salvation by or from 
the cross. 

ad arbitrium, L. At will, at pleasure. 

ad calendas grcecas, L. At the Greek cal- 
ends, i. e., never. The Greeks had no 
calends. [please the rabble. 

ad captandum vulgus, L. To attract or 

ad extremum, L. To the extreme; at 
last. 

ad gustum, L. To one's taste. 

ad honorem, L. To his honor. 

a die, L. From that day. 

ad intemecionem, L. To extermination. 

ad nauseam, L. So as to disgust or nau- 
seate. 

ad rem, L. To the purpose; to the point. 

adscriptus glebce, L. Attached to the soil. 

adsum, L. I am present; I am here. 

ad summum, L. To the highest point or 
amount. 

ad unum omnes, L. To a man. 

ad utrumque paratus, L. Prepared for 
either event or case. 

cequo animo, L. With a calm mind. 

cere perennius, L. More enduring than 
brass. 

affaire d 'amour, Fr. Love affair. 

affaire d'honneur, Fr. Affair of honor, 
duel. 



affaire du cmur, Fr. Affair of the heart. 

a Jin, Fr. To the end or object. 

a fond, Fr. To the bottom, thoroughly. 

a fortiori, L. For the stronger reason. 

age quodagis, L. Do what you are doing; 
attend to your business. 

a. grands frais, Fr. At great expense. 

agrement, Fr. Pleasant quality; orna- 
ment. 

a haute voix, Fr. Aloud. [cretly. 

a huis clos, Fr. With closed doors, se- 

a la belle etoile, Fr. Under the canopy 
of heaven. [time; favorably. 

a la bonne heure, Fr. Well-timed, in good 

a Vabri, Fr. Under shelter. 

a la campagne, Fr. In the country. 

a la carte, Fr. By the card. 

a la derobee, Fr. Stealthily. 

a la francaise, Fr. In French fashion. 

a, la mode, Fr. According to the fashion. 

alere flammam, L. To feed the flame. 

at fresco, It. In the open air. 

allez-vous en, Fr. Away with you, be off. 

alloikamon, alloionanto, Gr. Some toil, 
others reap the advantage. 

allons, Fr. Come on. 

alpiu, It. At most. 

alter ego, L. Another self. 

alter idem, L. Another, exactly similar. 

alter ipse amicus, L. A friend is another 
self. 

alterum tantum, L. As much more. 

amar y saber no puede ser, Sp. No one 
can love and be wise at the same time. 

a maximis ad minima, L. From the 
greatest to the least. 

amende honorable, Fr. Fit reparation; 
satisfactory apology. [dinarily. 

a merveille, Fr, Marvelously, extraor- 

ami du cour, Fr. [lit., friend of the 
court]. False friend. 

amor patriae, L.. Love of country; pa- 
triotism. 

amour propre, Fr. Vanity, self-love. 

ancien regime, Fr. Former condition of 
things. 

unguis in herba, L. Snake in the grass. 

animo et fide, L. Courageously and 
faithfully. [A. C] 

anno Christi, L. In the year of Christ. 

anno humancz salutis, L. In the year 
of man's redemption. [A. H. S.] 

anno salutis, L. In the year of redemp- 
tion. [A. S.] 



808 



ANN 



CUM 



anno urbis condUae, L. In the year from 
the time the city [i. e. , Rome) was built. 

ante bellum, L. Before the war. 

ante lucem, L. Before daybreak. 

ante meridiem, L. Before noon. 

a outrance, Fr. To the last extremity. 

a pas de geant, Fr. With a giant's stride. 

a perte de vue, Fr. Till out of sight. 

apeupres, Fr. Nearly. 

a pied, Fr. On foot. 

a point, Fr. Justin time ; exactly ; ex- 
actly right. [reality. 

a posse ad esse, L. From possibility to 

a posteriori, L. From what follows. 

a prima vista. It. At the first glance 

a priori, L. From what goes before. 

a propos de rien, Fr. Motiveless. 

arbiter elegantiarum, L. A judge or au- 
thority in matters of taste. 

argent comptant, Fr. Ready money. 

arriere pen see, Fr. Mental reservation ; 
unavowed purpose. [conceal art. 

are est celare artem, L. True art is to 

ars longa, vita brevis, L. Art is long, 
life is short. 

artium magister, L. Master of Arts. 

asinus ad lyram, L. [lit., an ass at the 
lyre.] Awkward fellow. 

a tort et a travers, Fr. At random. 

au bout de son Latin, Fr. At the end of 
his Latin; to the extent of his know- 
ledge. 

au contraire, Fr. On the contrary. 

au courant, Fr. Posted. [side. 

audi alteram partem, L. Hear the other 

au fait, Fr. Expert. 

avf wiedersehen, Ger. To meet again. 

au pis alter, Fr. At the very worst. 

aurea mediocritas, L. The golden mean. 

au revoir, Fr. Till^we meet again. 

aussitot dit, aussitot fait, Fr. No sooner 
said than done. 

autantd'hommes, autantd'avis, Fr. Many 
men, many minds. 

aut Ocesar aut nullus, L. Either Caesar 
or nobody; either first or nowhere. 

aut vineere aut mori, L. Conquer or die. 

aux armes, Fr. To arms. 

avant propos, Fr. Preface. [blows. 

a verbis ad verbera, L. From words to 

a volonte, Fr. At pleasure. 

a vostra salute. It. To your health. 

a voire sanU, Fr. To your health. 

a vuestra salud, Sp. To your health. 



bas bleu, Fr. Blue stocking. 
beatoe, memorial, L. Of blessed memory. 
beaUx esprits, Fr. Men of wit or genius. 
bet esprit, Fr. A wit, a genius. 
ben trovato, Ital. Well invented. 
bite noire, Fr. [lit. black beast.] bug- 
bear, [who gives quickly. 
bis dat gui cito dot, L. He gives twice 
bona fide, L. In good faith. 
bona fides, L. Good faith. 
bon ami, Fr. Good friend. 



bon gre, mal gri, Fr. With good or bad 

grace; willing or unwilling. 
bonhommie, Fr. Good-nuture. 
bon jour, Fr. Good day, good morning. 
brevete, Fr. Patented. 



ccetera desunt, L. The rest is wanting. 
cceteris paribus, L. Other things being 

equal. [favor by flattery. 

captatio benevolentice, L. Act of gaining 
casus belli, L. Cause justifying war. 
cela va sans dire, Fr. [That goes without 

saying.] That is understood. 
ce n'est gue le premier pas gui coute, Fr. 

It is only the first step that is difficult. 
c'est a dire, Fr. That is to say. 
c'est une autre chose, Fr. That is quite 

another thing. [taste. 

chacunason gout, Fr. Everyone to his 
chef-d'ozuvre, Fr. Masterpiece. 
che sara, sara, It. Wbat will be, will be. 
chi tace confessa, It. He who keeps silent 

admits his guilt. 
ci-git, Fr. Here lies. 

circuitus verborum, L. Circumlocution. 
cogito, ergo sum, L. I think, therefore 

I exist. [be. 

comme it faut, Fr. Proper, as it should 
commune bonum, L. A common good. 
communi consensu, L. By common con- 
sent, [a report. 
compte rendu, Fr. An account rendered, 
con amore, It. With affection, very earn- 
estly, [condition. 
conditio sine gua non, L. Indispensable 
con dolore, It. With grief; sadly. 
conseil d'etat, Fr. Council of State, privy 

council. [the law. 

consensus facit legem, L. Consent makes 
consuetudo pro lege servatur, L. Custom 

is held as law. [morals. 

contra bonos mores, L. Contrary to good 
copia verborum, L. Flow of language. 
coram nobis, L. In our presence. 
coup de grdce, Fr. Finishing stroke. 
coup de main, Fr. Sudden attack or 

undertaking. 
coup de maitre, Fr. Master-stroke. 
coup de plume, Fr. Literary attack. 
coup de soleil, Fr. Sunstroke. 
coup d'essai, Fr. First attempt. 
coup d'etat, Fr. Stroke of state policy. 
coup de thedtre, Fr. Theatrical effect. 
coup d'ozil, Fr. Rapid glance. 
courage sans peur, Fr. Fearless courage. 
crambe repetita, L. Cabbage warmed up 

a second time. 
cresciteundo, L. It increases as it goes. 
crescit sub pondere virtus. L. Virtue 

increases under every oppression. 
crux, L. Stumbling-block, puzzle. 
cucullus non facit monachum, L. The 

cowl does not make the monk. 
cui bono? L. What is the good of it? 
cum grano, cum grano salis, L. With 

a grain of salt; with some allowance. 



V DAL 



810 



EXT 



da locum rnelioribus, L. Give place to 
your betters. 

damnant quod non inielligunt, L. They 
condemn what they do not under- 
stand. 

de die in diem, L. From day to day. 

de guslibusnonest disputandum, L. There 
is no disputing about tastes. 

Dei gratia, L. By the grace of God. 

dejure, L. By the law; by right. 

de mal en pis, Fr. From bad to worse. 

de minimis non curat lex, L. The law 
does not concern itself with trifles. 

de mortuis nil nisi bonwm, L. Let noth- 
ing be said of the dead but what is 
good. 

de nihilo nihil, in nihilum nil posse re- 
verti. L. From nothing nothing is 
made, and nothing that exists can be 
reduced to nothing. 

Deo duce, L. With God for a leader. 

Deo favente, L. With the favor of God. 

Deo gratias, L. Thanks be to God. 

Deo juvante, L. With the help of God. 

de omnibus rebus, et quibusdam aliis, L. 
About everything, and something 
more besides. 

Deo volonte, L. God willing. 

dernier r ess ort, Fr. Last resource. 

desideratum, L. Any thing desired. 

di buona volonta sta pieno I'inferno, It. 
Hell is full of good intentions. 

Dieu est toujcurs pour les plus gros 
bataillons, Fr. God is always on the 
side of the largest bataillons. 

Dieu etmon droit, Fr.God and my right. 

Dieu vous garde, F. God protect you. 

docendo discimus, L. We learn by teach- 
ing. 

dolce cose a vedere, e dolci inganni, It. 
Things sweet to see, and sweet decep- 
tions. 

dolce far niente, It. Sweet idleness. 

Dominus vobiscum, L. The Lord be with 
you. [amiable wife. 

domus et placens uxor, L. Home and the 

dramatis personal, L. Characters repre- 
sented in a drama. 

dulce est desipere in loco, L. It is pleas- 
ant to play the fool at times. 

dulce et decorum est pro patria mori, L. 
It is sweet and glorious to die for 
one's country. [hope. 

dum spiro spero, L. While I breathe, I 

dum vivimus, vivamus, L. Let us live, 
while we live. 

durante vita, L. During life. 



eau de vie, Fr. Water of life; brandy. 
e cattivo vento die non e buono per qual- 

cuno, It. It is an ill wind that blows 

nobody good. 
ecce homo, L. Behold the man. 
e contrario, L. On the contrary. 
Edition de luxe, Fr. Luxurious edition 

of a book. 



eheuf fugaces labuntur anni, L. Alas I 
our fleeting years pass away. 

en ami, Fr. As a friend. 

en arriere, Fr. In the rear, behind. 

en attendant, Fr. In the meantime. 

en avant, Fr. Forward. 

en cueros, en cueros vivos, Sp. Naked; 
without clothing. [ends well. 

ende gut, alles gut, Ger. All's well that 

en deshabilli, Fr. In undress; in one's 
true colors. [home. 

en famille, Fr. With one's family; at 

enfant gdte, Fr. Spoiled child. 

enfants perdus, Fr. [lit., lost children.] 
Forlorn hope. 

en nykti boule, Gr. In the night there 
is counsel; sleep on it. 

en pleinjour, Fr. In open day. 

en queue, Fr. Waiting in line. 

en rapport, Fr. In harmony, or agree- 
ment, [order. 

en regie. Fr. Regular, regularly in 

en revanche, Fr. In return. 

en route, Fr. On the way. 

en suite, Fr. In company, in a set. 

entente cordiale, Fr. Good understand- 
ing, [confidence. 

entre nous, Fr. Between ourselves; in 

entresol, Fr. Intermediate between the 
ground floor and the second story. 

e pluribus unum, Comnosed of many. 

esprit de corps, Fr. The animating spirit 
of a body of persons, as of a regiment. 

esprit fort, Fr. Freethinker. 

est modus in rebus, L. There is a middle 
course in all things. 

esto quod esse videris, L. Be what you 
seem to be. 

et caztera, L. And the rest. 

eventus stultorum magister , L. Fools 
must be taught by experience. 

e vestigio, L. Instantaneously. 

eioigkeit, Ger. Eternity. 

ex abrupto, L. With abruptness. 

ex animo, L. Heartily. 

ex beneplacito, L. At pleasure. 

ex capite, L. From memory. 

ex cathedra, L. By virtue of office. 

excelsior, L. Higher. 

exceptis excipiendis, L. Proper excep- 
tions being made. 

excuderunt, L. They made it. [tion. 

exempli gratia, L. By way of illustra- 

exeunt, L. They go out. 

exeunt omnes, L. All go out. 

ex facto jus oritur, L. From the fact 
springs the law. 

exigeant, Fr. Exacting. 

exit, L. He goes out. 

ex nihilo nihil fit, L. Out of nothing, 
nothing is or can be made. 

ex officio, L. By virtue of office. 

ex parte, L. On one side only; biased. 

expose, Fr. Exposition; explanation. 

ex post facto, L. After the deed. 

ex tempore, L. On the instant; without 
preparation. 



EXT 



811 



HOR 



extinctus amabitur idem, L. Though 

dead he will yet be loved. 
extrait, Fr. Extract. 
extra muros, L. Beyond the walls. 
ex ungue leonem L. By his claws the lion 

is known. 
ex uno disce omnes, L. From one learn 

all; from a sample judge of the lot. 



faber quisque for tuna suce, L.Everyman 
is the architect of his own fortune. 

facile princeps, L. Easily first. 

facilis est descensus Avemi, L. Descent 
to Avernus is easy; the road to ruin 
is easy. [ing. 

facon de parler, Fr. Manner of speuk- 

fainiant, Fr. Idle. [upon. 

/aire bonne mine, Fr. Put a good face 

fait accompli, Fr. Accomplished fact. 

fas esi ab hoste doceri, L. It is right to 
learn of an enemy. 

fata morgana, It. Mirage. 

fata obstant, L. The Fates oppose. 

fauteuil, Fr. Easy-chair. 

faux pas, Fr. False step. 

favete Unguis, L. Keep silence. 

fecit, L. He (she) made it. 

felicitas multos habet amicos,!^. Prosper- 
ity has many friends. 

felo de se, L. Suicide. 

femme de chmmbre, Fr. Chambermaid. 

ferae, naturce, L. Of a wild nature. 

festina lente, L. Hasten slowly. 

fete champetre, Fr. A festival in the 
fields. [bonfire. 

feu de joie, Fr. Discharge of guns ; 

feux a V artifice, Fr. Fireworks. 

fiat justitia, ruat caelum, L. Let justice 
be done, though the heavens fall. 

fiat lux, L. Let there be light. 

fideli certa merces, L. To the faithful 
reward is certain. 

fideliter, L. Faithfully. [whom. 

fide, sed cui vide, L. Trust, but see 

fides Punica, L. Punic faith; deceit. 

fin, de siecle, Fr. End of the century. 

finem respice, L. Look to the end. 

tinis coronat opus, L. The end crowns 
the work. [nance of hostilities. 

flagrante bello, L. During the contin- 

flagrante delicto, L. In the commission 
of the fault or crime. [the brave. 

fortes fortunajuv at, L. Fortune favors 

fortiter, fideliter, feliciter, L. Boldly, 
faithfully, successfully. 

fra Modesto non fu maipriore, It. Friav 
Modest never became prior. 

f ran gas, non fiectes, L. You may break 
me, but you can not bend me. 

front Si front, Fr. Face to face. 

fruges consumere nati, L. Born to con- 
sume the fruits of the earth; born 
only to eat. 

fuimus Troes, L. "We once were Tro- 
jans; we have seen better days. 

fuit Ilium, L. Troy was, but is no more. 



fumum et opes, strepitumque Bomce, L. 

The smoke, the show, the din uf the 

town (Rome). 
furor loquendi, L. Rage for speaking. 
furor poeticus, L. Poetical fire. 
furor scribendi, L. Rage for writing. 



gallice, L. In French. 

garqon, Fr. Lad; waiter. 

garde du corps, Fr. Body guard. 

gardez, Fr. Take care ; be on your 
guard. [rejoice. 

gaudeamus igitur, L. Therefore let us 

gaudet tentamine virtus, L. Virtue re- 
joices in temptation. [place. 

genius loci, L. Presiding genius'bf the 

gens de lettres, Fr. Literary men. 

gens de loi, Fr. Lawyers. 

gens dememe famille, Fr. People of the 
same family; birds of a feather. 

gens depeu, Fr. Tbe lower classes. 

gibier de potence, Fr. A gallows-bird. 

giovine santo, diavolo vecchio, It. Youns 
saint, old devil. [are in the wrong. 

gli assenti hanno torti, It. The abseut 

gloria in excelsis Deo, L. Glory to God 
in the highest. 

gnofhiseauton, Gr. Know thyself. 

grdce a Dieu, Fr. Thanks be to God. 

guerra al cuchillo, Sp. War to the knife. 

guerre a mort, Fr. War to the death. 

guerre a outrance, Fr. War to the utter- 
most, [lows out the stone. 

gutta cavat lapidem, L. The drop hol- 



haut gout, Fr. High flavor. 

hie et ubique, L. Here and everywhere. 

hie labor, hie opus est, L. Here is labor, 
here is toil. 

hincillce lacrimal, L. Hence these tears; 
this is the cause of the trouble. 

hodie mihi, eras tibi, L. It is my lot to- 
day, yours tomorrow, [people, 

hoi polloi. Gr. The many, the common 

homme d'affaires, Fr. Man of business. 

homme d' esprit, Fr. A wit; a genius. 

homo solus aut deus aul dcemon, L. To live 
alone a man must be either, a god or 
devil. 

homo sum, humani nihil a me alienum 
pulo, L. I am a man; and I consider 
nothing that concerns mankind a 
matter of indifference to me. 

honi soit qui mat y pense, Fr. Shame 
upon him who thinks evil of it. 

honores mutant mores, L. Honors change 
manners. [with responsibility. 

honos habet onus, L. Honor is burdened 

horresco refer ens, L. I shudder as I tell 
the story. [contest. 

Jiors de combat, Fr. Unfit to continue a 

hors de la loi, Fr. Outlawed. 

hors degropos, Fr. Wide of the point; 
inapplicable. [sonable. 

hors de saison, Fr. Out of season ; unsea- 



KOR 812 

hors d'ceuvre, Fr. Out of course; out of 
accustomed place. (Small appetizing 
dish served between the soup and 
the second course). 

hdtel deville, Fr. City halL 

hdtel Dieu, Fr. Hospital. 

humanumest errare, L. To err is human. 

hurtar para dar por Bios, Sp. To steal 
in order to give to God. 



LAP 



idee fixe, F. Monomania. 

id genus omne, L. All that class. (The 

dregs of the population). 
ignorantia non excusat legem, L. Igno- 
rance is no plea against the law. 
ignoti nulla cupido, L. There is no desire 

for what is unknown. 
ignotum per ignotius, L. (To explain) a 

thing not understood by one still less 

understood. 
il sent le fagot, Fr. He smells of the 

stake ; he is suspected of heresy. 
implicite, Lt. By implication. 
in ceternum L. Forever. [death. 

iu articulo mortis, Lt. At the point of 
in bianco, It. In blank, in white. 
incoelo quies, Lt. There is rest in heaven. 
in curia, L. In court. 
inde irai, Lt. Hence this resentment. 
in esse, L. In being. 
in extenso, L. At length, extensively. 
in hoc signo vinces, L. In this sign 

thou shalt conquer. [things. 

in medias res, L. Into the midst of 
in memoriam, L. To the memory of; in 

memory. 
in nomine, L. In the name of. 
in nuce, L. In a nutshell. 
in omnia paratus, L. Prepared at all 

points or for all things. [serve. 

in petto, It. Within the breast; in re- 
in pleno, L. In full. 
in posse, L. In possibility. 
in propria* persond, L. In his own or 

proper person. 
inpuris naturalibus, L. Entirely naked. 
in re, L. In the matter of. 
inrem, L. Against the thing or property. 
in rerum naturd, L. In the nature of 

things. [unchanged. 

in statu quo, L. In the former state ; 
in suspenso, L. In suspense. 
inter arma silent leges, L. In the midst 

of arms the laws are silent. 
interdum vulgus rectum videt, L. The 

vulgar sometimes see rightly. 
inter nos, L. Between ourselves. 
inter pocula, L. At one's cups. 
inter se, L. Among themselves. 
inter spem et metum, L. Between hope 

and fear. 
in totidem verbis. L. In so many words. 
in toto, L. Entirely. 
intra muros, L. Within the walls. 
in transitu, L. In transit. 



in un giorno non si fe' Roma, It. Rome 

was not built in a day. 
in usu, L. In use. [Dauphin. 

in usum Delphini, L. For the use of the 
in verba magistri jurare, L. To swear 

by the words of a master. 
in vino Veritas, L. There is truth in 

wine ; drunken men reveal their true 

nature. 
ipse dixit, L. He himself said it. 
ipsissima verba, L. The very words. 
ipsissimis verbis, L. In the very words, 
ipso facto, L. In the fact itself 
ipso jure, L. By the law itself. 
Italice, L. In Italian. 



jacta est alea, L. The die is cast. 

januis clausis, L. With closed doors. 

je ne sais quoi, Fr. I know not what. 

jeu de mots, Fr. Play on words. 

jeu d'esprit. Fr. Witticism. 

joci causd, L». For the sake of a joke. 

jucundi acti labores, L. Past labors are 
pleasant. 

Jupiter tonans, L. Jupiter the thunderer. 

jure divino, L. By divine law. 

jure humano, L. By human law. 

jus gentium, L. Law of nations. 

jus gladii, L. Law of the sword. 

jus possessionis, L. Law of possession. 

jus summum sazpe summa injuria, L. 
Extreme law is often extreme wrong. 

juste milieu, Fr. The proper mean. 

justum et tenacem propositi virum, L. 
A just man, and tenacious of his po- 
sition, [nity. 



kairon gnothi, Gr. Know your opportu- 
kaV exochen, Gr. Pre-eminently, [nity. 
Jcein kreuzer, kein schweizer, Ger. No 
money, no Swiss. 



laborare est orare, L. Work is prayer, 
labor omnia vincit, L. Labor conquers 

all things. [solace of labor. 

laborum dulce lenimen, L. The sweet 
la critique est aisie, Vart est difficile, Fr. 
Criticism is easy, art is difficult. 
lade niclit alles in ein schiff, Ger. Do 

not ship all in one bottom ; do not put 

all your eggs in one basket. 
la fame non vuol leggi, It. Hunger obeys 

no laws. 
laissez faire, Fr. Let alone. 
V amour et la fume"e ne peuvent se cacher, 

Fr. Love and smoke are unable to 

conceal themselves. 
la mentira tiene las piernas cortas, Sp. 

A lie has short legs. 
la patience est amere, mais son fruit est 

doux, Fr. Patience is bitter, but its 

fruit is sweet. 
lapsus calami, L. Slip of the pen. 
lapsus linguce, Li. Slip of the tongue. 



LAP 



813 



ORA 



lapsus memoriae, L. Slip of the memory. 
lasciate ogni speranza voi, che "titrate, It. 

All hope abandon ye who enter here. 
latine, L. In Latin. [lust for praise. 
laudum immensa cupido, L. Inordinate 
laus Deo, I... Praise to God. 
laus propria sordet, L. Praise of one's 

own self defiles. 
Vavenir, Fr. The future. 
la vertu est la seule noblesse, Fr. Virtue 

is the only nobility. 
Veau en vient a la bouche, Fr. It makes 

one's mouth water. [world. 

le beau monde, Fr. The fashionable 
lector benevole, L. Kind reader. 
le cout en 6te le gout, Fr. The cost takes 

away the taste. [crutches. 

le diable boiteux, Fr. The devil on 
le jeu n'envautpas la chandelle, Fr. The 

game is not worth the candle. 
le parole son feminine, e i fatti son ma- 

schi,It. Words are feminine.and deeds 

are masculine. 
le point de jour, Fr. The break of day. 
les affaires font les hommes, Fr. Busi- 
ness makes men. 
Ihe-majesti, Fr. High treason. 
les extremes se touchent, Fr. Extremes 

touch. 
le tout ensemble, Fr. All together. 
lex talionis, L. The law of retaliation. 
I'inconnu, Fr. The unknown. 
Vincroyable, Fr. The incredible. 
lite pendente, L. During the trial. 
locus classicus, L. A classical passage. 
locus criminis, L. The scene of the crime 
lucri causa, L. For the sake of gain. 
lupum auribus teneo, L. I hold a wolf by | 

the ears; I have caught a Tartar. , 

lupus in fabula, L. The wolf in tnc 

fable. [deformed animal or plant. 
lusus naturce, L. A freak of nature ; a 



ma chlre, Fr. My dear (fern.) [word. 
ma foi, Fr. Upon my faith; upon my 
magnum bonum, L. A great good. 
magnum opus, L. Great undertaking; 

the great work of a man's life. 
maison de campagne, Fr. Country house. 
maison de sante, Fr. Private asylum or 

hospital. 
maison de ville, Fr. Town hall. 
maltre d'hdtel, Fr. House steward. 
mal de mer, Fr. Sea sickness. 
mal de tile, Fr. Headache. 
mal entendre, Fr. A misunderstanding; 

a mistake. 
manu propria, L. "With one's own hand. 
mardi gras, Fr. Shrove Tuesday. 
mauvais gout, Fr. False taste. 
mauvais sujet, Fr. A worthless fellow. 
mega biblion megakakon, Gr. A big book 
► is a big nuisance. [opinion. 

me judice, L. I being the judge; in my 
mens sana in corpore sano, L. A sound 
V^mind in a healthy body. 



mirabile dictu, L. Wonderful to relate. 
mirabile visu, L. Wonderful to see. 
mise-en-scene, L. The staging of a play. 
modus operandi, L. The manner ol 

working. 
mon ami, Fr. My friend. 
mon cher, Fr. My dear (mas). 
more suo, L. In his usual manner. 
multuminparvo, L. Much in little. 
mutatis mutandis, L. The necessary 

changes being made. 



naturam expellas furca, tamen usque re- 
curret, L. Though you may drive out 
Nature with a pitchfork, she will al- 
ways come back. 

necessitas non habet legem, L. Necessity 
knows no law. 

nemo me impune lacessit, L. No one 
provokes me with impunity. 

ne {non) plus ultra, L. Nothing further; 
the uppermost point; perfection. 

ne sutor supra crepidam, L. The shoe- 
maker sbould not go beyond his last. 

nil admirari, L. To be astonished at 
nothing. 

n'importe, Fr. It is of no consequence. 

noblesse oblige, Fr. Nobility imposes 
obligations. 

nolens volens, L. Willing or unwilling. 

noli me tangere, L. Don't touch me. 

nom de guerre, Fr. War name. 

nom de plume, Fr. Pen name. 

non assumpsit, L. He did not assume. 

non compos mentis, L. Not in sound 
mind. 

non constat, L. It does not appear. 

non datur teriium, L. There is not a 
third one. 

nonignara mali. miseris succurrere disco, 
L. Not unacquainted with misfortune, 
I learn to succor the wretched. 

non libet, L. It does not please. 

non liquet, L. It is not clear. 

non mi ricordo, It. I don't remember. 

non multa, sed multum, L. Not many, 
but much. 

non sequitur, L. It does not follow. 

nota bene, L. Mark well. (N. B.) 

Notre Dame, Fr. Our Lady. 

nulli secundus, L. Second to none. 



obiit, L. He, or she, died. 

obiter dictum, L. Said by the way. 

odium medicum (theologicum) , L. Pro- 
fessional jealousy or hatred between 
physicians (theologians). 

ogniuno per se, e Dio per tutti, It. Every 
one for himself, and God for all. 

omen faustum, L. Favorable omen. 

omnia vincit labor, L. Labor conquers 
all things. 

on dit, Fr. They say. [ing. 

onus probandi, L. The burden of prov- 

oraet labora, L. Pray and work. 



ORA 



814 



ZEI 



ora pro nobis, L. Pray for us. 
temporal mores! L. O times I O 
manners! 



padrone, It. Employer; landlord. 
palmam qui meruit ferat, L. Let him 

who merits it bear the palm. 
par exemple, Fr. For instance. 
par nobile fratrum, L. A noble pair of 

brothers. [whole. 

pars pro toto , L. The part for the 
particeps criminis, L. Party to the 

crime. 
partout, Fr. Everywhere. 
paterfamilias, L. Father of a family. 
pater noster, L. Our Father. Lord's 

prayer. 
pater patriae, L. Father of his country. 
pax orbis terrarum, L. The sovereignty 

of the world. 
pax vobiscum, L. Peace be with you. 
peccavi, L. I have sinned. 
pendente lite, L. Pending the litigation. 
per aspera ad astra, L. Through hard- 
ship to the stars. 
per capita, L. By the head. 
per centum, L. By the hundred. 
per contra, L. By the contrary. 
per diem, L. By the day. [ous. 

periculum in mora, L. Delay is danger- 
per se, L. By or in itself. 
peu-a-peu, Fr. Little by little. 
pour /aire rire,Fv. To excite laughter. 
pour f aire visite, Fr. To pay a visit. 
pour prendre congi, Fr. To' take leave. 

[P. P. C] 
prima facie, L. At the first glance. 
pro bono publico, L. For the public 

good. 
pro forma, L. As a matter of form. 
proh pudor, L. For shame. 



quantum libet, L. As much as you like. 
quelque chose, Fr. Something; a trifle. 
quern di diligunt adolescens moritur, L. 

He whom the gods love dies young. 
quid hoc sibi vult? L. What does this 

mean? 
quien sabe? Sp. Who knows? 
quod avertat I)eus, L. God forbid! 
quod erat demonstrandum, L. Which 

was to be proved. [Q. E. D.] 
quod vide. L. Which see. (q. v.) 



raison d'etat, Fr. State reason. 

raison d'etre, Fr. Reason for a thing's 
existence. 

rara avis, L. Rare bird. [heard it. 

relata refero, L. I tell the story as I 

res judicata, L. Case already settled. 

rsspice flnem, L. Look to the end. 

revenons a nos moutons, Fr. Let us re- 
turn to our sheep; let us come back 
to our subject. 



sans peur et sans rciwoche, Fr. Fearless 
and stainless. 

sans souci, Fr. Free from care. 

sauve qui peut, Fr. Save yourselves. 

savoir faire, Fr. Tact. 

savoir vivre, Fr. Good breeding. 

semper idem, L. Always the same. 

se non e vero, I ben trovato, It. If it is 
not true, it is well invented. 

sic transit gloria mundi, L. So the glory 
of this world passes away. 

sicvolo, sicjubeo, statpro ratione volun- 
tas, L. Thus I will, thus I command, 
my pleasure stands for a reason. 

similia similibus curantur,~L. Like things 
are cured by like. 

si vis pacem, para bellum, L. If you wish 
for peace, prepare for war. 

sturm unddrang, Ger. Storm and stress. 

sub rosa, L. Under the rose, secretly. 

sui generis, L. Of its own kind; unique. 

suum cuique, L. Let each have his own. 

tant mieux, Fr. So much the better. 

tantpis, Fr. So much the worse. 

tel est notre plaisir, Fr. Such is our 

pleasure. 
tempora mutantur, et nos mutamur cum 

illis, L. The times change, and we 

change with them. 
tempus fugit, L. Time flies. 
terra flrma, L. Solid earth. 
terra incognita, L. Unknown land. 
timeo Danaos et dona ferentes, L. I fear 

the Greeks, even when they bring 

gifts. [always the same. 

toujour sperdrix, Fr. Always partridges; 
tout-a-fait, Fr. Wholly; entirely. 
tout-a-l'heure, Fr. Instantly; just now. 
tout-de-suite, Fr. Immediately. 



ubi bene ibi patria, u. Where one is 
well off, there is bis country. 

ultima ratio regum, L. The last argu- 
ment of kings. (Cannon.) 

usus loquendi, L. Usage in speaking. 

vai victis, L. Woe to the conquered. 

varium et mutabile semper femina, L. 
Woman is always a changeable and 
capricious thing. 

vedi Napoli e poi muori, It. See Naples 
and then die. [quered. 

veni, vidi, vici, L. I came, I saw, I con- 

verbum sat sapienti, L. A word is suffi- 
cient for a wise man. 

via media, L. Middle course. 

voila, Fr. See there, there is, there are. 

voilatout, Fr. That's all. 

volenti non jit injuria, L. No injury is 
done to a consenting party. 

vox faucibus hasit, L. His voice died in 
his throat. 

Zeitgeist, Ger. Spirit of the age. 




N. B. — The laws that govern the modeling and changing of words have 
their proper place in advanced grammars or in special text-books. For pro- 
nunciation, definition and special history of the words given as examples, see 
the Dictionary proper, pages 9 to 672. When a formative (stem, prefix or 
suffix) appear in more than one shape, it is found under the head of its prin- 
cipal form, as e- and ec- under ex. 



A LARGE majority of English words are formed or "built up" from other 
words, and are known as derivative words, or simply derivatives — the 
primary words or roots being comparatively few in number. 

To the various methods by which derivative words are formed, is given the 
name of "word-building." 

Four important factors enter into the formation of derivatives, viz : — 
primary words, stems, prefixes, and suffixes. 

Formerly a knowledge of the stems, prefixes and suffixes in the English 
language could be obtained only by a knowledge of Greek and Latin, but more 
recently the parts of Greek and Latin words from which the English stems, 
prefixes and suffixes are derived, have been collected and arranged in alphabet- 
ical order, so that now to any one familiar with the meanings of these word- 
factors, thousands of English words, variously derived, become self -defining — 
the f ormatives entering into their make-up revealing the meaning of the whole. 

Primary Words are the simple or primitive words of a language consist- 
ing of one syllable, without any formative element.— the bases upon which 
other words are built, variously called primitives, radicals or roots, as man, 
for, in, short, can,. 

Stems are the most significant parts of words, and are used as the bases 
for forming other words by adding prefixes and suffixes; as ject in yvo-ject and 
&d-ject-ive; cess in a.c-cess and pro-cess -ion. 

A Prefix is a letter or letters placed before a word or stem and united with 
it to form a derivative; as a-mend, pre-dici, cov.nter-&ct. 

A Suffix is a letter or letters placed after a word or stem and united with 
it to form a derivative; as hive-ling, 'bvev-ity, h&vd-ness, satis-jy, mission- ary. 

Tracing derivatives to the simpler words from which they are formed is 
called derivation, and the study of it is interesting, as illustrative of the struc- 
ture and affinities of languages, and the means by which the vast number and 
variety of ideas requiring expression, have suitable words formed for them 
from a few primitives. The history of the word stranger will serve as a good 
illustration. Upon investigation it is found to be derived from the simple 
syllable e, the Latin preposition denoting "from," or "out of," as used before 
consonants, or ex, as used before vowels or the consonant t. From the phrase ex 
terra ("out of the land") the adverb and preposition extra, "beyond," or -"With- 
out," is formed, and from this word again the adjective extraneus (English extra- 
neous), "foreign." or "strange," was derived. This term was adopted into the 
language of the Franks, but was changed to estrange, which their descend- 
ants, the French, according to a general law in the development of their 
language, converted again into Strang e (dropping the s). The Norman French 
brought the word estrange to England, still retaining the s, the English dropped 
the e, making the word at first straunge, as in early modern English, and 
finally stranae, as it stands to-day. 

815 



816 



IN 



The prefixes and suffixes are less than two hundred, and nearly uniform in 
their signification. The English words derived from Latin and Greek, over 
70,000 in number, are formed, by means of these prefixes and suffixes, from less 
than 2,000 primary words and stems — 15,000 from about 200, and 2,400 from 
only twelve. The stem fact, "to form or do," for instance, enters into more 
than 500 English words, upon which it impresses literally its own signification, 
as in fact-or, fact-ion, con-feet -ionery , etc. 



PREFIXES 

NOTE. — When a prefix ends in a consonant, that consonant often is 
changed or omitted, in order that the prefix may unite easily with the word 
to which it is joined, as ad-, con-, in-, sub-, in the words a/-fix, co-here, im-plant, 
and s«/-fix. 

The following list shows the prefixes both in their original and in the' as- 
similated forms. 



a-. In, on, to, at; as abed, aboard, 
a- field, a-far. [A. S.] 

a-, ab>. abs-. From, away, off; as 
a-vert, abdicate, abstract. [L.] 

a-, am-. Not, without; as a-theist, 
are-arcby. [Gr. a-privative.] 

ad-. To; as ad-duce, ad-here. By assi- 
milation to the following consonant, 
ad- may become a-, ac-, a/-, ag-, al-, 
an-, ap-,ar-, as-, at-; asa-spire, ac-cede, 
a/-fiict, aa-gregate, al-lot, are-nex, ap- 
ply, ar-range, as-sume, attest. [L.] 

al-.' The; as, aZ-koran, aZ-cohol. [Ar.] 

a tn-, amUi". Latin forms of Greek 
amphi-; as, am-putate, amM-ent, ambi- 
dexter, [as amphibious. [Gr.] 

amphi-. Both, around, on both sides; 

ana-, an-. Up, back ; as area-tomy, 
area-pest, are-ode. [Gr.] 

ante-* an-. Before; as arete-chamber, 
arete-cedent, are-cestor. [L.] 

anti-. ant-. Against, opposite; as anti- 
pathy, arcta-podes, antagonist. [Gr.] 

apo-, aph-, ap-. Off, away, from; 
as apo-strophe, aph-oris,m, ap-helion. 
[Gr. apo, from.] 

arch-, archi-. Chief; as arc^-bishop, 
archi-tect. [Gr. archos, chief.] 

an to-. Self, of one's self, self-acting; 
as auto-crat, auto-gravh, auto-cycle. 
[Gr. autos, self.] 

be-. On, about, cause to become; as 
&c-side, oc-set, be-fog, &c-calin. [A. S.] 

hi-, Din-, bis-. Twice, doubly, two; 
as Si-weekly, 6i-petalous, 6i-ped, Sire- 
ocular, &is-cuit. [L. bi — bis, twice.] 

cat-, cata-,cath-. Down, completely; 
as catf-echise , cata-ract , cath-ode. 
[Gr. Jcata, down.] 

circa-, circnm-. Around, about, 
surrounding ; as circu-it , circum- 
navigation, ctrcwm-scribe. [L. cir- 
eum-, around.] 

eis-. On this side; as cis-alpine. [L.] 

co- , col- , com- , con- , cor-. 
Together, with ; as co-erce, coHect, 

I corn-motion, core-centrate, cor-robo- 
rate. [L. com — cum, with.] 



contra-, contro-. Against; as contra- 
dict, contro-versy . [L. contra, against.] 

counter-. Contrary, opposite ; as 
counter-act , counter-march. [Fr. con- 
tre — L. contra, against.] 

de-. Down, ..om, away, un-; as de-ject, 
dc-part, dc-b k, de-ride, de-feat. [L.] 

di-, dis-. Two, twice, druble; as oo- 
lemma; dissyllable. [Gr. dis, twice.] 

di- 9 dis-, dif-. Apart, asunder, priva- 
tion or negation; as di- verge, dis-sent, 
disadvantage, dif-ter. In French 
words des-, as dcs-habille, dcs-cant 
[L. dis-, apart.] 

dia-. Through, apart; as dia-gonal, 
dia-gnose. [Gr. dia, through.] 

du-. Two; as du-el, a fight between 
two. [L. duo, two.] 

en-, el-, em-. In, into, upon; as en 
tomb, en-snare, cre-tail, cMipsis, em 
orace. [Fr.— L. ire, in.] Also cm-bed 
cm-bitter. [A. S. in, in.] 

en-. Denotes negation ; as cre-emy 
not friend. [O. Fr.— L. in, not.] 

enter-. Between, among ; as enter 
tain. [Fr.— L. inter, between.] 

epi-, ep-, eph-. Upon, over, after 
to, beside ; as cpi-logue, cp-och, eph 
emeral. [Gr.] 

en-, ev-. Well, good; as cw-logy; ev- 
angelist. [Gr. eu, well.] 

ex-, e-, ec-, ef-, es-. Out, out of, 
from, as cx-pel, c-ject, cc-lect, ef-face 
cs-cape. [L. ex.] 

extra-. Beyond ; as catfra-ordinary 
[Li.—ex terra, out of the land.] 

for-. Away, thoroughly; — used with 
intensive or negative force ; as for- 
bid, for-bear, for-lom, forswear. 
i A. S.] [/ore-ground. [A. S.] 

fore-. Before, in front; as foretell, 

hemi-. Half; as Acmi-sphere. [Gr.] 

hyper-. Over, above, beyond ; as 
A?/pcr-critical. [Gr.] [the skin. [Gr.] 

hypo-. Under; as hypo-dermic, under 

in-, il-, im-, ir-. In, on, into; as 
in-ject, iMumine, im-merse, tr-rigate. 
[A. S. and L.J 



m 



BV, 



ACE 



In-, ig-, il-, im-, ir-. Not, without; 
un- ; as m-firm, m-capacity, m-com- 
plete, igr-noble, i7-legal, im-raortal, ir- 
regular. [L. in-, not.] [change. [L.] 

inter-. Between, among ; as inter- 

intra-, intro-. Into, within ; as 
intra-mura,\, intro-duce. [L.] 

juxta-. Near, next to ; as juxta-iposi- 
tion. [L.] 

mal-. Bad, evil, wrong, defective; as 
maltreat; maZ-administration. [Pr. 
and L.] 

meta-, met-, metb-. Between, with, 
after, over, beyond, reversely ; as 
meta-morphosis,rae£-eor,7ne*7i-od.[Gr.] 

mis-. Wrong, wrongly; as mis-con- 
duct, mis-judge. [A. S.] 

mono-. Single, one; as mono-logue, 
raouo-syllable. [Gr.] 

mult-, multi-. Many; as, mult-au- 
gular, having many angles; multi- 
form. [L. multi, many.] 

n-. Not; as ra-ever. [A. S.] 

non-. Not; as reou-sense, nore-age. [L.l 

ob-, oc-, of-, op-. Against ; as ob- 
trude, oc-cur, o/-fend, op-pose. [L.] 

Oct-, octa-, octi-, octo-. Eight; as 
octangular, octa-gon, octi-reme, octo- 
PUS,[L] . [L.] 

oinui-. All; as omni-bus, omni-yorous. 

on-. Upon, against, on; as on-set, on- 
slaught. [A. S.] 

out-. Denotes exterior or excess; as 
out-side, out-do, out-bid. [Eng. out — 
A. S. vt, out.] 

pan-, panto-. All, whole ; as paw- 
theism, pan,£o-mime. [Gr. pas, pan, 
pantos, all.] [L. per, through.] 

par-. Through ; as par-tevve. [Fr.— 

par-, para-. Beside, near, by ; as 
par-helion, para-dox. [Gr.] 

pen-. Almost; as peu-insula, pen-ul- 
timate. [L.paene, almost.] 

per-, pel-. Through, by; as per- vade, 
per-chance, pel-lucid. [L. per, through.] 

peri-. Around, about, near; as peri- 
carp, peri-patetic, pm-helion. [Gr.] 

poly-. Many, as poly-gon, poly- 
chrome. [Gr. poloi, many.] 

por-. Forth, toward ; as por-tend. 
[Form of L. pro-.] 



post-. After; asposi-script, postpone, 
[L.] 

pre-. Before; as precede, pre-judge. 
[L.l 

preter-. Beyond; as pre£er-natural. 

pro-. For, forth, forward ; as pro- 
noun, pro-ceed, pro-voke. [L.] 

pros-. Toward, to; aspros-elyte, one 
brought to another's belief. [Gr.] 

proto-. First ; as proto-col , proto- 
pjasm. [Gr. protos, first.] 

pseudo-. False; as pseudo-nym. [Gr. 
pseudes, false.] 

pur-. Before, forward ; as pur-sue. 
[O. Fr. — L. por-, p?'o-.] 

re-, red-. Again, back; as re-unite, 
re- tract, red-eem. [L.] 

retro-. Back, backward ; as retro- 
active, reZro-cession. [L.] 

se-, sed-. Apart, aside; as se-cede, 
sed-ition. [L.] 

sub-, sue-, suf-, sug--, sup-, sur-, 
sus-. Under, after ; as suo-scribe, 
suc-ceed, su/-fix, sug-gest, sup-press, 
sur-reptitious, sus-pense. [ L. sub, 
under.] 

super-. Above, over ; as super-nat- 
ural, super-add, super-vise. [L.] 

supra-. Above, over, beyond ,- as 
supra-orbital. [L] 

sur-. Above, over, beyond ; as sur- 
mount, sur-vive, sur-charge. [Fr.— L. 
super-.] 

syn-, syl-, sym-. With, together ; 
as sure-thesis, syi-lable, sum-pathy. 
[Gr. syn, with.] 

to-. The, this, on this; as fo-day. [A.S.] 

trans-, trail-, tra-. Beyond, across, 
through: as Iran s-atlantic, trans-fix, 
transcribe, Zra-dition. [ L. trans, 
across.] [une. [Gr. and L.] 

tri-. Three, treble; as tri-a,ngle, tri- 

ultra-. Beyond; asu^ra-montane.[L.] 

un-. Not ; as unnoticed , uw-wise. 
[A. S. un-, not.] 

un-. Back, denotes reversal of action; 
as ure-lock , un-t old , un-do. [ A. S. 
un-, back, against.] 

ut-. Out; as uf-most. [A. S. ut, out.] 

with-. Against, back; aswi^-stand, 
with-hold. [A. S.] 



SUFFIXES 

NOTE. — In the following list of suffixes, examples are given, under each 
Suffix, of the several parts of speech which that suffix is used to form. 
Thus under -ate, the example preceded by the abbreviation a. illustrates the 
manner in which -ate is used to form adjectives; the examples marked n. illus- 
trate its use in forming nouns. 



-able, -ible. -ble, a. That can or 
may be. fit to be, causing ; as port- 
able, e'dg-ible, laugh-able, solu-oZe. [Pr. 
■able, L. -abilis.] 

•acs a. Like, pertaining to; as demoni- 



ac, cardi-ac. — n. one having; as ma- 
ni-ac. [Gr. -akos.] 
•aceous, a. Of the nature of, resem- 
bling ; as cet-aceous, tariu-acwue. 
[L.l 



ACI 



818 



ITE 



-acions, a. Characterized by, show- 
ing, given to. Added to verb-stems, 
as cap-aciows, pugn-aciows. [L.] 

-acy, n. Denotes quality, state, condi- 
tion, or office of ; as abb-acy, prim- 
acy, advoc-acy. Also in words, that 
have no corresponding form in i^atin, 
as accur-acy, pir-acy. [L. -acta.] 

•age, n. Denotes the thing or being 
collectively, state, rate, place, allow- 
ance for ; as f oli-age, peer-age, par- 
son-age, percent-aae. [Pr.] 

-al, a. Relating to; as person-aZ, his- 
tov\c-al.—n. a being, the act of; as 
riv-aZ, anim-aZ, remov-aZ, betroth-aZ. 
[L. -alisl] 

•an, -ian, a. Belonging or pertaining 
to; as silv-an.—n. one who, as histor- 
ian. [L. -anus.] 

•ana, n. Something pertaining to, 
generally denoting a collection of; as 
Americ-ana, collection of papers, etc., 
pertaining to America. [L.] 

=asiee, -asicy, -ence, -eney, n. 
State of being, act of; as abund-awce, 
allow-arace, guid-a/ice, occup-ancy, ab- 
stin-ence, solv-ency. [L. -antia, -entia.] 

-ant, a. Being; as abund-ara£.— n. one 
who, as assist-antf. [O. Fr.— L. -ans, 
-antis.] In -phe&s-ant, tyr-ant, the t 
was added erroneously. 

•ar, a. Belonging to, relating to, re- 
sembling ; as Ixm-ar, annul-ar. — n. 
one w bo; asbegg-ar. [L. -aris, belong- 
ing to.] 

•ard, -art, n. One who; as cow-ayd, 
bra,gg-art. [Fr. ard.— Ger. hart\ [L.] 

•ariam, n. Place for; as sanit-anwm. 

-ary, a. Belonging, or pertaining to ; 
as planet-ary.— n. place for, one who ; 
as avi-ary, secret-ary. [L. -arius.] 

-ate, a. Having, being; as anim-ate, 
aaequ-ate. — n. one who, office or dig- 
nity; as deleg-ate, magistr-ate.— v. to 
make, to perform the act of; as ab- 
breviate, navig-ate. [L. -«£«£.] 

-ate, n. Denoting salts formed from 
acids with names ending in ic ; as 
nitr-ate. [O. Fr. -at,— L. -atus.] 

-cle, -cnle, n. Little, diminutive; as 
canti-cte, corpus-cZe, animal-cwte. [L. 
-culum, little, — L. -co and -lo.] 

-doni. n. Jurisdiction, province, 
quality, condition; as kingdom, free- 
dom. [A. S.] 

=ee, n. Denotes the object of an action, 
the recipient of; as grant-ee, pay-ee. 
[Fr.] [eer. [Fr. -ier.] 

-eer, n. One who, agent; as auction- 

-el, -le, -let, n. Little ; as mod-el 
spark-te, stream-Zetf. [A. S.] [A. S.] 

-en, v. Make or render; as black-en. 

-ent, a. Having the quality of; as im- 
pnd-ent.—n. person who; as stu&-ent. 
[O. Fr.] 

-er, n. One who, affixed to verb stems 



generally, denotes an agent; as bak- 
er*, carrier. [A. S. -ere.] 

-er, n. Affixed to other than verb 
stems, denotes a person, as prison-er, 
offic-er. [L.— ar, -ius.] 

-er, v. Gives often a frequentative or 
diminutive meaning ; as flutt-er (— 
float), sputt-er (—spout). [A.S. -er,-ian.~\ 

-er, a. and adv. Comparative degree, 
as long-er. [A. S. -er, -era, -ere.] 

-ery, n. Abstract nouns, denoting an 
art or a state, trade or place, as witch- 
ery, fool-ery, groc-ery, tann-ery. [O. 
Fr. erie— L. etia.] 

-escenee, n. State of growing or be- 
coming; as con v&l-escence. [L.] 

-escent, a. Becoming ; as -putt-escent. 
[L.] [p&in-ful. [A. S.] 

-fnl, a. Full of, causing; as joyful, 

-ffy, v. Make or render; as m&gni-fy, 
puri-/y. [O. Fr. ■fler—'L,. flcere, facere.] 

-hood, n. State or condition of, total- 
ity; as toj-hood, brother-hood. [A. S. 
had, condition.] 

-ie, a. Like, pertaining to; as angel-ic, 
academ-ic— n. nouns derived from, 
adjectives, as mus-ic, publ-ic. [L. -icw,. 
Gr. -ikos.] 

-ice, n. Quality or condition of, act) 
of; as co ward -ice, service. [L. -itia.] 

-ies, n. Art or science of; as mathe- 
matics, polit-ics. [Gr. -ika and plural 
-s.] 

-id, a. Having the quality of; as frig- 
id, cand-id. JL. -idus.] [A. S.] 

-ie, -y, n. Little ; as lass-ie, bab-y. 

-il, -ile, a. and n. Like, likely; as 
civ-iZ, foss-iZ, host-iZe, juven-ite. The 
i is long in gent-iZe, and is dropped 
in gentde. [L. -ilis.] 

-ine, a. Like, pertaining to; as ada- 
mant-irce, alp-irce. [L. -inus.] 

-ion, n. Act of, state of being ; as 
rebell-iore, expans-i<m. [L. -io, -ionis.] 

-ise. By-form for -ice, *ish, -ize;&s mer- 
chandise, advert-ise. 

-isfa, a. Somewhat, like, belonging to; 
as whit-ish, boy-ish, Engl-isA. [A. S.] 

-ish, v. To make; as publ-isft, make 
public ; fin-is/^.. [O. Fr. iss— L. -escere, 
-iscere.] 

-ism, n. State of being, practice of, 
idiom of, doctrine; as hero-ism, critic- 
ism, Latin-ism, Calvin-ism. [Gr.-ismos.] 

-ist, n. One who, denotes occupation, 
pursuit, or belief ; as fior-isi, dent-is^, 
Bapt-isZ. [Gr. -istes.] 

-ite, n. Denotes salts of an acid hav- 
ing a name ending in -ous; as sulph- 
ide—from sulphur-ons acid. One who 
is, follower or descendant of; as Is- 
raelite, Sybar-ite. [Gr. -ites.] 

-ite, a. Denotes a condition, as oppos- 
ite,requis-ite.—v. Signifies to make, to 
cause, as unite, ign-ite. [L. past par- 
ticiple termination -i-tus.] 



ITI 



CAN 



-itis, n. Similarity. Used in modern 
pathology to signify inflammation of; 
as append ic-itis. [Gr. -itis, lik}.] 

•ive, a. and n. Fitted to, characterized 
by, serving to do; as instruct- ive, de- 
vis-ive, nat-we, act-we. [L. -ivus.] 

•ize, -ise, v. Make, give, practise; 
as fertil-ize, enfranchise, exerc-ise. 
[Gr. -izo.] 

-kin, n. Diminutive force; as c&t-kin, 
nap-£m, lambkin. [Low G.] 

-le, a. and n. Like, partaking of ; as 
batt-te, knuckle, fick-Ze. [A. S. -ol, -el. 
Also L. -ellus, -His, -alts.] 

-le, v. Frequentative, or originally so; 
as cack-Je, scribble. [Variety of -e?:] 

-less, a. Without, destitute of; as fear- 
less, penni-Zess. [A. SJeas.] 

-ling, n. Denotes diminutiveness, off- 
spring, condition ; as dar-Zma, gos- 
ling, hive-ling. [A. S.] 

-logy, -ology, n. Science of; ss ge- 
ology. [Gr. -logia, — -logos, reason.] 

■ly, a. Like; as beast-Zy. — aclv, in a 
manner; as fixed Ij. [A. S. Ue 1 Like.] 

•ment, n. Act, result of an s-^, state; 
as banish-me?^, monu-ment . ^ewilder- 
ment. [L. -mentum.] 

•meter, n. Measurer or measure of ;as 
x,Uer mo-meter, tvi-meter. [Gr. metron.] 

•mony, n. State, material, product; 
as SLCVi-mony, matrimony, testi-mony. 
[L. -monium.] [firm-^ess. [A. S.] 

•ness, n. State, abstract quality; as 

■ock, n. Small; as hill-ocA;. [A. S. -uc] 

-oid, -oidal, a. and n. Resembling; 
as alkal-o£d. [Gr. -oid — eidos, form.] 

-or, n. One who; as govern-or, emper- 
or. [L. -or or corrupted from -ator.] 

-or, -onr, n. Abstract nouns, formed 
from verbs, as horr-or, lab-or. [O. F. 
•our — Ij. -gv {-os).] [min-or. [L.] 

-or, a. and n. Denotes comparison, as 



-ory, a. Fitted or designed to; as pre- 
paratory; n. place for, as observat- 
ory. [L. -orius, -orium.] 

-ose, ous, a. Abounding in, partaking 
of, having the quality of; as verb-ose, 
danger-ows. [O.Fr. -ous— It. -osus.] [L.] 

-pie, n. Denotes multiplicity; tri-ple. 

-red, n. Condition, state; as kind-red, 
hat-red. [A. S.] 

-ric, n. Denotes jurisdiction; as bish- 
op-ric. [A. S. rice, realm.] 

-ry, n. Abstract nouns, denoting an 
art or state; as brave-ry, chemist-ry, 
yeoman-ry. [Fr. — L. (sameas-BRY).] 

-snip, n. Place, office, relation ; as 
clerk-sAip, friend-sAtp. [A. S. -scipe.] 

-some, a. Full of, characterized by; 
as quarrel-some, ful-some. [A. S. sum.] 

-ster, n. Denotes occupation; as team- 
ster, song-sier. [A. S. -estre. Origi- 
nally feminine, as spin-sier.] 

-stress, n. Woman who acts; as song- 
stress, seam-sZress. [A. S. -ster and 
Fr. -ess.] 

-tnde, n. State or conditon; as grati- 
tude, servi-tade. [Fr. — L. -tudo.] 

-ty, n. Denotes quality or condition ; 
as dignity, humility. [Fr.-te— Li.-tas.) 

-nle, n. Little; as glob-w£e. [L. -ulus.) 

-nre, n. Abstract nouns from Latin 
adjectives and participles; as apert- 
ure, texx-ure. [L. ura.] 

-ward, -wards, adv. and a. In the 
direction of, having a motion or ten- 
dency ; as east-ward, back- wards, awk- 
ward. [A. S. -weard.] 

-y, a. Covered or saturated with, like; 
as dew-y, water-y, chalk-y. [A. S.] 

-y, n. Has diminutive force; as in dog- 
ay, John-wy. [Dutch -je.] 

-y, n. Denotes science, condition, or is 
collective, as geograph-y, innocenc-y, 
famil-y. [L. -ia.] 



STEMS 



NOTE.— Immediately after each stem in the following list is given the 
stem meaning, then follow examples of English words containing it— the stem 
parts in italics. The foreign word from which the stem is taken, is. given in 
brackets. 



acerb. Bitter; asacero-ity.[L. acerbus.] 
acet. Vinegar ; as acet-ic. [L. acetum, 

—aceo, be sour.] 
acid. Sour; as acidity. [L. acidus.] 
ag, act, ig. Do, drive; as aa-ent, act- 
uate, bell-ia-erent. [L. ago, actus.] 
alt. High; as a#-itude, aZS-ar. [L. altus.] 
am pi. Large; as ampl-e, ampl-itude. 
anini. Mind ; as am'm-osity, un-a» 
ity. [L. animus.] [anima.] 

anini. Breath, life; as antm-al. [L. 
ann. Year; as a/m-ual. [L. annus.] 
aper, apert. Open; as aper-ient, 
apert-ure. [I* aperio, aperius.} 



apt. Fit, join ; as apMtude, a.d-apt, 
[L. aptus.] 

arch. Rule, govern; as an-arcA-y, mon 
arch. [Gr. archo.] 

and, audit. Hear; as aud-ible, audit 
ory. [L. audio, auditus.] [L. helium.] 

bell. War; as oe^-icose, ce^-igerent 

bio. Life; as oiy-graphy, oio-logy 
amphi-oio-us. [Gr. bios.] 

brev. Short; as br ev-ity. [L. brevis.\ 

cad, cas, cid. Fall; as cad-ence, cas- 
ualty, ac-cid-ent. [L. cado, casum.] 

cant. Sing; as cam-icle, in-catt£-atiojv 
[L. cano. canto.} 



CAP 



820 



JtTD 



eapit. Head, as capit-al, de-capit-a- 
tion. [L. caput, capitis.] 

cap, eapt. Take; as cap-able, capt- 
ure. [Li. capio,captum.] 

earn. Flesh; as cam-ival, cara-ivorous. 
[Li. caro, carnis.] 

ced, cess. Go ; as ante-cec2-ent, ex- 
eess-ive. [L. cedo, cessus.] 

celer. Swift; as celer-ivy, ac-celer-ate. 
[L. celer.] [L. centum.] 

cent. Hundred; as century, centennial. 

cing, cinct. Biud ; as sur-cing-le, 
cinct-ure. [L. cingo, cintus.] [clino.] 

clin, Lean; as clin-ical, in-clin-e. [L. 

cor, cord. Heart; as cor-e, cordially, 
con-cord. [L. cor, cordis.] 

cor an. Horn ; as com-ea, uni-com. [L. 
* cor?iu.] [Li. corona.] 

coron. Crown ; as coron-ation, coron-et. 

corpus, corpor. Body ; as corpus- 
cle; corpor-eal, [L. corpus, corporis.] 

cosnio, cosm. Worid, order, orna- 
ment ; as cos^o-polite , micro-corn , 
cosm-etic. [Gr. Jcosmos.] 

cred, credit. Believe; as credence, 
cred-ulity, credit-or .[L,. credo, creditus.] 

cur. Care; as cur-acy. [L. cura.] 

curr, curs. Run ; as cwr-ent; pre- 
curs-or. [L. curro, cursus.] 

cyclo, cycl. Circle, wheel; as cyclo- 
pedia, cycl-e, bi-cycl-e. [Gr. kyklos.] 

dent. Tooth; as dent-al, in-dent. [L. 
dens, dentis.] 

di. Day; as aVurnal, di-ary. (L. dies.] 

diet. Speak; as diet-ion, indict. [L. 
dico, dictus.] [L. dignus.] 

dign. Worthy; as dign-ity, con-dign. 

domin. Master, lord; as domin-ion, 
domin-eer. [L. dominus.] 

dorm, dormit. Sleep; as dorm-ant, 
dormit-ory. [L, dormio, dormitum.] 

due, duct. Lead; as in-duc-e, con-duct. 

[Li. dUCO, dUCtUS.] [Li. jEQUUS.] 

equ. Equal; as equ-able, cgw-animity. 
eqii. Horse; as equine. [L,. equus.] 
ev. Age, life; as medi-^-al. [L. JEvum.] 
fa. Speak; as af-/a-ble. [L. fari.] 
fac, fact. Make, form, do; as fac-ile, 

manu-/ac£-ure. [L. facio, factus.] 
febri. Fever; as febri-le, febrifuge. 

[L. febris.] [L. felix, felicis.] 

felie. Happy; as felic-ity, felic-itate. 
fend, fens. Strike; asfend-er, de-fend, 

oi-fens-e. [L. fendo,fensus.\ 
fer. Carry, bear; as transfer, fer-ti\e. 

[L. feroA [L. ferveo.] 

ferv* Boil ; as ferv-ent, ef-ferv-esce. 
fess. Own, declare; as con-jess, pro- 

fess. [Li. fateor,fesaus.] 
fid. Faith, trust; as ./fcf-elity, cons- 
ent, ,/ZcZ-ixciary. [L. fides.] 
fil. Thread, line ; as fil-amenti, fll-e (of 

soldiers.) [L. filum.] 
fin. End, boundary; as fin-al, fln-ite, 

fln-ish, de-fln-e. [L. finis.] 
fisc. State treasury, finance; asjfec-al, 



flii, flux. Flow; as flu-entt flu-id, in- 

flux. [Li. flUO, fCUXUS.] 

foil. Leaf ; as foli-age. [L. folium.] 
form. Shape; as uni-form. [L. forma.] 
fort. Strong ; as fort-iiy, fort-itude. 

ef-fort. [L. fortis.] 
frang, fring. fract. Break ; as re- 

frang-ibie, in-fring-e, fract-nve. [L. 

frango, fractus.] 
fug-. Flee, drive away ; as fug-itive, 

subter -fug-e, yermi-fug-e. [L. fugio, 

flee; fugo, drive away.] 
fulg. Shine ; as, ef-fulg-ent, xe-fulg- 

ent. [Li.fulgeo.] 
fulmin. Thunderbolt, lightning; as 

fuhnin-ant. [ L. fulmen, fulminis.) 
funct. Perforin, execute; asfunct-ion, 

defunct. [Li.fungor, functus.] 
fund. Bottom; as fund-ameniai. [L. 

fundus.] 
fund, fus. Pour; melt; as con-found, 

re-fund, in-fus-e. [L. fundo, fusus.) 
ge. The earth; as o/e-ography. [Gr. ge.] 
gel. Frost ; as gel-id, con-geal, con- 

o^-ation. [L. gelu.] 
gen,gener. Kind, race, birth; as gen,- 

us, gener-ation. [L. genus, generis.] 
genii. Beget; as vro-genit-ov, genit-ive. 

[L. gigno, genitus.] 
gest. Carry, bring; as sug-gest, con- 

gest-ion. [L. gero, gestus.] 
glaci. Ice; as glaci-er. [ L. glades.] 
grad, gress. Step, go; as grad-ual] 

vro-gress. [L. gradior, gressus.] 
gran. Grain ; as gran-ary, grdn-uXe, 

gran-ite. [L. granum.] 
graph. Write ; as auto-graph, geo- 
graphy. [Gr. grapho.] 
grat. Pleasing; as grateful, grat-ity. 

[Li. gratus.] 
greg. Flock; as greg-arions, ag-greg- 

ate. [L. grex, gregis.] [L. habito.] 

habit. Dwell; as co-habit, habit-ation. 
helio. Sun; as helio-grann,helio-lairy. 

[Gr. helios.] [hemera.] 

bemer. Day ; as ev-hemer-al. [ Gr. 
bomi. Man; as homi-cide. [L. homo, 

hominis.] [homos] 

homo. Same; as homo-geneous. [Gr. 
hor. Hour; as Aor-oscope. [Gr. hora.] 
horr. Sb udder, bristle ; as horr-ov t 

ab-horr-ent. [Gr. horreo.] 
hort. Encourage ; as ^or^-atory, ex- 

hort. [L. hortor.] [hortus.] 

hort. Garden ; as Ao^-iculture. [L. 
bospit. Host, guest ; as hospii-able, 

hospit-ah [Li. hospes, hospitis.] 
host. Enemy; as hosi-ile. [L. hostis.] 
hydr. Water ; as hydr-aulics , hydr- 
ogen. [Gr. hydor.] 
iiypn, ftiypno, hypnot. Sleep; aa 

hypnot ic. [Gr. hypnos.] 
integr. Whole , entire ; as integr-ali 

integr-ity. [L; integer.] 
ject. Cast, throw; as e-ject, con-ject-uro. 

[Li. jacio, jectus.] f L. judex, judicis.] 
Judic. Judge; as jtmo-i&k pre^fedic-e. 



JT7N 



821 



POT 



funct. Join ; as junct-ure, juncl-ion. 

[ L. jungo, junctus. ] [juro. ] 

jnr. Swear; as ah-jur-e, -pev-jur-y. [L. 

jt. r;s. Law, right ; as ./urn-diction, 

i«m-prudence. [L. jus,ju?-is.] 
Int. Garry, bring; as col-lat-e, legis- 

lat-e. [L. lotus, brought.] 

later. Side ; as later-a\, col-toe?'-al. 

[L. latus, lateris.] [It. lego.] 

leg. Send, bequeath; as te^-ate. leg-acy. 

leg-, lect. Gather.pick, read; as leg-ion, 

xe-lect, lect-nve. [L. lego, lectus.] 
liber. Free; as tiber-ty. [L. liber.] 
lifor. Balance, weightjas equi-^&r-ium. 
[L. libra.] [liceo.] 

lie. Be allowed; asil-Zic-it, Zic-ence. [L. 
lig. Bind, tie; as Ji^-ature, ob lig-ate. 

[L. ligo.] [L. lingua.] 

liisgu. Tongue; as lingu-zl, lingu-ist,. 
li ter. Letter ; as il-liter-ate. [L. rnrnn.] 
lith. Stone; as tri-lith. [Gr. lithos.] 
l«e. Place ; as dis-Zoc-ate. [L. locus.] 
log-. Word, reason, science ; as phi- 

\<<-log-y, pro-log-ue, log-ic. [Gr. logos.] 
lop. Run; as e-Zo^?-e. [Dut. toopen.] 
loqu, loent. Speak, talk; as loqu-a- 

cious, e-locut-ion. [L. loquor, locutus.] 
Inc. Shine; as luc-id. [L. luceo.] 
Inc. Light; as ^wc-ubration. [L. lux, 

lacis.] [L. luctor.] 

Inct. Struggle, wrestle; as, re-Zt«tf-ance. 
lud. lus. Play, deceive; as de-lud-e, 

&a4us-ive. [L. ludo, lusus.] 
ku iiiim. Light ; as lumin-avy, il-lumin-a- 

tion. [L. lumen, luminis.] [luna.] 

Inu. The moon; as lun-av, lun-acy. [L. 
inf. Wash ; as ab-lut-ion, di-lut-ion. 

[Li. luo, lutum.] 
lusnr, luxuri. Excess, extrava- 
gance ; as luxuri-ous, luxur-y. [L. 

luxuria, — luxus.] [sis. [Gr. lyo.] 

ly. Loosen, solve; as ana-fa/-ze, ana-^y- 
lymph. Water, transparent liquid ; 

a^ lymph, lymph-atic. [L. lympha.] 
magister, mag-is tr. Master; as mag- 
isterial; magistr-acy, magistrate. [L. 

magister, magistratus.] 
niagn. Great ; as magn-itude, magn- 

animity. [L. magnus.] 
mag. magi. Persian priest; wise man 

of the East, enchanter; as Magi, 

mag-ic, magi-dan. [L. Magus, Magi.] 
Eo-rjor. Greater ; as major-ity. [L. 

major.] [Li. malus.] 

nv»l. Bad, evil, ill; as mal-iee, mal-ady. 
analie. Hammer; asma/k-t, malle-able. 

[L. malleus.] [L. manus.] 

man. Hand; as man-acle, wwm-uscript. 
mani. Madness; as man,i-2LC.[Li.mania.] 
mar. The sea; as mar-ine. (L. mare.] 
mater, matr. Mother; asmater-nal, 

matr-on. [L. mater, matris.] 
mecban. Machine; as mechan-ic, [Gr. 

mechane.] [L. medius.] 

medi. Middle, between; as medi-ate, 
medic. Heal, cure; as medtis-ino, med- 

to-ative. £L. meteor.} 



metlit. Muse, think upon; as medit-ate. 

nre-medit-ation. [L. meditor.] 
mens. Measure; as mens-uration; di« 

mens-ion. [T\ "nensuro.] 
went. Mind, as ment-al, de-meni ed. 

L. mens, mentis.] 
mere. Goods, trade ; as merc-hant, 

merc-antile. [L. merx, mercis.] 
merg, mers. Plunge; as sub-merg-e, 

im-mers-e. [L. mergo, mersus.] 
migr. Wander; as migr-atory; e^nigr- 

atory, e-migr-ant. [L. migro.] 
miiit. Soldier ; as military, milit-ia.. 

[Li. miles, militis.] 
min. Project; as e-mt^-ent. [L. mineo.] 
min, miuut. Lessen; as di-min-ish, 

minut-e. [L. mineo, minutus.] 
mir. Wonder; as ad-mir-e. [L. miror.] 
mis. Hate, hatred; as mis-anthrope. 

[Gr. miseo.] [mitto, missus.] 

mit, miss. Send; as e-mit, miss-ile. [L 
mon, monit. Remind; as mow-ument, 

monit-OT. [Li.moneo,monitus.] 
mort. Death ; as mort-a\, mort-ity, 

mort-gage. [L. mors, mortis.] 
mot. Move; as mot-ire, mot-or,com- 

mot-ion. [L. moveo, motus.] 
malt. Many; as mult-itovm,mzdt-itnde. 

[Li. multi, many.] [L. mutoi] 

mat. Change; as mut-&b\e, trans-mut-e. 
nat. Swim; aswotf-ation, /iGtf-atory. [L. 

nato.] 
nant. Sailor, mariner; as naut-\ca\, 

wa^-ilus. [L. nauta.— Gr. naus. ship.] 
nav. Ship ; as nav-ig&te. [L. navis.] 
near. Nerve, as Tz^wr-ility, neur-a\gia t 

neur-osia. [Gr. neuron.] 
nihil. Nothing; asnihil-ism [L. nihil.] 
noc. Hurt; as in-noc-ent. [L. noceo.] 
noct, nox> Night; as woci-urnal, equi- 

nox. [Li. nox, noctis.] [L. nodus.] 

nod. Knot; as nod-e, nod-ose, nod-wle. 
nom.Law; as astvo-nom-y. [Gr. nomos.] 
not. Known ; as not-ice, an-not-ate. 

[L. notus.] [novus.] 

nov. New; as nov-el, in-no^-ate. [L. 
nox. Harm; as nox-ious, ob-«.o£C-ious. 

[Li.Ti.oxa, —noceo.] 
anmer. Number; as numer-ate, num- 

er-ic, super -numer-ary. [L. numerus.] 
nunci. Tell, declare ; as e-nunci-ate, 

an-mmot-ation. [L. nuncio.] 
pars, part. Part; &$, pars-e. part-Hion, 

part-icle. [L. pars, partis.] 
ped. Foot; as^«s^-estrian, bi-ped, ex* 

ped-ite. [L. pes, pedis.] 
pel, pals. Drive; a,s ex-pel, em-puls-iou. 

[Li. pello, pulsus.] 
pen. Punishment; as pen-a.1, pen-ahj. 

[Li. poena.] 
pict, pig. Paint ; as ££c-ture, de-pict, 

pig-merit. [L. pingo.pictus.] 
pie 11. Full; as plen-ty, plenary. [L. 

plenus.] [port. [L. porto.] 

port. Carry, bring; as port-ev, in* 
potent. Powerful; as potent-a,ie t out 

ui-potent. [L. potem,potentis.] 



PRE 



8-2 2 



VOL, 



prebend, presents. Take, grasp; as 
ap-prehend, prehens-ile. [L. prehendo, 
prehensus.] [L. primus.] 

prim. First; as prim-ary, prim-itive. 

qixadr. Square, four; as quaclr-atic, 
quadr-angle. [L. quadr-, — quattuor.] 

rect. Straight, right; as rect-itu6.e, rect- 
ify, e-rect. [L. rego, rectus.] 

rid, ris. Laugh; as ricHculus; de-n*s- 
ioa. [L. rideo, risus.] [L. sao.] 

set. Know; as sci-encs, omni-sa-ence. 

-scope, n. For observing; as micro- 
scope. [Gr. skopos, watcher. ] 

scrib, script. Write; as &e-scrib-e, 
svib-script-ion. [L. scribo, scriptus.] 

sol. Comfort; as sol-ace, [L. solor. ] 



soS. Alone ; as soMtary, soMloquy, 

[L. soZws.] 
sol. The sun ; as sol-av, para-soZ. [L. soZ.i 
spec, speet. Look ; as spec-ulum, 

spectator, in-sp6<?£. [L.. specie, spectus.] 
swad, sraas. Influence; as per-swad-e, 

per-swas-ion. [L. suadeo, suasus.] 
tang-, tact, ting-. Touch; as tang-ent, 

con-tact, con-ting-ent. [L. tango, tact-.] 
tend, tens. Stretch, as tend-on, ex- 
tend, ex-tens-ive. [L. tendo, tenms.] 
tract. Draw; as ai-tract, tract-ion. [L,. 

traho, tr actus.] \unusA 

asm. One; as un-it, un-ibe, tri~w»-e. [C 
volv, volu, volut. Roll; as e-poito-e, 

volu-ble, e-volui-ion. [L. volvo, volutus.] 



RULES IN ORTHOGRAPHY 

1. When a monosyllable containing a single vowel ends in/, I, or s, the final 
consonant should be doubled; as in muff, pass. Exceptions:— cte/, pal, sol, as, 
has, is, his, us, of, if, gas, yes, thus, was. 

2. In a monosyllable containing two vowels or a diphthong the final con- 
sonant is not doubled; as in reef, pail, keys. 

3. W hen c follows a vowel in a monosyllable ending in the sound of k, the 
consonant k is added after c; as in rock, neck. Exceptions:— arc, sac, lac, zinc. 

4. Polysyllables ending in ic or iac, omit the final k, as in music, 'maniac. 

5. If a word ending in c (hard) takes a suffix which begins with e, i, or y, 
add k before the suffix; as in traffic — trafficking. 

6. When e and i form a digraph having the sound of e, the I usually precedes 
the e; as in relief, grief; but after c or s the e precedes the i, as in receive, seize. 

7. Words ending in silent e, generally reject the e before an additional 
syllable beginning with a vowel; as move— moving, movable. 

8. Words ending in silent/ e generally retain e on receiving an additional 
syllable beginning with a consonant; as large — largely. Exceptions:— duly, truly, 
wholly, awful, judgment, abridgment, acknowledgment, and argument. 

9. When e is preceded by c or g, it is retained before ous and able; as cour- 
ageous, peaceable. 

10. Words ending in oe retain the final e; as shoe— shoeing; hoe— hoeing. 

11. Words terminating in ee drop the final letter only when the addition 
begins withe; as see— seer; jlee—fieest; agree— agreed. 

12. Final e is retained, to prevent ambiguity; as in singeing, to distinguish 
it from singing; in dyeing (coloring), to distinguish it from dying (expiring). 

18. Final ie, besides dropping e, changes i into y, before an additional sylla- 
ble beginning with i; as lie, lying. 

14. Before fy and ty, e is sometimes changed into i; as pure, purity. 

15. Words ending in y preceded by a consonant, change y into i, on receiv- 
ing an addition.unless this addition is 's, or a syllable beginning with i; as carYy 
—carries, carrier; fancy— fancied, fanciful; lady— lady's; carry— carrying. 

16. But words ending in y preceded by a vowel generally retain the y on 
taking an increase; as boy— boys, boyish. Exceptions:— Paid, laid, lain, saith, said. 

17. Monosyllables and words accented on the last syllable, ending in a 
single consonant preceded by a single vowel, generally double the final conso- 
nant, on taking an additional syllable beginning with a vowel; as tan, tanner, 
confer, conferring. Exceptions:— (a). Xand z are never doubled, and when 
the"accent is shifted, the final letter remains single; as wax— waxen; confer— con- 
ference, (b). The derivatives of gas have only one s— gases, gasify. 

18. When a diphthong precedes the final letter, or when the accent is not 
on the last syllable, the consonant is not doubled on assuming an additional 
syllable; as boil— boiling ; visit, visitor. 

19. Words ending in a double consonant generally retain both consonants 
on receiving an addition; as call— calls, caller, calling ; but fullness, willful, are 
sometimes written fulness, wilful. 

20. Words compounded from two or more English words, generally retain 
the spelling of the single words, as stovepipe, bookkeeper, man-of-war. Exceptions: 
joyful, J '«P^ watt* pasture, wherever, etc., and all the compounds of all and well, 




CURRENT ABBREVIATIONS 



N. B.— In this department the principle of 
where required, is followed in the words printed in full. 



a capital initial onl> 



A -COL 



A. or a.— adjective; aft- 
ernoon ; acre ; Ameri- 
ca; American. 

A. 1. — first class. 

A. B. — Bachelor of Arts. 

abbr. —abbreviated ; ab- 
breviation. 

abd. — abdicated. 

ab. init.— ab initio=from 
the beginning. 

abl.— ablative. 

Abp.— Archbishop. 

abr.— abridged. 

abs. re. — absente reo = 
defend ant being absent. 

A. C— Ante Christum = 
Before Christ. 

ace— accusative. 

ace. or acct.— account. 

act. — active. 

A. D.— Anno Domini=in 
the year of our Lord. 

adv. — adverb. 

A. D. C. — Aide-de-camp. 

ad fin. —ad finem=at the 
end. [ the meantime. 

ad int. — ad interim = in 

adj. — adjective. 

Adjt. —Adjutant. 

ad lib. — ad libitum = at 
pleasure. [ralty. 

adm. — admiral ; admi- 

admr. — administrator. 

adrox.— administratrix. 

adv.— advertisement; ad- 
verb. 

A. G.— Adjutant General. 

agt.— agent. 

Ala.- -Alabama. 

Alas.— Alaska. 

alg.— algebra. 

alt.— altitude; alto. 

A. M.— Artium Magister 
= Master of Arts. 

a. m.— ante meridiem = 
before noon. 

Am.— Amos; American. 

Amer.— American. 

amt.— amount. 

anon.— anonymous. 

ans.— answer. 

A. O. H. — Ancient Order 
01 Hibernians. 



aor.— aorist. 
App.— Apostles; append- 
ix; appointed. 
Apr. — April, 
arch.— architecture, 
arith.— arithmetic. 
Ariz.— Arizona. 
Ark.— Arkansas, 
arr.— arrived. 
Att. or Atty.— Attorney. 

A. U. C— Ab Urbe Con- 
dita =From the found- 
ing of Rome, 753 B. C. 

Aug.— August. 

Av. or Ave.— Avenue. 

avdp.— avoirdupois. 

b.— bass; Bay; born. 

B. A.— British America; 
Bachelor of Arts. 

bal.— balance. 

bar.— barleycorn ; barrel ; 

barrister. 
Barb.— Barbadoes. 
Bart, or Bt.— Baronet, 
bat. or batt. — battery; 

battalion. [rels. 

bbl.— barrel, bbls.— bai'- 
B. C — Before Christ; 

British Columbia, 
bdl.— bundle, 
bds.— bound in boards. 
b. e.— bill of exchange. 
Belg.— Belgium; Belgic 
Benj.— Benjamin. 
B. I.— British India. 
Bib.— Bible; biblical, 
biog. — biogr aphy . [al. 
bioL— biology; biologic- 
bk.— bank; book. 
b. 1.— bill of lading, 
bl.— barrel; bale. 
B. L. E.— Brotherhood of 

Locomotive Engineei's. 
bis.— bales. 
Bp.— Bishop, 
br.— brother, 
brig.— brigade ;brigadier. 
Brit.— Britain ; British, 
bro. — brother, bros. — 

brothers. 
b. s.— bill of sale 
bus. or bush.— bushel 

823 



C. or c— central; cubic; 
chief; court; cent; cen- 
tigrade ; one hundred 

ca. — circa=about. 

Cal. — California; calen- 
dar. [bridge. 

Cam. or Camb. — Cam- 
cap.— capital ; chapter. 

Capt.— Captain. 

car.— carat. 

Card.— Cardinal. 

cat.— catalogue. Trine 

Cath. — Catholic; Cathe- 

C. C. P. — Court of Com- 
mon Pleas. 

C. Cr. P.— Code of Crim- 
inal Procedure. 

C. E.— Civil Engineer. 

Cent. — Centigrade ; a 
hundred. 

cf.— confer =compare. 

C. F. I. — Cost, freight, 
and insurance. 

eg.— centigram. 

Cb.— Chaldean; chapter; 
Charles; Church. 

chap.— chapter. 

chem.— chemistry. 

Ch. J.— Chief Justice. 

Chr.— Christ; Christian; 
Christopher. 

chron. — Chronicles; 
chronology. 

civ.— civil. 

C. J.— Chief Justice. 

cl. — clergyman; clerk; 
cloth. 

C. L. S. C. — Chautauqua 
Literary and Scientific 
Circle. 

coll. colloq.— colloquial. 

elk.— clerk. 

cm.— centimeter. 

cml.— commercial. 

c. o.— care of. 

co. — company ; county. 

C. O. D. — Cash (collect) 
on delivery. 

Col.— Colonel; Colorado; 
Colossians. 

coll.— colleague; collect" 
or; college. 

Colo.— Colorado. 



COM 

Com. — commissioner ; 
committee; commodo- 
re; common. 

comp.— comparative ; 
compare; compound. 

con.— contra=against; in 
opposition. 

Cong. — Congregational; 
Congress. 

conj.— conjunction. 

Conn., Ct.— Connecticut. 

const. — constable; cons- 
titution, [traction. 

contr.— contracted ; con- 

cor. — correlative; coro- 
ner ; correspondent. 

Cor.— Corinthians. 

cor. mem. — correspond- 
ing member. 

cor. sec. — corresponding 
secretary. 

cos.— cosine. 

cosec— cosecant. 

C P. — Common Pleas; 
Court of Probate. 

cr.— credit; creditor. 

C. S.— Civil service ;Csurt 
of Session. 

Ct.— Connecticut. 

Ct., ct-., county; court. 

C. W.— Canada West. 

c. w. o.— Cash with order, 
cwt.— hundredweight. 

D.— Deus = God; Domi- 
nus=Lord; Dutch; five 
hundred. 

d. — daughter ; degree ; 
day; died; dime; dose; 
penny; pence. 

Dak.— Dakota. 
Dan.— Daniel; Danish, 
dat.— dative. 

D. C. District of Colum- 
bia; District Court. 

D. C. L.— Doctor o* Civil 
Law. [ity. 

D. D. — Doctor 01 Divin- 

d. d.— Days after date. 

D.D. S.— Doctor of Dent- 
al Surgery. 

dea.— deacon. 

Dec— December. 

deft, or dft., — defendant. 

deg.— degree. 

dekag.— dekagram. 

dekal. — dekaliter. 

dekam.— dekameter. 

Del.— Delaware. 

del. — (he) drew it. 

Dem.— Democrat; demo- 
cratic. 

dep.— deputy. [ponent. 

dept. — department; de- 

der. deriv — derivative ; 
derived. 

Deut.— Deuteronomy. 



824 

D. G.— Dei gratia. = by 

the grace of God. 
dg.— decigram, 
diam. — diameter, 
diet.— dictionary, 
dis. — discount, 
div.— dividend; division, 
dl.— deciliter. [Office. 
D. L. O. — Dead Letter 
dm. decimeter, 
do.— ditto = the same, 
dols.— dollars, 
doz.— dozen. [pby. 

D. P.— Doctor of philoso- 
Dr. — Debtor; Doctor; 

dram. [willing. 

D. V.— Deo volente=God 

D. V. M.— Doctor of Vet- 
erinary Medicine. 

E.— Earl; East; English. 

ea. — each. 

e. & o. e. — errors and 

omissions excepted. 
Eben.— Ebenezer. 
Ecua.— Ecuador, 
ed.— editor; edition. 

E. E. — errors excepted ; 
Electrical Engineer. 

e. g. — exempli gratia = 
for example. 

E. L— East Indies, 
elec— electricity. 
E. M. — Mining Engineer. 
E. M. F.— electromotive 

force. [press. 

Emp. — Emperor ; Em- 
ency. — encyclopedia. 
E.N. E.— East-Northeast. 
Eng.— England; English, 
engin.— engineering, 
eod.— every other day. 
Eph. — Ephesians; Eph- 

raim. 
Epis.— Episcopal, 
eq.— equal; equivalent. 
E. S. E.— East-Southeast, 
esp.— especially. 
Esq.— Esquire. 
Est.— Esther, 
et al. — and others; and 

elsewhere, 
etc., or &c— and so forth, 
ex.— example. [tion. 

Exc— Excellency; excep- 
execx.— executrix. 
Exod.— Exodus. 
exr.— executor, 
ext.— extra; extract. 
E 6 * , or Ezr.— Ezra. 
Ezek.— Ezekiel. 

P. — Fellow ; France ; 
French; Friday. 

f. — farthing ; feminine; 
noriii; folio; forte; 
franc. 



GTT 

F.,or Fahr.— Fahrenheit. 

F. A. M. — Free and Ac- 
cepted Masons. 

far.— farriery; farthing. 

fcp.— foolscap. 

Feb.— February. 

tec— fecit=(he) made it. 

fern.— feminine. 

ff.— folios; following; for- 
tissimo, [uratively. 

fig.— figure; figures; fig- 
fir.— firkin, [ished. 

fl.— florin, florins; flour- 

Fl. — Flanders ; Flemish. 

Fla.— Florida. 

F. M.— Field Marshall. 

fol.- -folio. 

F. O. B.— Free on board. 

Fr. — France; Francis; 
French. 

fr.— from; franc. 

Fri.— Friday. 

ft.— foot; feet; fort. 

fth.— fathom-; fifth. 

fur.— furlong. 

fut.— future. [tist. 

F. W. B.— Free Will Bap- 

G. —German; Gulf. 

g. — genitive ; gram; 

guide; guinea. 
Ga.— Georgia. 
Gal.— Galatians. 
gal.— gallon. [vanic. 

galv. — galvanism ; gal- 

G. A. R.— Grand Army of 
the Republic. 

G. B.— Great Britain. 

G. C. B.— Grand Cross of 
the Bath. [divisor. 

g. c. d. —Greatest common 

g. c. m. — Greatest com- 
mon measure. 

G. D.— Grand Duke. 

gen.— general; generally; 
genitive; genus. 

Gen. — General ; Genesis. 

gent.— gentleman. 

Geo.— George. 

geog.— geography. 

geol.— geology. 

geom.— geometry. 

ger.— gerund. 

Ger., or Germ.— German. 

gi.-gill. 

G. L.— Grand Lodge. 

G. M.— Grand Master. 

gm.— gram. 

Gov.— Governor. 

G. P. O. — General Post 
Office. 

Gr.— Greek. 

gr. — grain ; grammar; 
great; gross. 

gs— guineas. 

G. T.— Good Templars. 

gtt.— guttae = drops. 



h.— harbor ; height ; high ; 

hour; husband, 
ha.— hectare. 
Hab.— Habakkuk. 
Hag.— Haggai. 
hdkl'.— handkerchief. 

H. E. — His Eminence ; 
His Excellency. 

Heb., or Hebr.— Hebrew. 

hf. bd.— half bound. 

hg.— hektogram. 

H. H.— His (Her) High- 
ness; His Holiness. 

hhd.— hogshead. 

Hier.— Hierosolyma= Je- 
rusalem. 

Hind. —Hindoo; Hindo- 
stan; Hindostanee. 

hist.— history. 

h. j.— hicjacet =herelies. 

hi.— hektoliter. 

H. M —His (Her) Majesty. 

hm. — hektometer. 

H. M. S.— His (Her) Maj- 
jesty's Steamer, Ship, 
or Service. 

Hon.— Honorable. 

hor. — horizon; horology. 

hor t.— horticulture. 

Hos.— Hosea. 

H. P.— Horse Power. 

H. R. — House of Repre- 
sentatives. 

hr.— hour. [Highness. 

H. R. H.— His (Her)Royal 

ht.— height. 

I.— Idaho; Island; one. 

la.— Iowa. 

ib., ibid.— ibidem=in the 
same place. [same. 

Id.— Idaho ; idem = the 

i. e. id est = that is. 

111.— Illinois. 

Imp.— Imperial; Impera- 
tor=Emperor. 

imp.— imperative; imper- 
fect ; imprimatur = let 
it be printed. 

in.— inch; inches. 

incog.— incognito. 

Ind.— Indiana. 

ind.— indicative. 

Ind. T., or Ind. Ter.— In- 
dian Territory. 

inf.— infinitive; infantry. 

I. N. R. I. — Iesus Naza- 
renus, Rex ludaeorum 
= Jesus of Nazareth, 
King of the Jews. [ce. 

ins., or insur. — insuran- 

inst.— instant; institute. 

int.— interest. 

in ter j . —in ter,j ectlon 

in trans. — in transitu = 
on the passage. 

inv.— invoice. 



825 

Io.— Iowa. 

Ion.— Ionic. 

I. O. O. F. — Independent 
Order of Odd Fellows. 

I. O. G. T.— Independent 
Order of Good Temp- 
lars. 

I. O. R. M. — Improved 
Order of Red Men. 

I. O. U.— I owe you. 

i. q. — idem quod = the 
same as. 

Ir.— Ireland; Irish. 

Isa. — Isaiah. 

Isl.— Island. 

I. T.— Indian Territory. 

It-.o/'Ital. — Italian; 
Italic. 

I. W.— Isle of Wight. 

J. — Judge; Julius ; Ju- 
nius; Justice. 

Jan.— January. 

Jas.— James. 

J. C— Jesus Christ; Jus- 
tice Clerk ; Julius 
Caesar. 

J. D. — Jurum Doctor = 
Doctor of Laws. 

Jer.— Jeremiah. 

Jno.— John. 

Jo.— Joel. 

Jon., or Jona.— Jonathan. 

Jos.— Joseph. 

Josh.— Joshua. [nal. 

jour.— .journeyman ; jour- 

J. P. — Justice of the 
Peace. [bate. 

J. Prob.— Judge of Pro- 

Jr., or Jun.— Junior. 

J. U. D., or J. V. D.— Juris 
Utriusque Doctor = 
Doctor of Both Laws 
( the Canon and the 
Civil Law.) 

Jud.— Judith. 

Judg.— Judges. 

Jul.— July; Julius. 

Jun., or Junr.— Junior. 

Just.— Justice ; Justinian. 

K.— King,Kings; Knight. 

Kal.— Kalends. 

Kan., Kans., or Kas.— 
Kansas. [Bath. 

K. B. — Knight of the 

K. C— King's Counsel. 

K. G. — Knight of the 
Garter. 

kg. -kilogram. 

kilo., or km.— kilometer. 

kl.— kiloliter. 

kilog.— kilogram. 

Knt.— Knight. 

K. P.— Knights of Pythi- 
as; Knight of St. Pat- 
rick. 



MAS 

kr.— kreutzer. 

K. T.— Knight Templar. 

Kt.— Knight. 

Ky.— Kentucky. 

L.— Lady; Latin; Lord; 

fifty. 

1.— lake latitude ; league ; 
line; liter; law; low. 

L., or 1. — pound sterling. 

La.— Louisiana. 

Lam.— Lamentations. 

Lat.— Latin. 

lat.— latitude. 

lb.— libra=pound. 

L. C. — Lower Canada ; 
Lord Chancellor. 

1. c— lower case ; letter 
of credit; loco citato= 
in the place before 
cited. [tice. 

L. C. J.— Lord Chief Jus- 

1. c. m.— least common 
multiple. 

Ld.— Lord. 

Ldp.. or Lp.— Lordship. 

lea.— league. [ture. 

Leg., or Legis.— Legisla- 

Lev. — Leviticus. 

1. h.— left hand. 

L. H. D.— Literarum Hu- 
manorum Doctor = 
Doctor of Humanities. 

L. I.— Long Island. 

lib.— liber=book. [ant. 

Lieut., or Lt. — Lieuten- 

Linn.— Linnaeus. 

liq. — liquor. 

lit.— liter; literally. 

Lith.— Lithuanian. 

LL. D.— LegumDoctor= 
Doctor of Laws. 

loc. cit. — loco citato= in 
the place cited. 

log.— logarithm. 

Ion. or long. — longitude. 

L. S.— Place of the Seal. 

1. s. d. — libra, solidi, de- 
narii = pound , shil- 
lings, pence. 

1. t.— Long ton. 

M.— Marquis ; Monday ; 

Monsieur ; Meridies -= 

Noon ; one thousand, 
m.— married; masculine; 

meter; mile ; minute; 

month; moon. 
Mace— Maccabees. 
Mad.— Madam. 
Mag.— Magazine. 
Maj.— Major. 
Mai.— Malachi. 
Mar.— March ; maritime. 
March.— Marchioness. 
Marq.— Marquis, 
mas., masc— masculine. 



MAS 



-Massachusetts. 
Matt.— Matthew, [gress. 
M. C. — Member of Con- 
Mch.— March. [cine. 

M. D. — Doctor of Medi- 
Md.— Maryland. 
Me.— Maine. 

Med. — Medical. [pak. 
M. E.— Methodist Episco- 
Mem.— Memorandum. 
Messrs., or MM.— Mes- 

sieurs=Gentlemen. 
Meth. — Methodist, 
mfg.— manufacturing, 
m. ft. — mistura fiat= let 

a mixture be made, 
mg.— milligram. 
Mgr. — Monsignor. 
Mic— Micah. 
Mich. — Michigan, 
mid. — midshipman, 
mil. — military, 
min. — minute. 
Minn. —Minnesota. 
Miss.— Mississippi. 
ml. — milliliter. 
Mile.— Mademoiselle. 
Mme. — Madame. 
Mo. — Missouri; Monday. 
mo. — month. 
M. O. — Money Order, 
mod. — modern. 
Mon. or Mond.— Monday. 
Mons. — Monsieur. 
Monsig. — Monsignor. 
Mont. — Montana, 
mos.— months. [ment. 
M. P.— Memberof Parlia- 
Mrs. — Mistress, 
ms. — manuscript, 
mss. — manuscripts. 
Mt. — Mount; Mountain. 
myg. — myriagram. 
myl. — myrialiter. 
myth. — mythology. 

N. —Neptune; North. 

n. —neuter; new; nomi- 
native ; noon ; noun ; 
note; number. 

nat. — national; natural. 

Nath.— Nathaniel. 

naut. — nautical. 

n a v. —naval. 

N. B. — North Britain ; 
New Brunswick; Nota 
Bene = take notice. 

N. C. — North Carolina. 

N. Dak. — North Dakota. 

N. E. — Northeast; New 
England. 

Neb. — Nebraska. 

Neh.— Nehemiah. 

Neth.— Netherlands. 

neut. — neuter. 

Nev. — Nevada. 

N. F. — Newfoundland. 



826 

N. G. — New Granada ; 
North German; no 
good. 

N. Gr. — New Greek. 

N. H. — New Hampshire. 

N. J. —New Jersey. 

N. L. — New Latin. 

N. M. — New Mexico. 

N. N. E. — North-north- 
east, [west. 

N. N. W. — North-north- 
no. — number. 

Nol. pros. — Nolle prose- 
qui = be unwilling to 
prosecute. 

nom. — nominative. 

non-com. — non-commis- 
sioned. 

Norw. — Norway. 

nos. — numbers. 

Nov. — November. 

N. P. — New Providence ; 
Notary Public. 

N. S.— Nova Scotia; New 
Style. 

N. T. — New Testament. 

nux vom. — nux vomica. 

N. W. — Northwest. 

N. W. T. -- Northwest 
Territory. 

N. Y. — New York. 

N. Z. — New Zealand. 

O. —Ohio; Old. 

ob. — obiit=died. 

Obad. — Obadiah. 

obdt. — obedient. 

obj. — objective ; objec- 
tion, [solete. 

obs. — observatory ; ob- 

Oct.— October. 

off.— official; officinal. 

O. K.=all correct. 

Okla. — Oklahoma. 

ol.— olium=oil. 

op. — opera; opus. 

opp.— opposite. 

opt.— optative; optics. 

Ore.— Oregon. 

orig. — originally. 

O. S.— Old Style (before 
1752). 

O. T.— Old Testament. 

Oxon. — Oxoniensis = of 
Oxford. 

oz.— ounce. 

p.— page; part; partici- 
ple; penny. 

Pa. — Pennsylvania. 

Pari.— Parliament. 

part. — participle. 

pass.— passive. 

pd.— -paid. 

P. E.— Protestant Epis- 
copal. [Island. 

P. E. I.— Prince Edward 



QL. 

Penn.— Pennsylvania. 

per au.= per annum = by 
the year. 

per cent. — per centum= 
by the hundred. 

perf.— perfect. 

perh.— perhaps. 

pert.— pertaining. 

pf.— perfect; preferred. 

Pg.— Portuguese. 

Ph. D. — Doctor of Phil- 
osophy, [ophy. 

Phil. -Philip ; Philos- 

Phila.— Philadelphia. 

pinx. — pinxit = he ( she ) 
painted it. 

P. J. — Police Justice ; 
Probate Judge. 

pk.— peck. 

pkg.— package. 

pi. or plu. —plural. 

plff.— plaintiff. 

plupf.— pluperfect. 

P. M.— Postmaster. 

p. m. — post-meridiem = 
afternoon. 

P. O.— Post-Office. 

pop. — population. 

Port.— Portuguese. 

poss. — possessive. 

p. p.— past participle. 

pp.— pages. 

p. p. p. — pour prendre 
cong6=to take leave. 

P. Q. — Province of Que- 
bec. 

P. R.— Porto Rico. 

pref.— prefix. 

prep.— preposition. 

Pres.— President. 

pret. — preterit. 

priv.— private. 

prob. — problem. 

Prof. — Professor. 

prom. — promontory. 

pron. — pronoun. 

Prot. —Protestant. 

pro tern- —pro tempore= 
for the time being, [ce 

prov. — proverb ; provin 

prox. — proximo = next 

pr. pr.— present partici 
pie. [Postscript 

P. S. — Post scriptum «= 

Ps. — Psalm. 

p. t. o. —please turn over. 

pub. —public; publisher. 

pwt. — pennyweight. 

Q. — Quintus ; Quebec. 

q. — question. [tion. 

qu. — queen; query; ques- 

q. e. d. — quod erat de- 
monstrandum = which 
was to be proved. 

q. 1. — quantum libet = 
as much as you please. 



QL 

ql. — quintal. 

Q. M. G.— Quartermaster 

General. 
qr. — quire, 
q. s. — quantum sufflcit— 

a sufficient quantity, 
qt. —quantity; quart. 
qu. or qy. — query, 
ques. — question. 
q. v. — quod vide=Which 

see; quantum vis = as 

much as yon will. 

R. — Rex = King; Reau- 
mur; Republican ; Re- 
gina= Queen. 

r. — railway; recipe; re- 
sides; river; rod. 

R. A. — Rear Admiral ; 
Right Ascension. 

R. C. — Roman Catholic. 

Reaum. — Reaumur. 

reed. — received. 

Rec. Sec. — Recording 
Secretary. 

rect. — receipt. [ed. 

ref. — reference; reform- 

reg. —register; regular. 

Regt. — Regiment. 

Rep. — Reporter ; Repre- 
sentative; Republic. 

Rev. —Revelation; reve- 
nue ; Reverend ; re- 
view; revise. 

R. I. — Rhode Island. 

rm. — ream. 

Ro., or Robt. — Robert. 

Rom. — Roman. 

Rom. Cath. — Roman 
Catholic. 

rpt. — report. 

R. R. — Railroad, [tary. 

R. S. — Recording Secre- 

R. s. v. p. — Respondez, 
s'ilvous plait.= Reply, 
if you please. [able. 

Rt. Hon. —Right Honor- 

Rt.Rev.— Right Reverend 

S. — Sunday; Saturday; 

Saint; Saxon. 
s. — shilling; solar; son; 

south; sun. 
Sab. —Sabbath. 
Sam. — Samuel. 
Sans. — Sanskrit. 
Sat. — Saturday. 
S. C. — South Carolina, 
s. c— small capitals, 
sc, or sculp. — sculpsit= 

(he) engraved it. 
S. Dak. — South Dakota. 
soil., or sc. — scilicet= to 

wit; namely, 
scr. — scruple. 
Script. — Scripture, 
s. d. — sine die. 



827 

S. E. — Southeast. 

Sec. — Secretary. 

sec. — secant ; second ; 
section. 

sect. — Section. 

Sen. — Senate; Senator; 
Senior. [ber. 

Sep., or Sept. — Septeni- 

Serg. — Sergeant. 

s. g. — specific gravity. 

Skr. — Sanskrit. 

Soc. — Society. 

Sol. — Solomon. 

sol. — solution. 

sov. — sovereign. 

Sp., or Span. — Spanish. 

S. P. Q. R. — Senatus Po- 
pulusque Romanus = 
The senate and people 
of Rome. 

sq.— square. 

Sr. — Sir; Senior. 

S. S. E. -- South-south- 
east, [west. 

S. S. W. — South-south- 

St.— Saint: Street;Strait. 

stat. — statute. 

subj. — subjunctive. 

subst.— substantive; sub- 
stitute. 

suff. — suffix. 

Sun. — Sunday. 

Sup. C— Superior Court. 

supp. — supplement. 

supt. — superintendent. 

surg. — surgeon. 

S. W. — Southwest. 

syn. — synonym. 

Syr. — Syriac. 

T. — Territory ; Testa- 
ment; Titus; Tuesday; 
Tullius. 

t.— tome; ton; transitive. 

Tenn— Tennessee. 

Ter.— Territory. 

Tex.— Texas. 

Th.— Thomas; Thursday. 

Theo.— Theodore. 

Thess. — Thessalonians. 

Thos.— Thomas. 

Thurs.— Thursday. 

Tim.— Timothy. 

t. o.— turn over. 

tr.— transpose. 

tp.— township. 

TJ. C. — Upper Canada. 

U. K. — United Kingdom. 

ult.— ultimo=last; of the 
last month. 

Univ.— University. 

U. S.— United States. 

U. S. A. — United States 
of America ; United 
States Army. [Mail. 

U. S. M.— United States 



ZOO 

U. S. N. — United States 
Navy. [Ship. 

U. S. S. — United States 

u. s. w. — und so weiter 
(Ger.)=and so forth. 

Ut.— Utah. 

V.— five; verb; verse; vo- 
cative; volt; volume; 
vide = see. 
Va.— Virginia. 
Vat.— Vatican, 
vb. n.— verbal noun, 
v. i.— verb intransitive. 
Vis., Vise. —Viscount, 
viz.— namely; to wit. 
v. n.— verb neuter, 
vs.— versus = against, 
voc. — vocative. 
Vt. — Vermont, 
v. t. — verb transitive. 

W.— "Wednesday; Welsh, 

West; William, 
w.— watt; week; wife. 
W. A. — West Africa ; 

West Australia. 
"Wash.— Washington. 
W. C. T. U. — Women's 

Christian Temperance 

Union. 
Wed.— Wednesday, 
wf. — wrong font. 
W. I.— West Indies. 
Wis.— Wisconsin, 
wk.— week. 

Wm.— William. [west. 
W. N. W. — West-north- 
wp.~ worship. [west. 
W. S. W. — West-south- 
wt. — weight. 
W. Va.— West Virginia. 

X— ten. 

X. or Xt.— Xristos (Gr.) = 

Christ. [mas. 

Xin. or Xmas. — Christ- 

yd.— yard. 

ye.— the. 

Y. M. C.A.— Young Men's 
Christian Association. 

Y. M. C. U.— Young Men's 
Christian Union. 

Y. P. S. C. E. — Young 
People's S o c ie ty of 
Christian Endeavor. 

yr. — year ; yours. 

vrs.— vears; yours. 

Y. W. C. A.— Young Wo- 
men's Christian Asso- 
ciation. 

Zach.— Zachary= 
Zeph.— Zephaniali. 
zool.— zoology. 




,. T HE METRIC SYSTEM, 



-COMPARED 




The Metric system is used in all Europe (except Russia and England), in Mexico and most of the 
South American republics. Its basis is a bar of platinum, one meter long, which is exactly = a one 
ten-millionth part of the earth's meridian quadrant.— The liter is = the cube of one-tenth of a meter; 
the gram is the weight of distilled water forming a cube of 1-100 meter; the a?-eis = 10 meters square 
The decimal multiples and divisions of these units have names compounded with Deka-(IO), Hecto- 
(100), Kilo-(IOOO), Deci-(l-lO), Centi-(l-lOO) , milli-(l-lOOO), etc. 



Equivalents of "American" in "Metric." Equivalents of "Metric" in "American." 









MEASURES 


OF LENGTH. 




Milli- 


Centi 




Kilo- 






meter. 


meter. 


Meter. 


meter. 


Inch. Foot. Yard. Chain. Mile. 


Inch 


. 25.3995 


2 5399 






Millimeter.. 0.0394 


Foot, 12 in... 




30.4794 






Centimeter, 3937 


Yard, 3ft.... 






9144 




Meter 39.3704 3.2809 1.0936 


Rod, 53^ yd... 






5.0291 




Hectometer .... 32809 


Chain, 4rd... 






20.1161 




Kilometer 49.7114 6214 


Mile, 5,280 ft. 








1.6093 


Myriameter 6.2138 



Sq. 

Cent. 
Sq. Inch.... 6.4515 
Sq. Ft. 144 sq. in.. 
Sq. Yd., 9 sq.ft... 
Acre, 43,5€0sq. ft. 
Sq. Mile, 640 acres. 



MEASURES OF SURFACE. 



Sq. 

Meter. 



0.0929 
0.8361 



Sq. 
ire. Hectare. Kilom. 



40A678 0^4047 



2.5899 



Sq. Inch. Sq. Ft. Sq. Yd. Are. Sq.Mile. 

Sq. Centim. 0.1550 

Sq. Decim.. 15.5003 0.1076 

Sq. Meter 10.7641 1.1960 .... 

Are 0.0247 

Hectare 2,4711 

Sq. Kilom. . . . . . 0.3861 



Cubic Inch . . 
Cubic Foot... 
Cubic Yard. . 


Cu. Centim. 
16.3861 


MEASURES 

Cu. Decim. Cu. Meter. 

28.3i52 '.'.'.'. 

0.7645 


OF VOLUME. 

Cubic Centimeter. . . 
Cubic Decimeter .. 
Cubic Meter 


Cub. In. Cub. Ft. Cub. Yd. 

.... 0610 

....610273 0.0353 
35.3167 1.3080 



MEASURES OF CAPACITY. 



Liquid. Deciliter. Liter. Hectoliter. 

Pint 4.7318 

Quart, 2 pints 9,4635 9463 

Gallon, 4 quarts 3.7854 

Barrel, 31 J* gallons .... 1.1924 



pint. Quart. Gallon. Barrel. 

Deciliter 0.2114 0.1057 

Liter 2.1137 1.0567 0.2642 .... 

Dekaliter 2.6417 

Hectoliter 0.6394 



Dry. Liter. Dekaliter. Hectoliter. 

Pint 0.5506 

Quart, 2 pints 1.1012 

Peck, 8 quarts 8.8100 8810 

Bushel, 4 pecks 3.5240 0.3524 



Pint. Quart. Peck. Bushel. 

Liter 18161 0.9081 

Dekaliter 18.1611 9.0806 1.1351 0.2838 

Hectoliter 11.3507 2.8377 











WEIGHTS. 














Kilo- 


Quin- 


Ton- 




Dram. 


Ounce. 


Pound. 


Ton. 


Avoirdupois. 


Gram. 


gram. 


tal. 


neau. 


Gram 


..0.6448 


0353 






Dram 


1.7716 








Kilogram 




35.2739 


2 2046 




Ounce, 16 drams 


28 3495 








Myriagram . . 






22.046 




Pound 16 ozs 




0.4536 






Quintal 






220.4620 




Ton, 2,000 lbs... 






9.0718 


0.9072 


Tonneau 








1.1023 



Milli- 
TROT. gram. 

Grain 64.79K 

Pwt.,24grs 

Ounce, 20 pwts.. 
Pound, 12 ozs 



Hecto- Kilo- 
Gram, gram. gram. 



1.5552 
31.1035 



3.7324 0.3732 



Grain. 
Milligram.... 0.0154 
Centigram . . . 0J543 

Gram .15.4§^ 

Hectogram 

Kilogram. 



Penny- 
weight. 



o4.3015 



Ounce. Pound. 



3.215) 

32.1507 



679? 



828 



TABLES OF CONVERSION 

METRIC-AMERICAN — AMERICAN-METRIC 



Inches into Centimeters, 


and 


Acres into Hectares and v. 


v. 


Bushels into 


Dekaliters 


and 


vice versa. 






Ac 


. Hectares 


Acres. Hec. 


vice versa. 






Ins. Cent. 


Inches. Cent. 


1 


0.4047 


2.4711 


1 


Bu 


. Dekal. 


Bushels. 


Dek. 


1 


2.5399 


3937 


1 


2 


0.8094 


4 9422 


2 


i 


3.5240 


02838 


1 


2 


5.0798 


0.7874 


2 


3 


1.2141 


7.4133 


3 


2 


7 0480 


0.5676 


2 


3 


7.6197 


1.1811 


3 


4 


1.6188 


9.8844 


4 


3 


10. 5720 


0.8514 


3 


4 


10.1596 


1.5748 


4 


5 


2.0235 


12. 3555 


5 


4 


14 0960 


1.1352 


4 


5 


126995 


1.9685 


5 


6 


2.4282 


14 8266 


6 


5 


17.6200 


1.4190 


5 


6 


15.2394 


23622 


6 


7 


2.8329 


17 2977 


7 


6 


21.1440 


1.7028 


6 


7 


17.7793 


2.7559 


7 


8 


3.2376 


19.7688 


8 


7 


24.6680 


1.9866 


7 


8 


20.3192 


31496 


8 


9 


3.6423 


22.2S99 


9 


8 


28 1920 


2.2704 


8 


9 


22.8591 


3.5433 


9 










9 


317160 


2.5542 


9 










Sq 


Miles into 


Sq. Kilometers, 










Feet into Meters, and v. i 




and vice versa. 




Grains into Centigrams 


and 


Ft. 


Meters. 


Feet. 


Met. 


Sq 


.M. Sq. Kil. 


Sq.M. Sq. 


K. 


vice versa. 






1 


3048 


3- 2809 


1 


1 


2.5899 


03861 


1 


Grs. Centi. 


Grains. Cent. 


2 


0.6096 


6.5618 


2 


2 


5.1798 


0.7722 


2 


1 


6.4799 


0.1543 


1 


3 


0.9144 


9.8427 


3 


3 


7.7697 


1.1583 


3 


2 


12.9598 


0.3086 


2 


4 


1.2192 


13.1236 


4 


4 


10.3596 


15444 


4 


3 


19.4397 


0.4629 


3 


5 


1.5240 


16.4045 


5 


5 


12.9495 


1.9305 


5 


4 


25.9196 


0.6172 


4 


6 


1.8288 


19.6854 


6 


6 


15 5394 


2.3166 


6 


5 


32.3995 


0.7715 


5 


7 


2.1336 


22.9663 


7 


7 


18.1293 


2.7027 


7 


6 


38.7794 


0.9258 


6 


8 


2.4384 


26.1572 


8 


8 


20.7192 


30888 


8 


7 


45 3593 


1.0801 


7 


9 


2.7432 


29.5281 


9 


9 


23.3091 


3.4749 


9 


8 
9 


51. 8392 
58 3191 


1.2344 

1.3887 


8 
9 


Yards into Meters, and v. 


v. 


Cubic Inches into Cubic Cen. 










Yds. Meters. 

1 HQU/L 


Yards. 
1 0936 


Met. 
1 


timeters and 
C. In. C. Cen. 


vice versa. 
C. Ins. C. C. 


Ounces Avoirdupois i 
Grams, and vice versa. 


nto 


2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 


1.8288 
2.7432 
3.6576 
4.5720 
54864 
6.4008 
7. 3152 
8.2296 


2.1872 
3.2808 
4.3744 
5.4680 
6.5616 
8.6552 
8.7488 
9.8424 


2 
3 
5 
5 


1 


16. 3861 


0.0610 


1 


Ozs. Grams. 


Ounces. 


Grs. 


2 


32.772L 


0.1220 


2 


1 


28.3495 


00353 


1 


3 


49.1583 


0.1830 


3 


2 


56. 6990 


00706 


2 


4 


65.5444 


0.2440 


4 


3 


85.0485 


0.1059 


3 


5 


81- 9305 


0.3050 


5 


4 


113.3980 


0.1412 


4 


7 
7 
9 


6 


98.2166 


0.3060 


6 


5 


141.7475 


0.1765 


5 


7 


114 7027 


0.4270 


7 


6 


170.0970 


0.2118 


9 


8 


131 0888 


04880 


8 


7 


198.4465 


0.2471 


7 


9 


147.4749 


05490 


9 


8 


226.7960 


0.2824 


8 


Miles into Kilometers, 


and 


Cubic Feet into Cu'clo Meters, 


9 


255.1455 


0.3177 


9 


vice versa. 






and vice versa. 




Pounds Avoirdupois into 


Mi 


Kilom. 


Miles. 


Kil. 


C. Ft. C. Met. 


C. Ft. C. M. 


Kilograms, and vice versa. 


1 

2 
3 
4 
5 


1.6093 

3.2186 

4.8279 

6.4372 

80465 

9.6558 

11.2651 

12.8744 

14.4837 


0.6214 
1.2428 
1.8642 
2.4856 
3.1070 
3-7284 
4.3498 
4.9712 
55926 


1 
2 
3 

4 


1 


0.02831 


35 3167 


1 


Lbs. Kiloq. 


Pounds. 


Kil. 


2 


0.05662 


70.6334 


2 


1 


0.4536 


2.2046 


1 


3 


008493 


1059501 


3 


2 


0.9072 


4.4092 


2 


4 


0.11324 


141.2668 


4 


3 


1.3608 


6.6138 


3 


5 


5 


0.14155 


176.5835 


5 


4 


1.8144 


8.8184 


4 


6 

7 


6 

7 


6 


0.16986 


211.9002 


6 


5 


2.2680 


11.0230 


5 


7 


0.19817 


247.2169 


7 


6 


2.7216 


13.2276 


6 


8 
9 


8 
9 


8 


0.22648 


282.5336 


8 


7 


3.1752 


15.4322 


7 


9 


0.25479 


317.8593 


9 


8 


3.6288 


17.6368 


8 


Sq 


Inches into Sq. Centime- 


Cubic Feet into Standard Gal- 


9 


4.0824 


19.8414 


9 


ters, and tuce versa. 




lons and vice versa. 




Tons into Metric Tonnes, 


and 


s<? 


Ire. Sq. C. 


Sq. In. Sq. C. 


C. Ft. St. Gal. 


C. Feet. St.G. 


vice versa. 






l 


64515 


0.1550 


1 


1 


7.4805 


0.1337 


1 


Tns. M. Tons. 


Tons. M. T. 


2 


12.9030 


0.3100 


2 


2 


14 9610 


0.2674 


2 


1 


0.9072 


1.1023 


1 


3 


19.3545 


0.4650 


3 


3 


22 4415 


4011 


3 


2 


1.8144 


2.2046 


2 


4 


25.8060 


0.6200 


4 


4 


29 9220 


5348 


4 


3 


2. 7216 


3.3069 


3 


5 


32.2575 


0.7750 


5 


5 


37.4025 


0.6685 


5 


4 


3.6288 


4.4092 


4 


6 


38.7090 


0.9300 


6 


6 


44.8830 


•08022 


6 


5 


4-5360 


.5115 


5 


7 


45.1605 


1.0850 


7 


7 


52 3635 


9359 


7 


6 


5.4432 


6.6138 


6 


8 


51.6120 


12400 


8 


8 


59 8440 


1.0696 


8 


7 


6.3504 


7.7161 


7 


9 


58-0635 


1.3950 


9 


9 


67.3245 


1 2033 


9 


8 
9 


72576 
8.1648 


8.8184 
99207 


8 
9 


Sq 


Feet into 


Sq. Meters, 


and 


Standard Gallons into Lite 












vice versa. 






and vice versa. 




Oz 


5. Troy into Grams, «** 


v. v. 


Sq 


F. Sq.M. 


Sq. Ft. Sa.M. 


Gal. Liters. 


Gallons. Lit. 


Ozs. Grams. 


Ourec-es . 


Gr. 


1 


0.U929 


10.7641 


1 


1 


3.7854 


0.2642 


1 


1 


31.1035 


0322 


1 


2 


01858 


21-5282 


2 


2 


7.5708 


5284 


2 


2 


62.2070 


G 0644 


2 


3 


0.2787 


32. 29 23 


3 


3 


11.3562 


07926 


3 


3 


93.3105 


0.0966 


3 


4 


0.3716 


43.0564 


4 


4 


15.1416 


10568 


4 


4 


124.4140 


0.1288 


4 


5 


04645 


53.8205 


5 


5 


18.9270 


1 3210 


5 


5 


155.5175 


0.1610 


5 


6 


0.5574 


645846 


6 


6 


227124 


1.5852 


6 


6 


1866210 


0.1932 


6 


7 


0.6503 


75.3487 


7 


7 


26.4978 


1.8494 


7 


8 


217.7245 


0.2254 


7 


S 


07432 


86-1128 


8 


8 


302832 


2.113P 


8 


8 


248.8280 


0.2576 


8 


8 


0.8361 


96.8769 


9 


9 


34.0686 


2.377b 


9 


9 


279. 9315 


0.2898 


9 



829 



Marks and Abbreviations Used in Proofreading 



r "fccujlO P — 'ypog^P.hy . or the art of printing from movable types 

fyj. on paper, vellum, etc., was .vented about the middle of the Ults 

j^ fifteenth century in pfainz, Germany, by a patrician of that . , 

sL* city named Johannes N gGensfleisch, A meaniflg literal^ John "tfas flGfRyZ// *^ 



4 



-no & . 



Gooseflesh, but known to fame as John Gutenberg. 4- The * £j| 

word /ypography.Js of gfeek derivation, and means ZJ 
literally writing by types^The art is quitedistinct, how- " jfi 
ever^frdm writing, and even more so from XYLOGRAPHY £,( 

f/j Pwood-writing/or wood-engraving i^e.. the art of cut- 
' z^f. ting figures, letters or / o\vfrds orj blocks of blarkf at wood 
f. r . and taking impressions from such blocks by means of ink 

r \J'/(D /cU* /or other fluid colored substances/-) 

CBoth block-printing and printing with movable types 
^ seem to have been practiced in China, Japan and Coreajf t\P 

*jpQ£e<l!&&rv long v before v they~' wer e 3 s kno wn^iri^Europe^ but from^ 4UC*v/ 
/fe evfderyfe as we have, /certain [seemst ltl that Europe is' not jfc 

/tkjcsfr indebted farther art iod the Orient. Stereotyping and - * 

S.Ci ^ectrotypine . the two wincipal methods of reprodujng : 0>-'hi / O 

/^nd multiplying letter-press printing surfaces by taking " / 
fiy /4sts of them, have greatly conduced to the progress of 

Proofreading^ correcting for the presses considered/p / y tf 
/>ne of the most important functions in a first-lass printingAf'*" ^_ »j 
A mite. This page, j rnpirori by an ■expert proof/reader, r^ 

"shows all the signs and abbreviations- used in "marking 

terrors, and its careful 

at any time to prepare 

ItrkccH, JLU-04 -Jin^iOAjuC Jufa&caMj prr t/Ue Sterns/ 



anu aoureviauoiu>- useu in marKing 

stud/will repay any onejcalled upon n / // 

"/Spy" fortha printetfo^?"'''*' *»$**] 












Dele = expunge, or 
take out. 

Turn an inverted let- 
ter or line. 

Insert space, or more 
space. 

Take out space, or 
print as single char- 
acter, or diphthong, 
as ae (ae), ffi (ffi). 

Carry to the left. 



"1 Carry to the right. 



□ 



Indent one em, or in- 
sert em space. 



/^OR^ 



X-+ 
f 
O 



j Raise. 
J Lower, or sink. 



Straighten a crooked 
line. 

Calls attention to a 
space o r quadrat 
improperly appear- 
ing. 

Calls attention to 
broken type. 

Make a 
graph. 

Period. 



new para- 



\y Apostrophe. 

^ \y Quotation marks. 

VW Superior figures, for 

V footnotes, etc. 

A A Inferior figures, used 

v * x in chemistry, etc., 
as C0 2 . 

(\) Colon. 

-/ Hyphen. 

/—/ Dash. 



JLd. 



Lead, or space between tr. Transpose. 

the lines. 1. c. Lower case (J,. < 
Sol. Solid, or remove space letters). 

between lines. s. C. Small capitals. 

w. f. Wrong font. ital. Italics. 



capg. 

small Bom. 
? 
>ut — 



SXi 



Capitals. [type). 

Roman (i. e., ordinary 
Query (Is this right?) 
>. c. Insert wordts 
omitted — see copy. 



UNDERSCORING. — One line, italics; two lines, small capitals; three lines, capitals. 
A waved line under a word indicates that it is to be set in boldfaced type. A series of dots 
with the word stet (let it stand) written in the margin, indicates that the words erased and 
under which these dots are placed are to be restored or retained. A vertical line drawn through 
a capital letter in "eopy' ; indicates that it should be a small letter. A line drawn around a 
figure or number or an abbreviated word in "copy ; ' indicates, it should be spelled out in full. 
Copyright, 1903, by Wm. fl. Lee. g o q 



AUG 24 1908 7 



PLATE XXIX. 




COPYRIGHTED 1903 8V WM I.LEE 



